diff --git a/PREUPLOAD.cfg b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
index c71c4a0..39eb4ab 100644
--- a/PREUPLOAD.cfg
+++ b/PREUPLOAD.cfg
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
                include/powermanager/
                libs/binder/fuzzer/
                libs/binder/
+               libs/binderdebug/
                libs/binderthreadstate/
                libs/graphicsenv/
                libs/gui/
diff --git a/cmds/atrace/atrace.rc b/cmds/atrace/atrace.rc
index 2e0c95a..e66cc41 100644
--- a/cmds/atrace/atrace.rc
+++ b/cmds/atrace/atrace.rc
@@ -297,12 +297,23 @@
     write /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/synthetic_events "rss_stat_throttled unsigned int mm_id; unsigned int curr; int member; long size"
 
     # allow creating event triggers
-    chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem/rss_stat/trigger
     chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kmem/rss_stat/trigger
+    chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem/rss_stat/trigger
+
+    # allow enabling rss_stat_throttled
+    chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/synthetic/rss_stat_throttled/enable
+    chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/synthetic/rss_stat_throttled/enable
 
 on late-init && property:ro.boot.fastboot.boottrace=enabled
     setprop debug.atrace.tags.enableflags 802922
     setprop persist.traced.enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_transaction/enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_transaction_received/enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_transaction_alloc_buf/enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_set_priority/enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_lock/enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_locked/enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_unlock/enable 1
     write /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/tracing_on 1
     write /sys/kernel/tracing/tracing_on 1
 
@@ -394,6 +405,130 @@
     chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/instances/mm_events/per_cpu/cpu23/trace
     chmod 0666 /sys/kernel/tracing/instances/mm_events/per_cpu/cpu23/trace
 
+# Handle hyp tracing instance
+on late-init && property:ro.boot.hypervisor.vm.supported=1
+
+# Hypervisor tracing instance doesn't support changing trace_clock
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/trace_clock
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/trace_clock
+
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/buffer_size_kb
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/buffer_size_kb
+
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/tracing_on
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/tracing_on
+
+# Tracing disabled by default
+    write /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/tracing_on 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/tracing_on 0
+
+# Read and truncate the hyp trace.
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/trace
+
+# Read and truncate the per-CPU kernel trace.
+# Cannot use wildcards in .rc files. Update this if there is a phone with
+# TODO(b/249050813, ioffe): introduce per-cpu wildcard
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu0/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu0/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu1/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu1/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu2/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu2/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu3/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu3/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu4/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu4/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu5/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu5/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu6/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu6/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu7/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu7/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu8/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu8/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu9/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu9/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu10/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu10/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu11/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu11/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu12/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu12/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu13/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu13/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu14/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu14/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu15/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu15/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu16/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu16/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu17/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu17/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu18/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu18/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu19/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu19/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu20/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu20/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu21/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu21/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu22/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu22/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu23/trace
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/per_cpu/cpu23/trace
+
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/header_page
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/header_page
+
+# Hyp events start here
+
+# hyp_enter event
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_enter/enable
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_enter/enable
+# TODO(b/249050813): should this be handled in kernel?
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_enter/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_enter/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_enter/id
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_enter/id
+
+# hyp_exit event
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_exit/enable
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_exit/enable
+# TODO(b/249050813): should this be handled in kernel?
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_exit/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_exit/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_exit/id
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/hyp_exit/id
+
+# host_hcall event
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_hcall/enable
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_hcall/enable
+# TODO(b/249050813): should this be handled in kernel?
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_hcall/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_hcall/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_hcall/id
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_hcall/id
+
+# host_smc event
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_smc/enable
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_smc/enable
+# TODO(b/249050813): should this be handled in kernel?
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_smc/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_smc/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_smc/id
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_smc/id
+
+# host_mem_abort event
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_mem_abort/enable
+    chmod 0660 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_mem_abort/enable
+# TODO(b/249050813): should this be handled in kernel?
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_mem_abort/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_mem_abort/format
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_mem_abort/id
+    chmod 0440 /sys/kernel/tracing/hyp/events/hyp/host_mem_abort/id
+
+
 on property:persist.debug.atrace.boottrace=1
     start boottrace
 
@@ -405,6 +540,13 @@
 on property:sys.boot_completed=1 && property:ro.boot.fastboot.boottrace=enabled
     setprop debug.atrace.tags.enableflags 0
     setprop persist.traced.enable 1
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_transaction/enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_transaction_received/enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_transaction_alloc_buf/enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_set_priority/enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_lock/enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_locked/enable 0
+    write /sys/kernel/tracing/events/binder/binder_unlock/enable 0
     write /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/tracing_on 0
     write /sys/kernel/tracing/tracing_on 0
 
diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/OWNERS b/cmds/dumpstate/OWNERS
index 5f56531..ab81ecf 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/OWNERS
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/OWNERS
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@
 gavincorkery@google.com
 nandana@google.com
 jsharkey@android.com
+smoreland@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
index a48313a..6f84e7c 100644
--- a/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
+++ b/cmds/dumpstate/dumpstate.cpp
@@ -1254,8 +1254,9 @@
              dumpsys.writeDumpHeader(STDOUT_FILENO, service, priority);
              dumpsys.writeDumpFooter(STDOUT_FILENO, service, std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
         } else {
-            status_t status = dumpsys.startDumpThread(Dumpsys::TYPE_DUMP, service, args);
-            if (status == OK) {
+             status_t status = dumpsys.startDumpThread(Dumpsys::TYPE_DUMP | Dumpsys::TYPE_PID,
+                                                       service, args);
+             if (status == OK) {
                 dumpsys.writeDumpHeader(STDOUT_FILENO, service, priority);
                 std::chrono::duration<double> elapsed_seconds;
                 if (priority == IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_HIGH &&
@@ -1902,6 +1903,9 @@
     }
     ds.AddDir(PREREBOOT_DATA_DIR, false);
     add_mountinfo();
+    for (const char* path : {"/proc/cpuinfo", "/proc/meminfo"}) {
+        ds.AddZipEntry(ZIP_ROOT_DIR + path, path);
+    }
     DumpIpTablesAsRoot();
     DumpDynamicPartitionInfo();
     ds.AddDir(OTA_METADATA_DIR, true);
@@ -2062,6 +2066,8 @@
                SEC_TO_MSEC(10));
     RunDumpsys("DUMPSYS", {"telephony.registry"}, CommandOptions::WithTimeout(90).Build(),
                SEC_TO_MSEC(10));
+    RunDumpsys("DUMPSYS", {"telecom"}, CommandOptions::WithTimeout(90).Build(),
+               SEC_TO_MSEC(10));
     if (include_sensitive_info) {
         // Contains raw IP addresses, omit from reports on user builds.
         RunDumpsys("DUMPSYS", {"netd"}, CommandOptions::WithTimeout(90).Build(), SEC_TO_MSEC(10));
diff --git a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
index 34ea759..1693ed5 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/dexopt.cpp
@@ -442,6 +442,16 @@
 static unique_fd open_reference_profile(uid_t uid, const std::string& package_name,
         const std::string& location, bool read_write, bool is_secondary_dex) {
     std::string profile = create_reference_profile_path(package_name, location, is_secondary_dex);
+    if (read_write && GetBoolProperty("dalvik.vm.useartservice", false)) {
+        // ART Service doesn't use flock and instead assumes profile files are
+        // immutable, so ensure we don't open a file for writing when it's
+        // active.
+        // TODO(b/251921228): Normally installd isn't called at all in that
+        // case, but OTA is still an exception that uses the legacy code.
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Opening ref profile " << profile
+                   << " for writing is unsafe when ART Service is enabled.";
+        return invalid_unique_fd();
+    }
     return open_profile(
         uid,
         profile,
@@ -450,14 +460,13 @@
 }
 
 static UniqueFile open_reference_profile_as_unique_file(uid_t uid, const std::string& package_name,
-        const std::string& location, bool read_write, bool is_secondary_dex) {
+                                                        const std::string& location,
+                                                        bool is_secondary_dex) {
     std::string profile_path = create_reference_profile_path(package_name, location,
                                                              is_secondary_dex);
-    unique_fd ufd = open_profile(
-        uid,
-        profile_path,
-        read_write ? (O_CREAT | O_RDWR) : O_RDONLY,
-        S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP);  // so that ART can also read it when apps run.
+    unique_fd ufd = open_profile(uid, profile_path, O_RDONLY,
+                                 S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR |
+                                         S_IRGRP); // so that ART can also read it when apps run.
 
     return UniqueFile(ufd.release(), profile_path, [](const std::string& path) {
         clear_profile(path);
@@ -1104,8 +1113,7 @@
             location = profile_name;
         }
     }
-    return open_reference_profile_as_unique_file(uid, pkgname, location, /*read_write*/false,
-                                                 is_secondary_dex);
+    return open_reference_profile_as_unique_file(uid, pkgname, location, is_secondary_dex);
 }
 
 // Opens the vdex files and assigns the input fd to in_vdex_wrapper and the output fd to
@@ -1909,10 +1917,11 @@
     // Open the reference profile if needed.
     UniqueFile reference_profile = maybe_open_reference_profile(
             pkgname, dex_path, profile_name, profile_guided, is_public, uid, is_secondary_dex);
-
-    if (reference_profile.fd() == -1) {
-        // We don't create an app image without reference profile since there is no speedup from
-        // loading it in that case and instead will be a small overhead.
+    struct stat sbuf;
+    if (reference_profile.fd() == -1 ||
+        (fstat(reference_profile.fd(), &sbuf) != -1 && sbuf.st_size == 0)) {
+        // We don't create an app image with empty or non existing reference profile since there
+        // is no speedup from loading it in that case and instead will be a small overhead.
         generate_app_image = false;
     }
 
@@ -1933,7 +1942,8 @@
         RUNTIME_NATIVE_BOOT_NAMESPACE,
         ENABLE_JITZYGOTE_IMAGE,
         /*default_value=*/ "");
-    bool use_jitzygote_image = jitzygote_flag == "true" || IsBootClassPathProfilingEnable();
+    bool compile_without_image = jitzygote_flag == "true" || IsBootClassPathProfilingEnable() ||
+            force_compile_without_image();
 
     // Decide whether to use dex2oat64.
     bool use_dex2oat64 = false;
@@ -1955,7 +1965,7 @@
                       in_dex, in_vdex, dex_metadata, reference_profile, class_loader_context,
                       join_fds(context_input_fds), swap_fd.get(), instruction_set, compiler_filter,
                       debuggable, boot_complete, for_restore, target_sdk_version,
-                      enable_hidden_api_checks, generate_compact_dex, use_jitzygote_image,
+                      enable_hidden_api_checks, generate_compact_dex, compile_without_image,
                       background_job_compile, compilation_reason);
 
     bool cancelled = false;
diff --git a/cmds/installd/installd.cpp b/cmds/installd/installd.cpp
index b5bc28c..4f691c9 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/installd.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/installd.cpp
@@ -65,6 +65,10 @@
     return create_cache_path_default(path, src, instruction_set);
 }
 
+bool force_compile_without_image() {
+    return false;
+}
+
 static bool initialize_globals() {
     return init_globals_from_data_and_root();
 }
diff --git a/cmds/installd/installd_deps.h b/cmds/installd/installd_deps.h
index 5093178..0d0a7fa 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/installd_deps.h
+++ b/cmds/installd/installd_deps.h
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@
                               const char *src,
                               const char *instruction_set);
 
+// If true, pass "--force-jit-zygote" to dex2oat (i.e., compile without a boot image).
+extern bool force_compile_without_image();
+
 }  // namespace installd
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp b/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp
index 6a3120c..7cabdb0 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/otapreopt.cpp
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
         // This is different from the normal installd. We only do the base
         // directory, the rest will be created on demand when each app is compiled.
         if (access(GetOtaDirectoryPrefix().c_str(), R_OK) < 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not access " << GetOtaDirectoryPrefix();
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not access " << GetOtaDirectoryPrefix();
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
         // this tool will wipe the OTA artifact cache and try again (for robustness after
         // a failed OTA with remaining cache artifacts).
         if (access(apk_path, F_OK) != 0) {
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Skipping A/B OTA preopt of non-existing package " << apk_path;
+            PLOG(WARNING) << "Skipping A/B OTA preopt of non-existing package " << apk_path;
             return true;
         }
 
@@ -711,6 +711,11 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool force_compile_without_image() {
+    // We don't have a boot image anyway. Compile without a boot image.
+    return true;
+}
+
 static int log_callback(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
     va_list ap;
     int priority;
diff --git a/cmds/installd/otapreopt_chroot.cpp b/cmds/installd/otapreopt_chroot.cpp
index c62734a..1b7acab 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/otapreopt_chroot.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/otapreopt_chroot.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace installd {
 
+// We don't know the filesystem types of the partitions in the update package,
+// so just try the possibilities one by one.
+static constexpr std::array kTryMountFsTypes = {"ext4", "erofs"};
+
 static void CloseDescriptor(int fd) {
     if (fd >= 0) {
         int result = close(fd);
@@ -82,6 +86,27 @@
     }
 }
 
+static bool TryMountWithFstypes(const char* block_device, const char* target) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < kTryMountFsTypes.size(); ++i) {
+        const char* fstype = kTryMountFsTypes[i];
+        int mount_result = mount(block_device, target, fstype, MS_RDONLY, /* data */ nullptr);
+        if (mount_result == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if (errno == EINVAL && i < kTryMountFsTypes.size() - 1) {
+            // Only try the next fstype if mounting failed due to the current one
+            // being invalid.
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Failed to mount " << block_device << " on " << target << " with "
+                         << fstype << " - trying " << kTryMountFsTypes[i + 1];
+        } else {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << block_device << " on " << target << " with "
+                        << fstype;
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    __builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
 static void TryExtraMount(const char* name, const char* slot, const char* target) {
     std::string partition_name = StringPrintf("%s%s", name, slot);
 
@@ -91,12 +116,7 @@
         if (dm.GetState(partition_name) != dm::DmDeviceState::INVALID) {
             std::string path;
             if (dm.GetDmDevicePathByName(partition_name, &path)) {
-                int mount_result = mount(path.c_str(),
-                                         target,
-                                         "ext4",
-                                         MS_RDONLY,
-                                         /* data */ nullptr);
-                if (mount_result == 0) {
+                if (TryMountWithFstypes(path.c_str(), target)) {
                     return;
                 }
             }
@@ -105,12 +125,7 @@
 
     // Fall back and attempt a direct mount.
     std::string block_device = StringPrintf("/dev/block/by-name/%s", partition_name.c_str());
-    int mount_result = mount(block_device.c_str(),
-                             target,
-                             "ext4",
-                             MS_RDONLY,
-                             /* data */ nullptr);
-    UNUSED(mount_result);
+    (void)TryMountWithFstypes(block_device.c_str(), target);
 }
 
 // Entry for otapreopt_chroot. Expected parameters are:
diff --git a/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh b/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh
index f950276..db5c34e 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh
+++ b/cmds/installd/otapreopt_script.sh
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@
 
 i=0
 while ((i<MAXIMUM_PACKAGES)) ; do
+  DONE=$(cmd otadexopt done)
+  if [ "$DONE" = "OTA complete." ] ; then
+    break
+  fi
+
   DEXOPT_PARAMS=$(cmd otadexopt next)
 
   /system/bin/otapreopt_chroot $STATUS_FD $TARGET_SLOT_SUFFIX $DEXOPT_PARAMS >&- 2>&-
@@ -67,13 +72,8 @@
   PROGRESS=$(cmd otadexopt progress)
   print -u${STATUS_FD} "global_progress $PROGRESS"
 
-  DONE=$(cmd otadexopt done)
-  if [ "$DONE" = "OTA incomplete." ] ; then
-    sleep 1
-    i=$((i+1))
-    continue
-  fi
-  break
+  sleep 1
+  i=$((i+1))
 done
 
 DONE=$(cmd otadexopt done)
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_cache_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_cache_test.cpp
index 4976646..a00c2c7 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_cache_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_cache_test.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+bool force_compile_without_image() {
+    return false;
+}
+
 static void mkdir(const char* path) {
     const std::string fullPath = StringPrintf("/data/local/tmp/user/0/%s", path);
     ::mkdir(fullPath.c_str(), 0755);
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp
index 3b589dc..be4ca43 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_dexopt_test.cpp
@@ -73,6 +73,10 @@
     return create_cache_path_default(path, src, instruction_set);
 }
 
+bool force_compile_without_image() {
+    return false;
+}
+
 static void run_cmd(const std::string& cmd) {
     system(cmd.c_str());
 }
@@ -185,7 +189,7 @@
     std::optional<std::string> volume_uuid_;
     std::string package_name_;
     std::string apk_path_;
-    std::string empty_dm_file_;
+    std::string dm_file_;
     std::string app_apk_dir_;
     std::string app_private_dir_ce_;
     std::string app_private_dir_de_;
@@ -248,26 +252,6 @@
                                                  << " : " << error_msg;
         }
 
-        // Create an empty dm file.
-        empty_dm_file_ = apk_path_ + ".dm";
-        {
-            int fd = open(empty_dm_file_.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR);
-            if (fd < 0) {
-                return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "Could not open " << empty_dm_file_;
-            }
-            FILE* file = fdopen(fd, "wb");
-            if (file == nullptr) {
-                return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "Null file for " << empty_dm_file_
-                         << " fd=" << fd;
-            }
-            ZipWriter writer(file);
-            // Add vdex to zip.
-            writer.StartEntry("primary.prof", ZipWriter::kCompress);
-            writer.FinishEntry();
-            writer.Finish();
-            fclose(file);
-          }
-
         // Create the app user data.
         binder::Status status = service_->createAppData(
                 volume_uuid_,
@@ -316,6 +300,46 @@
                                                  << secondary_dex_de_ << " : " << error_msg;
         }
 
+        // Create a non-empty dm file.
+        dm_file_ = apk_path_ + ".dm";
+        {
+            android::base::unique_fd fd(open(dm_file_.c_str(),
+                                          O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR));
+            if (fd.get() < 0) {
+                return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "Could not open " << dm_file_;
+            }
+            FILE* file = fdopen(fd.release(), "wb");
+            if (file == nullptr) {
+                return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "Null file for " << dm_file_
+                                  << " fd=" << fd.get();
+            }
+
+            // Create a profile file.
+            std::string profile_file = app_private_dir_ce_ + "/primary.prof";
+            run_cmd("profman --generate-test-profile=" + profile_file);
+
+            // Add profile to zip.
+            ZipWriter writer(file);
+            writer.StartEntry("primary.prof", ZipWriter::kCompress);
+            android::base::unique_fd profile_fd(open(profile_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+            if (profile_fd.get() < 0) {
+                return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "Failed to open profile '"
+                                  << profile_file << "'";
+            }
+            std::string profile_content;
+            if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(profile_fd, &profile_content)) {
+                return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "Failed to read profile "
+                                  << profile_file << "'";
+            }
+            writer.WriteBytes(profile_content.c_str(), profile_content.length());
+            writer.FinishEntry();
+            writer.Finish();
+            fclose(file);
+
+            // Delete the temp file.
+            unlink(profile_file.c_str());
+        }
+
         // Fix app data uid.
         status = service_->fixupAppData(volume_uuid_, kTestUserId);
         if (!status.isOk()) {
@@ -608,7 +632,7 @@
                 kTestAppGid,
                 DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                 /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                dm_file_.c_str());
 
 
         int64_t odex_size = GetSize(GetPrimaryDexArtifact(oat_dir, apk_path_,
@@ -657,13 +681,13 @@
                             DEXOPT_BOOTCOMPLETE | DEXOPT_PROFILE_GUIDED | DEXOPT_PUBLIC |
                                     DEXOPT_GENERATE_APP_IMAGE,
                             oat_dir, kTestAppGid, DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
-                            /*binder_result=*/nullptr, empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                            /*binder_result=*/nullptr, dm_file_.c_str());
         checkVisibility(in_dalvik_cache, ODEX_IS_PUBLIC);
 
         CompilePrimaryDexOk("speed-profile",
                             DEXOPT_BOOTCOMPLETE | DEXOPT_PROFILE_GUIDED | DEXOPT_GENERATE_APP_IMAGE,
                             oat_dir, kTestAppGid, DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
-                            /*binder_result=*/nullptr, empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                            /*binder_result=*/nullptr, dm_file_.c_str());
         checkVisibility(in_dalvik_cache, ODEX_IS_PRIVATE);
     }
 };
@@ -787,7 +811,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DexoptTest, DexoptPrimaryProfilePublic) {
@@ -799,7 +823,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DexoptTest, DexoptPrimaryBackgroundOk) {
@@ -811,7 +835,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
 }
 
 TEST_F(DexoptTest, DexoptBlockPrimary) {
@@ -874,7 +898,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
     run_cmd_and_process_output(
             "oatdump --header-only --oat-file=" + odex,
             [&](const std::string& line) {
@@ -893,7 +917,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
     run_cmd_and_process_output(
             "oatdump --header-only --oat-file=" + odex,
             [&](const std::string& line) {
@@ -926,7 +950,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
     // Enable the property and use dex2oat64.
     ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::SetProperty(property, "true")) << property;
     CompilePrimaryDexOk("speed-profile",
@@ -936,7 +960,7 @@
                         kTestAppGid,
                         DEX2OAT_FROM_SCRATCH,
                         /*binder_result=*/nullptr,
-                        empty_dm_file_.c_str());
+                        dm_file_.c_str());
 }
 
 class PrimaryDexReCompilationTest : public DexoptTest {
@@ -1143,7 +1167,7 @@
                 service_->prepareAppProfile(package_name, has_user_id ? kTestUserId : USER_NULL,
                                             kTestAppId, profile_name, apk_path_,
                                             has_dex_metadata ? std::make_optional<std::string>(
-                                                                       empty_dm_file_)
+                                                                       dm_file_)
                                                              : std::nullopt,
                                             &result));
         ASSERT_EQ(expected_result, result);
diff --git a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
index f86f1d5..858a92c 100644
--- a/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
+++ b/cmds/installd/tests/installd_service_test.cpp
@@ -113,6 +113,10 @@
     return create_cache_path_default(path, src, instruction_set);
 }
 
+bool force_compile_without_image() {
+    return false;
+}
+
 static std::string get_full_path(const std::string& path) {
     return StringPrintf("%s/%s", kTestPath.c_str(), path.c_str());
 }
diff --git a/cmds/service/service.cpp b/cmds/service/service.cpp
index d5ca725..5e8ef5d 100644
--- a/cmds/service/service.cpp
+++ b/cmds/service/service.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
     ProcessState::initWithDriver("/dev/vndbinder");
 #endif
 #ifndef __ANDROID__
-    setDefaultServiceManager(createRpcDelegateServiceManager({.maxOutgoingThreads = 1}));
+    setDefaultServiceManager(createRpcDelegateServiceManager({.maxOutgoingConnections = 1}));
 #endif
     sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
     fflush(stdout);
diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
index 07809e2..4da0cd6 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
@@ -228,8 +228,13 @@
 #endif  // !VENDORSERVICEMANAGER
 
 ServiceManager::Service::~Service() {
-    if (!hasClients) {
-        // only expected to happen on process death
+    if (hasClients) {
+        // only expected to happen on process death, we don't store the service
+        // name this late (it's in the map that holds this service), but if it
+        // is happening, we might want to change 'unlinkToDeath' to explicitly
+        // clear this bit so that we can abort in other cases, where it would
+        // mean inconsistent logic in servicemanager (unexpected and tested, but
+        // the original lazy service impl here had that bug).
         LOG(WARNING) << "a service was removed when there are clients";
     }
 }
diff --git a/data/etc/Android.bp b/data/etc/Android.bp
index a737bd3..bdd5172 100644
--- a/data/etc/Android.bp
+++ b/data/etc/Android.bp
@@ -167,12 +167,6 @@
 }
 
 prebuilt_etc {
-    name: "android.hardware.telephony.satellite.prebuilt.xml",
-    src: "android.hardware.telephony.satellite.xml",
-    defaults: ["frameworks_native_data_etc_defaults"],
-}
-
-prebuilt_etc {
     name: "android.hardware.usb.accessory.prebuilt.xml",
     src: "android.hardware.usb.accessory.xml",
     defaults: ["frameworks_native_data_etc_defaults"],
diff --git a/data/etc/android.hardware.telephony.satellite.xml b/data/etc/android.hardware.telephony.satellite.xml
deleted file mode 100644
index 5966cba..0000000
--- a/data/etc/android.hardware.telephony.satellite.xml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!-- Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
-
-     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-     You may obtain a copy of the License at
-
-          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-
-     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-     limitations under the License.
--->
-
-<!-- Feature for devices that support Satellite communication via Satellite HAL APIs. -->
-<permissions>
-    <feature name="android.hardware.telephony.satellite" />
-</permissions>
diff --git a/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_AsString.h b/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_AsString.h
index ce30b41..165a868 100644
--- a/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_AsString.h
+++ b/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_AsString.h
@@ -561,6 +561,7 @@
         case OMX_IndexConfigPriority:                   return "ConfigPriority";
         case OMX_IndexConfigOperatingRate:              return "ConfigOperatingRate";
         case OMX_IndexParamConsumerUsageBits:           return "ParamConsumerUsageBits";
+        case OMX_IndexParamConsumerUsageBits64:         return "ParamConsumerUsageBits64";
         case OMX_IndexConfigLatency:                    return "ConfigLatency";
         default:                                        return asString((OMX_INDEXTYPE)i, def);
     }
diff --git a/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_IndexExt.h b/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_IndexExt.h
index 0af40dd..5ddd719 100644
--- a/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_IndexExt.h
+++ b/headers/media_plugin/media/openmax/OMX_IndexExt.h
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@
     OMX_IndexConfigLowLatency,                      /**< reference: OMX_CONFIG_BOOLEANTYPE */
     OMX_IndexConfigAndroidTunnelPeek,               /**< reference: OMX_CONFIG_BOOLEANTYPE */
     OMX_IndexConfigAndroidTunnelPeekLegacyMode,     /**< reference: OMX_CONFIG_BOOLEANTYPE */
+    OMX_IndexParamConsumerUsageBits64,              /**< reference: OMX_PARAM_U64TYPE */
     OMX_IndexExtOtherEndUnused,
 
     /* Time configurations */
diff --git a/include/android/OWNERS b/include/android/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38f9c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/android/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+per-file input.h, keycodes.h = file:platform/frameworks/base:/INPUT_OWNERS
diff --git a/include/android/choreographer.h b/include/android/choreographer.h
index cd8e63d..f999708 100644
--- a/include/android/choreographer.h
+++ b/include/android/choreographer.h
@@ -219,12 +219,16 @@
  *
  * Note that this time should \b not be used to advance animation clocks.
  * Instead, see AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelineExpectedPresentationTimeNanos().
+ *
+ * Available since API level 33.
  */
 int64_t AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimeNanos(
         const AChoreographerFrameCallbackData* data) __INTRODUCED_IN(33);
 
 /**
  * The number of possible frame timelines.
+ *
+ * Available since API level 33.
  */
 size_t AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelinesLength(
         const AChoreographerFrameCallbackData* data) __INTRODUCED_IN(33);
@@ -233,15 +237,20 @@
  * Gets the index of the platform-preferred frame timeline.
  * The preferred frame timeline is the default
  * by which the platform scheduled the app, based on the device configuration.
+ *
+ * Available since API level 33.
  */
 size_t AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getPreferredFrameTimelineIndex(
         const AChoreographerFrameCallbackData* data) __INTRODUCED_IN(33);
 
 /**
  * Gets the token used by the platform to identify the frame timeline at the given \c index.
+ * q
+ * Available since API level 33.
  *
  * \param index index of a frame timeline, in \f( [0, FrameTimelinesLength) \f). See
  * AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelinesLength()
+ *
  */
 AVsyncId AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelineVsyncId(
         const AChoreographerFrameCallbackData* data, size_t index) __INTRODUCED_IN(33);
@@ -250,6 +259,8 @@
  * Gets the time in nanoseconds at which the frame described at the given \c index is expected to
  * be presented. This time should be used to advance any animation clocks.
  *
+ * Available since API level 33.
+ *
  * \param index index of a frame timeline, in \f( [0, FrameTimelinesLength) \f). See
  * AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelinesLength()
  */
@@ -260,6 +271,8 @@
  * Gets the time in nanoseconds at which the frame described at the given \c index needs to be
  * ready by in order to be presented on time.
  *
+ * Available since API level 33.
+ *
  * \param index index of a frame timeline, in \f( [0, FrameTimelinesLength) \f). See
  * AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelinesLength()
  */
diff --git a/include/android/surface_control.h b/include/android/surface_control.h
index 79c59f2..e4926a6 100644
--- a/include/android/surface_control.h
+++ b/include/android/surface_control.h
@@ -524,6 +524,8 @@
  * Sets the desired extended range brightness for the layer. This only applies for layers whose
  * dataspace has RANGE_EXTENDED set on it.
  *
+ * Available since API level 34.
+ *
  * @param surface_control The layer whose extended range brightness is being specified
  * @param currentBufferRatio The current hdr/sdr ratio of the current buffer as represented as
  *                           peakHdrBrightnessInNits / targetSdrWhitePointInNits. For example if the
@@ -653,6 +655,8 @@
  * and pushing buffers earlier for server side queuing will be advantageous
  * in such cases.
  *
+ * Available since API level 31.
+ *
  * \param transaction The transaction in which to make the change.
  * \param surface_control The ASurfaceControl on which to control buffer backpressure behavior.
  * \param enableBackPressure Whether to enable back pressure.
@@ -674,6 +678,8 @@
  * AChoreographer_postVsyncCallback(). The \c vsyncId can then be extracted from the
  * callback payload using AChoreographerFrameCallbackData_getFrameTimelineVsyncId().
  *
+ * Available since API level 33.
+ *
  * \param vsyncId The vsync ID received from AChoreographer, setting the frame's presentation target
  * to the corresponding expected presentation time and deadline from the frame to be rendered. A
  * stale or invalid value will be ignored.
diff --git a/include/ftl/details/optional.h b/include/ftl/details/optional.h
index bff7c1e..e45c1f5 100644
--- a/include/ftl/details/optional.h
+++ b/include/ftl/details/optional.h
@@ -54,5 +54,15 @@
 template <typename F, typename T>
 using and_then_result_t = typename and_then_result<F, T>::type;
 
+template <typename F, typename T>
+struct or_else_result {
+  using type = remove_cvref_t<std::invoke_result_t<F>>;
+  static_assert(std::is_same_v<type, std::optional<T>> || std::is_same_v<type, Optional<T>>,
+                "or_else function must return an optional T");
+};
+
+template <typename F, typename T>
+using or_else_result_t = typename or_else_result<F, T>::type;
+
 }  // namespace details
 }  // namespace android::ftl
diff --git a/include/ftl/optional.h b/include/ftl/optional.h
index a818128..94d8e3d 100644
--- a/include/ftl/optional.h
+++ b/include/ftl/optional.h
@@ -96,13 +96,25 @@
     return R();
   }
 
+  // Returns this Optional<T> if not nullopt, or else the Optional<T> returned by the function F.
+  template <typename F>
+  constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) const& -> details::or_else_result_t<F, T> {
+    if (has_value()) return *this;
+    return std::forward<F>(f)();
+  }
+
+  template <typename F>
+  constexpr auto or_else(F&& f) && -> details::or_else_result_t<F, T> {
+    if (has_value()) return std::move(*this);
+    return std::forward<F>(f)();
+  }
+
   // Delete new for this class. Its base doesn't have a virtual destructor, and
   // if it got deleted via base class pointer, it would cause undefined
   // behavior. There's not a good reason to allocate this object on the heap
   // anyway.
   static void* operator new(size_t) = delete;
   static void* operator new[](size_t) = delete;
-
 };
 
 template <typename T, typename U>
diff --git a/include/input/Input.h b/include/input/Input.h
index 608519b..e8af5f7 100644
--- a/include/input/Input.h
+++ b/include/input/Input.h
@@ -855,6 +855,8 @@
                                                const PointerCoords&);
     static PointerCoords calculateTransformedCoords(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform&,
                                                     const PointerCoords&);
+    // The rounding precision for transformed motion events.
+    static constexpr float ROUNDING_PRECISION = 0.001f;
 
 protected:
     int32_t mAction;
diff --git a/include/input/InputEventLabels.h b/include/input/InputEventLabels.h
index 4668fce..9dedd2b 100644
--- a/include/input/InputEventLabels.h
+++ b/include/input/InputEventLabels.h
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@
     int value;
 };
 
+struct EvdevEventLabel {
+    std::string type;
+    std::string code;
+    std::string value;
+};
+
 //   NOTE: If you want a new key code, axis code, led code or flag code in keylayout file,
 //   then you must add it to InputEventLabels.cpp.
 
@@ -52,6 +58,8 @@
 
     static std::optional<int> getLedByLabel(const char* label);
 
+    static EvdevEventLabel getLinuxEvdevLabel(int32_t type, int32_t code, int32_t value);
+
 private:
     static const std::unordered_map<std::string, int> KEYCODES;
 
diff --git a/include/input/InputTransport.h b/include/input/InputTransport.h
index 1c52792..a1be542 100644
--- a/include/input/InputTransport.h
+++ b/include/input/InputTransport.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include <binder/IBinder.h>
 #include <binder/Parcelable.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
+#include <input/InputVerifier.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
 #include <utils/BitSet.h>
@@ -444,6 +445,7 @@
 
 private:
     std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> mChannel;
+    InputVerifier mInputVerifier;
 };
 
 /*
diff --git a/include/input/InputVerifier.h b/include/input/InputVerifier.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4589f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/input/InputVerifier.h
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <input/Input.h>
+#include <map>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/*
+ * Crash if the provided touch stream is inconsistent.
+ *
+ * TODO(b/211379801): Add support for hover events:
+ * - No hover move without enter
+ * - No touching pointers when hover enter
+ * - No hovering pointers when touching
+ * - Only 1 hovering pointer max
+ */
+class InputVerifier {
+public:
+    InputVerifier(const std::string& name);
+
+    void processMovement(int32_t deviceId, int32_t action, uint32_t pointerCount,
+                         const PointerProperties* pointerProperties,
+                         const PointerCoords* pointerCoords, int32_t flags);
+
+private:
+    const std::string mName;
+    std::map<int32_t /*deviceId*/, std::bitset<MAX_POINTER_ID + 1>> mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice;
+    void ensureTouchingPointersMatch(int32_t deviceId, uint32_t pointerCount,
+                                     const PointerProperties* pointerProperties,
+                                     const char* action) const;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/include/input/KeyCharacterMap.h b/include/input/KeyCharacterMap.h
index b5e6f65..c67310e 100644
--- a/include/input/KeyCharacterMap.h
+++ b/include/input/KeyCharacterMap.h
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
     KeyedVector<int32_t, Key*> mKeys;
     KeyboardType mType;
     std::string mLoadFileName;
-    bool mLayoutOverlayApplied;
+    bool mLayoutOverlayApplied = false;
 
     std::map<int32_t /* fromAndroidKeyCode */, int32_t /* toAndroidKeyCode */> mKeyRemapping;
     std::map<int32_t /* fromScanCode */, int32_t /* toAndroidKeyCode */> mKeysByScanCode;
diff --git a/include/input/MotionPredictor.h b/include/input/MotionPredictor.h
index 68ebf75..de8ddca 100644
--- a/include/input/MotionPredictor.h
+++ b/include/input/MotionPredictor.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
+#include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <android/sysprop/InputProperties.sysprop.h>
 #include <input/Input.h>
@@ -66,21 +67,27 @@
      * checkEnableMotionPredition: the function to check whether the prediction should run. Used to
      * provide an additional way of turning prediction on and off. Can be toggled at runtime.
      */
-    MotionPredictor(nsecs_t predictionTimestampOffsetNanos, const char* modelPath = nullptr,
+    MotionPredictor(nsecs_t predictionTimestampOffsetNanos,
                     std::function<bool()> checkEnableMotionPrediction = isMotionPredictionEnabled);
-    void record(const MotionEvent& event);
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> predict(nsecs_t timestamp);
+    /**
+     * Record the actual motion received by the view. This event will be used for calculating the
+     * predictions.
+     *
+     * @return empty result if the event was processed correctly, error if the event is not
+     * consistent with the previously recorded events.
+     */
+    android::base::Result<void> record(const MotionEvent& event);
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> predict(nsecs_t timestamp);
     bool isPredictionAvailable(int32_t deviceId, int32_t source);
 
 private:
     const nsecs_t mPredictionTimestampOffsetNanos;
-    const std::string mModelPath;
     const std::function<bool()> mCheckMotionPredictionEnabled;
 
     std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> mModel;
-    // Buffers/events for each device seen by record().
-    std::unordered_map</*deviceId*/ int32_t, TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers> mDeviceBuffers;
-    std::unordered_map</*deviceId*/ int32_t, MotionEvent> mLastEvents;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers> mBuffers;
+    std::optional<MotionEvent> mLastEvent;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/include/input/PropertyMap.h b/include/input/PropertyMap.h
index 28e4816..2e44142 100644
--- a/include/input/PropertyMap.h
+++ b/include/input/PropertyMap.h
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@
 
 #include <android-base/result.h>
 #include <utils/Tokenizer.h>
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -57,14 +61,18 @@
      */
     void addProperty(const std::string& key, const std::string& value);
 
-    /* Gets the value of a property and parses it.
-     * Returns true and sets outValue if the key was found and its value was parsed successfully.
-     * Otherwise returns false and does not modify outValue.  (Also logs a warning.)
+    /* Returns a set of all property keys starting with the given prefix. */
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> getKeysWithPrefix(const std::string& prefix) const;
+
+    /* Gets the value of a property and parses it. Returns nullopt if the key wasn't found or
+     * couldn't be parsed as the requested type. (Warnings are also logged in the case of parsing
+     * failures.)
      */
-    bool tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, std::string& outValue) const;
-    bool tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, bool& outValue) const;
-    bool tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, int32_t& outValue) const;
-    bool tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, float& outValue) const;
+    std::optional<std::string> getString(const std::string& key) const;
+    std::optional<bool> getBool(const std::string& key) const;
+    std::optional<int32_t> getInt(const std::string& key) const;
+    std::optional<float> getFloat(const std::string& key) const;
+    std::optional<double> getDouble(const std::string& key) const;
 
     /* Adds all values from the specified property map. */
     void addAll(const PropertyMap* map);
diff --git a/include/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.h b/include/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.h
index 54e2851..7de551b41 100644
--- a/include/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.h
+++ b/include/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.h
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 class TfLiteMotionPredictorModel {
 public:
     // Creates a model from an encoded Flatbuffer model.
-    static std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> create(const char* modelPath);
+    static std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> create();
 
     ~TfLiteMotionPredictorModel();
 
diff --git a/include/input/VirtualInputDevice.h b/include/input/VirtualInputDevice.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13ffb58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/input/VirtualInputDevice.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+enum class UinputAction {
+    RELEASE = 0,
+    PRESS = 1,
+    MOVE = 2,
+    CANCEL = 3,
+};
+
+class VirtualInputDevice {
+public:
+    VirtualInputDevice(android::base::unique_fd fd);
+    virtual ~VirtualInputDevice();
+
+protected:
+    const android::base::unique_fd mFd;
+    bool writeInputEvent(uint16_t type, uint16_t code, int32_t value);
+    bool writeEvKeyEvent(int32_t androidCode, int32_t androidAction,
+                         const std::map<int, int>& evKeyCodeMapping,
+                         const std::map<int, UinputAction>& actionMapping);
+};
+
+class VirtualKeyboard : public VirtualInputDevice {
+public:
+    static const std::map<int, int> KEY_CODE_MAPPING;
+    // Expose to share with VirtualDpad.
+    static const std::map<int, UinputAction> KEY_ACTION_MAPPING;
+    VirtualKeyboard(android::base::unique_fd fd);
+    virtual ~VirtualKeyboard() override;
+    bool writeKeyEvent(int32_t androidKeyCode, int32_t androidAction);
+};
+
+class VirtualDpad : public VirtualInputDevice {
+public:
+    static const std::map<int, int> DPAD_KEY_CODE_MAPPING;
+    VirtualDpad(android::base::unique_fd fd);
+    virtual ~VirtualDpad() override;
+    bool writeDpadKeyEvent(int32_t androidKeyCode, int32_t androidAction);
+};
+
+class VirtualMouse : public VirtualInputDevice {
+public:
+    VirtualMouse(android::base::unique_fd fd);
+    virtual ~VirtualMouse() override;
+    bool writeButtonEvent(int32_t androidButtonCode, int32_t androidAction);
+    // TODO(b/259554911): changing float parameters to int32_t.
+    bool writeRelativeEvent(float relativeX, float relativeY);
+    bool writeScrollEvent(float xAxisMovement, float yAxisMovement);
+
+private:
+    static const std::map<int, UinputAction> BUTTON_ACTION_MAPPING;
+    static const std::map<int, int> BUTTON_CODE_MAPPING;
+};
+
+class VirtualTouchscreen : public VirtualInputDevice {
+public:
+    VirtualTouchscreen(android::base::unique_fd fd);
+    virtual ~VirtualTouchscreen() override;
+    // TODO(b/259554911): changing float parameters to int32_t.
+    bool writeTouchEvent(int32_t pointerId, int32_t toolType, int32_t action, float locationX,
+                         float locationY, float pressure, float majorAxisSize);
+
+private:
+    static const std::map<int, UinputAction> TOUCH_ACTION_MAPPING;
+    static const std::map<int, int> TOOL_TYPE_MAPPING;
+
+    /* The set of active touch pointers on this device.
+     * We only allow pointer id to go up to MAX_POINTERS because the maximum slots of virtual
+     * touchscreen is set up with MAX_POINTERS. Note that in other cases Android allows pointer id
+     * to go up to MAX_POINTERS_ID.
+     */
+    std::bitset<MAX_POINTERS> mActivePointers{};
+    bool isValidPointerId(int32_t pointerId, UinputAction uinputAction);
+    bool handleTouchDown(int32_t pointerId);
+    bool handleTouchUp(int32_t pointerId);
+};
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/Android.bp
index c4c8ffb..3f19371 100644
--- a/libs/binder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/Android.bp
@@ -74,9 +74,6 @@
     name: "libbinder_common_defaults",
     host_supported: true,
 
-    // for vndbinder and binderRpcTest
-    vendor_available: true,
-
     srcs: [
         "Binder.cpp",
         "BpBinder.cpp",
@@ -194,13 +191,13 @@
         "google-*",
         "misc-*",
         "performance*",
+        "-performance-move-const-arg", // b/273486801
         "portability*",
     ],
 }
 
 cc_library_headers {
     name: "trusty_mock_headers",
-    vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
 
     export_include_dirs: [
@@ -215,7 +212,6 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "trusty_mock_defaults",
-    vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
 
     header_libs: [
@@ -309,6 +305,8 @@
 
     version_script: "libbinder.map",
 
+    // for vndbinder
+    vendor_available: true,
     vndk: {
         enabled: true,
     },
@@ -467,7 +465,6 @@
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libbinder_tls_static",
     defaults: ["libbinder_tls_defaults"],
-    vendor_available: true,
     visibility: [
         ":__subpackages__",
     ],
@@ -547,8 +544,10 @@
     // Do not expand the visibility.
     visibility: [
         ":__subpackages__",
-        "//packages/modules/Virtualization:__subpackages__",
+        "//packages/modules/Virtualization/javalib/jni",
+        "//packages/modules/Virtualization/vm_payload",
         "//device/google/cuttlefish/shared/minidroid:__subpackages__",
+        "//system/software_defined_vehicle:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/OWNERS b/libs/binder/OWNERS
index f954e74..bb17683 100644
--- a/libs/binder/OWNERS
+++ b/libs/binder/OWNERS
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 # Bug component: 32456
-ctate@google.com
-hackbod@google.com
 maco@google.com
 smoreland@google.com
 tkjos@google.com
diff --git a/libs/binder/RecordedTransaction.cpp b/libs/binder/RecordedTransaction.cpp
index 2e70304..ef58ed3 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RecordedTransaction.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RecordedTransaction.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <binder/RecordedTransaction.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
@@ -126,8 +127,7 @@
     t.mData.mInterfaceName = std::string(String8(interfaceName).string());
     if (interfaceName.size() != t.mData.mInterfaceName.size()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Interface Name is not valid. Contains characters that aren't single byte "
-                      "utf-8: "
-                   << interfaceName;
+                      "utf-8.";
         return std::nullopt;
     }
 
@@ -176,13 +176,33 @@
     RecordedTransaction t;
     ChunkDescriptor chunk;
     const long pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+    struct stat fileStat;
+    if (fstat(fd.get(), &fileStat) != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to get file information";
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    off_t fdCurrentPosition = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_CUR);
+    if (fdCurrentPosition == -1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid offset in file descriptor.";
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
     do {
+        if (fileStat.st_size < (fdCurrentPosition + (off_t)sizeof(ChunkDescriptor))) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Not enough file remains to contain expected chunk descriptor";
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
         transaction_checksum_t checksum = 0;
         if (NO_ERROR != readChunkDescriptor(fd, &chunk, &checksum)) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read chunk descriptor.";
             return std::nullopt;
         }
-        off_t fdCurrentPosition = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_CUR);
+
+        fdCurrentPosition = lseek(fd.get(), 0, SEEK_CUR);
+        if (fdCurrentPosition == -1) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid offset in file descriptor.";
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
         off_t mmapPageAlignedStart = (fdCurrentPosition / pageSize) * pageSize;
         off_t mmapPayloadStartOffset = fdCurrentPosition - mmapPageAlignedStart;
 
@@ -194,14 +214,24 @@
         size_t chunkPayloadSize =
                 chunk.dataSize + PADDING8(chunk.dataSize) + sizeof(transaction_checksum_t);
 
+        if (chunkPayloadSize > (size_t)(fileStat.st_size - fdCurrentPosition)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Chunk payload exceeds remaining file size.";
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
+
         if (PADDING8(chunkPayloadSize) != 0) {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid chunk size, not aligned " << chunkPayloadSize;
             return std::nullopt;
         }
 
-        transaction_checksum_t* payloadMap = reinterpret_cast<transaction_checksum_t*>(
-                mmap(NULL, chunkPayloadSize + mmapPayloadStartOffset, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED,
-                     fd.get(), mmapPageAlignedStart));
+        size_t memoryMappedSize = chunkPayloadSize + mmapPayloadStartOffset;
+        void* mappedMemory =
+                mmap(NULL, memoryMappedSize, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd.get(), mmapPageAlignedStart);
+        auto mmap_guard = android::base::make_scope_guard(
+                [mappedMemory, memoryMappedSize] { munmap(mappedMemory, memoryMappedSize); });
+
+        transaction_checksum_t* payloadMap =
+                reinterpret_cast<transaction_checksum_t*>(mappedMemory);
         payloadMap += mmapPayloadStartOffset /
                 sizeof(transaction_checksum_t); // Skip chunk descriptor and required mmap
                                                 // page-alignment
@@ -218,7 +248,12 @@
             LOG(ERROR) << "Checksum failed.";
             return std::nullopt;
         }
-        lseek(fd.get(), chunkPayloadSize, SEEK_CUR);
+
+        fdCurrentPosition = lseek(fd.get(), chunkPayloadSize, SEEK_CUR);
+        if (fdCurrentPosition == -1) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid offset in file descriptor.";
+            return std::nullopt;
+        }
 
         switch (chunk.chunkType) {
             case HEADER_CHUNK: {
@@ -255,7 +290,7 @@
                 break;
             default:
                 LOG(INFO) << "Unrecognized chunk.";
-                continue;
+                break;
         }
     } while (chunk.chunkType != END_CHUNK);
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp
index ce6ef2b..fbad0f7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcSession.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <netinet/tcp.h>
 #include <poll.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -90,16 +91,16 @@
     return mMaxIncomingThreads;
 }
 
-void RpcSession::setMaxOutgoingThreads(size_t threads) {
+void RpcSession::setMaxOutgoingConnections(size_t connections) {
     RpcMutexLockGuard _l(mMutex);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mStartedSetup,
                         "Must set max outgoing threads before setting up connections");
-    mMaxOutgoingThreads = threads;
+    mMaxOutgoingConnections = connections;
 }
 
 size_t RpcSession::getMaxOutgoingThreads() {
     RpcMutexLockGuard _l(mMutex);
-    return mMaxOutgoingThreads;
+    return mMaxOutgoingConnections;
 }
 
 bool RpcSession::setProtocolVersionInternal(uint32_t version, bool checkStarted) {
@@ -558,11 +559,11 @@
         return status;
     }
 
-    size_t outgoingThreads = std::min(numThreadsAvailable, mMaxOutgoingThreads);
-    ALOGI_IF(outgoingThreads != numThreadsAvailable,
+    size_t outgoingConnections = std::min(numThreadsAvailable, mMaxOutgoingConnections);
+    ALOGI_IF(outgoingConnections != numThreadsAvailable,
              "Server hints client to start %zu outgoing threads, but client will only start %zu "
              "because it is preconfigured to start at most %zu outgoing threads.",
-             numThreadsAvailable, outgoingThreads, mMaxOutgoingThreads);
+             numThreadsAvailable, outgoingConnections, mMaxOutgoingConnections);
 
     // TODO(b/189955605): we should add additional sessions dynamically
     // instead of all at once - the other side should be responsible for setting
@@ -571,10 +572,10 @@
     // any requests at all.
 
     // we've already setup one client
-    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("RpcSession::setupClient() instantiating %zu outgoing (server max: %zu) and %zu "
-                   "incoming threads",
-                   outgoingThreads, numThreadsAvailable, mMaxIncomingThreads);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < outgoingThreads; i++) {
+    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("RpcSession::setupClient() instantiating %zu outgoing connections (server max: "
+                   "%zu) and %zu incoming threads",
+                   outgoingConnections, numThreadsAvailable, mMaxIncomingThreads);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < outgoingConnections; i++) {
         if (status_t status = connectAndInit(mId, false /*incoming*/); status != OK) return status;
     }
 
@@ -608,6 +609,18 @@
             return -savedErrno;
         }
 
+        if (addr.addr()->sa_family == AF_INET || addr.addr()->sa_family == AF_INET6) {
+            int noDelay = 1;
+            int result =
+                    setsockopt(serverFd.get(), IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_NODELAY, &noDelay, sizeof(noDelay));
+            if (result < 0) {
+                int savedErrno = errno;
+                ALOGE("Could not set TCP_NODELAY on %s: %s", addr.toString().c_str(),
+                      strerror(savedErrno));
+                return -savedErrno;
+            }
+        }
+
         RpcTransportFd transportFd(std::move(serverFd));
 
         if (0 != TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(connect(transportFd.fd.get(), addr.addr(), addr.addrSize()))) {
@@ -932,7 +945,8 @@
                   (session->server()
                            ? "This is a server session, so see RpcSession::setMaxIncomingThreads "
                              "for the corresponding client"
-                           : "This is a client session, so see RpcSession::setMaxOutgoingThreads "
+                           : "This is a client session, so see "
+                             "RpcSession::setMaxOutgoingConnections "
                              "for this client or RpcServer::setMaxThreads for the corresponding "
                              "server"));
             return WOULD_BLOCK;
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp b/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp
index b27f102..ed3ce24 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcState.cpp
@@ -262,8 +262,10 @@
 }
 
 void RpcState::clear() {
-    RpcMutexUniqueLock _l(mNodeMutex);
+    return clear(RpcMutexUniqueLock(mNodeMutex));
+}
 
+void RpcState::clear(RpcMutexUniqueLock nodeLock) {
     if (mTerminated) {
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mNodeForAddress.empty(),
                             "New state should be impossible after terminating!");
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@
     auto temp = std::move(mNodeForAddress);
     mNodeForAddress.clear(); // RpcState isn't reusable, but for future/explicit
 
-    _l.unlock();
+    nodeLock.unlock();
     temp.clear(); // explicit
 }
 
@@ -557,13 +559,12 @@
             .parcelDataSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(data.dataSize()),
     };
 
-    constexpr size_t kWaitMaxUs = 1000000;
-    constexpr size_t kWaitLogUs = 10000;
-    size_t waitUs = 0;
-
     // Oneway calls have no sync point, so if many are sent before, whether this
     // is a twoway or oneway transaction, they may have filled up the socket.
     // So, make sure we drain them before polling
+    constexpr size_t kWaitMaxUs = 1000000;
+    constexpr size_t kWaitLogUs = 10000;
+    size_t waitUs = 0;
 
     iovec iovs[]{
             {&command, sizeof(RpcWireHeader)},
@@ -591,8 +592,9 @@
                 },
                 rpcFields->mFds.get());
         status != OK) {
-        // TODO(b/167966510): need to undo onBinderLeaving - we know the
-        // refcount isn't successfully transferred.
+        // rpcSend calls shutdownAndWait, so all refcounts should be reset. If we ever tolerate
+        // errors here, then we may need to undo the binder-sent counts for the transaction as
+        // well as for the binder objects in the Parcel
         return status;
     }
 
@@ -704,7 +706,7 @@
     };
 
     {
-        RpcMutexLockGuard _l(mNodeMutex);
+        RpcMutexUniqueLock _l(mNodeMutex);
         if (mTerminated) return DEAD_OBJECT; // avoid fatal only, otherwise races
         auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(addr);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mNodeForAddress.end(),
@@ -720,8 +722,9 @@
         body.amount = it->second.timesRecd - target;
         it->second.timesRecd = target;
 
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(nullptr != tryEraseNode(it),
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(nullptr != tryEraseNode(session, std::move(_l), it),
                             "Bad state. RpcState shouldn't own received binder");
+        // LOCK ALREADY RELEASED
     }
 
     RpcWireHeader cmd = {
@@ -1036,8 +1039,8 @@
                 return DEAD_OBJECT;
             }
 
-            if (it->second.asyncTodo.size() == 0) return OK;
-            if (it->second.asyncTodo.top().asyncNumber == it->second.asyncNumber) {
+            if (it->second.asyncTodo.size() != 0 &&
+                it->second.asyncTodo.top().asyncNumber == it->second.asyncNumber) {
                 LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Found next async transaction %" PRIu64 " on %" PRIu64,
                                it->second.asyncNumber, addr);
 
@@ -1164,8 +1167,8 @@
                    it->second.timesSent);
 
     it->second.timesSent -= body.amount;
-    sp<IBinder> tempHold = tryEraseNode(it);
-    _l.unlock();
+    sp<IBinder> tempHold = tryEraseNode(session, std::move(_l), it);
+    // LOCK ALREADY RELEASED
     tempHold = nullptr; // destructor may make binder calls on this session
 
     return OK;
@@ -1229,7 +1232,10 @@
     return OK;
 }
 
-sp<IBinder> RpcState::tryEraseNode(std::map<uint64_t, BinderNode>::iterator& it) {
+sp<IBinder> RpcState::tryEraseNode(const sp<RpcSession>& session, RpcMutexUniqueLock nodeLock,
+                                   std::map<uint64_t, BinderNode>::iterator& it) {
+    bool shouldShutdown = false;
+
     sp<IBinder> ref;
 
     if (it->second.timesSent == 0) {
@@ -1239,9 +1245,27 @@
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!it->second.asyncTodo.empty(),
                                 "Can't delete binder w/ pending async transactions");
             mNodeForAddress.erase(it);
+
+            if (mNodeForAddress.size() == 0) {
+                shouldShutdown = true;
+            }
         }
     }
 
+    // If we shutdown, prevent RpcState from being re-used. This prevents another
+    // thread from getting the root object again.
+    if (shouldShutdown) {
+        clear(std::move(nodeLock));
+    } else {
+        nodeLock.unlock(); // explicit
+    }
+    // LOCK IS RELEASED
+
+    if (shouldShutdown) {
+        ALOGI("RpcState has no binders left, so triggering shutdown...");
+        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
+    }
+
     return ref;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/RpcState.h b/libs/binder/RpcState.h
index ac86585..0e23ea7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/RpcState.h
+++ b/libs/binder/RpcState.h
@@ -168,6 +168,7 @@
     void clear();
 
 private:
+    void clear(RpcMutexUniqueLock nodeLock);
     void dumpLocked();
 
     // Alternative to std::vector<uint8_t> that doesn't abort on allocation failure and caps
@@ -268,11 +269,20 @@
         std::string toString() const;
     };
 
-    // checks if there is any reference left to a node and erases it. If erase
-    // happens, and there is a strong reference to the binder kept by
-    // binderNode, this returns that strong reference, so that it can be
-    // dropped after any locks are removed.
-    sp<IBinder> tryEraseNode(std::map<uint64_t, BinderNode>::iterator& it);
+    // Checks if there is any reference left to a node and erases it. If this
+    // is the last node, shuts down the session.
+    //
+    // Node lock is passed here for convenience, so that we can release it
+    // and terminate the session, but we could leave it up to the caller
+    // by returning a continuation if we needed to erase multiple specific
+    // nodes. It may be tempting to allow the client to keep on holding the
+    // lock and instead just return whether or not we should shutdown, but
+    // this introduces the posssibility that another thread calls
+    // getRootBinder and thinks it is valid, rather than immediately getting
+    // an error.
+    sp<IBinder> tryEraseNode(const sp<RpcSession>& session, RpcMutexUniqueLock nodeLock,
+                             std::map<uint64_t, BinderNode>::iterator& it);
+
     // true - success
     // false - session shutdown, halt
     [[nodiscard]] bool nodeProgressAsyncNumber(BinderNode* node);
diff --git a/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp b/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp
index 194254a..2b67f03 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ServiceManagerHost.cpp
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!forwardResult->hostPort().has_value());
 
     auto rpcSession = RpcSession::make();
-    if (options.maxOutgoingThreads.has_value()) {
-        rpcSession->setMaxOutgoingThreads(*options.maxOutgoingThreads);
+    if (options.maxOutgoingConnections.has_value()) {
+        rpcSession->setMaxOutgoingConnections(*options.maxOutgoingConnections);
     }
 
     if (status_t status = rpcSession->setupInetClient("127.0.0.1", *forwardResult->hostPort());
diff --git a/libs/binder/TEST_MAPPING b/libs/binder/TEST_MAPPING
index 1488400..07b38d7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/libs/binder/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -119,5 +119,10 @@
     {
       "name": "memunreachable_binder_test"
     }
+  ],
+  "imports": [
+    {
+      "path": "packages/modules/Virtualization"
+    }
   ]
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h
index c78f870..55167a7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/IServiceManager.h
@@ -224,12 +224,12 @@
 //    }
 // Resources are cleaned up when the object is destroyed.
 //
-// For each returned binder object, at most |maxOutgoingThreads| outgoing threads are instantiated.
-// Hence, only |maxOutgoingThreads| calls can be made simultaneously. Additional calls are blocked
-// if there are |maxOutgoingThreads| ongoing calls. See RpcSession::setMaxOutgoingThreads.
-// If |maxOutgoingThreads| is not set, default is |RpcSession::kDefaultMaxOutgoingThreads|.
+// For each returned binder object, at most |maxOutgoingConnections| outgoing connections are
+// instantiated, depending on how many the service on the device is configured with.
+// Hence, only |maxOutgoingConnections| calls can be made simultaneously.
+// See also RpcSession::setMaxOutgoingConnections.
 struct RpcDelegateServiceManagerOptions {
-    std::optional<size_t> maxOutgoingThreads;
+    std::optional<size_t> maxOutgoingConnections;
 };
 sp<IServiceManager> createRpcDelegateServiceManager(
         const RpcDelegateServiceManagerOptions& options);
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
index 25193a3..1001b64 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcServer.h
@@ -119,7 +119,10 @@
     [[nodiscard]] status_t setupExternalServer(base::unique_fd serverFd);
 
     /**
-     * This must be called before adding a client session.
+     * This must be called before adding a client session. This corresponds
+     * to the number of incoming connections to RpcSession objects in the
+     * server, which will correspond to the number of outgoing connections
+     * in client RpcSession objects.
      *
      * If this is not specified, this will be a single-threaded server.
      *
diff --git a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h
index 40faf2c..a323feb 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h
+++ b/libs/binder/include/binder/RpcSession.h
@@ -51,11 +51,12 @@
  * This represents a session (group of connections) between a client
  * and a server. Multiple connections are needed for multiple parallel "binder"
  * calls which may also have nested calls.
+ *
+ * Once a binder exists in the session, if all references to all binders are dropped,
+ * the session shuts down.
  */
 class RpcSession final : public virtual RefBase {
 public:
-    static constexpr size_t kDefaultMaxOutgoingThreads = 10;
-
     // Create an RpcSession with default configuration (raw sockets).
     static sp<RpcSession> make();
 
@@ -67,26 +68,30 @@
     /**
      * Set the maximum number of incoming threads allowed to be made (for things like callbacks).
      * By default, this is 0. This must be called before setting up this connection as a client.
-     * Server sessions will inherits this value from RpcServer.
+     * Server sessions will inherits this value from RpcServer. Each thread will serve a
+     * connection to the remote RpcSession.
      *
      * If this is called, 'shutdown' on this session must also be called.
      * Otherwise, a threadpool will leak.
      *
-     * TODO(b/189955605): start these dynamically
+     * TODO(b/189955605): start these lazily - currently all are started
      */
     void setMaxIncomingThreads(size_t threads);
     size_t getMaxIncomingThreads();
 
     /**
-     * Set the maximum number of outgoing threads allowed to be made.
-     * By default, this is |kDefaultMaxOutgoingThreads|. This must be called before setting up this
-     * connection as a client.
+     * Set the maximum number of outgoing connections allowed to be made.
+     * By default, this is |kDefaultMaxOutgoingConnections|. This must be called before setting up
+     * this connection as a client.
      *
-     * This limits the number of outgoing threads on top of the remote peer setting. This RpcSession
-     * will only instantiate |min(maxOutgoingThreads, remoteMaxThreads)| outgoing threads, where
-     * |remoteMaxThreads| can be retrieved from the remote peer via |getRemoteMaxThreads()|.
+     * For an RpcSession client, if you are connecting to a server which starts N threads,
+     * then this must be set to >= N. If you set the maximum number of outgoing connections
+     * to 1, but the server requests 10, then it would be considered an error. If you set a
+     * maximum number of connections to 10, and the server requests 1, then only 1 will be
+     * created. This API is used to limit the amount of resources a server can request you
+     * create.
      */
-    void setMaxOutgoingThreads(size_t threads);
+    void setMaxOutgoingConnections(size_t connections);
     size_t getMaxOutgoingThreads();
 
     /**
@@ -219,6 +224,8 @@
     friend RpcState;
     explicit RpcSession(std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtx> ctx);
 
+    static constexpr size_t kDefaultMaxOutgoingConnections = 10;
+
     // internal version of setProtocolVersion that
     // optionally skips the mStartedSetup check
     [[nodiscard]] bool setProtocolVersionInternal(uint32_t version, bool checkStarted);
@@ -368,7 +375,7 @@
 
     bool mStartedSetup = false;
     size_t mMaxIncomingThreads = 0;
-    size_t mMaxOutgoingThreads = kDefaultMaxOutgoingThreads;
+    size_t mMaxOutgoingConnections = kDefaultMaxOutgoingConnections;
     std::optional<uint32_t> mProtocolVersion;
     FileDescriptorTransportMode mFileDescriptorTransportMode = FileDescriptorTransportMode::NONE;
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp b/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
index 42d226b..a157792 100644
--- a/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
+++ b/libs/binder/include_rpc_unstable/binder_rpc_unstable.hpp
@@ -126,11 +126,11 @@
 void ARpcSession_setFileDescriptorTransportMode(ARpcSession* session,
                                                 ARpcSession_FileDescriptorTransportMode mode);
 
-// Sets the maximum number of incoming threads.
+// Sets the maximum number of incoming threads, to service connections.
 void ARpcSession_setMaxIncomingThreads(ARpcSession* session, size_t threads);
 
-// Sets the maximum number of outgoing threads.
-void ARpcSession_setMaxOutgoingThreads(ARpcSession* session, size_t threads);
+// Sets the maximum number of outgoing connections.
+void ARpcSession_setMaxOutgoingConnections(ARpcSession* session, size_t connections);
 
 // Decrements the refcount of the underlying RpcSession object.
 void ARpcSession_free(ARpcSession* session);
diff --git a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
index daff8c1..a167f23 100644
--- a/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/libbinder_rpc_unstable.cpp
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@
     session->setMaxIncomingThreads(threads);
 }
 
-void ARpcSession_setMaxOutgoingThreads(ARpcSession* handle, size_t threads) {
+void ARpcSession_setMaxOutgoingConnections(ARpcSession* handle, size_t connections) {
     auto session = handleToStrongPointer<RpcSession>(handle);
-    session->setMaxOutgoingThreads(threads);
+    session->setMaxOutgoingConnections(connections);
 }
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_parcel.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_parcel.h
index f68612c..d833b83 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_parcel.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_ndk/android/binder_parcel.h
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android/binder_status.h>
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
-
-#include <android/binder_status.h>
+#include <uchar.h>
 
 struct AIBinder;
 typedef struct AIBinder AIBinder;
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
index 86d5ed2..43159d8 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_manager.h
@@ -22,6 +22,16 @@
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
+enum AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag : uint32_t {
+    /**
+     * This allows processes with AID_ISOLATED to get the binder of the service added.
+     *
+     * Services with methods that perform file IO, web socket creation or ways to egress data must
+     * not be added with this flag for privacy concerns.
+     */
+    ADD_SERVICE_ALLOW_ISOLATED = 1,
+};
+
 /**
  * This registers the service with the default service manager under this instance name. This does
  * not take ownership of binder.
@@ -46,12 +56,13 @@
  *
  * \param binder object to register globally with the service manager.
  * \param instance identifier of the service. This will be used to lookup the service.
- * \param allowIsolated allows if this service can be isolated.
+ * \param flag an AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag enum to denote how the service should be added.
  *
  * \return EX_NONE on success.
  */
-__attribute__((warn_unused_result)) binder_exception_t AServiceManager_addServiceWithAllowIsolated(
-        AIBinder* binder, const char* instance, bool allowIsolated) __INTRODUCED_IN(34);
+__attribute__((warn_unused_result)) binder_exception_t AServiceManager_addServiceWithFlag(
+        AIBinder* binder, const char* instance, const AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag flag)
+        __INTRODUCED_IN(34);
 
 /**
  * Gets a binder object with this specific instance name. Will return nullptr immediately if the
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_process.h b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_process.h
index ffcad55..3fbe90d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_process.h
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/include_platform/android/binder_process.h
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
  * Do not use this from a library. Apps setup their own threadpools, and otherwise, the main
  * function should be responsible for configuring the threadpool for the entire application.
  */
-void ABinderProcess_startThreadPool();
+void ABinderProcess_startThreadPool(void);
 /**
  * This sets the maximum number of threads that can be started in the threadpool. By default, after
  * startThreadPool is called, this is 15. If it is called additional times, it will only prevent
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
  * you should use this in a library to abort if the threadpool is not started.
  * Programs should configure binder threadpools once at the beginning.
  */
-bool ABinderProcess_isThreadPoolStarted();
+bool ABinderProcess_isThreadPoolStarted(void);
 /**
  * This adds the current thread to the threadpool. This may cause the threadpool to exceed the
  * maximum size.
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
  * Do not use this from a library. Apps setup their own threadpools, and otherwise, the main
  * function should be responsible for configuring the threadpool for the entire application.
  */
-void ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool();
+void ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool(void);
 
 /**
  * This gives you an fd to wait on. Whenever data is available on the fd,
@@ -79,6 +79,6 @@
  *
  * \return STATUS_OK on success
  */
-__attribute__((weak)) binder_status_t ABinderProcess_handlePolledCommands() __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
+__attribute__((weak)) binder_status_t ABinderProcess_handlePolledCommands(void) __INTRODUCED_IN(31);
 
 __END_DECLS
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt b/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt
index 5f2f617..1078fb2 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/libbinder_ndk.map.txt
@@ -158,12 +158,12 @@
     AServiceManager_getUpdatableApexName; # systemapi
     AServiceManager_registerForServiceNotifications; # systemapi llndk
     AServiceManager_NotificationRegistration_delete; # systemapi llndk
+    AServiceManager_addServiceWithFlag; # systemapi llndk
 };
 
 LIBBINDER_NDK_PLATFORM {
   global:
     AParcel_getAllowFds;
-    AServiceManager_addServiceWithAllowIsolated;
     extern "C++" {
         AIBinder_fromPlatformBinder*;
         AIBinder_toPlatformBinder*;
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/process.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/process.cpp
index bc6610e..0fea57b 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/process.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/process.cpp
@@ -24,17 +24,17 @@
 using ::android::IPCThreadState;
 using ::android::ProcessState;
 
-void ABinderProcess_startThreadPool() {
+void ABinderProcess_startThreadPool(void) {
     ProcessState::self()->startThreadPool();
     ProcessState::self()->giveThreadPoolName();
 }
 bool ABinderProcess_setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(uint32_t numThreads) {
     return ProcessState::self()->setThreadPoolMaxThreadCount(numThreads) == 0;
 }
-bool ABinderProcess_isThreadPoolStarted() {
+bool ABinderProcess_isThreadPoolStarted(void) {
     return ProcessState::self()->isThreadPoolStarted();
 }
-void ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool() {
+void ABinderProcess_joinThreadPool(void) {
     IPCThreadState::self()->joinThreadPool();
 }
 
@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@
     return IPCThreadState::self()->setupPolling(fd);
 }
 
-binder_status_t ABinderProcess_handlePolledCommands() {
+binder_status_t ABinderProcess_handlePolledCommands(void) {
     return IPCThreadState::self()->handlePolledCommands();
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
index 2763ddb..84da459 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/service_manager.cpp
@@ -42,14 +42,15 @@
     return PruneException(exception);
 }
 
-binder_exception_t AServiceManager_addServiceWithAllowIsolated(AIBinder* binder,
-                                                               const char* instance,
-                                                               bool allowIsolated) {
+binder_exception_t AServiceManager_addServiceWithFlag(AIBinder* binder, const char* instance,
+                                                      const AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag flag) {
     if (binder == nullptr || instance == nullptr) {
         return EX_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT;
     }
 
     sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
+
+    bool allowIsolated = flag & AServiceManager_AddServiceFlag::ADD_SERVICE_ALLOW_ISOLATED;
     status_t exception = sm->addService(String16(instance), binder->getBinder(), allowIsolated);
     return PruneException(exception);
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
index 5b2532a..882f1d6 100644
--- a/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/ndk/tests/libbinder_ndk_unit_test.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 constexpr char kForcePersistNdkUnitTestService[] = "ForcePersistNdkUnitTestService";
 constexpr char kActiveServicesNdkUnitTestService[] = "ActiveServicesNdkUnitTestService";
 
-constexpr unsigned int kShutdownWaitTime = 10;
+constexpr unsigned int kShutdownWaitTime = 11;
 constexpr uint64_t kContextTestValue = 0xb4e42fb4d9a1d715;
 
 class MyTestFoo : public IFoo {
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp
index afd414a..d36ebac 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/Android.bp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
     ],
     host_supported: true,
     vendor_available: true,
+    product_available: true,
     target: {
         darwin: {
             enabled: false,
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@
     ],
     host_supported: true,
     vendor_available: true,
+    product_available: true,
     target: {
         darwin: {
             enabled: false,
@@ -129,6 +131,7 @@
     ],
     host_supported: true,
     vendor_available: true,
+    product_available: true,
 
     // Currently necessary for host builds
     // TODO(b/31559095): bionic on host should define this
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
index da9797b..0067a20 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/Android.bp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
     visibility: [
         "//device/google/cuttlefish/shared/minidroid/sample",
         "//packages/modules/Virtualization:__subpackages__",
+        "//system/software_defined_vehicle:__subpackages__",
     ],
     apex_available: [
         "//apex_available:platform",
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs
index 0b517cf..28c5390 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/rpcbinder/src/session.rs
@@ -75,11 +75,14 @@
         };
     }
 
-    /// Sets the maximum number of outgoing threads.
-    pub fn set_max_outgoing_threads(&self, threads: usize) {
+    /// Sets the maximum number of outgoing connections.
+    pub fn set_max_outgoing_connections(&self, connections: usize) {
         // SAFETY - Only passes the 'self' pointer as an opaque handle.
         unsafe {
-            binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::ARpcSession_setMaxOutgoingThreads(self.as_ptr(), threads)
+            binder_rpc_unstable_bindgen::ARpcSession_setMaxOutgoingConnections(
+                self.as_ptr(),
+                connections,
+            )
         };
     }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/binder.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/binder.rs
index 976f54d..d0e35de 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/binder.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/binder.rs
@@ -100,22 +100,17 @@
 /// An interface can promise to be a stable vendor interface ([`Vintf`]), or
 /// makes no stability guarantees ([`Local`]). [`Local`] is
 /// currently the default stability.
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Default)]
 pub enum Stability {
     /// Default stability, visible to other modules in the same compilation
     /// context (e.g. modules on system.img)
+    #[default]
     Local,
 
     /// A Vendor Interface Object, which promises to be stable
     Vintf,
 }
 
-impl Default for Stability {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Stability::Local
-    }
-}
-
 impl From<Stability> for i32 {
     fn from(stability: Stability) -> i32 {
         use Stability::*;
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs
index 6f686fb..5557168 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/native.rs
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@
     }
 
     /// Mark this binder object with local stability, which is vendor if we are
-    /// building for the VNDK and system otherwise.
-    #[cfg(any(vendor_ndk, android_vndk))]
+    /// building for android_vendor and system otherwise.
+    #[cfg(android_vendor)]
     fn mark_local_stability(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
             // Safety: Self always contains a valid `AIBinder` pointer, so
@@ -220,8 +220,8 @@
     }
 
     /// Mark this binder object with local stability, which is vendor if we are
-    /// building for the VNDK and system otherwise.
-    #[cfg(not(any(vendor_ndk, android_vndk)))]
+    /// building for android_vendor and system otherwise.
+    #[cfg(not(android_vendor))]
     fn mark_local_stability(&mut self) {
         unsafe {
             // Safety: Self always contains a valid `AIBinder` pointer, so
diff --git a/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs b/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs
index 6f4c375..4b658fc 100644
--- a/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs
+++ b/libs/binder/rust/src/parcel/parcelable.rs
@@ -771,7 +771,13 @@
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! impl_serialize_for_parcelable {
     ($parcelable:ident) => {
-        impl $crate::binder_impl::Serialize for $parcelable {
+        $crate::impl_serialize_for_parcelable!($parcelable < >);
+    };
+    ($parcelable:ident < $( $param:ident ),* , >) => {
+        $crate::impl_serialize_for_parcelable!($parcelable < $($param),* >);
+    };
+    ($parcelable:ident < $( $param:ident ),* > ) => {
+        impl < $($param),* > $crate::binder_impl::Serialize for $parcelable < $($param),* > {
             fn serialize(
                 &self,
                 parcel: &mut $crate::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel<'_>,
@@ -780,9 +786,9 @@
             }
         }
 
-        impl $crate::binder_impl::SerializeArray for $parcelable {}
+        impl < $($param),* > $crate::binder_impl::SerializeArray for $parcelable < $($param),* > {}
 
-        impl $crate::binder_impl::SerializeOption for $parcelable {
+        impl < $($param),* > $crate::binder_impl::SerializeOption for $parcelable < $($param),* > {
             fn serialize_option(
                 this: Option<&Self>,
                 parcel: &mut $crate::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel<'_>,
@@ -808,7 +814,13 @@
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! impl_deserialize_for_parcelable {
     ($parcelable:ident) => {
-        impl $crate::binder_impl::Deserialize for $parcelable {
+        $crate::impl_deserialize_for_parcelable!($parcelable < >);
+    };
+    ($parcelable:ident < $( $param:ident ),* , >) => {
+        $crate::impl_deserialize_for_parcelable!($parcelable < $($param),* >);
+    };
+    ($parcelable:ident < $( $param:ident ),* > ) => {
+        impl < $($param: Default),* > $crate::binder_impl::Deserialize for $parcelable < $($param),* > {
             fn deserialize(
                 parcel: &$crate::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel<'_>,
             ) -> std::result::Result<Self, $crate::StatusCode> {
@@ -830,9 +842,9 @@
             }
         }
 
-        impl $crate::binder_impl::DeserializeArray for $parcelable {}
+        impl < $($param: Default),* > $crate::binder_impl::DeserializeArray for $parcelable < $($param),* > {}
 
-        impl $crate::binder_impl::DeserializeOption for $parcelable {
+        impl < $($param: Default),* > $crate::binder_impl::DeserializeOption for $parcelable < $($param),* > {
             fn deserialize_option(
                 parcel: &$crate::binder_impl::BorrowedParcel<'_>,
             ) -> std::result::Result<Option<Self>, $crate::StatusCode> {
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
index e609987..0f0d64a 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/Android.bp
@@ -138,7 +138,6 @@
 
 aidl_interface {
     name: "binderRpcTestIface",
-    vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
     unstable: true,
     srcs: [
@@ -159,7 +158,6 @@
 
 cc_library_static {
     name: "libbinder_tls_test_utils",
-    vendor_available: true,
     host_supported: true,
     target: {
         darwin: {
@@ -213,7 +211,6 @@
     defaults: [
         "binderRpcTest_common_defaults",
     ],
-    vendor_available: true,
     gtest: false,
     auto_gen_config: false,
     srcs: [
@@ -224,18 +221,10 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "binderRpcTest_defaults",
-    vendor_available: true,
     target: {
         android: {
             test_suites: ["vts"],
         },
-
-        vendor: {
-            shared_libs: [
-                "libbinder_trusty",
-                "libtrusty",
-            ],
-        },
     },
     defaults: [
         "binderRpcTest_common_defaults",
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcTest.aidl b/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcTest.aidl
index a3ed571..1164767 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcTest.aidl
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/IBinderRpcTest.aidl
@@ -80,4 +80,8 @@
     // get queued.
     oneway void blockingSendFdOneway(in ParcelFileDescriptor fd);
     ParcelFileDescriptor blockingRecvFd();
+
+    // Same as blockingSendFdOneway, but with integers.
+    oneway void blockingSendIntOneway(int n);
+    int blockingRecvInt();
 }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp
index 464da60..77a5fa8 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderHostDeviceTest.cpp
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 void initHostRpcServiceManagerOnce() {
     static std::once_flag gSmOnce;
     std::call_once(gSmOnce, [] {
-        setDefaultServiceManager(createRpcDelegateServiceManager({.maxOutgoingThreads = 1}));
+        setDefaultServiceManager(createRpcDelegateServiceManager({.maxOutgoingConnections = 1}));
     });
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
index 955c650..8974ad7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderLibTest.cpp
@@ -507,7 +507,13 @@
     }
 
     EXPECT_EQ(-EAGAIN, IPCThreadState::self()->freeze(pid, true, 0));
-    EXPECT_EQ(-EAGAIN, IPCThreadState::self()->freeze(pid, true, 0));
+
+    // b/268232063 - succeeds ~0.08% of the time
+    {
+        auto ret = IPCThreadState::self()->freeze(pid, true, 0);
+        EXPECT_TRUE(ret == -EAGAIN || ret == OK);
+    }
+
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, IPCThreadState::self()->freeze(pid, true, 1000));
     EXPECT_EQ(FAILED_TRANSACTION, m_server->transact(BINDER_LIB_TEST_NOP_TRANSACTION, data, &reply));
 
@@ -1370,7 +1376,7 @@
         }));
     }
 
-    data.writeInt32(100);
+    data.writeInt32(500);
     // Give a chance for all threads to be used
     EXPECT_THAT(server->transact(BINDER_LIB_TEST_UNLOCK_AFTER_MS, data, &reply), NO_ERROR);
 
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp
index 52ba9b0..5939273 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcBenchmark.cpp
@@ -102,9 +102,11 @@
 }
 
 static sp<RpcSession> gSession = RpcSession::make();
+static sp<IBinder> gRpcBinder;
 // Certificate validation happens during handshake and does not affect the result of benchmarks.
 // Skip certificate validation to simplify the setup process.
 static sp<RpcSession> gSessionTls = RpcSession::make(makeFactoryTls());
+static sp<IBinder> gRpcTlsBinder;
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
 static const String16 kKernelBinderInstance = String16(u"binderRpcBenchmark-control");
 static sp<IBinder> gKernelBinder;
@@ -118,9 +120,9 @@
             return gKernelBinder;
 #endif
         case RPC:
-            return gSession->getRootObject();
+            return gRpcBinder;
         case RPC_TLS:
-            return gSessionTls->getRootObject();
+            return gRpcTlsBinder;
         default:
             LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown transport value: " << transport;
             return nullptr;
@@ -254,11 +256,13 @@
     (void)unlink(addr.c_str());
     forkRpcServer(addr.c_str(), RpcServer::make(RpcTransportCtxFactoryRaw::make()));
     setupClient(gSession, addr.c_str());
+    gRpcBinder = gSession->getRootObject();
 
     std::string tlsAddr = tmp + "/binderRpcTlsBenchmark";
     (void)unlink(tlsAddr.c_str());
     forkRpcServer(tlsAddr.c_str(), RpcServer::make(makeFactoryTls()));
     setupClient(gSessionTls, tlsAddr.c_str());
+    gRpcTlsBinder = gSessionTls->getRootObject();
 
     ::benchmark::RunSpecifiedBenchmarks();
     return 0;
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
index 84c93dd..d563cfc 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTest.cpp
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
 static std::string allocateSocketAddress() {
     static size_t id = 0;
     std::string temp = getenv("TMPDIR") ?: "/tmp";
-    auto ret = temp + "/binderRpcTest_" + std::to_string(id++);
+    auto ret = temp + "/binderRpcTest_" + std::to_string(getpid()) + "_" + std::to_string(id++);
     unlink(ret.c_str());
     return ret;
 };
@@ -163,7 +163,8 @@
             session.root = nullptr;
         }
 
-        for (auto& info : sessions) {
+        for (size_t sessionNum = 0; sessionNum < sessions.size(); sessionNum++) {
+            auto& info = sessions.at(sessionNum);
             sp<RpcSession>& session = info.session;
 
             EXPECT_NE(nullptr, session);
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@
             for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
                 sp<RpcSession> strongSession = weakSession.promote();
                 EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, strongSession)
+                        << "For session " << sessionNum << ". "
                         << (debugBacktrace(host.getPid()), debugBacktrace(getpid()),
                             "Leaked sess: ")
                         << strongSession->getStrongCount() << " checked time " << i;
@@ -231,17 +233,8 @@
     return std::move(sockClient);
 }
 
-std::string BinderRpc::PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
-    auto [type, security, clientVersion, serverVersion, singleThreaded, noKernel] = info.param;
-    auto ret = PrintToString(type) + "_" + newFactory(security)->toCString() + "_clientV" +
-            std::to_string(clientVersion) + "_serverV" + std::to_string(serverVersion);
-    if (singleThreaded) {
-        ret += "_single_threaded";
-    }
-    if (noKernel) {
-        ret += "_no_kernel";
-    }
-    return ret;
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> BinderRpc::newFactory(RpcSecurity rpcSecurity) {
+    return newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity);
 }
 
 // This creates a new process serving an interface on a certain number of
@@ -250,6 +243,10 @@
         const BinderRpcOptions& options) {
     CHECK_GE(options.numSessions, 1) << "Must have at least one session to a server";
 
+    if (options.numIncomingConnectionsBySession.size() != 0) {
+        CHECK_EQ(options.numIncomingConnectionsBySession.size(), options.numSessions);
+    }
+
     SocketType socketType = std::get<0>(GetParam());
     RpcSecurity rpcSecurity = std::get<1>(GetParam());
     uint32_t clientVersion = std::get<2>(GetParam());
@@ -317,7 +314,7 @@
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("TIPC socket type only supported on vendor");
 #endif
         } else {
-            factory = newFactory(rpcSecurity, certVerifier);
+            factory = newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity, certVerifier);
         }
         sessions.emplace_back(RpcSession::make(std::move(factory)));
     }
@@ -347,10 +344,16 @@
 
     status_t status;
 
-    for (const auto& session : sessions) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < sessions.size(); i++) {
+        const auto& session = sessions.at(i);
+
+        size_t numIncoming = options.numIncomingConnectionsBySession.size() > 0
+                ? options.numIncomingConnectionsBySession.at(i)
+                : 0;
+
         CHECK(session->setProtocolVersion(clientVersion));
-        session->setMaxIncomingThreads(options.numIncomingConnections);
-        session->setMaxOutgoingThreads(options.numOutgoingConnections);
+        session->setMaxIncomingThreads(numIncoming);
+        session->setMaxOutgoingConnections(options.numOutgoingConnections);
         session->setFileDescriptorTransportMode(options.clientFileDescriptorTransportMode);
 
         switch (socketType) {
@@ -435,8 +438,7 @@
     for (auto& t : ts) t.join();
 }
 
-static void testThreadPoolOverSaturated(sp<IBinderRpcTest> iface, size_t numCalls,
-                                        size_t sleepMs = 500) {
+static void testThreadPoolOverSaturated(sp<IBinderRpcTest> iface, size_t numCalls, size_t sleepMs) {
     size_t epochMsBefore = epochMillis();
 
     std::vector<std::thread> ts;
@@ -462,7 +464,7 @@
     constexpr size_t kNumThreads = 10;
     constexpr size_t kNumCalls = kNumThreads + 3;
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = kNumThreads});
-    testThreadPoolOverSaturated(proc.rootIface, kNumCalls);
+    testThreadPoolOverSaturated(proc.rootIface, kNumCalls, 250 /*ms*/);
 }
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, ThreadPoolLimitOutgoing) {
@@ -475,7 +477,7 @@
     constexpr size_t kNumCalls = kNumOutgoingConnections + 3;
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
             {.numThreads = kNumThreads, .numOutgoingConnections = kNumOutgoingConnections});
-    testThreadPoolOverSaturated(proc.rootIface, kNumCalls);
+    testThreadPoolOverSaturated(proc.rootIface, kNumCalls, 250 /*ms*/);
 }
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, ThreadingStressTest) {
@@ -483,9 +485,9 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires multiple threads";
     }
 
-    constexpr size_t kNumClientThreads = 10;
-    constexpr size_t kNumServerThreads = 10;
-    constexpr size_t kNumCalls = 100;
+    constexpr size_t kNumClientThreads = 5;
+    constexpr size_t kNumServerThreads = 5;
+    constexpr size_t kNumCalls = 50;
 
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = kNumServerThreads});
 
@@ -544,6 +546,8 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires multiple threads";
     }
 
+    constexpr size_t kNumServerThreads = 3;
+
     // This test forces a oneway transaction to be queued by issuing two
     // `blockingSendFdOneway` calls, then drains the queue by issuing two
     // `blockingRecvFd` calls.
@@ -552,7 +556,7 @@
     // https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/IBinder#FLAG_ONEWAY
 
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({
-            .numThreads = 3,
+            .numThreads = kNumServerThreads,
             .clientFileDescriptorTransportMode = RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX,
             .serverSupportedFileDescriptorTransportModes =
                     {RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::UNIX},
@@ -573,6 +577,8 @@
     EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->blockingRecvFd(&fdB));
     CHECK(android::base::ReadFdToString(fdB.get(), &result));
     EXPECT_EQ(result, "b");
+
+    saturateThreadPool(kNumServerThreads, proc.rootIface);
 }
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, OnewayCallQueueing) {
@@ -580,30 +586,22 @@
         GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires multiple threads";
     }
 
-    constexpr size_t kNumSleeps = 10;
+    constexpr size_t kNumQueued = 10;
     constexpr size_t kNumExtraServerThreads = 4;
-    constexpr size_t kSleepMs = 50;
 
     // make sure calls to the same object happen on the same thread
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = 1 + kNumExtraServerThreads});
 
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->lock());
-
-    size_t epochMsBefore = epochMillis();
-
-    // all these *Async commands should be queued on the server sequentially,
+    // all these *Oneway commands should be queued on the server sequentially,
     // even though there are multiple threads.
-    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < kNumSleeps; i++) {
-        proc.rootIface->sleepMsAsync(kSleepMs);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < kNumQueued; i++) {
+        proc.rootIface->blockingSendIntOneway(i);
     }
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->unlockInMsAsync(kSleepMs));
-
-    // this can only return once the final async call has unlocked
-    EXPECT_OK(proc.rootIface->lockUnlock());
-
-    size_t epochMsAfter = epochMillis();
-
-    EXPECT_GE(epochMsAfter, epochMsBefore + kSleepMs * kNumSleeps);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < kNumQueued; i++) {
+        int n;
+        proc.rootIface->blockingRecvInt(&n);
+        EXPECT_EQ(n, i);
+    }
 
     saturateThreadPool(1 + kNumExtraServerThreads, proc.rootIface);
 }
@@ -652,6 +650,32 @@
     proc.proc->sessions.erase(proc.proc->sessions.begin() + 1);
 }
 
+TEST_P(BinderRpc, SessionWithIncomingThreadpoolDoesntLeak) {
+    if (clientOrServerSingleThreaded()) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires multiple threads";
+    }
+
+    // session 0 - will check for leaks in destrutor of proc
+    // session 1 - we want to make sure it gets deleted when we drop all references to it
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
+            {.numThreads = 1, .numIncomingConnectionsBySession = {0, 1}, .numSessions = 2});
+
+    wp<RpcSession> session = proc.proc->sessions.at(1).session;
+
+    // remove all references to the second session
+    proc.proc->sessions.at(1).root = nullptr;
+    proc.proc->sessions.erase(proc.proc->sessions.begin() + 1);
+
+    // TODO(b/271830568) more efficient way to wait for other incoming threadpool
+    // to drain commands.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+        usleep(10 * 1000);
+        if (session.promote() == nullptr) break;
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, session.promote());
+}
+
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, SingleDeathRecipient) {
     if (clientOrServerSingleThreaded()) {
         GTEST_SKIP() << "This test requires multiple threads";
@@ -669,7 +693,7 @@
 
     // Death recipient needs to have an incoming connection to be called
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
-            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnections = 1});
+            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnectionsBySession = {1}});
 
     auto dr = sp<MyDeathRec>::make();
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->linkToDeath(dr, (void*)1, 0));
@@ -682,6 +706,10 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(dr->mCv.wait_for(lock, 100ms, [&]() { return dr->dead; }));
 
     // need to wait for the session to shutdown so we don't "Leak session"
+    // can't do this before checking the death recipient by calling
+    // forceShutdown earlier, because shutdownAndWait will also trigger
+    // a death recipient, but if we had a way to wait for the service
+    // to gracefully shutdown, we could use that here.
     EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
     proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
 }
@@ -703,7 +731,7 @@
 
     // Death recipient needs to have an incoming connection to be called
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
-            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnections = 1});
+            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnectionsBySession = {1}});
 
     auto dr = sp<MyDeathRec>::make();
     EXPECT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->linkToDeath(dr, (void*)1, 0));
@@ -736,8 +764,7 @@
         void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>& /* who */) override {}
     };
 
-    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
-            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnections = 0});
+    auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess({.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1});
 
     auto dr = sp<MyDeathRec>::make();
     EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, proc.rootBinder->linkToDeath(dr, (void*)1, 0));
@@ -756,19 +783,13 @@
 
     // Death recipient needs to have an incoming connection to be called
     auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
-            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnections = 1});
+            {.numThreads = 1, .numSessions = 1, .numIncomingConnectionsBySession = {1}});
 
     auto dr = sp<MyDeathRec>::make();
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->linkToDeath(dr, (void*)1, 0));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, proc.rootBinder->unlinkToDeath(dr, (void*)1, 0, nullptr));
 
-    if (auto status = proc.rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
-    }
-
-    // need to wait for the session to shutdown so we don't "Leak session"
-    EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
-    proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
+    proc.forceShutdown();
 }
 
 TEST_P(BinderRpc, Die) {
@@ -1223,7 +1244,7 @@
     };
 
     auto [isStrong1, isStrong2, rpcSecurity] = GetParam();
-    auto server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity));
+    auto server = RpcServer::make(newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity));
     auto binder1 = sp<BBinder>::make();
     IBinder* binderRaw1 = binder1.get();
     setRootObject(isStrong1)(server.get(), binder1);
@@ -1319,7 +1340,7 @@
 class BinderRpcServerOnly : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::tuple<RpcSecurity, uint32_t>> {
 public:
     static std::string PrintTestParam(const ::testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
-        return std::string(newFactory(std::get<0>(info.param))->toCString()) + "_serverV" +
+        return std::string(newTlsFactory(std::get<0>(info.param))->toCString()) + "_serverV" +
                 std::to_string(std::get<1>(info.param));
     }
 };
@@ -1327,7 +1348,7 @@
 TEST_P(BinderRpcServerOnly, SetExternalServerTest) {
     base::unique_fd sink(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/null", O_RDWR)));
     int sinkFd = sink.get();
-    auto server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(std::get<0>(GetParam())));
+    auto server = RpcServer::make(newTlsFactory(std::get<0>(GetParam())));
     server->setProtocolVersion(std::get<1>(GetParam()));
     ASSERT_FALSE(server->hasServer());
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, server->setupExternalServer(std::move(sink)));
@@ -1343,7 +1364,7 @@
     }
 
     auto addr = allocateSocketAddress();
-    auto server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(std::get<0>(GetParam())));
+    auto server = RpcServer::make(newTlsFactory(std::get<0>(GetParam())));
     server->setProtocolVersion(std::get<1>(GetParam()));
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, server->setupUnixDomainServer(addr.c_str()));
     auto joinEnds = std::make_shared<OneOffSignal>();
@@ -1392,7 +1413,7 @@
                 const Param& param,
                 std::unique_ptr<RpcAuth> auth = std::make_unique<RpcAuthSelfSigned>()) {
             auto [socketType, rpcSecurity, certificateFormat, serverVersion] = param;
-            auto rpcServer = RpcServer::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity));
+            auto rpcServer = RpcServer::make(newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity));
             rpcServer->setProtocolVersion(serverVersion);
             switch (socketType) {
                 case SocketType::PRECONNECTED: {
@@ -1471,7 +1492,7 @@
             }
             mFd = rpcServer->releaseServer();
             if (!mFd.fd.ok()) return AssertionFailure() << "releaseServer returns invalid fd";
-            mCtx = newFactory(rpcSecurity, mCertVerifier, std::move(auth))->newServerCtx();
+            mCtx = newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity, mCertVerifier, std::move(auth))->newServerCtx();
             if (mCtx == nullptr) return AssertionFailure() << "newServerCtx";
             mSetup = true;
             return AssertionSuccess();
@@ -1576,7 +1597,7 @@
             auto [socketType, rpcSecurity, certificateFormat, serverVersion] = param;
             (void)serverVersion;
             mFdTrigger = FdTrigger::make();
-            mCtx = newFactory(rpcSecurity, mCertVerifier)->newClientCtx();
+            mCtx = newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity, mCertVerifier)->newClientCtx();
             if (mCtx == nullptr) return AssertionFailure() << "newClientCtx";
             return AssertionSuccess();
         }
@@ -1648,7 +1669,7 @@
     using Client = RpcTransportTestUtils::Client;
     static inline std::string PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
         auto [socketType, rpcSecurity, certificateFormat, serverVersion] = info.param;
-        auto ret = PrintToString(socketType) + "_" + newFactory(rpcSecurity)->toCString();
+        auto ret = PrintToString(socketType) + "_" + newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity)->toCString();
         if (certificateFormat.has_value()) ret += "_" + PrintToString(*certificateFormat);
         ret += "_serverV" + std::to_string(serverVersion);
         return ret;
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
index a467ee3..c1364dd 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestCommon.h
@@ -126,7 +126,11 @@
 struct BinderRpcOptions {
     size_t numThreads = 1;
     size_t numSessions = 1;
-    size_t numIncomingConnections = 0;
+    // right now, this can be empty, or length numSessions, where each value
+    // represents the info for the corresponding session, but we should
+    // probably switch this to be a list of sessions options so that other
+    // options can all be specified per session
+    std::vector<size_t> numIncomingConnectionsBySession = {};
     size_t numOutgoingConnections = SIZE_MAX;
     RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode clientFileDescriptorTransportMode =
             RpcSession::FileDescriptorTransportMode::NONE;
@@ -170,7 +174,7 @@
     return object;
 }
 
-static inline std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> newFactory(
+static inline std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> newTlsFactory(
         RpcSecurity rpcSecurity, std::shared_ptr<RpcCertificateVerifier> verifier = nullptr,
         std::unique_ptr<RpcAuth> auth = nullptr) {
     switch (rpcSecurity) {
@@ -445,6 +449,12 @@
     Status blockingRecvFd(android::os::ParcelFileDescriptor* /*fd*/) override {
         return Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION);
     }
+
+    Status blockingSendIntOneway(int /*n*/) override {
+        return Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION);
+    }
+
+    Status blockingRecvInt(int* /*n*/) override { return Status::fromStatusT(UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION); }
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
index c99d68a..6cde9f7 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestFixture.h
@@ -64,6 +64,21 @@
     // whether session should be invalidated by end of run
     bool expectAlreadyShutdown = false;
 
+    // TODO(b/271830568): fix this in binderRpcTest, we always use the first session to cause the
+    // remote process to shutdown. Normally, when we shutdown, the default in the destructor is to
+    // check that there are no leaks and shutdown. However, when there are incoming threadpools,
+    // there will be a few extra binder threads there, so we can't shutdown the server. We should
+    // consider an alternative way of doing the test so that we don't need this, some ideas, such as
+    // program in understanding of incoming threadpool into the destructor so that (e.g.
+    // intelligently wait for sessions to shutdown now that they will do this)
+    void forceShutdown() {
+        if (auto status = rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
+            EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
+        }
+        EXPECT_TRUE(proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
+        expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
+    }
+
     BinderRpcTestProcessSession(BinderRpcTestProcessSession&&) = default;
     ~BinderRpcTestProcessSession() {
         if (!expectAlreadyShutdown) {
@@ -133,9 +148,26 @@
         return ret;
     }
 
-    static std::string PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info);
+    static std::string PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
+        auto [type, security, clientVersion, serverVersion, singleThreaded, noKernel] = info.param;
+        auto ret = PrintToString(type) + "_" + newFactory(security)->toCString() + "_clientV" +
+                std::to_string(clientVersion) + "_serverV" + std::to_string(serverVersion);
+        if (singleThreaded) {
+            ret += "_single_threaded";
+        } else {
+            ret += "_multi_threaded";
+        }
+        if (noKernel) {
+            ret += "_no_kernel";
+        } else {
+            ret += "_with_kernel";
+        }
+        return ret;
+    }
 
 protected:
+    static std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> newFactory(RpcSecurity rpcSecurity);
+
     std::unique_ptr<ProcessSession> createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(
             const BinderRpcOptions& options);
 };
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
index 714f063..a9736d5 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestService.cpp
@@ -83,9 +83,23 @@
         fd->reset(mFdChannel.read());
         return Status::ok();
     }
+
+    HandoffChannel<int> mIntChannel;
+
+    Status blockingSendIntOneway(int n) override {
+        mIntChannel.write(n);
+        return Status::ok();
+    }
+
+    Status blockingRecvInt(int* n) override {
+        *n = mIntChannel.read();
+        return Status::ok();
+    }
 };
 
-int main(int argc, const char* argv[]) {
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, android::base::StderrLogger, android::base::DefaultAborter);
+
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(argc != 3, "Invalid number of arguments: %d", argc);
     base::unique_fd writeEnd(atoi(argv[1]));
     base::unique_fd readEnd(atoi(argv[2]));
@@ -102,7 +116,7 @@
     }
 
     auto certVerifier = std::make_shared<RpcCertificateVerifierSimple>();
-    sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity, certVerifier));
+    sp<RpcServer> server = RpcServer::make(newTlsFactory(rpcSecurity, certVerifier));
 
     server->setProtocolVersion(serverConfig.serverVersion);
     server->setMaxThreads(serverConfig.numThreads);
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestTrusty.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestTrusty.cpp
index b3bb5eb..28be10d 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestTrusty.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcTestTrusty.cpp
@@ -39,27 +39,25 @@
     void terminate() override { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("terminate() not supported"); }
 };
 
-std::string BinderRpc::PrintParamInfo(const testing::TestParamInfo<ParamType>& info) {
-    auto [type, security, clientVersion, serverVersion, singleThreaded, noKernel] = info.param;
-    auto ret = PrintToString(type) + "_clientV" + std::to_string(clientVersion) + "_serverV" +
-            std::to_string(serverVersion);
-    if (singleThreaded) {
-        ret += "_single_threaded";
+std::unique_ptr<RpcTransportCtxFactory> BinderRpc::newFactory(RpcSecurity rpcSecurity) {
+    switch (rpcSecurity) {
+        case RpcSecurity::RAW:
+            return RpcTransportCtxFactoryTipcTrusty::make();
+        default:
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Unknown RpcSecurity %d", rpcSecurity);
     }
-    if (noKernel) {
-        ret += "_no_kernel";
-    }
-    return ret;
 }
 
 // This creates a new process serving an interface on a certain number of
 // threads.
 std::unique_ptr<ProcessSession> BinderRpc::createRpcTestSocketServerProcessEtc(
         const BinderRpcOptions& options) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(options.numIncomingConnections != 0,
-                        "Non-zero incoming connections %zu on Trusty",
-                        options.numIncomingConnections);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(std::any_of(options.numIncomingConnectionsBySession.begin(),
+                                    options.numIncomingConnectionsBySession.end(),
+                                    [](size_t n) { return n != 0; }),
+                        "Non-zero incoming connections on Trusty");
 
+    RpcSecurity rpcSecurity = std::get<1>(GetParam());
     uint32_t clientVersion = std::get<2>(GetParam());
     uint32_t serverVersion = std::get<3>(GetParam());
 
@@ -67,11 +65,10 @@
 
     status_t status;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < options.numSessions; i++) {
-        auto factory = android::RpcTransportCtxFactoryTipcTrusty::make();
-        auto session = android::RpcSession::make(std::move(factory));
+        auto session = android::RpcSession::make(newFactory(rpcSecurity));
 
         EXPECT_TRUE(session->setProtocolVersion(clientVersion));
-        session->setMaxOutgoingThreads(options.numOutgoingConnections);
+        session->setMaxOutgoingConnections(options.numOutgoingConnections);
         session->setFileDescriptorTransportMode(options.clientFileDescriptorTransportMode);
 
         status = session->setupPreconnectedClient({}, [&]() {
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
index 11a22b0..1f46010 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/binderRpcUniversalTests.cpp
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
                 auto proc = createRpcTestSocketServerProcess(
                         {.numThreads = 1,
                          .numSessions = 1,
-                         .numIncomingConnections = numIncomingConnections});
+                         .numIncomingConnectionsBySession = {numIncomingConnections}});
                 auto cb = sp<MyBinderRpcCallback>::make();
 
                 if (callIsOneway) {
@@ -491,16 +491,7 @@
                         << "callIsOneway: " << callIsOneway
                         << " callbackIsOneway: " << callbackIsOneway << " delayed: " << delayed;
 
-                // since we are severing the connection, we need to go ahead and
-                // tell the server to shutdown and exit so that waitpid won't hang
-                if (auto status = proc.rootIface->scheduleShutdown(); !status.isOk()) {
-                    EXPECT_EQ(DEAD_OBJECT, status.transactionError()) << status;
-                }
-
-                // since this session has an incoming connection w/ a threadpool, we
-                // need to manually shut it down
-                EXPECT_TRUE(proc.proc->sessions.at(0).session->shutdownAndWait(true));
-                proc.expectAlreadyShutdown = true;
+                proc.forceShutdown();
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/Android.bp b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/Android.bp
index 8ea948c..a881582 100644
--- a/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/Android.bp
@@ -104,3 +104,42 @@
     defaults: ["binder_fuzz_defaults"],
     srcs: ["MemoryDealerFuzz.cpp"],
 }
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "binder_recordedTransactionFileFuzz",
+    defaults: ["binder_fuzz_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["RecordedTransactionFileFuzz.cpp"],
+    corpus: [
+        "recorded_transaction_corpus/*",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_fuzz {
+    name: "binder_recordedTransactionFuzz",
+    defaults: ["binder_fuzz_defaults"],
+    srcs: ["RecordedTransactionFuzz.cpp"],
+    target: {
+        android: {
+            shared_libs: [
+                "libcutils",
+                "libutils",
+                "libbase",
+                "libbinder",
+            ],
+            static_libs: ["libbinder_random_parcel"],
+        },
+        host: {
+            static_libs: [
+                "libcutils",
+                "liblog",
+                "libutils",
+                "libbase",
+                "libbinder",
+                "libbinder_random_parcel",
+            ],
+        },
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/RecordedTransactionFileFuzz.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/RecordedTransactionFileFuzz.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e494366
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/RecordedTransactionFileFuzz.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <binder/RecordedTransaction.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+
+#include "fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h"
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    std::FILE* intermediateFile = std::tmpfile();
+    fwrite(data, sizeof(uint8_t), size, intermediateFile);
+    rewind(intermediateFile);
+    int fileNumber = fileno(intermediateFile);
+
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(dup(fileNumber));
+
+    auto transaction = android::binder::debug::RecordedTransaction::fromFile(fd);
+
+    std::fclose(intermediateFile);
+
+    if (transaction.has_value()) {
+        intermediateFile = std::tmpfile();
+
+        android::base::unique_fd fdForWriting(fileno(intermediateFile));
+        auto writeStatus ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = transaction.value().dumpToFile(fdForWriting);
+
+        std::fclose(intermediateFile);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/RecordedTransactionFuzz.cpp b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/RecordedTransactionFuzz.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..943fb9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/RecordedTransactionFuzz.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <binder/RecordedTransaction.h>
+#include <fuzzbinder/random_parcel.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h"
+
+using android::fillRandomParcel;
+
+extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
+    FuzzedDataProvider provider = FuzzedDataProvider(data, size);
+
+    android::String16 interfaceName =
+            android::String16(provider.ConsumeRandomLengthString().c_str());
+
+    uint32_t code = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>();
+    uint32_t flags = provider.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>();
+    time_t sec = provider.ConsumeIntegral<time_t>();
+    long nsec = provider.ConsumeIntegral<long>();
+    timespec timestamp = {.tv_sec = sec, .tv_nsec = nsec};
+    android::status_t transactionStatus = provider.ConsumeIntegral<android::status_t>();
+
+    std::vector<uint8_t> bytes = provider.ConsumeBytes<uint8_t>(
+            provider.ConsumeIntegralInRange<size_t>(0, provider.remaining_bytes()));
+
+    // same options so that FDs and binders could be shared in both Parcels
+    android::RandomParcelOptions options;
+
+    android::Parcel p0, p1;
+    fillRandomParcel(&p0, FuzzedDataProvider(bytes.data(), bytes.size()), &options);
+    fillRandomParcel(&p1, std::move(provider), &options);
+
+    auto transaction =
+            android::binder::debug::RecordedTransaction::fromDetails(interfaceName, code, flags,
+                                                                     timestamp, p0, p1,
+                                                                     transactionStatus);
+
+    if (transaction.has_value()) {
+        std::FILE* intermediateFile = std::tmpfile();
+        android::base::unique_fd fdForWriting(fileno(intermediateFile));
+        auto writeStatus ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = transaction.value().dumpToFile(fdForWriting);
+
+        std::fclose(intermediateFile);
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/recorded_transaction_corpus/power_recording b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/recorded_transaction_corpus/power_recording
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79442078
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/recorded_transaction_corpus/power_recording
Binary files differ
diff --git a/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/recorded_transaction_corpus/recorded_binder_transaction b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/recorded_transaction_corpus/recorded_binder_transaction
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..658addb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binder/tests/unit_fuzzers/recorded_transaction_corpus/recorded_binder_transaction
Binary files differ
diff --git a/libs/binderdebug/Android.bp b/libs/binderdebug/Android.bp
index 3eeaf3e..1454727 100644
--- a/libs/binderdebug/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/binderdebug/Android.bp
@@ -21,6 +21,17 @@
     default_applicable_licenses: ["frameworks_native_license"],
 }
 
+cc_benchmark {
+    name: "binder_thread_stats",
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libutils",
+        "libbinder",
+        "libbase",
+    ],
+    static_libs: ["libbinderdebug"],
+    srcs: ["stats.cpp"],
+}
+
 cc_library {
     name: "libbinderdebug",
     vendor_available: true,
diff --git a/libs/binderdebug/stats.cpp b/libs/binderdebug/stats.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c26afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/binderdebug/stats.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <binder/BpBinder.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <binderdebug/BinderDebug.h>
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+extern "C" int main() {
+    // ignore args - we only print csv
+
+    // we should use a csv library here for escaping, because
+    // the name is coming from another process
+    printf("name,binder_threads_in_use,binder_threads_started,client_count\n");
+
+    for (const String16& name : defaultServiceManager()->listServices()) {
+        sp<IBinder> binder = defaultServiceManager()->checkService(name);
+        if (binder == nullptr) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "%s is null", String8(name).c_str());
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        BpBinder* remote = binder->remoteBinder();
+        const auto handle = remote->getDebugBinderHandle();
+        CHECK(handle != std::nullopt);
+
+        pid_t pid;
+        CHECK_EQ(OK, binder->getDebugPid(&pid));
+
+        BinderPidInfo info;
+        CHECK_EQ(OK, getBinderPidInfo(BinderDebugContext::BINDER, pid, &info));
+
+        std::vector<pid_t> clientPids;
+        CHECK_EQ(OK,
+                 getBinderClientPids(BinderDebugContext::BINDER, getpid(), pid, *handle,
+                                     &clientPids));
+
+        printf("%s,%" PRIu32 ",%" PRIu32 ",%zu\n", String8(name).c_str(), info.threadUsage,
+               info.threadCount, clientPids.size());
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/fakeservicemanager/Android.bp b/libs/fakeservicemanager/Android.bp
index 29924ff..96dcce1 100644
--- a/libs/fakeservicemanager/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/fakeservicemanager/Android.bp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     name: "fakeservicemanager_defaults",
     host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
-        "ServiceManager.cpp",
+        "FakeServiceManager.cpp",
     ],
 
     shared_libs: [
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 cc_library {
     name: "libfakeservicemanager",
     defaults: ["fakeservicemanager_defaults"],
-    export_include_dirs: ["include/fakeservicemanager"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
 
 cc_test_host {
@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@
         "test_sm.cpp",
     ],
     static_libs: ["libgmock"],
-    local_include_dirs: ["include/fakeservicemanager"],
+    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
 }
diff --git a/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp b/libs/fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.cpp
similarity index 66%
rename from libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
rename to libs/fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.cpp
index 1109ad8..3272bbc 100644
--- a/libs/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.cpp
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "ServiceManager.h"
+#include "fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
-ServiceManager::ServiceManager() {}
+FakeServiceManager::FakeServiceManager() {}
 
-sp<IBinder> ServiceManager::getService( const String16& name) const {
+sp<IBinder> FakeServiceManager::getService( const String16& name) const {
     // Servicemanager is single-threaded and cannot block. This method exists for legacy reasons.
     return checkService(name);
 }
 
-sp<IBinder> ServiceManager::checkService( const String16& name) const {
+sp<IBinder> FakeServiceManager::checkService( const String16& name) const {
     auto it = mNameToService.find(name);
     if (it == mNameToService.end()) {
         return nullptr;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
     return it->second;
 }
 
-status_t ServiceManager::addService(const String16& name, const sp<IBinder>& service,
+status_t FakeServiceManager::addService(const String16& name, const sp<IBinder>& service,
                                 bool /*allowIsolated*/,
                                 int /*dumpsysFlags*/) {
     if (service == nullptr) {
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-Vector<String16> ServiceManager::listServices(int /*dumpsysFlags*/) {
+Vector<String16> FakeServiceManager::listServices(int /*dumpsysFlags*/) {
     Vector<String16> services;
     for (auto const& [name, service] : mNameToService) {
         (void) service;
@@ -52,19 +52,19 @@
   return services;
 }
 
-IBinder* ServiceManager::onAsBinder() {
+IBinder* FakeServiceManager::onAsBinder() {
     return nullptr;
 }
 
-sp<IBinder> ServiceManager::waitForService(const String16& name) {
+sp<IBinder> FakeServiceManager::waitForService(const String16& name) {
     return checkService(name);
 }
 
-bool ServiceManager::isDeclared(const String16& name) {
+bool FakeServiceManager::isDeclared(const String16& name) {
     return mNameToService.find(name) != mNameToService.end();
 }
 
-Vector<String16> ServiceManager::getDeclaredInstances(const String16& name) {
+Vector<String16> FakeServiceManager::getDeclaredInstances(const String16& name) {
     Vector<String16> out;
     const String16 prefix = name + String16("/");
     for (const auto& [registeredName, service] : mNameToService) {
@@ -76,38 +76,38 @@
     return out;
 }
 
-std::optional<String16> ServiceManager::updatableViaApex(const String16& name) {
+std::optional<String16> FakeServiceManager::updatableViaApex(const String16& name) {
     (void)name;
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-Vector<String16> ServiceManager::getUpdatableNames(const String16& apexName) {
+Vector<String16> FakeServiceManager::getUpdatableNames(const String16& apexName) {
     (void)apexName;
     return {};
 }
 
-std::optional<IServiceManager::ConnectionInfo> ServiceManager::getConnectionInfo(
+std::optional<IServiceManager::ConnectionInfo> FakeServiceManager::getConnectionInfo(
         const String16& name) {
     (void)name;
     return std::nullopt;
 }
 
-status_t ServiceManager::registerForNotifications(const String16&,
+status_t FakeServiceManager::registerForNotifications(const String16&,
                                                   const sp<LocalRegistrationCallback>&) {
     return INVALID_OPERATION;
 }
 
-status_t ServiceManager::unregisterForNotifications(const String16&,
+status_t FakeServiceManager::unregisterForNotifications(const String16&,
                                                 const sp<LocalRegistrationCallback>&) {
     return INVALID_OPERATION;
 }
 
-std::vector<IServiceManager::ServiceDebugInfo> ServiceManager::getServiceDebugInfo() {
+std::vector<IServiceManager::ServiceDebugInfo> FakeServiceManager::getServiceDebugInfo() {
     std::vector<IServiceManager::ServiceDebugInfo> ret;
     return ret;
 }
 
-void ServiceManager::clear() {
+void FakeServiceManager::clear() {
     mNameToService.clear();
 }
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/fakeservicemanager/include/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h b/libs/fakeservicemanager/include/fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.h
similarity index 96%
rename from libs/fakeservicemanager/include/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h
rename to libs/fakeservicemanager/include/fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.h
index ba6bb7d..97add24 100644
--- a/libs/fakeservicemanager/include/fakeservicemanager/ServiceManager.h
+++ b/libs/fakeservicemanager/include/fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.h
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@
  * A local host simple implementation of IServiceManager, that does not
  * communicate over binder.
 */
-class ServiceManager : public IServiceManager {
+class FakeServiceManager : public IServiceManager {
 public:
-    ServiceManager();
+    FakeServiceManager();
 
     sp<IBinder> getService( const String16& name) const override;
 
diff --git a/libs/fakeservicemanager/test_sm.cpp b/libs/fakeservicemanager/test_sm.cpp
index 8682c1c..6fc21c6 100644
--- a/libs/fakeservicemanager/test_sm.cpp
+++ b/libs/fakeservicemanager/test_sm.cpp
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 #include <binder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
 
-#include "ServiceManager.h"
+#include "fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.h"
 
 using android::sp;
 using android::BBinder;
 using android::IBinder;
 using android::OK;
 using android::status_t;
-using android::ServiceManager;
+using android::FakeServiceManager;
 using android::String16;
 using android::IServiceManager;
 using testing::ElementsAre;
@@ -45,19 +45,19 @@
 }
 
 TEST(AddService, HappyHappy) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), getBinder(), false /*allowIsolated*/,
         IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT), OK);
 }
 
 TEST(AddService, SadNullBinder) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), nullptr, false /*allowIsolated*/,
         IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT), android::UNEXPECTED_NULL);
 }
 
 TEST(AddService, HappyOverExistingService) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), getBinder(), false /*allowIsolated*/,
         IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT), OK);
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), getBinder(), false /*allowIsolated*/,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(AddService, HappyClearAddedService) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), getBinder(), false /*allowIsolated*/,
         IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT), OK);
     EXPECT_NE(sm->getService(String16("foo")), nullptr);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(GetService, HappyHappy) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     sp<IBinder> service = getBinder();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), service, false /*allowIsolated*/,
@@ -84,13 +84,13 @@
 }
 
 TEST(GetService, NonExistant) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->getService(String16("foo")), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(ListServices, AllServices) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("sd"), getBinder(), false /*allowIsolated*/,
         IServiceManager::DUMP_FLAG_PRIORITY_DEFAULT), OK);
@@ -109,13 +109,13 @@
 }
 
 TEST(WaitForService, NonExistant) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->waitForService(String16("foo")), nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST(WaitForService, HappyHappy) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     sp<IBinder> service = getBinder();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), service, false /*allowIsolated*/,
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@
 }
 
 TEST(IsDeclared, NonExistant) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(sm->isDeclared(String16("foo")));
 }
 
 TEST(IsDeclared, HappyHappy) {
-    auto sm = new ServiceManager();
+    auto sm = new FakeServiceManager();
     sp<IBinder> service = getBinder();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(sm->addService(String16("foo"), service, false /*allowIsolated*/,
diff --git a/libs/ftl/Android.bp b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
index 8e57152..ea1b5e4 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/ftl/Android.bp
@@ -10,9 +10,6 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "ftl_test",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
-    sanitize: {
-        address: true,
-    },
     srcs: [
         "algorithm_test.cpp",
         "cast_test.cpp",
diff --git a/libs/ftl/TEST_MAPPING b/libs/ftl/TEST_MAPPING
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec0c671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/ftl/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+{
+  "presubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "ftl_test"
+    }
+  ],
+  "hwasan-presubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "ftl_test"
+    }
+  ]
+}
diff --git a/libs/ftl/optional_test.cpp b/libs/ftl/optional_test.cpp
index 6b3b6c4..91bf7bc 100644
--- a/libs/ftl/optional_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/ftl/optional_test.cpp
@@ -164,6 +164,46 @@
                      }));
 }
 
+TEST(Optional, OrElse) {
+  // Non-empty.
+  {
+    const Optional opt = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(false, opt.or_else([] { return Optional(true); }));
+    EXPECT_EQ('x', Optional('x').or_else([] { return std::make_optional('y'); }));
+  }
+
+  // Empty.
+  {
+    const Optional<int> opt;
+    EXPECT_EQ(123, opt.or_else([]() -> Optional<int> { return 123; }));
+    EXPECT_EQ("abc"s, Optional<std::string>().or_else([] { return Optional("abc"s); }));
+  }
+  {
+    bool empty = false;
+    EXPECT_EQ(Optional<float>(), Optional<float>().or_else([&empty]() -> Optional<float> {
+      empty = true;
+      return std::nullopt;
+    }));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(empty);
+  }
+
+  // Chaining.
+  using StringVector = StaticVector<std::string, 3>;
+  EXPECT_EQ(999, Optional(StaticVector{"1"s, "0"s, "0"s})
+                     .and_then([](StringVector&& v) -> Optional<StringVector> {
+                       if (v.push_back("0"s)) return v;
+                       return {};
+                     })
+                     .or_else([] {
+                       return Optional(StaticVector{"9"s, "9"s, "9"s});
+                     })
+                     .transform([](const StringVector& v) {
+                       return std::accumulate(v.begin(), v.end(), std::string());
+                     })
+                     .and_then(parse_int)
+                     .or_else([] { return Optional(-1); }));
+}
+
 // Comparison.
 namespace {
 
diff --git a/libs/graphicsenv/OWNERS b/libs/graphicsenv/OWNERS
index 347c4e0..1db8cbe 100644
--- a/libs/graphicsenv/OWNERS
+++ b/libs/graphicsenv/OWNERS
@@ -1,10 +1,4 @@
-abdolrashidi@google.com
-cclao@google.com
 chrisforbes@google.com
 cnorthrop@google.com
 ianelliott@google.com
-lfy@google.com
 lpy@google.com
-romanl@google.com
-vantablack@google.com
-yuxinhu@google.com
diff --git a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
index 9d82c14..821dd37 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.cpp
@@ -139,6 +139,11 @@
     }
 }
 
+void BLASTBufferItemConsumer::resizeFrameEventHistory(size_t newSize) {
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mMutex);
+    mFrameEventHistory.resize(newSize);
+}
+
 BLASTBufferQueue::BLASTBufferQueue(const std::string& name, bool updateDestinationFrame)
       : mSurfaceControl(nullptr),
         mSize(1, 1),
@@ -486,6 +491,17 @@
     mSyncedFrameNumbers.erase(callbackId.framenumber);
 }
 
+static ui::Size getBufferSize(const BufferItem& item) {
+    uint32_t bufWidth = item.mGraphicBuffer->getWidth();
+    uint32_t bufHeight = item.mGraphicBuffer->getHeight();
+
+    // Take the buffer's orientation into account
+    if (item.mTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_90) {
+        std::swap(bufWidth, bufHeight);
+    }
+    return ui::Size(bufWidth, bufHeight);
+}
+
 status_t BLASTBufferQueue::acquireNextBufferLocked(
         const std::optional<SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction*> transaction) {
     // Check if we have frames available and we have not acquired the maximum number of buffers.
@@ -563,7 +579,12 @@
     // Ensure BLASTBufferQueue stays alive until we receive the transaction complete callback.
     incStrong((void*)transactionCallbackThunk);
 
-    mSize = mRequestedSize;
+    // Only update mSize for destination bounds if the incoming buffer matches the requested size.
+    // Otherwise, it could cause stretching since the destination bounds will update before the
+    // buffer with the new size is acquired.
+    if (mRequestedSize == getBufferSize(bufferItem)) {
+        mSize = mRequestedSize;
+    }
     Rect crop = computeCrop(bufferItem);
     mLastBufferInfo.update(true /* hasBuffer */, bufferItem.mGraphicBuffer->getWidth(),
                            bufferItem.mGraphicBuffer->getHeight(), bufferItem.mTransform,
@@ -834,14 +855,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    uint32_t bufWidth = item.mGraphicBuffer->getWidth();
-    uint32_t bufHeight = item.mGraphicBuffer->getHeight();
-
-    // Take the buffer's orientation into account
-    if (item.mTransform & ui::Transform::ROT_90) {
-        std::swap(bufWidth, bufHeight);
-    }
-    ui::Size bufferSize(bufWidth, bufHeight);
+    ui::Size bufferSize = getBufferSize(item);
     if (mRequestedSize != mSize && mRequestedSize == bufferSize) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -1060,8 +1074,9 @@
 // can be non-blocking when the producer is in the client process.
 class BBQBufferQueueProducer : public BufferQueueProducer {
 public:
-    BBQBufferQueueProducer(const sp<BufferQueueCore>& core)
-          : BufferQueueProducer(core, false /* consumerIsSurfaceFlinger*/) {}
+    BBQBufferQueueProducer(const sp<BufferQueueCore>& core, wp<BLASTBufferQueue> bbq)
+          : BufferQueueProducer(core, false /* consumerIsSurfaceFlinger*/),
+            mBLASTBufferQueue(std::move(bbq)) {}
 
     status_t connect(const sp<IProducerListener>& listener, int api, bool producerControlledByApp,
                      QueueBufferOutput* output) override {
@@ -1073,6 +1088,26 @@
                                             producerControlledByApp, output);
     }
 
+    // We want to resize the frame history when changing the size of the buffer queue
+    status_t setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(int maxDequeuedBufferCount) override {
+        int maxBufferCount;
+        status_t status = BufferQueueProducer::setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(maxDequeuedBufferCount,
+                                                                         &maxBufferCount);
+        // if we can't determine the max buffer count, then just skip growing the history size
+        if (status == OK) {
+            size_t newFrameHistorySize = maxBufferCount + 2; // +2 because triple buffer rendering
+            // optimize away resizing the frame history unless it will grow
+            if (newFrameHistorySize > FrameEventHistory::INITIAL_MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+                sp<BLASTBufferQueue> bbq = mBLASTBufferQueue.promote();
+                if (bbq != nullptr) {
+                    ALOGV("increasing frame history size to %zu", newFrameHistorySize);
+                    bbq->resizeFrameEventHistory(newFrameHistorySize);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return status;
+    }
+
     int query(int what, int* value) override {
         if (what == NATIVE_WINDOW_QUEUES_TO_WINDOW_COMPOSER) {
             *value = 1;
@@ -1080,6 +1115,9 @@
         }
         return BufferQueueProducer::query(what, value);
     }
+
+private:
+    const wp<BLASTBufferQueue> mBLASTBufferQueue;
 };
 
 // Similar to BufferQueue::createBufferQueue but creates an adapter specific bufferqueue producer.
@@ -1094,7 +1132,7 @@
     sp<BufferQueueCore> core(new BufferQueueCore());
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(core == nullptr, "BLASTBufferQueue: failed to create BufferQueueCore");
 
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> producer(new BBQBufferQueueProducer(core));
+    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> producer(new BBQBufferQueueProducer(core, this));
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(producer == nullptr,
                         "BLASTBufferQueue: failed to create BBQBufferQueueProducer");
 
@@ -1107,6 +1145,16 @@
     *outConsumer = consumer;
 }
 
+void BLASTBufferQueue::resizeFrameEventHistory(size_t newSize) {
+    // This can be null during creation of the buffer queue, but resizing won't do anything at that
+    // point in time, so just ignore. This can go away once the class relationships and lifetimes of
+    // objects are cleaned up with a major refactor of BufferQueue as a whole.
+    if (mBufferItemConsumer != nullptr) {
+        std::unique_lock _lock{mMutex};
+        mBufferItemConsumer->resizeFrameEventHistory(newSize);
+    }
+}
+
 PixelFormat BLASTBufferQueue::convertBufferFormat(PixelFormat& format) {
     PixelFormat convertedFormat = format;
     switch (format) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp b/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
index 5fe5e71..9eb1a9f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/BufferQueueProducer.cpp
@@ -119,6 +119,12 @@
 
 status_t BufferQueueProducer::setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(
         int maxDequeuedBuffers) {
+    int maxBufferCount;
+    return setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(maxDequeuedBuffers, &maxBufferCount);
+}
+
+status_t BufferQueueProducer::setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(int maxDequeuedBuffers,
+                                                        int* maxBufferCount) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     BQ_LOGV("setMaxDequeuedBufferCount: maxDequeuedBuffers = %d",
             maxDequeuedBuffers);
@@ -134,6 +140,8 @@
             return NO_INIT;
         }
 
+        *maxBufferCount = mCore->getMaxBufferCountLocked();
+
         if (maxDequeuedBuffers == mCore->mMaxDequeuedBufferCount) {
             return NO_ERROR;
         }
@@ -183,6 +191,7 @@
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
         mCore->mMaxDequeuedBufferCount = maxDequeuedBuffers;
+        *maxBufferCount = mCore->getMaxBufferCountLocked();
         VALIDATE_CONSISTENCY();
         if (delta < 0) {
             listener = mCore->mConsumerListener;
diff --git a/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp b/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp
index 99bf6ba..46fb068 100644
--- a/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/Choreographer.cpp
@@ -15,8 +15,10 @@
  */
 
 // #define LOG_NDEBUG 0
+#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
 #include <gui/Choreographer.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <jni.h>
 
 #undef LOG_TAG
@@ -297,6 +299,8 @@
     mLastVsyncEventData = vsyncEventData;
     for (const auto& cb : callbacks) {
         if (cb.vsyncCallback != nullptr) {
+            ATRACE_FORMAT("AChoreographer_vsyncCallback %" PRId64,
+                          vsyncEventData.preferredVsyncId());
             const ChoreographerFrameCallbackDataImpl frameCallbackData =
                     createFrameCallbackData(timestamp);
             registerStartTime();
@@ -306,8 +310,10 @@
                              cb.data);
             mInCallback = false;
         } else if (cb.callback64 != nullptr) {
+            ATRACE_FORMAT("AChoreographer_frameCallback64");
             cb.callback64(timestamp, cb.data);
         } else if (cb.callback != nullptr) {
+            ATRACE_FORMAT("AChoreographer_frameCallback");
             cb.callback(timestamp, cb.data);
         }
     }
diff --git a/libs/gui/FrameTimestamps.cpp b/libs/gui/FrameTimestamps.cpp
index e2ea3f9..f3eb4e8 100644
--- a/libs/gui/FrameTimestamps.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/FrameTimestamps.cpp
@@ -168,10 +168,11 @@
 
 }  // namespace
 
-const size_t FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY =
+const size_t FrameEventHistory::INITIAL_MAX_FRAME_HISTORY =
         sysprop::LibGuiProperties::frame_event_history_size().value_or(8);
 
-FrameEventHistory::FrameEventHistory() : mFrames(std::vector<FrameEvents>(MAX_FRAME_HISTORY)) {}
+FrameEventHistory::FrameEventHistory()
+      : mFrames(std::vector<FrameEvents>(INITIAL_MAX_FRAME_HISTORY)) {}
 
 FrameEventHistory::~FrameEventHistory() = default;
 
@@ -227,7 +228,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-
 // ============================================================================
 // ProducerFrameEventHistory
 // ============================================================================
@@ -273,6 +273,13 @@
         const FrameEventHistoryDelta& delta) {
     mCompositorTiming = delta.mCompositorTiming;
 
+    // Deltas should have enough reserved capacity for the consumer-side, therefore if there's a
+    // different capacity, we re-sized on the consumer side and now need to resize on the producer
+    // side.
+    if (delta.mDeltas.capacity() > mFrames.capacity()) {
+        resize(delta.mDeltas.capacity());
+    }
+
     for (auto& d : delta.mDeltas) {
         // Avoid out-of-bounds access.
         if (CC_UNLIKELY(d.mIndex >= mFrames.size())) {
@@ -349,13 +356,48 @@
     return std::make_shared<FenceTime>(fence);
 }
 
+void ProducerFrameEventHistory::resize(size_t newSize) {
+    // we don't want to drop events by resizing too small, so don't resize in the negative direction
+    if (newSize <= mFrames.size()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // This algorithm for resizing needs to be the same as ConsumerFrameEventHistory::resize,
+    // because the indexes need to match when communicating the FrameEventDeltas.
+
+    // We need to find the oldest frame, because that frame needs to move to index 0 in the new
+    // frame history.
+    size_t oldestFrameIndex = 0;
+    size_t oldestFrameNumber = INT32_MAX;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mFrames.size(); ++i) {
+        if (mFrames[i].frameNumber < oldestFrameNumber && mFrames[i].valid) {
+            oldestFrameNumber = mFrames[i].frameNumber;
+            oldestFrameIndex = i;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // move the existing frame information into a new vector, so that the oldest frames are at
+    // index 0, and the latest frames are at the end of the vector
+    std::vector<FrameEvents> newFrames(newSize);
+    size_t oldI = oldestFrameIndex;
+    size_t newI = 0;
+    do {
+        if (mFrames[oldI].valid) {
+            newFrames[newI++] = std::move(mFrames[oldI]);
+        }
+        oldI = (oldI + 1) % mFrames.size();
+    } while (oldI != oldestFrameIndex);
+
+    mFrames = std::move(newFrames);
+    mAcquireOffset = 0; // this is just a hint, so setting this to anything is fine
+}
 
 // ============================================================================
 // ConsumerFrameEventHistory
 // ============================================================================
 
 ConsumerFrameEventHistory::ConsumerFrameEventHistory()
-      : mFramesDirty(std::vector<FrameEventDirtyFields>(MAX_FRAME_HISTORY)) {}
+      : mFramesDirty(std::vector<FrameEventDirtyFields>(INITIAL_MAX_FRAME_HISTORY)) {}
 
 ConsumerFrameEventHistory::~ConsumerFrameEventHistory() = default;
 
@@ -489,6 +531,36 @@
     }
 }
 
+void ConsumerFrameEventHistory::resize(size_t newSize) {
+    // we don't want to drop events by resizing too small, so don't resize in the negative direction
+    if (newSize <= mFrames.size()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // This algorithm for resizing needs to be the same as ProducerFrameEventHistory::resize,
+    // because the indexes need to match when communicating the FrameEventDeltas.
+
+    // move the existing frame information into a new vector, so that the oldest frames are at
+    // index 0, and the latest frames are towards the end of the vector
+    std::vector<FrameEvents> newFrames(newSize);
+    std::vector<FrameEventDirtyFields> newFramesDirty(newSize);
+    size_t oldestFrameIndex = mQueueOffset;
+    size_t oldI = oldestFrameIndex;
+    size_t newI = 0;
+    do {
+        if (mFrames[oldI].valid) {
+            newFrames[newI] = std::move(mFrames[oldI]);
+            newFramesDirty[newI] = mFramesDirty[oldI];
+            newI += 1;
+        }
+        oldI = (oldI + 1) % mFrames.size();
+    } while (oldI != oldestFrameIndex);
+
+    mFrames = std::move(newFrames);
+    mFramesDirty = std::move(newFramesDirty);
+    mQueueOffset = newI;
+    mCompositionOffset = 0; // this is just a hint, so setting this to anything is fine
+}
 
 // ============================================================================
 // FrameEventsDelta
@@ -558,8 +630,7 @@
         return NO_MEMORY;
     }
 
-    if (mIndex >= FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY ||
-            mIndex > std::numeric_limits<uint16_t>::max()) {
+    if (mIndex >= UINT8_MAX || mIndex < 0) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -601,7 +672,7 @@
     uint16_t temp16 = 0;
     FlattenableUtils::read(buffer, size, temp16);
     mIndex = temp16;
-    if (mIndex >= FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+    if (mIndex >= UINT8_MAX) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     uint8_t temp8 = 0;
@@ -627,6 +698,25 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+uint64_t FrameEventsDelta::getFrameNumber() const {
+    return mFrameNumber;
+}
+
+bool FrameEventsDelta::getLatchTime(nsecs_t* latchTime) const {
+    if (mLatchTime == FrameEvents::TIMESTAMP_PENDING) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *latchTime = mLatchTime;
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool FrameEventsDelta::getDisplayPresentFence(sp<Fence>* fence) const {
+    if (mDisplayPresentFence.fence == Fence::NO_FENCE) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *fence = mDisplayPresentFence.fence;
+    return true;
+}
 
 // ============================================================================
 // FrameEventHistoryDelta
@@ -665,7 +755,7 @@
 
 status_t FrameEventHistoryDelta::flatten(
             void*& buffer, size_t& size, int*& fds, size_t& count) const {
-    if (mDeltas.size() > FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+    if (mDeltas.size() > UINT8_MAX) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (size < getFlattenedSize()) {
@@ -695,7 +785,7 @@
 
     uint32_t deltaCount = 0;
     FlattenableUtils::read(buffer, size, deltaCount);
-    if (deltaCount > FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+    if (deltaCount > UINT8_MAX) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     mDeltas.resize(deltaCount);
@@ -708,5 +798,12 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+std::vector<FrameEventsDelta>::const_iterator FrameEventHistoryDelta::begin() const {
+    return mDeltas.begin();
+}
+
+std::vector<FrameEventsDelta>::const_iterator FrameEventHistoryDelta::end() const {
+    return mDeltas.end();
+}
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
index a6276e5..b391337 100644
--- a/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/LayerState.cpp
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
         surfaceDamageRegion(),
         api(-1),
         colorTransform(mat4()),
-        bgColorAlpha(0),
+        bgColor(0),
         bgColorDataspace(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN),
         colorSpaceAgnostic(false),
         shadowRadius(0.0f),
@@ -140,7 +140,10 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, cornerRadius);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, backgroundBlurRadius);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeParcelable, metadata);
-    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, bgColorAlpha);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, bgColor.r);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, bgColor.g);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, bgColor.b);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, bgColor.a);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeUint32, static_cast<uint32_t>(bgColorDataspace));
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeBool, colorSpaceAgnostic);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeVectorSize, listeners);
@@ -189,6 +192,7 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeParcelable, trustedPresentationListener);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, currentSdrHdrRatio);
     SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeFloat, desiredSdrHdrRatio);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(output.writeInt32, static_cast<int32_t>(cachingHint))
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -258,7 +262,14 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &backgroundBlurRadius);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readParcelable, &metadata);
 
-    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &bgColorAlpha);
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &tmpFloat);
+    bgColor.r = tmpFloat;
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &tmpFloat);
+    bgColor.g = tmpFloat;
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &tmpFloat);
+    bgColor.b = tmpFloat;
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &tmpFloat);
+    bgColor.a = tmpFloat;
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readUint32, &tmpUint32);
     bgColorDataspace = static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(tmpUint32);
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readBool, &colorSpaceAgnostic);
@@ -328,6 +339,10 @@
     SAFE_PARCEL(input.readFloat, &tmpFloat);
     desiredSdrHdrRatio = tmpFloat;
 
+    int32_t tmpInt32;
+    SAFE_PARCEL(input.readInt32, &tmpInt32);
+    cachingHint = static_cast<gui::CachingHint>(tmpInt32);
+
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -580,6 +595,10 @@
         desiredSdrHdrRatio = other.desiredSdrHdrRatio;
         currentSdrHdrRatio = other.currentSdrHdrRatio;
     }
+    if (other.what & eCachingHintChanged) {
+        what |= eCachingHintChanged;
+        cachingHint = other.cachingHint;
+    }
     if (other.what & eHdrMetadataChanged) {
         what |= eHdrMetadataChanged;
         hdrMetadata = other.hdrMetadata;
@@ -609,8 +628,7 @@
     }
     if (other.what & eBackgroundColorChanged) {
         what |= eBackgroundColorChanged;
-        color.rgb = other.color.rgb;
-        bgColorAlpha = other.bgColorAlpha;
+        bgColor = other.bgColor;
         bgColorDataspace = other.bgColorDataspace;
     }
     if (other.what & eMetadataChanged) {
@@ -731,6 +749,7 @@
     CHECK_DIFF(diff, eDataspaceChanged, other, dataspace);
     CHECK_DIFF2(diff, eExtendedRangeBrightnessChanged, other, currentSdrHdrRatio,
                 desiredSdrHdrRatio);
+    CHECK_DIFF(diff, eCachingHintChanged, other, cachingHint);
     CHECK_DIFF(diff, eHdrMetadataChanged, other, hdrMetadata);
     if (other.what & eSurfaceDamageRegionChanged &&
         (!surfaceDamageRegion.hasSameRects(other.surfaceDamageRegion))) {
@@ -742,7 +761,7 @@
     CHECK_DIFF(diff, eColorTransformChanged, other, colorTransform);
     if (other.what & eHasListenerCallbacksChanged) diff |= eHasListenerCallbacksChanged;
     if (other.what & eInputInfoChanged) diff |= eInputInfoChanged;
-    CHECK_DIFF3(diff, eBackgroundColorChanged, other, color.rgb, bgColorAlpha, bgColorDataspace);
+    CHECK_DIFF2(diff, eBackgroundColorChanged, other, bgColor, bgColorDataspace);
     if (other.what & eMetadataChanged) diff |= eMetadataChanged;
     CHECK_DIFF(diff, eShadowRadiusChanged, other, shadowRadius);
     CHECK_DIFF3(diff, eRenderBorderChanged, other, borderEnabled, borderWidth, borderColor);
diff --git a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
index c508917..2f5830d 100644
--- a/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.cpp
@@ -1363,7 +1363,8 @@
         (mask & layer_state_t::eLayerSecure) || (mask & layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot) ||
         (mask & layer_state_t::eEnableBackpressure) ||
         (mask & layer_state_t::eIgnoreDestinationFrame) ||
-        (mask & layer_state_t::eLayerIsDisplayDecoration)) {
+        (mask & layer_state_t::eLayerIsDisplayDecoration) ||
+        (mask & layer_state_t::eLayerIsRefreshRateIndicator)) {
         s->what |= layer_state_t::eFlagsChanged;
     }
     s->flags &= ~mask;
@@ -1560,8 +1561,8 @@
     }
 
     s->what |= layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged;
-    s->color.rgb = color;
-    s->bgColorAlpha = alpha;
+    s->bgColor.rgb = color;
+    s->bgColor.a = alpha;
     s->bgColorDataspace = dataspace;
 
     registerSurfaceControlForCallback(sc);
@@ -1729,6 +1730,20 @@
     return *this;
 }
 
+SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::setCachingHint(
+        const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, gui::CachingHint cachingHint) {
+    layer_state_t* s = getLayerState(sc);
+    if (!s) {
+        mStatus = BAD_INDEX;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    s->what |= layer_state_t::eCachingHintChanged;
+    s->cachingHint = cachingHint;
+
+    registerSurfaceControlForCallback(sc);
+    return *this;
+}
+
 SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction& SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction::setHdrMetadata(
         const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, const HdrMetadata& hdrMetadata) {
     layer_state_t* s = getLayerState(sc);
diff --git a/libs/gui/VsyncEventData.cpp b/libs/gui/VsyncEventData.cpp
index 23f0921..76c60c2 100644
--- a/libs/gui/VsyncEventData.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/VsyncEventData.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 
 namespace android::gui {
 
+static_assert(VsyncEventData::kFrameTimelinesLength == 7,
+              "Must update value in DisplayEventReceiver.java#FRAME_TIMELINES_LENGTH (and here)");
+
 int64_t VsyncEventData::preferredVsyncId() const {
     return frameTimelines[preferredFrameTimelineIndex].vsyncId;
 }
diff --git a/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp b/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp
index 01e865d..2b34a0f 100644
--- a/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/WindowInfosListenerReporter.cpp
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@
     status_t status = OK;
     {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mListenersMutex);
+        if (mWindowInfosListeners.find(windowInfosListener) == mWindowInfosListeners.end()) {
+            return status;
+        }
+
         if (mWindowInfosListeners.size() == 1) {
             binder::Status s = surfaceComposer->removeWindowInfosListener(this);
             status = statusTFromBinderStatus(s);
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/CachingHint.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/CachingHint.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b35c795
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/CachingHint.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.gui;
+
+/*
+ * Hint for configuring caching behavior for a layer
+ * @hide
+ */
+@Backing(type="int")
+enum CachingHint {
+    // Caching is disabled. A layer may explicitly disable caching for
+    // improving image quality for some scenes.
+    Disabled = 0,
+    // Caching is enabled. A layer is cacheable by default.
+    Enabled = 1
+}
diff --git a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IHdrLayerInfoListener.aidl b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IHdrLayerInfoListener.aidl
index fc809c4..e8c36ee 100644
--- a/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IHdrLayerInfoListener.aidl
+++ b/libs/gui/aidl/android/gui/IHdrLayerInfoListener.aidl
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 /** @hide */
 oneway interface IHdrLayerInfoListener {
     // Callback with the total number of HDR layers, the dimensions of the largest layer,
-    // and a placeholder flags
+    // a placeholder flags, and the max desired HDR/SDR ratio. The max desired HDR/SDR
+    // ratio may be positive infinity to indicate an unbounded ratio.
     // TODO (b/182312559): Define the flags (likely need an indicator that a UDFPS layer is present)
-    void onHdrLayerInfoChanged(int numberOfHdrLayers, int maxW, int maxH, int flags);
+    void onHdrLayerInfoChanged(int numberOfHdrLayers, int maxW, int maxH,
+            int flags, float maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/Conversion.cpp b/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/Conversion.cpp
index 55462c3..9667954 100644
--- a/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/Conversion.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/Conversion.cpp
@@ -725,12 +725,7 @@
     // These were written as uint8_t for alignment.
     uint8_t temp = 0;
     FlattenableUtils::read(buffer, size, temp);
-    size_t index = static_cast<size_t>(temp);
-    if (index >= ::android::FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
-        return BAD_VALUE;
-    }
-    t->index = static_cast<uint32_t>(index);
-
+    t->index = static_cast<uint32_t>(temp);
     FlattenableUtils::read(buffer, size, temp);
     t->addPostCompositeCalled = static_cast<bool>(temp);
     FlattenableUtils::read(buffer, size, temp);
@@ -786,8 +781,7 @@
 status_t flatten(HGraphicBufferProducer::FrameEventsDelta const& t,
         void*& buffer, size_t& size, int*& fds, size_t numFds) {
     // Check that t.index is within a valid range.
-    if (t.index >= static_cast<uint32_t>(FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY)
-            || t.index > std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) {
+    if (t.index > UINT8_MAX || t.index < 0) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -887,8 +881,7 @@
 
     uint32_t deltaCount = 0;
     FlattenableUtils::read(buffer, size, deltaCount);
-    if (static_cast<size_t>(deltaCount) >
-            ::android::FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+    if (deltaCount > UINT8_MAX) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     t->deltas.resize(deltaCount);
@@ -919,7 +912,7 @@
 status_t flatten(
         HGraphicBufferProducer::FrameEventHistoryDelta const& t,
         void*& buffer, size_t& size, int*& fds, size_t& numFds) {
-    if (t.deltas.size() > ::android::FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+    if (t.deltas.size() > UINT8_MAX) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (size < getFlattenedSize(t)) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/H2BGraphicBufferProducer.cpp b/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/H2BGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
index cee1b81..f684874 100644
--- a/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/H2BGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/bufferqueue/1.0/H2BGraphicBufferProducer.cpp
@@ -725,8 +725,7 @@
         std::vector<native_handle_t*>* nh,
         void*& buffer, size_t& size, int*& fds, size_t numFds) {
     // Check that t.index is within a valid range.
-    if (t.index >= static_cast<uint32_t>(FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY)
-            || t.index > std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max()) {
+    if (t.index > UINT8_MAX || t.index < 0) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -829,7 +828,7 @@
         HGraphicBufferProducer::FrameEventHistoryDelta const& t,
         std::vector<std::vector<native_handle_t*> >* nh,
         void*& buffer, size_t& size, int*& fds, size_t& numFds) {
-    if (t.deltas.size() > ::android::FrameEventHistory::MAX_FRAME_HISTORY) {
+    if (t.deltas.size() > UINT8_MAX) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (size < getFlattenedSize(t)) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
index b9e0647..69e9f8a 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BLASTBufferQueue.h
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@
                                nsecs_t dequeueReadyTime) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
     void getConnectionEvents(uint64_t frameNumber, bool* needsDisconnect) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
+    void resizeFrameEventHistory(size_t newSize);
+
 protected:
     void onSidebandStreamChanged() override EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
@@ -123,6 +125,7 @@
 
 private:
     friend class BLASTBufferQueueHelper;
+    friend class BBQBufferQueueProducer;
 
     // can't be copied
     BLASTBufferQueue& operator = (const BLASTBufferQueue& rhs);
@@ -130,6 +133,8 @@
     void createBufferQueue(sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* outProducer,
                            sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>* outConsumer);
 
+    void resizeFrameEventHistory(size_t newSize);
+
     status_t acquireNextBufferLocked(
             const std::optional<SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction*> transaction) REQUIRES(mMutex);
     Rect computeCrop(const BufferItem& item) REQUIRES(mMutex);
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueProducer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueProducer.h
index 0ad3075..1d13dab 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueProducer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/BufferQueueProducer.h
@@ -202,6 +202,11 @@
     // See IGraphicBufferProducer::setAutoPrerotation
     virtual status_t setAutoPrerotation(bool autoPrerotation);
 
+protected:
+    // see IGraphicsBufferProducer::setMaxDequeuedBufferCount, but with the ability to retrieve the
+    // total maximum buffer count for the buffer queue (dequeued AND acquired)
+    status_t setMaxDequeuedBufferCount(int maxDequeuedBuffers, int* maxBufferCount);
+
 private:
     // This is required by the IBinder::DeathRecipient interface
     virtual void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>& who);
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/FrameTimestamps.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/FrameTimestamps.h
index c08a9b1..3d1be4d 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/FrameTimestamps.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/FrameTimestamps.h
@@ -97,9 +97,11 @@
     void checkFencesForCompletion();
     void dump(std::string& outString) const;
 
-    static const size_t MAX_FRAME_HISTORY;
+    static const size_t INITIAL_MAX_FRAME_HISTORY;
 
 protected:
+    void resize(size_t newSize);
+
     std::vector<FrameEvents> mFrames;
 
     CompositorTiming mCompositorTiming;
@@ -138,6 +140,8 @@
     virtual std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> createFenceTime(
             const sp<Fence>& fence) const;
 
+    void resize(size_t newSize);
+
     size_t mAcquireOffset{0};
 
     // The consumer updates it's timelines in Layer and SurfaceFlinger since
@@ -208,6 +212,8 @@
 
     void getAndResetDelta(FrameEventHistoryDelta* delta);
 
+    void resize(size_t newSize);
+
 private:
     void getFrameDelta(FrameEventHistoryDelta* delta,
                        const std::vector<FrameEvents>::iterator& frame);
@@ -250,6 +256,10 @@
     status_t unflatten(void const*& buffer, size_t& size, int const*& fds,
             size_t& count);
 
+    uint64_t getFrameNumber() const;
+    bool getLatchTime(nsecs_t* latchTime) const;
+    bool getDisplayPresentFence(sp<Fence>* fence) const;
+
 private:
     static constexpr size_t minFlattenedSize();
 
@@ -310,6 +320,9 @@
     status_t unflatten(void const*& buffer, size_t& size, int const*& fds,
             size_t& count);
 
+    std::vector<FrameEventsDelta>::const_iterator begin() const;
+    std::vector<FrameEventsDelta>::const_iterator end() const;
+
 private:
     static constexpr size_t minFlattenedSize();
 
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
index ae56f9f..1e67225 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/ISurfaceComposer.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android/gui/CachingHint.h>
 #include <android/gui/DisplayBrightness.h>
 #include <android/gui/FrameTimelineInfo.h>
 #include <android/gui/IDisplayEventConnection.h>
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
index ddaf473..6e3be5c 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@
         // This is needed to maintain compatibility for SurfaceView scaling behavior.
         // See SurfaceView scaling behavior for more details.
         eIgnoreDestinationFrame = 0x400,
+        eLayerIsRefreshRateIndicator = 0x800, // REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR
     };
 
     enum {
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@
         eFlagsChanged = 0x00000040,
         eLayerStackChanged = 0x00000080,
         eFlushJankData = 0x00000100,
-        /* unused = 0x00000200, */
+        eCachingHintChanged = 0x00000200,
         eDimmingEnabledChanged = 0x00000400,
         eShadowRadiusChanged = 0x00000800,
         eRenderBorderChanged = 0x00001000,
@@ -211,7 +212,8 @@
         eStretchChanged = 0x2000'00000000,
         eTrustedOverlayChanged = 0x4000'00000000,
         eDropInputModeChanged = 0x8000'00000000,
-        eExtendedRangeBrightnessChanged = 0x10000'00000000
+        eExtendedRangeBrightnessChanged = 0x10000'00000000,
+
     };
 
     layer_state_t();
@@ -225,9 +227,9 @@
     bool hasBufferChanges() const;
 
     // Layer hierarchy updates.
-    static constexpr uint64_t HIERARCHY_CHANGES = layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eLayerChanged | layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eReparent;
+    static constexpr uint64_t HIERARCHY_CHANGES = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged |
+            layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged | layer_state_t::eReparent |
+            layer_state_t::eLayerStackChanged;
 
     // Geometry updates.
     static constexpr uint64_t GEOMETRY_CHANGES = layer_state_t::eBufferCropChanged |
@@ -263,9 +265,8 @@
     static constexpr uint64_t AFFECTS_CHILDREN = layer_state_t::GEOMETRY_CHANGES |
             layer_state_t::HIERARCHY_CHANGES | layer_state_t::eAlphaChanged |
             layer_state_t::eColorTransformChanged | layer_state_t::eCornerRadiusChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eFlagsChanged | layer_state_t::eLayerStackChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eTrustedOverlayChanged | layer_state_t::eFrameRateChanged |
-            layer_state_t::eFixedTransformHintChanged;
+            layer_state_t::eFlagsChanged | layer_state_t::eTrustedOverlayChanged |
+            layer_state_t::eFrameRateChanged | layer_state_t::eFixedTransformHintChanged;
 
     // Changes affecting data sent to input.
     static constexpr uint64_t INPUT_CHANGES = layer_state_t::GEOMETRY_CHANGES |
@@ -332,7 +333,7 @@
 
     // The following refer to the alpha, and dataspace, respectively of
     // the background color layer
-    float bgColorAlpha;
+    half4 bgColor;
     ui::Dataspace bgColorDataspace;
 
     // A color space agnostic layer means the color of this layer can be
@@ -391,6 +392,8 @@
     float currentSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
     float desiredSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
 
+    gui::CachingHint cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Enabled;
+
     TrustedPresentationThresholds trustedPresentationThresholds;
     TrustedPresentationListener trustedPresentationListener;
 };
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
index 44e78ec..d431b43 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h
@@ -566,6 +566,7 @@
         Transaction& setDataspace(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, ui::Dataspace dataspace);
         Transaction& setExtendedRangeBrightness(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc,
                                                 float currentBufferRatio, float desiredRatio);
+        Transaction& setCachingHint(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, gui::CachingHint cachingHint);
         Transaction& setHdrMetadata(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc, const HdrMetadata& hdrMetadata);
         Transaction& setSurfaceDamageRegion(const sp<SurfaceControl>& sc,
                                             const Region& surfaceDamageRegion);
diff --git a/libs/gui/view/Surface.cpp b/libs/gui/view/Surface.cpp
index 1bfe462..198908d 100644
--- a/libs/gui/view/Surface.cpp
+++ b/libs/gui/view/Surface.cpp
@@ -16,17 +16,59 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "Surface"
 
-#include <gui/view/Surface.h>
-
+#include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
+#include <android/binder_parcel.h>
+#include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
-
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-
 #include <gui/IGraphicBufferProducer.h>
+#include <gui/Surface.h>
+#include <gui/view/Surface.h>
+#include <system/window.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace view {
 
+// Since this is a parcelable utility and we want to keep the wire format stable, only build this
+// when building the system libgui to detect any issues loading the wrong libgui from
+// libnativewindow
+
+#if (!defined(__ANDROID_APEX__) && !defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__))
+
+extern "C" status_t android_view_Surface_writeToParcel(ANativeWindow* _Nonnull window,
+                                                       Parcel* _Nonnull parcel) {
+    int value;
+    int err = (*window->query)(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE, &value);
+    if (err != OK || value != NATIVE_WINDOW_SURFACE) {
+        ALOGE("Error: ANativeWindow is not backed by Surface");
+        return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    // Use a android::view::Surface to parcelize the window
+    android::view::Surface shimSurface;
+    shimSurface.graphicBufferProducer = android::Surface::getIGraphicBufferProducer(window);
+    shimSurface.surfaceControlHandle = android::Surface::getSurfaceControlHandle(window);
+    return shimSurface.writeToParcel(parcel);
+}
+
+extern "C" status_t android_view_Surface_readFromParcel(
+        const Parcel* _Nonnull parcel, ANativeWindow* _Nullable* _Nonnull outWindow) {
+    // Use a android::view::Surface to unparcel the window
+    android::view::Surface shimSurface;
+    status_t ret = shimSurface.readFromParcel(parcel);
+    if (ret != OK) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Error: Failed to create android::view::Surface from AParcel", __FUNCTION__);
+        return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    auto surface = sp<android::Surface>::make(shimSurface.graphicBufferProducer, false,
+                                              shimSurface.surfaceControlHandle);
+    ANativeWindow* anw = surface.get();
+    ANativeWindow_acquire(anw);
+    *outWindow = anw;
+    return STATUS_OK;
+}
+
+#endif
+
 status_t Surface::writeToParcel(Parcel* parcel) const {
     return writeToParcel(parcel, false);
 }
diff --git a/libs/input/Android.bp b/libs/input/Android.bp
index fd4fc16..869458c 100644
--- a/libs/input/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/Android.bp
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
         "Input.cpp",
         "InputDevice.cpp",
         "InputEventLabels.cpp",
+        "InputVerifier.cpp",
         "Keyboard.cpp",
         "KeyCharacterMap.cpp",
         "KeyLayoutMap.cpp",
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@
         "TouchVideoFrame.cpp",
         "VelocityControl.cpp",
         "VelocityTracker.cpp",
+        "VirtualInputDevice.cpp",
         "VirtualKeyMap.cpp",
     ],
 
@@ -67,6 +69,10 @@
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: ["jni_headers"],
 
+    generated_headers: [
+        "toolbox_input_labels",
+    ],
+
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
@@ -124,6 +130,8 @@
                 enabled: false,
             },
             include_dirs: [
+                "bionic/libc/kernel/android/uapi/",
+                "bionic/libc/kernel/uapi",
                 "frameworks/native/libs/arect/include",
             ],
         },
@@ -159,6 +167,7 @@
 
 cc_defaults {
     name: "libinput_fuzz_defaults",
+    cpp_std: "c++20",
     host_supported: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "libutils",
diff --git a/libs/input/Input.cpp b/libs/input/Input.cpp
index 133b260..53b22cb 100644
--- a/libs/input/Input.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Input.cpp
@@ -151,10 +151,23 @@
 
 // --- InputEvent ---
 
+// Due to precision limitations when working with floating points, transforming - namely
+// scaling - floating points can lead to minute errors. We round transformed values to approximately
+// three decimal places so that values like 0.99997 show up as 1.0.
+inline float roundTransformedCoords(float val) {
+    // Use a power to two to approximate three decimal places to potentially reduce some cycles.
+    // This should be at least as precise as MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION.
+    return std::round(val * 1024.f) / 1024.f;
+}
+
+inline vec2 roundTransformedCoords(vec2 p) {
+    return {roundTransformedCoords(p.x), roundTransformedCoords(p.y)};
+}
+
 vec2 transformWithoutTranslation(const ui::Transform& transform, const vec2& xy) {
     const vec2 transformedXy = transform.transform(xy);
     const vec2 transformedOrigin = transform.transform(0, 0);
-    return transformedXy - transformedOrigin;
+    return roundTransformedCoords(transformedXy - transformedOrigin);
 }
 
 float transformAngle(const ui::Transform& transform, float angleRadians) {
@@ -606,12 +619,12 @@
 
 float MotionEvent::getXCursorPosition() const {
     vec2 vals = mTransform.transform(getRawXCursorPosition(), getRawYCursorPosition());
-    return vals.x;
+    return roundTransformedCoords(vals.x);
 }
 
 float MotionEvent::getYCursorPosition() const {
     vec2 vals = mTransform.transform(getRawXCursorPosition(), getRawYCursorPosition());
-    return vals.y;
+    return roundTransformedCoords(vals.y);
 }
 
 void MotionEvent::setCursorPosition(float x, float y) {
@@ -933,7 +946,7 @@
 static inline vec2 calculateTransformedXYUnchecked(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform& transform,
                                                    const vec2& xy) {
     return shouldDisregardOffset(source) ? transformWithoutTranslation(transform, xy)
-                                         : transform.transform(xy);
+                                         : roundTransformedCoords(transform.transform(xy));
 }
 
 vec2 MotionEvent::calculateTransformedXY(uint32_t source, const ui::Transform& transform,
diff --git a/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp b/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp
index d97c1bb..4a19227 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputEventLabels.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 
 #include <input/InputEventLabels.h>
 
+#include <linux/input-event-codes.h>
+#include <linux/input.h>
+
 #define DEFINE_KEYCODE(key) { #key, AKEYCODE_##key }
 #define DEFINE_AXIS(axis) { #axis, AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_##axis }
 #define DEFINE_LED(led) { #led, ALED_##led }
@@ -480,4 +483,85 @@
     return lookupValueByLabel(LEDS, label);
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+struct label {
+    const char* name;
+    int value;
+};
+
+#define LABEL(constant) \
+    { #constant, constant }
+#define LABEL_END \
+    { nullptr, -1 }
+
+static struct label ev_key_value_labels[] = {
+        {"UP", 0},
+        {"DOWN", 1},
+        {"REPEAT", 2},
+        LABEL_END,
+};
+
+#include "input.h-labels.h"
+
+#undef LABEL
+#undef LABEL_END
+
+std::string getLabel(const label* labels, int value) {
+    if (labels == nullptr) return std::to_string(value);
+    while (labels->name != nullptr && value != labels->value) {
+        labels++;
+    }
+    return labels->name != nullptr ? labels->name : std::to_string(value);
+}
+
+const label* getCodeLabelsForType(int32_t type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case EV_SYN:
+            return syn_labels;
+        case EV_KEY:
+            return key_labels;
+        case EV_REL:
+            return rel_labels;
+        case EV_ABS:
+            return abs_labels;
+        case EV_SW:
+            return sw_labels;
+        case EV_MSC:
+            return msc_labels;
+        case EV_LED:
+            return led_labels;
+        case EV_REP:
+            return rep_labels;
+        case EV_SND:
+            return snd_labels;
+        case EV_FF:
+            return ff_labels;
+        case EV_FF_STATUS:
+            return ff_status_labels;
+        default:
+            return nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+const label* getValueLabelsForTypeAndCode(int32_t type, int32_t code) {
+    if (type == EV_KEY) {
+        return ev_key_value_labels;
+    }
+    if (type == EV_MSC && code == ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE) {
+        return mt_tool_labels;
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+EvdevEventLabel InputEventLookup::getLinuxEvdevLabel(int32_t type, int32_t code, int32_t value) {
+    return {
+            .type = getLabel(ev_labels, type),
+            .code = getLabel(getCodeLabelsForType(type), code),
+            .value = getLabel(getValueLabelsForTypeAndCode(type, code), value),
+    };
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
index 9f0a314..311b244 100644
--- a/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/InputTransport.cpp
@@ -5,20 +5,6 @@
 //
 #define LOG_TAG "InputTransport"
 
-//#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
-
-// Log debug messages about channel messages (send message, receive message)
-#define DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES 0
-
-// Log debug messages whenever InputChannel objects are created/destroyed
-static constexpr bool DEBUG_CHANNEL_LIFECYCLE = false;
-
-// Log debug messages about transport actions
-static constexpr bool DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS = false;
-
-// Log debug messages about touch event resampling
-#define DEBUG_RESAMPLING 0
-
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
@@ -27,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <binder/Parcel.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
@@ -36,6 +23,63 @@
 
 #include <input/InputTransport.h>
 
+namespace {
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages about channel messages (send message, receive message).
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputTransportMessages DEBUG"
+ * (requires restart)
+ */
+const bool DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES =
+        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Messages", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages whenever InputChannel objects are created/destroyed.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputTransportLifecycle DEBUG"
+ * (requires restart)
+ */
+const bool DEBUG_CHANNEL_LIFECYCLE =
+        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Lifecycle", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages relating to the consumer end of the transport channel.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputTransportConsumer DEBUG" (requires restart)
+ */
+
+const bool DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER =
+        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Consumer", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
+const bool IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD =
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+        android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false);
+#else
+        true;
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages relating to the producer end of the transport channel.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputTransportPublisher DEBUG".
+ * This requires a restart on non-debuggable (e.g. user) builds, but should take effect immediately
+ * on debuggable builds (e.g. userdebug).
+ */
+bool debugTransportPublisher() {
+    if (!IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
+        static const bool DEBUG_TRANSPORT_PUBLISHER =
+                __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Publisher", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+        return DEBUG_TRANSPORT_PUBLISHER;
+    }
+    return __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Publisher", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages about touch event resampling.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputTransportResampling DEBUG" (requires restart)
+ */
+const bool DEBUG_RESAMPLING =
+        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Resampling", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
+} // namespace
+
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
 namespace android {
@@ -76,6 +120,14 @@
  */
 static const char* PROPERTY_RESAMPLING_ENABLED = "ro.input.resampling";
 
+/**
+ * Crash if the events that are getting sent to the InputPublisher are inconsistent.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputTransportVerifyEvents DEBUG"
+ */
+static bool verifyEvents() {
+    return __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "VerifyEvents", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+}
+
 template<typename T>
 inline static T min(const T& a, const T& b) {
     return a < b ? a : b;
@@ -132,7 +184,7 @@
             return valid;
         }
     }
-    ALOGE("Invalid message type: %" PRIu32, header.type);
+    ALOGE("Invalid message type: %s", ftl::enum_string(header.type).c_str());
     return false;
 }
 
@@ -322,15 +374,13 @@
 
 InputChannel::InputChannel(const std::string name, android::base::unique_fd fd, sp<IBinder> token)
       : mName(std::move(name)), mFd(std::move(fd)), mToken(std::move(token)) {
-    if (DEBUG_CHANNEL_LIFECYCLE) {
-        ALOGD("Input channel constructed: name='%s', fd=%d", getName().c_str(), getFd().get());
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_LIFECYCLE, "Input channel constructed: name='%s', fd=%d",
+             getName().c_str(), getFd().get());
 }
 
 InputChannel::~InputChannel() {
-    if (DEBUG_CHANNEL_LIFECYCLE) {
-        ALOGD("Input channel destroyed: name='%s', fd=%d", getName().c_str(), getFd().get());
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_LIFECYCLE, "Input channel destroyed: name='%s', fd=%d",
+             getName().c_str(), getFd().get());
 }
 
 status_t InputChannel::openInputChannelPair(const std::string& name,
@@ -375,10 +425,8 @@
 
     if (nWrite < 0) {
         int error = errno;
-#if DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ error sending message of type %d, %s", mName.c_str(),
-              msg->header.type, strerror(error));
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES, "channel '%s' ~ error sending message of type %s, %s",
+                 mName.c_str(), ftl::enum_string(msg->header.type).c_str(), strerror(error));
         if (error == EAGAIN || error == EWOULDBLOCK) {
             return WOULD_BLOCK;
         }
@@ -389,16 +437,14 @@
     }
 
     if (size_t(nWrite) != msgLength) {
-#if DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ error sending message type %d, send was incomplete",
-                mName.c_str(), msg->header.type);
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES,
+                 "channel '%s' ~ error sending message type %s, send was incomplete", mName.c_str(),
+                 ftl::enum_string(msg->header.type).c_str());
         return DEAD_OBJECT;
     }
 
-#if DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES
-    ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ sent message of type %d", mName.c_str(), msg->header.type);
-#endif
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES, "channel '%s' ~ sent message of type %s", mName.c_str(),
+             ftl::enum_string(msg->header.type).c_str());
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -410,9 +456,8 @@
 
     if (nRead < 0) {
         int error = errno;
-#if DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ receive message failed, errno=%d", mName.c_str(), errno);
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES, "channel '%s' ~ receive message failed, errno=%d",
+                 mName.c_str(), errno);
         if (error == EAGAIN || error == EWOULDBLOCK) {
             return WOULD_BLOCK;
         }
@@ -423,9 +468,8 @@
     }
 
     if (nRead == 0) { // check for EOF
-#if DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ receive message failed because peer was closed", mName.c_str());
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES,
+                 "channel '%s' ~ receive message failed because peer was closed", mName.c_str());
         return DEAD_OBJECT;
     }
 
@@ -434,9 +478,8 @@
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-#if DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES
-    ALOGD("channel '%s' ~ received message of type %d", mName.c_str(), msg->header.type);
-#endif
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CHANNEL_MESSAGES, "channel '%s' ~ received message of type %s", mName.c_str(),
+             ftl::enum_string(msg->header.type).c_str());
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -492,7 +535,8 @@
 
 // --- InputPublisher ---
 
-InputPublisher::InputPublisher(const std::shared_ptr<InputChannel>& channel) : mChannel(channel) {}
+InputPublisher::InputPublisher(const std::shared_ptr<InputChannel>& channel)
+      : mChannel(channel), mInputVerifier(channel->getName()) {}
 
 InputPublisher::~InputPublisher() {
 }
@@ -504,17 +548,19 @@
                                          int32_t metaState, int32_t repeatCount, nsecs_t downTime,
                                          nsecs_t eventTime) {
     if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
-        std::string message = StringPrintf("publishKeyEvent(inputChannel=%s, keyCode=%" PRId32 ")",
-                mChannel->getName().c_str(), keyCode);
+        std::string message =
+                StringPrintf("publishKeyEvent(inputChannel=%s, action=%s, keyCode=%s)",
+                             mChannel->getName().c_str(), KeyEvent::actionToString(action),
+                             KeyEvent::getLabel(keyCode));
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
-    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' publisher ~ publishKeyEvent: seq=%u, deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, "
-              "action=0x%x, flags=0x%x, keyCode=%d, scanCode=%d, metaState=0x%x, repeatCount=%d,"
-              "downTime=%" PRId64 ", eventTime=%" PRId64,
-              mChannel->getName().c_str(), seq, deviceId, source, action, flags, keyCode, scanCode,
-              metaState, repeatCount, downTime, eventTime);
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(),
+             "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: seq=%u, id=%d, deviceId=%d, source=%s, "
+             "action=%s, flags=0x%x, keyCode=%s, scanCode=%d, metaState=0x%x, repeatCount=%d,"
+             "downTime=%" PRId64 ", eventTime=%" PRId64,
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, deviceId,
+             inputEventSourceToString(source).c_str(), KeyEvent::actionToString(action), flags,
+             KeyEvent::getLabel(keyCode), scanCode, metaState, repeatCount, downTime, eventTime);
 
     if (!seq) {
         ALOGE("Attempted to publish a key event with sequence number 0.");
@@ -550,24 +596,29 @@
         uint32_t pointerCount, const PointerProperties* pointerProperties,
         const PointerCoords* pointerCoords) {
     if (ATRACE_ENABLED()) {
-        std::string message = StringPrintf(
-                "publishMotionEvent(inputChannel=%s, action=%" PRId32 ")",
-                mChannel->getName().c_str(), action);
+        std::string message = StringPrintf("publishMotionEvent(inputChannel=%s, action=%s)",
+                                           mChannel->getName().c_str(),
+                                           MotionEvent::actionToString(action).c_str());
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
-    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
+    if (verifyEvents()) {
+        mInputVerifier.processMovement(deviceId, action, pointerCount, pointerProperties,
+                                       pointerCoords, flags);
+    }
+    if (debugTransportPublisher()) {
         std::string transformString;
         transform.dump(transformString, "transform", "        ");
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' publisher ~ publishMotionEvent: seq=%u, deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, "
+        ALOGD("channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: seq=%u, id=%d, deviceId=%d, source=%s, "
               "displayId=%" PRId32 ", "
-              "action=0x%x, actionButton=0x%08x, flags=0x%x, edgeFlags=0x%x, "
+              "action=%s, actionButton=0x%08x, flags=0x%x, edgeFlags=0x%x, "
               "metaState=0x%x, buttonState=0x%x, classification=%s,"
               "xPrecision=%f, yPrecision=%f, downTime=%" PRId64 ", eventTime=%" PRId64 ", "
               "pointerCount=%" PRIu32 " \n%s",
-              mChannel->getName().c_str(), seq, deviceId, source, displayId, action, actionButton,
-              flags, edgeFlags, metaState, buttonState,
-              motionClassificationToString(classification), xPrecision, yPrecision, downTime,
-              eventTime, pointerCount, transformString.c_str());
+              mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, deviceId,
+              inputEventSourceToString(source).c_str(), displayId,
+              MotionEvent::actionToString(action).c_str(), actionButton, flags, edgeFlags,
+              metaState, buttonState, motionClassificationToString(classification), xPrecision,
+              yPrecision, downTime, eventTime, pointerCount, transformString.c_str());
     }
 
     if (!seq) {
@@ -629,6 +680,8 @@
                                            mChannel->getName().c_str(), toString(hasFocus));
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
+    ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(), "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: seq=%u, id=%d, hasFocus=%s",
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, toString(hasFocus));
 
     InputMessage msg;
     msg.header.type = InputMessage::Type::FOCUS;
@@ -646,6 +699,9 @@
                              mChannel->getName().c_str(), toString(pointerCaptureEnabled));
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
+    ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(),
+             "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: seq=%u, id=%d, pointerCaptureEnabled=%s",
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, toString(pointerCaptureEnabled));
 
     InputMessage msg;
     msg.header.type = InputMessage::Type::CAPTURE;
@@ -663,6 +719,9 @@
                              mChannel->getName().c_str(), x, y, toString(isExiting));
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
+    ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(),
+             "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: seq=%u, id=%d, x=%f, y=%f, isExiting=%s",
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, x, y, toString(isExiting));
 
     InputMessage msg;
     msg.header.type = InputMessage::Type::DRAG;
@@ -681,6 +740,9 @@
                              mChannel->getName().c_str(), toString(isInTouchMode));
         ATRACE_NAME(message.c_str());
     }
+    ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(),
+             "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: seq=%u, id=%d, isInTouchMode=%s",
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, seq, eventId, toString(isInTouchMode));
 
     InputMessage msg;
     msg.header.type = InputMessage::Type::TOUCH_MODE;
@@ -691,16 +753,18 @@
 }
 
 android::base::Result<InputPublisher::ConsumerResponse> InputPublisher::receiveConsumerResponse() {
-    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' publisher ~ %s", mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__);
-    }
-
     InputMessage msg;
     status_t result = mChannel->receiveMessage(&msg);
     if (result) {
+        ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(), "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: %s",
+                 mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, strerror(result));
         return android::base::Error(result);
     }
     if (msg.header.type == InputMessage::Type::FINISHED) {
+        ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(),
+                 "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: finished: seq=%u, handled=%s",
+                 mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, msg.header.seq,
+                 toString(msg.body.finished.handled));
         return Finished{
                 .seq = msg.header.seq,
                 .handled = msg.body.finished.handled,
@@ -709,6 +773,8 @@
     }
 
     if (msg.header.type == InputMessage::Type::TIMELINE) {
+        ALOGD_IF(debugTransportPublisher(), "channel '%s' publisher ~ %s: timeline: id=%d",
+                 mChannel->getName().c_str(), __func__, msg.body.timeline.eventId);
         return Timeline{
                 .inputEventId = msg.body.timeline.eventId,
                 .graphicsTimeline = msg.body.timeline.graphicsTimeline,
@@ -738,10 +804,9 @@
 
 status_t InputConsumer::consume(InputEventFactoryInterface* factory, bool consumeBatches,
                                 nsecs_t frameTime, uint32_t* outSeq, InputEvent** outEvent) {
-    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consume: consumeBatches=%s, frameTime=%" PRId64,
-              mChannel->getName().c_str(), toString(consumeBatches), frameTime);
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+             "channel '%s' consumer ~ consume: consumeBatches=%s, frameTime=%" PRId64,
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), toString(consumeBatches), frameTime);
 
     *outSeq = 0;
     *outEvent = nullptr;
@@ -767,10 +832,9 @@
                 if (consumeBatches || result != WOULD_BLOCK) {
                     result = consumeBatch(factory, frameTime, outSeq, outEvent);
                     if (*outEvent) {
-                        if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-                            ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed batch event, seq=%u",
-                                  mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
-                        }
+                        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+                                 "channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed batch event, seq=%u",
+                                 mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
                         break;
                     }
                 }
@@ -786,11 +850,10 @@
                 initializeKeyEvent(keyEvent, &mMsg);
                 *outSeq = mMsg.header.seq;
                 *outEvent = keyEvent;
-                if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-                    ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed key event, seq=%u",
-                          mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
-                }
-            break;
+                ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+                         "channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed key event, seq=%u",
+                         mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
+                break;
             }
 
             case InputMessage::Type::MOTION: {
@@ -799,11 +862,10 @@
                     Batch& batch = mBatches[batchIndex];
                     if (canAddSample(batch, &mMsg)) {
                         batch.samples.push_back(mMsg);
-                        if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-                            ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ appended to batch event",
-                                  mChannel->getName().c_str());
-                        }
-                    break;
+                        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+                                 "channel '%s' consumer ~ appended to batch event",
+                                 mChannel->getName().c_str());
+                        break;
                     } else if (isPointerEvent(mMsg.body.motion.source) &&
                                mMsg.body.motion.action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
                         // No need to process events that we are going to cancel anyways
@@ -824,12 +886,11 @@
                         if (result) {
                             return result;
                         }
-                        if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-                            ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed batch event and "
-                                  "deferred current event, seq=%u",
-                                  mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
-                        }
-                    break;
+                        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+                                 "channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed batch event and "
+                                 "deferred current event, seq=%u",
+                                 mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
+                        break;
                     }
                 }
 
@@ -839,10 +900,9 @@
                     Batch batch;
                     batch.samples.push_back(mMsg);
                     mBatches.push_back(batch);
-                    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-                        ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ started batch event",
-                              mChannel->getName().c_str());
-                    }
+                    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+                             "channel '%s' consumer ~ started batch event",
+                             mChannel->getName().c_str());
                     break;
                 }
 
@@ -854,10 +914,9 @@
                 *outSeq = mMsg.header.seq;
                 *outEvent = motionEvent;
 
-                if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-                    ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed motion event, seq=%u",
-                          mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
-                }
+                ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+                         "channel '%s' consumer ~ consumed motion event, seq=%u",
+                         mChannel->getName().c_str(), *outSeq);
                 break;
             }
 
@@ -1074,11 +1133,9 @@
                     state.recentCoordinatesAreIdentical(id)) {
                 PointerCoords& msgCoords = msg.body.motion.pointers[i].coords;
                 const PointerCoords& resampleCoords = state.lastResample.getPointerById(id);
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-                ALOGD("[%d] - rewrite (%0.3f, %0.3f), old (%0.3f, %0.3f)", id,
-                        resampleCoords.getX(), resampleCoords.getY(),
-                        msgCoords.getX(), msgCoords.getY());
-#endif
+                ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "[%d] - rewrite (%0.3f, %0.3f), old (%0.3f, %0.3f)", id,
+                         resampleCoords.getX(), resampleCoords.getY(), msgCoords.getX(),
+                         msgCoords.getY());
                 msgCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, resampleCoords.getX());
                 msgCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, resampleCoords.getY());
                 msgCoords.isResampled = true;
@@ -1099,17 +1156,13 @@
 
     ssize_t index = findTouchState(event->getDeviceId(), event->getSource());
     if (index < 0) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-        ALOGD("Not resampled, no touch state for device.");
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, no touch state for device.");
         return;
     }
 
     TouchState& touchState = mTouchStates[index];
     if (touchState.historySize < 1) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-        ALOGD("Not resampled, no history for device.");
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, no history for device.");
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1119,9 +1172,7 @@
     for (size_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
         uint32_t id = event->getPointerId(i);
         if (!current->idBits.hasBit(id)) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("Not resampled, missing id %d", id);
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, missing id %d", id);
             return;
         }
     }
@@ -1137,9 +1188,8 @@
         other = &future;
         nsecs_t delta = future.eventTime - current->eventTime;
         if (delta < RESAMPLE_MIN_DELTA) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("Not resampled, delta time is too small: %" PRId64 " ns.", delta);
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, delta time is too small: %" PRId64 " ns.",
+                     delta);
             return;
         }
         alpha = float(sampleTime - current->eventTime) / delta;
@@ -1149,30 +1199,25 @@
         other = touchState.getHistory(1);
         nsecs_t delta = current->eventTime - other->eventTime;
         if (delta < RESAMPLE_MIN_DELTA) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("Not resampled, delta time is too small: %" PRId64 " ns.", delta);
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, delta time is too small: %" PRId64 " ns.",
+                     delta);
             return;
         } else if (delta > RESAMPLE_MAX_DELTA) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("Not resampled, delta time is too large: %" PRId64 " ns.", delta);
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, delta time is too large: %" PRId64 " ns.",
+                     delta);
             return;
         }
         nsecs_t maxPredict = current->eventTime + min(delta / 2, RESAMPLE_MAX_PREDICTION);
         if (sampleTime > maxPredict) {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("Sample time is too far in the future, adjusting prediction "
-                    "from %" PRId64 " to %" PRId64 " ns.",
-                    sampleTime - current->eventTime, maxPredict - current->eventTime);
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING,
+                     "Sample time is too far in the future, adjusting prediction "
+                     "from %" PRId64 " to %" PRId64 " ns.",
+                     sampleTime - current->eventTime, maxPredict - current->eventTime);
             sampleTime = maxPredict;
         }
         alpha = float(current->eventTime - sampleTime) / delta;
     } else {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-        ALOGD("Not resampled, insufficient data.");
-#endif
+        ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "Not resampled, insufficient data.");
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1207,28 +1252,22 @@
         PointerCoords& resampledCoords = touchState.lastResample.pointers[i];
         const PointerCoords& currentCoords = current->getPointerById(id);
         resampledCoords.copyFrom(currentCoords);
-        if (other->idBits.hasBit(id)
-                && shouldResampleTool(event->getToolType(i))) {
+        if (other->idBits.hasBit(id) && shouldResampleTool(event->getToolType(i))) {
             const PointerCoords& otherCoords = other->getPointerById(id);
             resampledCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X,
-                    lerp(currentCoords.getX(), otherCoords.getX(), alpha));
+                                         lerp(currentCoords.getX(), otherCoords.getX(), alpha));
             resampledCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y,
-                    lerp(currentCoords.getY(), otherCoords.getY(), alpha));
+                                         lerp(currentCoords.getY(), otherCoords.getY(), alpha));
             resampledCoords.isResampled = true;
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("[%d] - out (%0.3f, %0.3f), cur (%0.3f, %0.3f), "
-                    "other (%0.3f, %0.3f), alpha %0.3f",
-                    id, resampledCoords.getX(), resampledCoords.getY(),
-                    currentCoords.getX(), currentCoords.getY(),
-                    otherCoords.getX(), otherCoords.getY(),
-                    alpha);
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING,
+                     "[%d] - out (%0.3f, %0.3f), cur (%0.3f, %0.3f), "
+                     "other (%0.3f, %0.3f), alpha %0.3f",
+                     id, resampledCoords.getX(), resampledCoords.getY(), currentCoords.getX(),
+                     currentCoords.getY(), otherCoords.getX(), otherCoords.getY(), alpha);
         } else {
-#if DEBUG_RESAMPLING
-            ALOGD("[%d] - out (%0.3f, %0.3f), cur (%0.3f, %0.3f)",
-                    id, resampledCoords.getX(), resampledCoords.getY(),
-                    currentCoords.getX(), currentCoords.getY());
-#endif
+            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RESAMPLING, "[%d] - out (%0.3f, %0.3f), cur (%0.3f, %0.3f)", id,
+                     resampledCoords.getX(), resampledCoords.getY(), currentCoords.getX(),
+                     currentCoords.getY());
         }
     }
 
@@ -1241,10 +1280,9 @@
 }
 
 status_t InputConsumer::sendFinishedSignal(uint32_t seq, bool handled) {
-    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ sendFinishedSignal: seq=%u, handled=%s",
-              mChannel->getName().c_str(), seq, toString(handled));
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+             "channel '%s' consumer ~ sendFinishedSignal: seq=%u, handled=%s",
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), seq, toString(handled));
 
     if (!seq) {
         ALOGE("Attempted to send a finished signal with sequence number 0.");
@@ -1291,13 +1329,12 @@
 
 status_t InputConsumer::sendTimeline(int32_t inputEventId,
                                      std::array<nsecs_t, GraphicsTimeline::SIZE> graphicsTimeline) {
-    if (DEBUG_TRANSPORT_ACTIONS) {
-        ALOGD("channel '%s' consumer ~ sendTimeline: inputEventId=%" PRId32
-              ", gpuCompletedTime=%" PRId64 ", presentTime=%" PRId64,
-              mChannel->getName().c_str(), inputEventId,
-              graphicsTimeline[GraphicsTimeline::GPU_COMPLETED_TIME],
-              graphicsTimeline[GraphicsTimeline::PRESENT_TIME]);
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TRANSPORT_CONSUMER,
+             "channel '%s' consumer ~ sendTimeline: inputEventId=%" PRId32
+             ", gpuCompletedTime=%" PRId64 ", presentTime=%" PRId64,
+             mChannel->getName().c_str(), inputEventId,
+             graphicsTimeline[GraphicsTimeline::GPU_COMPLETED_TIME],
+             graphicsTimeline[GraphicsTimeline::PRESENT_TIME]);
 
     InputMessage msg;
     msg.header.type = InputMessage::Type::TIMELINE;
diff --git a/libs/input/InputVerifier.cpp b/libs/input/InputVerifier.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb75804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/input/InputVerifier.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "InputVerifier"
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <input/InputVerifier.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+/**
+ * Log all of the movements that are sent to this verifier. Helps to identify the streams that lead
+ * to inconsistent events.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputVerifierLogEvents DEBUG"
+ */
+static bool logEvents() {
+    return __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "LogEvents", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+}
+
+// --- InputVerifier ---
+
+InputVerifier::InputVerifier(const std::string& name) : mName(name){};
+
+void InputVerifier::processMovement(int32_t deviceId, int32_t action, uint32_t pointerCount,
+                                    const PointerProperties* pointerProperties,
+                                    const PointerCoords* pointerCoords, int32_t flags) {
+    if (logEvents()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Processing " << MotionEvent::actionToString(action) << " for device "
+                   << deviceId << " (" << pointerCount << " pointer"
+                   << (pointerCount == 1 ? "" : "s") << ") on " << mName;
+    }
+
+    switch (MotionEvent::getActionMasked(action)) {
+        case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN: {
+            auto [it, inserted] = mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.insert({deviceId, {}});
+            if (!inserted) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Got ACTION_DOWN, but already have touching pointers " << it->second
+                           << " for device " << deviceId << " on " << mName;
+            }
+            it->second.set(pointerProperties[0].id);
+            break;
+        }
+        case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN: {
+            auto it = mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.find(deviceId);
+            if (it == mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.end()) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Got POINTER_DOWN, but no touching pointers for device " << deviceId
+                           << " on " << mName;
+            }
+            it->second.set(pointerProperties[MotionEvent::getActionIndex(action)].id);
+            break;
+        }
+        case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE: {
+            ensureTouchingPointersMatch(deviceId, pointerCount, pointerProperties, "MOVE");
+            break;
+        }
+        case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP: {
+            auto it = mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.find(deviceId);
+            if (it == mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.end()) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Got POINTER_UP, but no touching pointers for device " << deviceId
+                           << " on " << mName;
+            }
+            it->second.reset(pointerProperties[MotionEvent::getActionIndex(action)].id);
+            break;
+        }
+        case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP: {
+            auto it = mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.find(deviceId);
+            if (it == mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.end()) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Got ACTION_UP, but no record for deviceId " << deviceId << " on "
+                           << mName;
+            }
+            const auto& [_, touchingPointerIds] = *it;
+            if (touchingPointerIds.count() != 1) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Got ACTION_UP, but we have pointers: " << touchingPointerIds
+                           << " for deviceId " << deviceId << " on " << mName;
+            }
+            const int32_t pointerId = pointerProperties[0].id;
+            if (!touchingPointerIds.test(pointerId)) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Got ACTION_UP, but pointerId " << pointerId
+                           << " is not touching. Touching pointers: " << touchingPointerIds
+                           << " for deviceId " << deviceId << " on " << mName;
+            }
+            mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.erase(it);
+            break;
+        }
+        case AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL: {
+            if ((flags & AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED) != AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_CANCELED) {
+                LOG(FATAL) << "For ACTION_CANCEL, must set FLAG_CANCELED";
+            }
+            ensureTouchingPointersMatch(deviceId, pointerCount, pointerProperties, "CANCEL");
+            mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.erase(deviceId);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void InputVerifier::ensureTouchingPointersMatch(int32_t deviceId, uint32_t pointerCount,
+                                                const PointerProperties* pointerProperties,
+                                                const char* action) const {
+    auto it = mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.find(deviceId);
+    if (it == mTouchingPointerIdsByDevice.end()) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Got " << action << ", but no touching pointers for device " << deviceId
+                   << " on " << mName;
+    }
+    const auto& [_, touchingPointerIds] = *it;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pointerCount; i++) {
+        const int32_t pointerId = pointerProperties[i].id;
+        if (!touchingPointerIds.test(pointerId)) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Got " << action << " for pointerId " << pointerId
+                       << " but the touching pointers are " << touchingPointerIds << " on "
+                       << mName;
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/Keyboard.cpp b/libs/input/Keyboard.cpp
index 3f8467d..0b5c7ff 100644
--- a/libs/input/Keyboard.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/Keyboard.cpp
@@ -16,9 +16,10 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "Keyboard"
 
+#include <limits.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
-#include <limits.h>
+#include <optional>
 
 #include <input/InputDevice.h>
 #include <input/InputEventLabels.h>
@@ -49,23 +50,25 @@
         const PropertyMap* deviceConfiguration) {
     // Use the configured key layout if available.
     if (deviceConfiguration) {
-        std::string keyLayoutName;
-        if (deviceConfiguration->tryGetProperty("keyboard.layout", keyLayoutName)) {
-            status_t status = loadKeyLayout(deviceIdentifier, keyLayoutName.c_str());
+        std::optional<std::string> keyLayoutName =
+                deviceConfiguration->getString("keyboard.layout");
+        if (keyLayoutName.has_value()) {
+            status_t status = loadKeyLayout(deviceIdentifier, *keyLayoutName);
             if (status == NAME_NOT_FOUND) {
                 ALOGE("Configuration for keyboard device '%s' requested keyboard layout '%s' but "
                       "it was not found.",
-                      deviceIdentifier.name.c_str(), keyLayoutName.c_str());
+                      deviceIdentifier.name.c_str(), keyLayoutName->c_str());
             }
         }
 
-        std::string keyCharacterMapName;
-        if (deviceConfiguration->tryGetProperty("keyboard.characterMap", keyCharacterMapName)) {
-            status_t status = loadKeyCharacterMap(deviceIdentifier, keyCharacterMapName.c_str());
+        std::optional<std::string> keyCharacterMapName =
+                deviceConfiguration->getString("keyboard.characterMap");
+        if (keyCharacterMapName.has_value()) {
+            status_t status = loadKeyCharacterMap(deviceIdentifier, *keyCharacterMapName);
             if (status == NAME_NOT_FOUND) {
                 ALOGE("Configuration for keyboard device '%s' requested keyboard character "
                       "map '%s' but it was not found.",
-                      deviceIdentifier.name.c_str(), keyCharacterMapName.c_str());
+                      deviceIdentifier.name.c_str(), keyCharacterMapName->c_str());
             }
         }
 
@@ -162,9 +165,7 @@
     if (config == nullptr) {
         return false;
     }
-    bool isSpecialFunction = false;
-    config->tryGetProperty("keyboard.specialFunction", isSpecialFunction);
-    return isSpecialFunction;
+    return config->getBool("keyboard.specialFunction").value_or(false);
 }
 
 bool isEligibleBuiltInKeyboard(const InputDeviceIdentifier& deviceIdentifier,
@@ -177,8 +178,7 @@
     }
 
     if (deviceConfiguration) {
-        bool builtIn = false;
-        if (deviceConfiguration->tryGetProperty("keyboard.builtIn", builtIn) && builtIn) {
+        if (deviceConfiguration->getBool("keyboard.builtIn").value_or(false)) {
             return true;
         }
     }
diff --git a/libs/input/MotionPredictor.cpp b/libs/input/MotionPredictor.cpp
index 7d11ef2..b4151c6 100644
--- a/libs/input/MotionPredictor.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/MotionPredictor.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-const char DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH[] = "/system/etc/motion_predictor_model.fb";
 const int64_t PREDICTION_INTERVAL_NANOS =
         12500000 / 3; // TODO(b/266747937): Get this from the model.
 
@@ -62,48 +61,58 @@
 
 // --- MotionPredictor ---
 
-MotionPredictor::MotionPredictor(nsecs_t predictionTimestampOffsetNanos, const char* modelPath,
+MotionPredictor::MotionPredictor(nsecs_t predictionTimestampOffsetNanos,
                                  std::function<bool()> checkMotionPredictionEnabled)
       : mPredictionTimestampOffsetNanos(predictionTimestampOffsetNanos),
-        mModelPath(modelPath == nullptr ? DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH : modelPath),
         mCheckMotionPredictionEnabled(std::move(checkMotionPredictionEnabled)) {}
 
-void MotionPredictor::record(const MotionEvent& event) {
+android::base::Result<void> MotionPredictor::record(const MotionEvent& event) {
+    if (mLastEvent && mLastEvent->getDeviceId() != event.getDeviceId()) {
+        // We still have an active gesture for another device. The provided MotionEvent is not
+        // consistent the previous gesture.
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Inconsistent event stream: last event is " << *mLastEvent << ", but "
+                   << __func__ << " is called with " << event;
+        return android::base::Error()
+                << "Inconsistent event stream: still have an active gesture from device "
+                << mLastEvent->getDeviceId() << ", but received " << event;
+    }
     if (!isPredictionAvailable(event.getDeviceId(), event.getSource())) {
         ALOGE("Prediction not supported for device %d's %s source", event.getDeviceId(),
               inputEventSourceToString(event.getSource()).c_str());
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
     // Initialise the model now that it's likely to be used.
     if (!mModel) {
-        mModel = TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create(mModelPath.c_str());
+        mModel = TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create();
     }
 
-    TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers& buffers =
-            mDeviceBuffers.try_emplace(event.getDeviceId(), mModel->inputLength()).first->second;
+    if (mBuffers == nullptr) {
+        mBuffers = std::make_unique<TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers>(mModel->inputLength());
+    }
 
     const int32_t action = event.getActionMasked();
-    if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP) {
+    if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP || action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
         ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "End of event stream");
-        buffers.reset();
-        return;
+        mBuffers->reset();
+        mLastEvent.reset();
+        return {};
     } else if (action != AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN && action != AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE) {
         ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "Skipping unsupported %s action",
                  MotionEvent::actionToString(action).c_str());
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
     if (event.getPointerCount() != 1) {
         ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "Prediction not supported for multiple pointers");
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
     const int32_t toolType = event.getPointerProperties(0)->toolType;
     if (toolType != AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS) {
         ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "Prediction not supported for non-stylus tool: %s",
                  motionToolTypeToString(toolType));
-        return;
+        return {};
     }
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i <= event.getHistorySize(); ++i) {
@@ -111,100 +120,98 @@
             continue;
         }
         const PointerCoords* coords = event.getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(0, i);
-        buffers.pushSample(event.getHistoricalEventTime(i),
-                           {
-                                   .position.x = coords->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X),
-                                   .position.y = coords->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
-                                   .pressure = event.getHistoricalPressure(0, i),
-                                   .tilt = event.getHistoricalAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TILT, 0,
-                                                                        i),
-                                   .orientation = event.getHistoricalOrientation(0, i),
-                           });
+        mBuffers->pushSample(event.getHistoricalEventTime(i),
+                             {
+                                     .position.x = coords->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X),
+                                     .position.y = coords->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
+                                     .pressure = event.getHistoricalPressure(0, i),
+                                     .tilt = event.getHistoricalAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TILT,
+                                                                          0, i),
+                                     .orientation = event.getHistoricalOrientation(0, i),
+                             });
     }
 
-    mLastEvents.try_emplace(event.getDeviceId())
-            .first->second.copyFrom(&event, /*keepHistory=*/false);
+    if (!mLastEvent) {
+        mLastEvent = MotionEvent();
+    }
+    mLastEvent->copyFrom(&event, /*keepHistory=*/false);
+    return {};
 }
 
-std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> MotionPredictor::predict(nsecs_t timestamp) {
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> predictions;
-
-    for (const auto& [deviceId, buffer] : mDeviceBuffers) {
-        if (!buffer.isReady()) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mModel);
-        buffer.copyTo(*mModel);
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mModel->invoke());
-
-        // Read out the predictions.
-        const std::span<const float> predictedR = mModel->outputR();
-        const std::span<const float> predictedPhi = mModel->outputPhi();
-        const std::span<const float> predictedPressure = mModel->outputPressure();
-
-        TfLiteMotionPredictorSample::Point axisFrom = buffer.axisFrom().position;
-        TfLiteMotionPredictorSample::Point axisTo = buffer.axisTo().position;
-
-        if (isDebug()) {
-            ALOGD("deviceId: %d", deviceId);
-            ALOGD("axisFrom: %f, %f", axisFrom.x, axisFrom.y);
-            ALOGD("axisTo: %f, %f", axisTo.x, axisTo.y);
-            ALOGD("mInputR: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputR(), ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("mInputPhi: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputPhi(), ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("mInputPressure: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputPressure(), ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("mInputTilt: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputTilt(), ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("mInputOrientation: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputOrientation(), ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("predictedR: %s", base::Join(predictedR, ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("predictedPhi: %s", base::Join(predictedPhi, ", ").c_str());
-            ALOGD("predictedPressure: %s", base::Join(predictedPressure, ", ").c_str());
-        }
-
-        const MotionEvent& event = mLastEvents[deviceId];
-        bool hasPredictions = false;
-        std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> prediction = std::make_unique<MotionEvent>();
-        int64_t predictionTime = buffer.lastTimestamp();
-        const int64_t futureTime = timestamp + mPredictionTimestampOffsetNanos;
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < predictedR.size() && predictionTime <= futureTime; ++i) {
-            const TfLiteMotionPredictorSample::Point point =
-                    convertPrediction(axisFrom, axisTo, predictedR[i], predictedPhi[i]);
-            // TODO(b/266747654): Stop predictions if confidence is < some threshold.
-
-            ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "prediction %d: %f, %f", i, point.x, point.y);
-            PointerCoords coords;
-            coords.clear();
-            coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, point.x);
-            coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, point.y);
-            // TODO(b/266747654): Stop predictions if predicted pressure is < some threshold.
-            coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, predictedPressure[i]);
-
-            predictionTime += PREDICTION_INTERVAL_NANOS;
-            if (i == 0) {
-                hasPredictions = true;
-                prediction->initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), event.getDeviceId(), event.getSource(),
-                                       event.getDisplayId(), INVALID_HMAC,
-                                       AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, event.getActionButton(),
-                                       event.getFlags(), event.getEdgeFlags(), event.getMetaState(),
-                                       event.getButtonState(), event.getClassification(),
-                                       event.getTransform(), event.getXPrecision(),
-                                       event.getYPrecision(), event.getRawXCursorPosition(),
-                                       event.getRawYCursorPosition(), event.getRawTransform(),
-                                       event.getDownTime(), predictionTime, event.getPointerCount(),
-                                       event.getPointerProperties(), &coords);
-            } else {
-                prediction->addSample(predictionTime, &coords);
-            }
-
-            axisFrom = axisTo;
-            axisTo = point;
-        }
-        // TODO(b/266747511): Interpolate to futureTime?
-        if (hasPredictions) {
-            predictions.push_back(std::move(prediction));
-        }
+std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> MotionPredictor::predict(nsecs_t timestamp) {
+    if (mBuffers == nullptr || !mBuffers->isReady()) {
+        return nullptr;
     }
-    return predictions;
+
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mModel);
+    mBuffers->copyTo(*mModel);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mModel->invoke());
+
+    // Read out the predictions.
+    const std::span<const float> predictedR = mModel->outputR();
+    const std::span<const float> predictedPhi = mModel->outputPhi();
+    const std::span<const float> predictedPressure = mModel->outputPressure();
+
+    TfLiteMotionPredictorSample::Point axisFrom = mBuffers->axisFrom().position;
+    TfLiteMotionPredictorSample::Point axisTo = mBuffers->axisTo().position;
+
+    if (isDebug()) {
+        ALOGD("axisFrom: %f, %f", axisFrom.x, axisFrom.y);
+        ALOGD("axisTo: %f, %f", axisTo.x, axisTo.y);
+        ALOGD("mInputR: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputR(), ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("mInputPhi: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputPhi(), ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("mInputPressure: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputPressure(), ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("mInputTilt: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputTilt(), ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("mInputOrientation: %s", base::Join(mModel->inputOrientation(), ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("predictedR: %s", base::Join(predictedR, ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("predictedPhi: %s", base::Join(predictedPhi, ", ").c_str());
+        ALOGD("predictedPressure: %s", base::Join(predictedPressure, ", ").c_str());
+    }
+
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mLastEvent);
+    const MotionEvent& event = *mLastEvent;
+    bool hasPredictions = false;
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> prediction = std::make_unique<MotionEvent>();
+    int64_t predictionTime = mBuffers->lastTimestamp();
+    const int64_t futureTime = timestamp + mPredictionTimestampOffsetNanos;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < predictedR.size() && predictionTime <= futureTime; ++i) {
+        const TfLiteMotionPredictorSample::Point point =
+                convertPrediction(axisFrom, axisTo, predictedR[i], predictedPhi[i]);
+        // TODO(b/266747654): Stop predictions if confidence is < some threshold.
+
+        ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "prediction %d: %f, %f", i, point.x, point.y);
+        PointerCoords coords;
+        coords.clear();
+        coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, point.x);
+        coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, point.y);
+        // TODO(b/266747654): Stop predictions if predicted pressure is < some threshold.
+        coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, predictedPressure[i]);
+
+        predictionTime += PREDICTION_INTERVAL_NANOS;
+        if (i == 0) {
+            hasPredictions = true;
+            prediction->initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), event.getDeviceId(), event.getSource(),
+                                   event.getDisplayId(), INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE,
+                                   event.getActionButton(), event.getFlags(), event.getEdgeFlags(),
+                                   event.getMetaState(), event.getButtonState(),
+                                   event.getClassification(), event.getTransform(),
+                                   event.getXPrecision(), event.getYPrecision(),
+                                   event.getRawXCursorPosition(), event.getRawYCursorPosition(),
+                                   event.getRawTransform(), event.getDownTime(), predictionTime,
+                                   event.getPointerCount(), event.getPointerProperties(), &coords);
+        } else {
+            prediction->addSample(predictionTime, &coords);
+        }
+
+        axisFrom = axisTo;
+        axisTo = point;
+    }
+    // TODO(b/266747511): Interpolate to futureTime?
+    if (!hasPredictions) {
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    return prediction;
 }
 
 bool MotionPredictor::isPredictionAvailable(int32_t /*deviceId*/, int32_t source) {
diff --git a/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp b/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp
index ed9ac9f..548f894 100644
--- a/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/PropertyMap.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "PropertyMap"
 
+#include <cstdlib>
+
 #include <input/PropertyMap.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
@@ -44,62 +46,76 @@
     mProperties.emplace(key, value);
 }
 
+std::unordered_set<std::string> PropertyMap::getKeysWithPrefix(const std::string& prefix) const {
+    std::unordered_set<std::string> keys;
+    for (const auto& [key, _] : mProperties) {
+        if (key.starts_with(prefix)) {
+            keys.insert(key);
+        }
+    }
+    return keys;
+}
+
 bool PropertyMap::hasProperty(const std::string& key) const {
     return mProperties.find(key) != mProperties.end();
 }
 
-bool PropertyMap::tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, std::string& outValue) const {
+std::optional<std::string> PropertyMap::getString(const std::string& key) const {
     auto it = mProperties.find(key);
-    if (it == mProperties.end()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    outValue = it->second;
-    return true;
+    return it != mProperties.end() ? std::make_optional(it->second) : std::nullopt;
 }
 
-bool PropertyMap::tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, bool& outValue) const {
-    int32_t intValue;
-    if (!tryGetProperty(key, intValue)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    outValue = intValue;
-    return true;
+std::optional<bool> PropertyMap::getBool(const std::string& key) const {
+    std::optional<int32_t> intValue = getInt(key);
+    return intValue.has_value() ? std::make_optional(*intValue != 0) : std::nullopt;
 }
 
-bool PropertyMap::tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, int32_t& outValue) const {
-    std::string stringValue;
-    if (!tryGetProperty(key, stringValue) || stringValue.length() == 0) {
-        return false;
+std::optional<int32_t> PropertyMap::getInt(const std::string& key) const {
+    std::optional<std::string> stringValue = getString(key);
+    if (!stringValue.has_value() || stringValue->length() == 0) {
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 
     char* end;
-    int32_t value = static_cast<int32_t>(strtol(stringValue.c_str(), &end, 10));
+    int32_t value = static_cast<int32_t>(strtol(stringValue->c_str(), &end, 10));
     if (*end != '\0') {
         ALOGW("Property key '%s' has invalid value '%s'.  Expected an integer.", key.c_str(),
-              stringValue.c_str());
-        return false;
+              stringValue->c_str());
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
-    outValue = value;
-    return true;
+    return value;
 }
 
-bool PropertyMap::tryGetProperty(const std::string& key, float& outValue) const {
-    std::string stringValue;
-    if (!tryGetProperty(key, stringValue) || stringValue.length() == 0) {
-        return false;
+std::optional<float> PropertyMap::getFloat(const std::string& key) const {
+    std::optional<std::string> stringValue = getString(key);
+    if (!stringValue.has_value() || stringValue->length() == 0) {
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
 
     char* end;
-    float value = strtof(stringValue.c_str(), &end);
+    float value = strtof(stringValue->c_str(), &end);
     if (*end != '\0') {
         ALOGW("Property key '%s' has invalid value '%s'.  Expected a float.", key.c_str(),
-              stringValue.c_str());
-        return false;
+              stringValue->c_str());
+        return std::nullopt;
     }
-    outValue = value;
-    return true;
+    return value;
+}
+
+std::optional<double> PropertyMap::getDouble(const std::string& key) const {
+    std::optional<std::string> stringValue = getString(key);
+    if (!stringValue.has_value() || stringValue->length() == 0) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+
+    char* end;
+    double value = strtod(stringValue->c_str(), &end);
+    if (*end != '\0') {
+        ALOGW("Property key '%s' has invalid value '%s'.  Expected a double.", key.c_str(),
+              stringValue->c_str());
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    return value;
 }
 
 void PropertyMap::addAll(const PropertyMap* map) {
diff --git a/libs/input/PropertyMap_fuzz.cpp b/libs/input/PropertyMap_fuzz.cpp
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index d985dc1..6299ca8
--- a/libs/input/PropertyMap_fuzz.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/PropertyMap_fuzz.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider* dataProvider, android::PropertyMap& propertyMap) -> void {
                     std::string key = dataProvider->ConsumeRandomLengthString(MAX_STR_LEN);
-                    std::string out;
-                    propertyMap.tryGetProperty(key, out);
+                    propertyMap.getString(key);
                 },
                 [](FuzzedDataProvider* dataProvider, android::PropertyMap& /*unused*/) -> void {
                     TemporaryFile tf;
diff --git a/libs/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.cpp b/libs/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.cpp
index 10510d6..3b061d1 100644
--- a/libs/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/mapped_file.h>
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_INPUT
@@ -60,6 +61,27 @@
 constexpr char OUTPUT_PHI[] = "phi";
 constexpr char OUTPUT_PRESSURE[] = "pressure";
 
+// Ideally, we would just use std::filesystem::exists here, but it requires libc++fs, which causes
+// build issues in other parts of the system.
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+bool fileExists(const char* filename) {
+    struct stat buffer;
+    return stat(filename, &buffer) == 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+std::string getModelPath() {
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+    static const char* oemModel = "/vendor/etc/motion_predictor_model.fb";
+    if (fileExists(oemModel)) {
+        return oemModel;
+    }
+    return "/system/etc/motion_predictor_model.fb";
+#else
+    return base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/motion_predictor_model.fb";
+#endif
+}
+
 // A TFLite ErrorReporter that logs to logcat.
 class LoggingErrorReporter : public tflite::ErrorReporter {
 public:
@@ -206,9 +228,9 @@
     mInputOrientation.pushBack(orientation);
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create(
-        const char* modelPath) {
-    const int fd = open(modelPath, O_RDONLY);
+std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create() {
+    const std::string modelPath = getModelPath();
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(open(modelPath.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
     if (fd == -1) {
         PLOG(FATAL) << "Could not read model from " << modelPath;
     }
@@ -223,9 +245,6 @@
     if (!modelBuffer) {
         PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to mmap model";
     }
-    if (close(fd) == -1) {
-        PLOG(FATAL) << "Failed to close model fd";
-    }
 
     return std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel>(
             new TfLiteMotionPredictorModel(std::move(modelBuffer)));
diff --git a/libs/input/TouchVideoFrame.cpp b/libs/input/TouchVideoFrame.cpp
index c9393f4..6d7d561 100644
--- a/libs/input/TouchVideoFrame.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/TouchVideoFrame.cpp
@@ -43,13 +43,13 @@
 void TouchVideoFrame::rotate(ui::Rotation orientation) {
     switch (orientation) {
         case ui::ROTATION_90:
-            rotateQuarterTurn(false /*clockwise*/);
+            rotateQuarterTurn(/*clockwise=*/false);
             break;
         case ui::ROTATION_180:
             rotate180();
             break;
         case ui::ROTATION_270:
-            rotateQuarterTurn(true /*clockwise*/);
+            rotateQuarterTurn(/*clockwise=*/true);
             break;
         case ui::ROTATION_0:
             // No need to rotate if there's no rotation.
diff --git a/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp b/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp
index 3632914..8551e5f 100644
--- a/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/VelocityTracker.cpp
@@ -157,10 +157,10 @@
 
     std::unique_ptr<VelocityTrackerStrategy> createdStrategy;
     if (mOverrideStrategy != VelocityTracker::Strategy::DEFAULT) {
-        createdStrategy = createStrategy(mOverrideStrategy, isDifferentialAxis /* deltaValues */);
+        createdStrategy = createStrategy(mOverrideStrategy, /*deltaValues=*/isDifferentialAxis);
     } else {
         createdStrategy = createStrategy(DEFAULT_STRATEGY_BY_AXIS.at(axis),
-                                         isDifferentialAxis /* deltaValues */);
+                                         /*deltaValues=*/isDifferentialAxis);
     }
 
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(createdStrategy == nullptr,
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
     }
 
     ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_STRATEGY, "  - a=%s",
-             matrixToString(&a[0][0], m, n, false /*rowMajor*/).c_str());
+             matrixToString(&a[0][0], m, n, /*rowMajor=*/false).c_str());
 
     // Apply the Gram-Schmidt process to A to obtain its QR decomposition.
     float q[n][m]; // orthonormal basis, column-major order
@@ -527,8 +527,8 @@
         }
     }
     if (DEBUG_STRATEGY) {
-        ALOGD("  - q=%s", matrixToString(&q[0][0], m, n, false /*rowMajor*/).c_str());
-        ALOGD("  - r=%s", matrixToString(&r[0][0], n, n, true /*rowMajor*/).c_str());
+        ALOGD("  - q=%s", matrixToString(&q[0][0], m, n, /*rowMajor=*/false).c_str());
+        ALOGD("  - r=%s", matrixToString(&r[0][0], n, n, /*rowMajor=*/true).c_str());
 
         // calculate QR, if we factored A correctly then QR should equal A
         float qr[n][m];
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@
                 }
             }
         }
-        ALOGD("  - qr=%s", matrixToString(&qr[0][0], m, n, false /*rowMajor*/).c_str());
+        ALOGD("  - qr=%s", matrixToString(&qr[0][0], m, n, /*rowMajor=*/false).c_str());
     }
 
     // Solve R B = Qt W Y to find B.  This is easy because R is upper triangular.
diff --git a/libs/input/VirtualInputDevice.cpp b/libs/input/VirtualInputDevice.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c1f2b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/input/VirtualInputDevice.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "VirtualInputDevice"
+
+#include <android/input.h>
+#include <android/keycodes.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <input/Input.h>
+#include <input/VirtualInputDevice.h>
+#include <linux/uinput.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+
+#include <map>
+#include <string>
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+/**
+ * Log debug messages about native virtual input devices.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.VirtualInputDevice DEBUG"
+ */
+static bool isDebug() {
+    return __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG, ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+}
+
+namespace android {
+VirtualInputDevice::VirtualInputDevice(unique_fd fd) : mFd(std::move(fd)) {}
+VirtualInputDevice::~VirtualInputDevice() {
+    ioctl(mFd, UI_DEV_DESTROY);
+}
+
+bool VirtualInputDevice::writeInputEvent(uint16_t type, uint16_t code, int32_t value) {
+    struct input_event ev = {.type = type, .code = code, .value = value};
+    return TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(mFd, &ev, sizeof(struct input_event))) == sizeof(ev);
+}
+
+/** Utility method to write keyboard key events or mouse button events. */
+bool VirtualInputDevice::writeEvKeyEvent(int32_t androidCode, int32_t androidAction,
+                                         const std::map<int, int>& evKeyCodeMapping,
+                                         const std::map<int, UinputAction>& actionMapping) {
+    auto evKeyCodeIterator = evKeyCodeMapping.find(androidCode);
+    if (evKeyCodeIterator == evKeyCodeMapping.end()) {
+        ALOGE("Unsupported native EV keycode for android code %d", androidCode);
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto actionIterator = actionMapping.find(androidAction);
+    if (actionIterator == actionMapping.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_KEY, static_cast<uint16_t>(evKeyCodeIterator->second),
+                         static_cast<int32_t>(actionIterator->second))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// --- VirtualKeyboard ---
+const std::map<int, UinputAction> VirtualKeyboard::KEY_ACTION_MAPPING = {
+        {AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, UinputAction::PRESS},
+        {AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP, UinputAction::RELEASE},
+};
+// Keycode mapping from https://source.android.com/devices/input/keyboard-devices
+const std::map<int, int> VirtualKeyboard::KEY_CODE_MAPPING = {
+        {AKEYCODE_0, KEY_0},
+        {AKEYCODE_1, KEY_1},
+        {AKEYCODE_2, KEY_2},
+        {AKEYCODE_3, KEY_3},
+        {AKEYCODE_4, KEY_4},
+        {AKEYCODE_5, KEY_5},
+        {AKEYCODE_6, KEY_6},
+        {AKEYCODE_7, KEY_7},
+        {AKEYCODE_8, KEY_8},
+        {AKEYCODE_9, KEY_9},
+        {AKEYCODE_A, KEY_A},
+        {AKEYCODE_B, KEY_B},
+        {AKEYCODE_C, KEY_C},
+        {AKEYCODE_D, KEY_D},
+        {AKEYCODE_E, KEY_E},
+        {AKEYCODE_F, KEY_F},
+        {AKEYCODE_G, KEY_G},
+        {AKEYCODE_H, KEY_H},
+        {AKEYCODE_I, KEY_I},
+        {AKEYCODE_J, KEY_J},
+        {AKEYCODE_K, KEY_K},
+        {AKEYCODE_L, KEY_L},
+        {AKEYCODE_M, KEY_M},
+        {AKEYCODE_N, KEY_N},
+        {AKEYCODE_O, KEY_O},
+        {AKEYCODE_P, KEY_P},
+        {AKEYCODE_Q, KEY_Q},
+        {AKEYCODE_R, KEY_R},
+        {AKEYCODE_S, KEY_S},
+        {AKEYCODE_T, KEY_T},
+        {AKEYCODE_U, KEY_U},
+        {AKEYCODE_V, KEY_V},
+        {AKEYCODE_W, KEY_W},
+        {AKEYCODE_X, KEY_X},
+        {AKEYCODE_Y, KEY_Y},
+        {AKEYCODE_Z, KEY_Z},
+        {AKEYCODE_GRAVE, KEY_GRAVE},
+        {AKEYCODE_MINUS, KEY_MINUS},
+        {AKEYCODE_EQUALS, KEY_EQUAL},
+        {AKEYCODE_LEFT_BRACKET, KEY_LEFTBRACE},
+        {AKEYCODE_RIGHT_BRACKET, KEY_RIGHTBRACE},
+        {AKEYCODE_BACKSLASH, KEY_BACKSLASH},
+        {AKEYCODE_SEMICOLON, KEY_SEMICOLON},
+        {AKEYCODE_APOSTROPHE, KEY_APOSTROPHE},
+        {AKEYCODE_COMMA, KEY_COMMA},
+        {AKEYCODE_PERIOD, KEY_DOT},
+        {AKEYCODE_SLASH, KEY_SLASH},
+        {AKEYCODE_ALT_LEFT, KEY_LEFTALT},
+        {AKEYCODE_ALT_RIGHT, KEY_RIGHTALT},
+        {AKEYCODE_CTRL_LEFT, KEY_LEFTCTRL},
+        {AKEYCODE_CTRL_RIGHT, KEY_RIGHTCTRL},
+        {AKEYCODE_SHIFT_LEFT, KEY_LEFTSHIFT},
+        {AKEYCODE_SHIFT_RIGHT, KEY_RIGHTSHIFT},
+        {AKEYCODE_META_LEFT, KEY_LEFTMETA},
+        {AKEYCODE_META_RIGHT, KEY_RIGHTMETA},
+        {AKEYCODE_CAPS_LOCK, KEY_CAPSLOCK},
+        {AKEYCODE_SCROLL_LOCK, KEY_SCROLLLOCK},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUM_LOCK, KEY_NUMLOCK},
+        {AKEYCODE_ENTER, KEY_ENTER},
+        {AKEYCODE_TAB, KEY_TAB},
+        {AKEYCODE_SPACE, KEY_SPACE},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN, KEY_DOWN},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP, KEY_UP},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, KEY_LEFT},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT, KEY_RIGHT},
+        {AKEYCODE_MOVE_END, KEY_END},
+        {AKEYCODE_MOVE_HOME, KEY_HOME},
+        {AKEYCODE_PAGE_DOWN, KEY_PAGEDOWN},
+        {AKEYCODE_PAGE_UP, KEY_PAGEUP},
+        {AKEYCODE_DEL, KEY_BACKSPACE},
+        {AKEYCODE_FORWARD_DEL, KEY_DELETE},
+        {AKEYCODE_INSERT, KEY_INSERT},
+        {AKEYCODE_ESCAPE, KEY_ESC},
+        {AKEYCODE_BREAK, KEY_PAUSE},
+        {AKEYCODE_F1, KEY_F1},
+        {AKEYCODE_F2, KEY_F2},
+        {AKEYCODE_F3, KEY_F3},
+        {AKEYCODE_F4, KEY_F4},
+        {AKEYCODE_F5, KEY_F5},
+        {AKEYCODE_F6, KEY_F6},
+        {AKEYCODE_F7, KEY_F7},
+        {AKEYCODE_F8, KEY_F8},
+        {AKEYCODE_F9, KEY_F9},
+        {AKEYCODE_F10, KEY_F10},
+        {AKEYCODE_F11, KEY_F11},
+        {AKEYCODE_F12, KEY_F12},
+        {AKEYCODE_BACK, KEY_BACK},
+        {AKEYCODE_FORWARD, KEY_FORWARD},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_1, KEY_KP1},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_2, KEY_KP2},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_3, KEY_KP3},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_4, KEY_KP4},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_5, KEY_KP5},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_6, KEY_KP6},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_7, KEY_KP7},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_8, KEY_KP8},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_9, KEY_KP9},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_0, KEY_KP0},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_ADD, KEY_KPPLUS},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_SUBTRACT, KEY_KPMINUS},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_MULTIPLY, KEY_KPASTERISK},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_DIVIDE, KEY_KPSLASH},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_DOT, KEY_KPDOT},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_ENTER, KEY_KPENTER},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_EQUALS, KEY_KPEQUAL},
+        {AKEYCODE_NUMPAD_COMMA, KEY_KPCOMMA},
+};
+VirtualKeyboard::VirtualKeyboard(unique_fd fd) : VirtualInputDevice(std::move(fd)) {}
+VirtualKeyboard::~VirtualKeyboard() {}
+
+bool VirtualKeyboard::writeKeyEvent(int32_t androidKeyCode, int32_t androidAction) {
+    return writeEvKeyEvent(androidKeyCode, androidAction, KEY_CODE_MAPPING, KEY_ACTION_MAPPING);
+}
+
+// --- VirtualDpad ---
+// Dpad keycode mapping from https://source.android.com/devices/input/keyboard-devices
+const std::map<int, int> VirtualDpad::DPAD_KEY_CODE_MAPPING = {
+        // clang-format off
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_DOWN, KEY_DOWN},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_UP, KEY_UP},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT, KEY_LEFT},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_RIGHT, KEY_RIGHT},
+        {AKEYCODE_DPAD_CENTER, KEY_SELECT},
+        {AKEYCODE_BACK, KEY_BACK},
+        // clang-format on
+};
+
+VirtualDpad::VirtualDpad(unique_fd fd) : VirtualInputDevice(std::move(fd)) {}
+
+VirtualDpad::~VirtualDpad() {}
+
+bool VirtualDpad::writeDpadKeyEvent(int32_t androidKeyCode, int32_t androidAction) {
+    return writeEvKeyEvent(androidKeyCode, androidAction, DPAD_KEY_CODE_MAPPING,
+                           VirtualKeyboard::KEY_ACTION_MAPPING);
+}
+
+// --- VirtualMouse ---
+const std::map<int, UinputAction> VirtualMouse::BUTTON_ACTION_MAPPING = {
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS, UinputAction::PRESS},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_RELEASE, UinputAction::RELEASE},
+};
+
+// Button code mapping from https://source.android.com/devices/input/touch-devices
+const std::map<int, int> VirtualMouse::BUTTON_CODE_MAPPING = {
+        // clang-format off
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY, BTN_LEFT},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_SECONDARY, BTN_RIGHT},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_TERTIARY, BTN_MIDDLE},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_BACK, BTN_BACK},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_FORWARD, BTN_FORWARD},
+        // clang-format on
+};
+
+VirtualMouse::VirtualMouse(unique_fd fd) : VirtualInputDevice(std::move(fd)) {}
+
+VirtualMouse::~VirtualMouse() {}
+
+bool VirtualMouse::writeButtonEvent(int32_t androidButtonCode, int32_t androidAction) {
+    return writeEvKeyEvent(androidButtonCode, androidAction, BUTTON_CODE_MAPPING,
+                           BUTTON_ACTION_MAPPING);
+}
+
+bool VirtualMouse::writeRelativeEvent(float relativeX, float relativeY) {
+    return writeInputEvent(EV_REL, REL_X, relativeX) && writeInputEvent(EV_REL, REL_Y, relativeY) &&
+            writeInputEvent(EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+}
+
+bool VirtualMouse::writeScrollEvent(float xAxisMovement, float yAxisMovement) {
+    return writeInputEvent(EV_REL, REL_HWHEEL, xAxisMovement) &&
+            writeInputEvent(EV_REL, REL_WHEEL, yAxisMovement) &&
+            writeInputEvent(EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+}
+
+// --- VirtualTouchscreen ---
+const std::map<int, UinputAction> VirtualTouchscreen::TOUCH_ACTION_MAPPING = {
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, UinputAction::PRESS},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, UinputAction::RELEASE},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, UinputAction::MOVE},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL, UinputAction::CANCEL},
+};
+// Tool type mapping from https://source.android.com/devices/input/touch-devices
+const std::map<int, int> VirtualTouchscreen::TOOL_TYPE_MAPPING = {
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER, MT_TOOL_FINGER},
+        {AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_PALM, MT_TOOL_PALM},
+};
+
+VirtualTouchscreen::VirtualTouchscreen(unique_fd fd) : VirtualInputDevice(std::move(fd)) {}
+
+VirtualTouchscreen::~VirtualTouchscreen() {}
+
+bool VirtualTouchscreen::isValidPointerId(int32_t pointerId, UinputAction uinputAction) {
+    if (pointerId < -1 || pointerId >= (int)MAX_POINTERS) {
+        ALOGE("Virtual touch event has invalid pointer id %d; value must be between -1 and %zu",
+              pointerId, MAX_POINTERS - 0);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (uinputAction == UinputAction::PRESS && mActivePointers.test(pointerId)) {
+        ALOGE("Repetitive action DOWN event received on a pointer %d that is already down.",
+              pointerId);
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (uinputAction == UinputAction::RELEASE && !mActivePointers.test(pointerId)) {
+        ALOGE("PointerId %d action UP received with no prior action DOWN on touchscreen %d.",
+              pointerId, mFd.get());
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool VirtualTouchscreen::writeTouchEvent(int32_t pointerId, int32_t toolType, int32_t action,
+                                         float locationX, float locationY, float pressure,
+                                         float majorAxisSize) {
+    auto actionIterator = TOUCH_ACTION_MAPPING.find(action);
+    if (actionIterator == TOUCH_ACTION_MAPPING.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    UinputAction uinputAction = actionIterator->second;
+    if (!isValidPointerId(pointerId, uinputAction)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_SLOT, pointerId)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto toolTypeIterator = TOOL_TYPE_MAPPING.find(toolType);
+    if (toolTypeIterator == TOOL_TYPE_MAPPING.end()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE,
+                         static_cast<int32_t>(toolTypeIterator->second))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (uinputAction == UinputAction::PRESS && !handleTouchDown(pointerId)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (uinputAction == UinputAction::RELEASE && !handleTouchUp(pointerId)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, locationX)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, locationY)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (!isnan(pressure)) {
+        if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_PRESSURE, pressure)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!isnan(majorAxisSize)) {
+        if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TOUCH_MAJOR, majorAxisSize)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return writeInputEvent(EV_SYN, SYN_REPORT, 0);
+}
+
+bool VirtualTouchscreen::handleTouchUp(int32_t pointerId) {
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID, static_cast<int32_t>(-1))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    // When a pointer is no longer in touch, remove the pointer id from the corresponding
+    // entry in the unreleased touches map.
+    mActivePointers.reset(pointerId);
+    ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "Pointer %d erased from the touchscreen %d", pointerId, mFd.get());
+
+    // Only sends the BTN UP event when there's no pointers on the touchscreen.
+    if (mActivePointers.none()) {
+        if (!writeInputEvent(EV_KEY, BTN_TOUCH, static_cast<int32_t>(UinputAction::RELEASE))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "No pointers on touchscreen %d, BTN UP event sent.", mFd.get());
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool VirtualTouchscreen::handleTouchDown(int32_t pointerId) {
+    // When a new pointer is down on the touchscreen, add the pointer id in the corresponding
+    // entry in the unreleased touches map.
+    if (mActivePointers.none()) {
+        // Only sends the BTN Down event when the first pointer on the touchscreen is down.
+        if (!writeInputEvent(EV_KEY, BTN_TOUCH, static_cast<int32_t>(UinputAction::PRESS))) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "First pointer %d down under touchscreen %d, BTN DOWN event sent",
+                 pointerId, mFd.get());
+    }
+
+    mActivePointers.set(pointerId);
+    ALOGD_IF(isDebug(), "Added pointer %d under touchscreen %d in the map", pointerId, mFd.get());
+    if (!writeInputEvent(EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID, static_cast<int32_t>(pointerId))) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/Android.bp b/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
index 37faf91..42bdf57 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/Android.bp
@@ -43,6 +43,13 @@
         "-Werror",
         "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     ],
+    sanitize: {
+        undefined: true,
+        all_undefined: true,
+        diag: {
+            undefined: true,
+        },
+    },
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libbinder",
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
index 8a6e983..2132dc1 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputEvent_test.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 // Default display id.
 static constexpr int32_t DISPLAY_ID = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT;
 
+static constexpr float EPSILON = MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION;
+
 class BaseTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     static constexpr std::array<uint8_t, 32> HMAC = {0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,
@@ -235,102 +237,110 @@
     static constexpr float RAW_X_OFFSET = 12;
     static constexpr float RAW_Y_OFFSET = -41.1;
 
+    void SetUp() override;
+
     int32_t mId;
     ui::Transform mTransform;
     ui::Transform mRawTransform;
+    PointerProperties mPointerProperties[2];
+    struct Sample {
+        PointerCoords pointerCoords[2];
+    };
+    std::array<Sample, 3> mSamples{};
 
     void initializeEventWithHistory(MotionEvent* event);
     void assertEqualsEventWithHistory(const MotionEvent* event);
 };
 
-void MotionEventTest::initializeEventWithHistory(MotionEvent* event) {
+void MotionEventTest::SetUp() {
     mId = InputEvent::nextId();
     mTransform.set({X_SCALE, 0, X_OFFSET, 0, Y_SCALE, Y_OFFSET, 0, 0, 1});
     mRawTransform.set({RAW_X_SCALE, 0, RAW_X_OFFSET, 0, RAW_Y_SCALE, RAW_Y_OFFSET, 0, 0, 1});
 
-    PointerProperties pointerProperties[2];
-    pointerProperties[0].clear();
-    pointerProperties[0].id = 1;
-    pointerProperties[0].toolType = AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER;
-    pointerProperties[1].clear();
-    pointerProperties[1].id = 2;
-    pointerProperties[1].toolType = AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS;
+    mPointerProperties[0].clear();
+    mPointerProperties[0].id = 1;
+    mPointerProperties[0].toolType = AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER;
+    mPointerProperties[1].clear();
+    mPointerProperties[1].id = 2;
+    mPointerProperties[1].toolType = AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS;
 
-    PointerCoords pointerCoords[2];
-    pointerCoords[0].clear();
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 10);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 11);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 12);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 13);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 14);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 15);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 16);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 17);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 18);
-    pointerCoords[0].isResampled = true;
-    pointerCoords[1].clear();
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 20);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 21);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 22);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 23);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 24);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 25);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 26);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 27);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 28);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].clear();
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 10);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 11);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 12);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 13);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 14);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 15);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 16);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 17);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 18);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[0].isResampled = true;
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].clear();
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 20);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 21);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 22);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 23);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 24);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 25);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 26);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 27);
+    mSamples[0].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 28);
+
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].clear();
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 110);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 111);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 112);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 113);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 114);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 115);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 116);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 117);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 118);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[0].isResampled = true;
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].clear();
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 120);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 121);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 122);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 123);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 124);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 125);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 126);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 127);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 128);
+    mSamples[1].pointerCoords[1].isResampled = true;
+
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].clear();
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 210);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 211);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 212);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 213);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 214);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 215);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 216);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 217);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 218);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].clear();
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 220);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 221);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 222);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 223);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 224);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 225);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 226);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 227);
+    mSamples[2].pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 228);
+}
+
+void MotionEventTest::initializeEventWithHistory(MotionEvent* event) {
     event->initialize(mId, 2, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID, HMAC,
                       AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED,
                       AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP, AMETA_ALT_ON, AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY,
                       MotionClassification::NONE, mTransform, 2.0f, 2.1f,
                       AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
                       mRawTransform, ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME, ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME, 2,
-                      pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
-
-    pointerCoords[0].clear();
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 110);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 111);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 112);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 113);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 114);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 115);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 116);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 117);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 118);
-    pointerCoords[0].isResampled = true;
-    pointerCoords[1].clear();
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 120);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 121);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 122);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 123);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 124);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 125);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 126);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 127);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 128);
-    pointerCoords[1].isResampled = true;
-    event->addSample(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 1, pointerCoords);
-
-    pointerCoords[0].clear();
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 210);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 211);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 212);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 213);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 214);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 215);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 216);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 217);
-    pointerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 218);
-    pointerCoords[1].clear();
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 220);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 221);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 222);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE, 223);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR, 224);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MINOR, 225);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MAJOR, 226);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOOL_MINOR, 227);
-    pointerCoords[1].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION, 228);
-    event->addSample(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 2, pointerCoords);
+                      mPointerProperties, mSamples[0].pointerCoords);
+    event->addSample(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 1, mSamples[1].pointerCoords);
+    event->addSample(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 2, mSamples[2].pointerCoords);
 }
 
 void MotionEventTest::assertEqualsEventWithHistory(const MotionEvent* event) {
@@ -367,51 +377,65 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 1, event->getHistoricalEventTime(1));
     ASSERT_EQ(ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME + 2, event->getEventTime());
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(11, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(0, 0)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y));
-    ASSERT_EQ(21, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(1, 0)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y));
-    ASSERT_EQ(111, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(0, 1)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y));
-    ASSERT_EQ(121, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(1, 1)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y));
-    ASSERT_EQ(211, event->getRawPointerCoords(0)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y));
-    ASSERT_EQ(221, event->getRawPointerCoords(1)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y));
+    // Ensure the underlying PointerCoords are identical.
+    for (int sampleIdx = 0; sampleIdx < 3; sampleIdx++) {
+        for (int pointerIdx = 0; pointerIdx < 2; pointerIdx++) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(mSamples[sampleIdx].pointerCoords[pointerIdx],
+                      event->getSamplePointerCoords()[sampleIdx * 2 + pointerIdx]);
+        }
+    }
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 11 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
-              event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 21 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
-              event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 1, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 111 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
-              event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 121 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
-              event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 1, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 211 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 221 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 1));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(11, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(0, 0)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
+                EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(21, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(1, 0)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
+                EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(111, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(0, 1)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
+                EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(121, event->getHistoricalRawPointerCoords(1, 1)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
+                EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(211, event->getRawPointerCoords(0)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(221, event->getRawPointerCoords(1)->getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y), EPSILON);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_X_OFFSET + 10 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(0, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_X_OFFSET + 20 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(1, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_X_OFFSET + 110 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(0, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_X_OFFSET + 120 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(1, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_X_OFFSET + 210 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getRawX(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_X_OFFSET + 220 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getRawX(1));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 11 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
+                event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 21 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
+                event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 1, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 111 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
+                event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 121 * RAW_Y_SCALE,
+                event->getHistoricalRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 1, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 211 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0),
+                EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 221 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 1),
+                EPSILON);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 11 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(0, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 21 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(1, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 111 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(0, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 121 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(1, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 211 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawY(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 221 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawY(1));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_X_OFFSET + 10 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(0, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_X_OFFSET + 20 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(1, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_X_OFFSET + 110 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(0, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_X_OFFSET + 120 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawX(1, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_X_OFFSET + 210 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getRawX(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_X_OFFSET + 220 * RAW_X_SCALE, event->getRawX(1), EPSILON);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET + 10 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(0, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET + 20 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(1, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET + 110 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(0, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET + 120 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(1, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET + 210 * X_SCALE, event->getX(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET + 220 * X_SCALE, event->getX(1));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 11 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(0, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 21 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(1, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 111 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(0, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 121 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalRawY(1, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 211 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawY(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(RAW_Y_OFFSET + 221 * RAW_Y_SCALE, event->getRawY(1), EPSILON);
 
-    ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET + 11 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(0, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET + 21 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(1, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET + 111 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(0, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET + 121 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(1, 1));
-    ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET + 211 * Y_SCALE, event->getY(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET + 221 * Y_SCALE, event->getY(1));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(X_OFFSET + 10 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(0, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(X_OFFSET + 20 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(1, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(X_OFFSET + 110 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(0, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(X_OFFSET + 120 * X_SCALE, event->getHistoricalX(1, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(X_OFFSET + 210 * X_SCALE, event->getX(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(X_OFFSET + 220 * X_SCALE, event->getX(1), EPSILON);
+
+    ASSERT_NEAR(Y_OFFSET + 11 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(0, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(Y_OFFSET + 21 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(1, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(Y_OFFSET + 111 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(0, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(Y_OFFSET + 121 * Y_SCALE, event->getHistoricalY(1, 1), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(Y_OFFSET + 211 * Y_SCALE, event->getY(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(Y_OFFSET + 221 * Y_SCALE, event->getY(1), EPSILON);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(12, event->getHistoricalPressure(0, 0));
     ASSERT_EQ(22, event->getHistoricalPressure(1, 0));
@@ -507,7 +531,7 @@
     initializeEventWithHistory(&event);
 
     MotionEvent copy;
-    copy.copyFrom(&event, true /*keepHistory*/);
+    copy.copyFrom(&event, /*keepHistory=*/true);
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(assertEqualsEventWithHistory(&event));
 }
@@ -517,7 +541,7 @@
     initializeEventWithHistory(&event);
 
     MotionEvent copy;
-    copy.copyFrom(&event, false /*keepHistory*/);
+    copy.copyFrom(&event, /*keepHistory=*/false);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(event.getPointerCount(), copy.getPointerCount());
     ASSERT_EQ(0U, copy.getHistorySize());
@@ -550,10 +574,10 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(X_OFFSET * 2, event.getXOffset());
     ASSERT_EQ(Y_OFFSET * 2, event.getYOffset());
 
-    ASSERT_EQ((RAW_X_OFFSET + 210 * RAW_X_SCALE) * 2, event.getRawX(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ((RAW_Y_OFFSET + 211 * RAW_Y_SCALE) * 2, event.getRawY(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ((X_OFFSET + 210 * X_SCALE) * 2, event.getX(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ((Y_OFFSET + 211 * Y_SCALE) * 2, event.getY(0));
+    ASSERT_NEAR((RAW_X_OFFSET + 210 * RAW_X_SCALE) * 2, event.getRawX(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR((RAW_Y_OFFSET + 211 * RAW_Y_SCALE) * 2, event.getRawY(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR((X_OFFSET + 210 * X_SCALE) * 2, event.getX(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR((Y_OFFSET + 211 * Y_SCALE) * 2, event.getY(0), EPSILON);
     ASSERT_EQ(212, event.getPressure(0));
     ASSERT_EQ(213, event.getSize(0));
     ASSERT_EQ(214 * 2, event.getTouchMajor(0));
@@ -618,12 +642,12 @@
     }
     MotionEvent event;
     ui::Transform identityTransform;
-    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 0 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
-                     INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0 /*actionButton*/, 0 /*flags*/,
-                     AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, 0 /*buttonState*/,
-                     MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform, 0 /*xPrecision*/,
-                     0 /*yPrecision*/, 3 + RADIUS /*xCursorPosition*/, 2 /*yCursorPosition*/,
-                     identityTransform, 0 /*downTime*/, 0 /*eventTime*/, pointerCount,
+    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/0, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID,
+                     INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, /*actionButton=*/0, /*flags=*/0,
+                     AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0,
+                     MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform, /*xPrecision=*/0,
+                     /*yPrecision=*/0, /*xCursorPosition=*/3 + RADIUS, /*yCursorPosition=*/2,
+                     identityTransform, /*downTime=*/0, /*eventTime=*/0, pointerCount,
                      pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     float originalRawX = 0 + 3;
     float originalRawY = -RADIUS + 2;
@@ -791,18 +815,18 @@
 
     // The x and y axes should have the window transform applied.
     const auto newPoint = transform.transform(60, 100);
-    ASSERT_EQ(newPoint.x, event.getX(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(newPoint.y, event.getY(0));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(newPoint.x, event.getX(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(newPoint.y, event.getY(0), EPSILON);
 
     // The raw values should have the display transform applied.
     const auto raw = rawTransform.transform(60, 100);
-    ASSERT_EQ(raw.x, event.getRawX(0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(raw.y, event.getRawY(0));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(raw.x, event.getRawX(0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(raw.y, event.getRawY(0), EPSILON);
 
     // Relative values should have the window transform applied without any translation.
     const auto rel = transformWithoutTranslation(transform, 42, 96);
-    ASSERT_EQ(rel.x, event.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, 0));
-    ASSERT_EQ(rel.y, event.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, 0));
+    ASSERT_NEAR(rel.x, event.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_X, 0), EPSILON);
+    ASSERT_NEAR(rel.y, event.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_RELATIVE_Y, 0), EPSILON);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MotionEventTest, Initialize_SetsClassification) {
@@ -824,12 +848,12 @@
 
     ui::Transform identityTransform;
     for (MotionClassification classification : classifications) {
-        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 0 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/0, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
                          DISPLAY_ID, INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0,
                          AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, 0, classification,
                          identityTransform, 0, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
-                         AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform, 0 /*downTime*/,
-                         0 /*eventTime*/, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
+                         AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform, /*downTime=*/0,
+                         /*eventTime=*/0, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
         ASSERT_EQ(classification, event.getClassification());
     }
 }
@@ -846,11 +870,11 @@
     }
 
     ui::Transform identityTransform;
-    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 0 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID,
+    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/0, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, DISPLAY_ID,
                      INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE,
                      AMETA_NONE, 0, MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform, 0, 0,
-                     280 /*xCursorPosition*/, 540 /*yCursorPosition*/, identityTransform,
-                     0 /*downTime*/, 0 /*eventTime*/, pointerCount, pointerProperties,
+                     /*xCursorPosition=*/280, /*yCursorPosition=*/540, identityTransform,
+                     /*downTime=*/0, /*eventTime=*/0, pointerCount, pointerProperties,
                      pointerCoords);
     event.offsetLocation(20, 60);
     ASSERT_EQ(280, event.getRawXCursorPosition());
@@ -869,4 +893,42 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(4, event.getYCursorPosition());
 }
 
+TEST_F(MotionEventTest, CoordinatesAreRoundedAppropriately) {
+    // These are specifically integral values, since we are testing for rounding.
+    const vec2 EXPECTED{400.f, 700.f};
+
+    // Pick a transform such that transforming the point with its inverse and bringing that
+    // back to the original coordinate space results in a non-zero error amount due to the
+    // nature of floating point arithmetics. This can happen when the display is scaled.
+    // For example, the 'adb shell wm size' command can be used to set an override for the
+    // logical display size, which could result in the display being scaled.
+    constexpr float scale = 720.f / 1080.f;
+    ui::Transform transform;
+    transform.set(scale, 0, 0, scale);
+    ASSERT_NE(EXPECTED, transform.transform(transform.inverse().transform(EXPECTED)));
+
+    // Store the inverse-transformed values in the motion event.
+    const vec2 rawCoords = transform.inverse().transform(EXPECTED);
+    PointerCoords pc{};
+    pc.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, rawCoords.x);
+    pc.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, rawCoords.y);
+    PointerProperties pp{};
+    MotionEvent event;
+    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 2, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, DISPLAY_ID, HMAC,
+                     AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, 0, AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED,
+                     AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_TOP, AMETA_ALT_ON, AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY,
+                     MotionClassification::NONE, transform, 2.0f, 2.1f, rawCoords.x, rawCoords.y,
+                     transform, ARBITRARY_DOWN_TIME, ARBITRARY_EVENT_TIME, 1, &pp, &pc);
+
+    // When using the getters from the MotionEvent to obtain the coordinates, the transformed
+    // values should be rounded by an appropriate amount so that they now precisely equal the
+    // original coordinates.
+    ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.x, event.getX(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.y, event.getY(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.x, event.getRawX(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.y, event.getRawY(0));
+    ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.x, event.getXCursorPosition());
+    ASSERT_EQ(EXPECTED.y, event.getYCursorPosition());
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
index 70e4fda..5d8b970 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/InputPublisherAndConsumer_test.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+constexpr static float EPSILON = MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION;
+
 class InputPublisherAndConsumerTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     std::shared_ptr<InputChannel> mServerChannel, mClientChannel;
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status)
             << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status)
             << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
@@ -226,10 +228,10 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(yOffset, motionEvent->getYOffset());
     EXPECT_EQ(xPrecision, motionEvent->getXPrecision());
     EXPECT_EQ(yPrecision, motionEvent->getYPrecision());
-    EXPECT_EQ(xCursorPosition, motionEvent->getRawXCursorPosition());
-    EXPECT_EQ(yCursorPosition, motionEvent->getRawYCursorPosition());
-    EXPECT_EQ(xCursorPosition * xScale + xOffset, motionEvent->getXCursorPosition());
-    EXPECT_EQ(yCursorPosition * yScale + yOffset, motionEvent->getYCursorPosition());
+    EXPECT_NEAR(xCursorPosition, motionEvent->getRawXCursorPosition(), EPSILON);
+    EXPECT_NEAR(yCursorPosition, motionEvent->getRawYCursorPosition(), EPSILON);
+    EXPECT_NEAR(xCursorPosition * xScale + xOffset, motionEvent->getXCursorPosition(), EPSILON);
+    EXPECT_NEAR(yCursorPosition * yScale + yOffset, motionEvent->getYCursorPosition(), EPSILON);
     EXPECT_EQ(rawTransform, motionEvent->getRawTransform());
     EXPECT_EQ(downTime, motionEvent->getDownTime());
     EXPECT_EQ(eventTime, motionEvent->getEventTime());
@@ -242,10 +244,12 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(pointerProperties[i].toolType, motionEvent->getToolType(i));
 
         const auto& pc = pointerCoords[i];
-        EXPECT_EQ(pc.getX() * rawXScale + rawXOffset, motionEvent->getRawX(i));
-        EXPECT_EQ(pc.getY() * rawYScale + rawYOffset, motionEvent->getRawY(i));
-        EXPECT_EQ(pc.getX() * xScale + xOffset, motionEvent->getX(i));
-        EXPECT_EQ(pc.getY() * yScale + yOffset, motionEvent->getY(i));
+        EXPECT_EQ(pc, motionEvent->getSamplePointerCoords()[i]);
+
+        EXPECT_NEAR(pc.getX() * rawXScale + rawXOffset, motionEvent->getRawX(i), EPSILON);
+        EXPECT_NEAR(pc.getY() * rawYScale + rawYOffset, motionEvent->getRawY(i), EPSILON);
+        EXPECT_NEAR(pc.getX() * xScale + xOffset, motionEvent->getX(i), EPSILON);
+        EXPECT_NEAR(pc.getY() * yScale + yOffset, motionEvent->getY(i), EPSILON);
         EXPECT_EQ(pc.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE), motionEvent->getPressure(i));
         EXPECT_EQ(pc.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SIZE), motionEvent->getSize(i));
         EXPECT_EQ(pc.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_TOUCH_MAJOR), motionEvent->getTouchMajor(i));
@@ -290,7 +294,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status) << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(event != nullptr) << "consumer should have returned non-NULL event";
@@ -331,7 +335,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status) << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(event != nullptr) << "consumer should have returned non-NULL event";
@@ -373,7 +377,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status) << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(event != nullptr) << "consumer should have returned non-NULL event";
@@ -415,7 +419,7 @@
 
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
-    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
+    status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, -1, &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status) << "consumer consume should return OK";
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(event != nullptr) << "consumer should have returned non-NULL event";
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/MotionPredictor_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/MotionPredictor_test.cpp
index ce87c86..c61efbf 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/MotionPredictor_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/MotionPredictor_test.cpp
@@ -30,13 +30,6 @@
 using ::testing::SizeIs;
 using ::testing::UnorderedElementsAre;
 
-const char MODEL_PATH[] =
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-        "/system/etc/motion_predictor_model.fb";
-#else
-        "motion_predictor_model.fb";
-#endif
-
 constexpr int32_t DOWN = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
 constexpr int32_t MOVE = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE;
 constexpr int32_t UP = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP;
@@ -73,83 +66,74 @@
 }
 
 TEST(MotionPredictorTest, IsPredictionAvailable) {
-    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0, MODEL_PATH,
+    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0,
                               []() { return true /*enable prediction*/; });
     ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.isPredictionAvailable(/*deviceId=*/1, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS));
     ASSERT_FALSE(predictor.isPredictionAvailable(/*deviceId=*/1, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN));
 }
 
 TEST(MotionPredictorTest, Offset) {
-    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/1, MODEL_PATH,
+    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/1,
                               []() { return true /*enable prediction*/; });
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 0, 1, 30ms));
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 0, 2, 35ms));
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> predicted = predictor.predict(40 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
-    ASSERT_EQ(1u, predicted.size());
-    ASSERT_GE(predicted[0]->getEventTime(), 41);
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> predicted = predictor.predict(40 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, predicted);
+    ASSERT_GE(predicted->getEventTime(), 41);
 }
 
 TEST(MotionPredictorTest, FollowsGesture) {
-    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0, MODEL_PATH,
+    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0,
                               []() { return true /*enable prediction*/; });
 
     // MOVE without a DOWN is ignored.
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 1, 3, 10ms));
-    EXPECT_THAT(predictor.predict(20 * NSEC_PER_MSEC), IsEmpty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, predictor.predict(20 * NSEC_PER_MSEC));
 
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 2, 5, 20ms));
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 2, 7, 30ms));
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 3, 9, 40ms));
-    EXPECT_THAT(predictor.predict(50 * NSEC_PER_MSEC), SizeIs(1));
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, predictor.predict(50 * NSEC_PER_MSEC));
 
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(UP, 4, 11, 50ms));
-    EXPECT_THAT(predictor.predict(20 * NSEC_PER_MSEC), IsEmpty());
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, predictor.predict(20 * NSEC_PER_MSEC));
 }
 
-TEST(MotionPredictorTest, MultipleDevicesTracked) {
-    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0, MODEL_PATH,
+TEST(MotionPredictorTest, MultipleDevicesNotSupported) {
+    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0,
                               []() { return true /*enable prediction*/; });
 
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 1, 3, 0ms, /*deviceId=*/0));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 1, 3, 10ms, /*deviceId=*/0));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 2, 5, 20ms, /*deviceId=*/0));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 3, 7, 30ms, /*deviceId=*/0));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 1, 3, 0ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 1, 3, 10ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 2, 5, 20ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 3, 7, 30ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
 
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 100, 300, 0ms, /*deviceId=*/1));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 100, 300, 10ms, /*deviceId=*/1));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 200, 500, 20ms, /*deviceId=*/1));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 300, 700, 30ms, /*deviceId=*/1));
+    ASSERT_FALSE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 100, 300, 40ms, /*deviceId=*/1)).ok());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 100, 300, 50ms, /*deviceId=*/1)).ok());
+}
 
-    {
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> predicted = predictor.predict(40 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
-        ASSERT_EQ(2u, predicted.size());
+TEST(MotionPredictorTest, IndividualGesturesFromDifferentDevicesAreSupported) {
+    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0,
+                              []() { return true /*enable prediction*/; });
 
-        // Order of the returned vector is not guaranteed.
-        std::vector<int32_t> seenDeviceIds;
-        for (const auto& prediction : predicted) {
-            seenDeviceIds.push_back(prediction->getDeviceId());
-        }
-        EXPECT_THAT(seenDeviceIds, UnorderedElementsAre(0, 1));
-    }
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 1, 3, 0ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 1, 3, 10ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 2, 5, 20ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(UP, 2, 5, 30ms, /*deviceId=*/0)).ok());
 
-    // End the gesture for device 0.
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(UP, 4, 9, 40ms, /*deviceId=*/0));
-    predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 400, 900, 40ms, /*deviceId=*/1));
-
-    {
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> predicted = predictor.predict(40 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
-        ASSERT_EQ(1u, predicted.size());
-        ASSERT_EQ(predicted[0]->getDeviceId(), 1);
-    }
+    // Now, send a gesture from a different device. Since we have no active gesture, the new gesture
+    // should be processed correctly.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 100, 300, 40ms, /*deviceId=*/1)).ok());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 100, 300, 50ms, /*deviceId=*/1)).ok());
 }
 
 TEST(MotionPredictorTest, FlagDisablesPrediction) {
-    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0, MODEL_PATH,
+    MotionPredictor predictor(/*predictionTimestampOffsetNanos=*/0,
                               []() { return false /*disable prediction*/; });
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(DOWN, 0, 1, 30ms));
     predictor.record(getMotionEvent(MOVE, 0, 1, 35ms));
-    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent>> predicted = predictor.predict(40 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
-    ASSERT_EQ(0u, predicted.size());
+    std::unique_ptr<MotionEvent> predicted = predictor.predict(40 * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, predicted);
     ASSERT_FALSE(predictor.isPredictionAvailable(/*deviceId=*/1, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS));
     ASSERT_FALSE(predictor.isPredictionAvailable(/*deviceId=*/1, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN));
 }
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/TfLiteMotionPredictor_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/TfLiteMotionPredictor_test.cpp
index 454f2aa..6e76ac1 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/TfLiteMotionPredictor_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/TfLiteMotionPredictor_test.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <string>
 
-#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <input/TfLiteMotionPredictor.h>
@@ -33,14 +32,6 @@
 using ::testing::ElementsAre;
 using ::testing::FloatNear;
 
-std::string getModelPath() {
-#if defined(__ANDROID__)
-    return "/system/etc/motion_predictor_model.fb";
-#else
-    return base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/motion_predictor_model.fb";
-#endif
-}
-
 TEST(TfLiteMotionPredictorTest, BuffersReadiness) {
     TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers buffers(/*inputLength=*/5);
     ASSERT_FALSE(buffers.isReady());
@@ -92,8 +83,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(TfLiteMotionPredictorTest, BuffersCopyTo) {
-    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> model =
-            TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create(getModelPath().c_str());
+    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> model = TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create();
     TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers buffers(model->inputLength());
 
     buffers.pushSample(/*timestamp=*/1,
@@ -137,8 +127,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(TfLiteMotionPredictorTest, ModelInputOutputLength) {
-    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> model =
-            TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create(getModelPath().c_str());
+    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> model = TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create();
     ASSERT_GT(model->inputLength(), 0u);
 
     const int inputLength = model->inputLength();
@@ -155,8 +144,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST(TfLiteMotionPredictorTest, ModelOutput) {
-    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> model =
-            TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create(getModelPath().c_str());
+    std::unique_ptr<TfLiteMotionPredictorModel> model = TfLiteMotionPredictorModel::create();
     TfLiteMotionPredictorBuffers buffers(model->inputLength());
 
     buffers.pushSample(/*timestamp=*/1, {.position = {.x = 100, .y = 200}, .pressure = 0.2});
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/TouchResampling_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/TouchResampling_test.cpp
index d01258c..7cb9526 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/TouchResampling_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/TouchResampling_test.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 
         mPublisher = std::make_unique<InputPublisher>(std::move(serverChannel));
         mConsumer = std::make_unique<InputConsumer>(std::move(clientChannel),
-                                                    true /* enableTouchResampling */);
+                                                    /*enableTouchResampling=*/true);
     }
 
     status_t publishSimpleMotionEventWithCoords(int32_t action, nsecs_t eventTime,
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@
     if (action == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN && eventTime != 0) {
         ADD_FAILURE() << "Downtime should be equal to 0 (hardcoded for convenience)";
     }
-    return mPublisher->publishMotionEvent(mSeq++, InputEvent::nextId(), 1 /*deviceId*/,
-                                          AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, 0 /*displayId*/, INVALID_HMAC,
-                                          action, 0 /*actionButton*/, 0 /*flags*/, 0 /*edgeFlags*/,
-                                          AMETA_NONE, 0 /*buttonState*/, MotionClassification::NONE,
-                                          identityTransform, 0 /*xPrecision*/, 0 /*yPrecision*/,
+    return mPublisher->publishMotionEvent(mSeq++, InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/1,
+                                          AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, /*displayId=*/0, INVALID_HMAC,
+                                          action, /*actionButton=*/0, /*flags=*/0, /*edgeFlags=*/0,
+                                          AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0, MotionClassification::NONE,
+                                          identityTransform, /*xPrecision=*/0, /*yPrecision=*/0,
                                           AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
                                           AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform,
                                           downTime, eventTime, properties.size(), properties.data(),
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
     uint32_t consumeSeq;
     InputEvent* event;
 
-    status_t status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, true /*consumeBatches*/, frameTime.count(),
+    status_t status = mConsumer->consume(&mEventFactory, /*consumeBatches=*/true, frameTime.count(),
                                          &consumeSeq, &event);
     ASSERT_EQ(OK, status);
     MotionEvent* motionEvent = static_cast<MotionEvent*>(event);
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp
index c6ad3a2..0277579 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/VelocityTracker_test.cpp
@@ -159,13 +159,13 @@
 
         MotionEvent event;
         ui::Transform identityTransform;
-        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 5 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER,
+        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/5, AINPUT_SOURCE_ROTARY_ENCODER,
                          ADISPLAY_ID_NONE, INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL,
-                         0 /*actionButton*/, 0 /*flags*/, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE,
-                         0 /*buttonState*/, MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform,
-                         0 /*xPrecision*/, 0 /*yPrecision*/, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
-                         AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform, 0 /*downTime*/,
-                         timeStamp.count(), 1 /*pointerCount*/, properties, coords);
+                         /*actionButton=*/0, /*flags=*/0, AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE,
+                         /*buttonState=*/0, MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform,
+                         /*xPrecision=*/0, /*yPrecision=*/0, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
+                         AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform, /*downTime=*/0,
+                         timeStamp.count(), /*pointerCount=*/1, properties, coords);
 
         events.emplace_back(event);
     }
@@ -219,12 +219,12 @@
 
         MotionEvent event;
         ui::Transform identityTransform;
-        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 0 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
-                         DISPLAY_ID, INVALID_HMAC, action, 0 /*actionButton*/, 0 /*flags*/,
-                         AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, 0 /*buttonState*/,
-                         MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform, 0 /*xPrecision*/,
-                         0 /*yPrecision*/, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
-                         AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform, 0 /*downTime*/,
+        event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/0, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                         DISPLAY_ID, INVALID_HMAC, action, /*actionButton=*/0, /*flags=*/0,
+                         AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0,
+                         MotionClassification::NONE, identityTransform, /*xPrecision=*/0,
+                         /*yPrecision=*/0, AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION,
+                         AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION, identityTransform, /*downTime=*/0,
                          entry.eventTime.count(), pointerCount, properties, coords);
 
         events.emplace_back(event);
@@ -341,23 +341,23 @@
 TEST_F(VelocityTrackerTest, TestComputedVelocity) {
     VelocityTracker::ComputedVelocity computedVelocity;
 
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 0 /*id*/, 200 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 26U /*id*/, 400 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 27U /*id*/, 650 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, MAX_POINTER_ID, 750 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0 /*id*/, 1000 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 26U /*id*/, 2000 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 27U /*id*/, 3000 /*velocity*/);
-    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, MAX_POINTER_ID, 4000 /*velocity*/);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, /*id=*/0, /*velocity=*/200);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, /*id=*/26U, /*velocity=*/400);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, /*id=*/27U, /*velocity=*/650);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, MAX_POINTER_ID, /*velocity=*/750);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, /*id=*/0, /*velocity=*/1000);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, /*id=*/26U, /*velocity=*/2000);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, /*id=*/27U, /*velocity=*/3000);
+    computedVelocity.addVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, MAX_POINTER_ID, /*velocity=*/4000);
 
     // Check the axes/indices with velocity.
-    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 0U /*id*/)), 200);
-    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 26U /*id*/)), 400);
-    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, 27U /*id*/)), 650);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, /*id=*/0U)), 200);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, /*id=*/26U)), 400);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, /*id=*/27U)), 650);
     EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, MAX_POINTER_ID)), 750);
-    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 0U /*id*/)), 1000);
-    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 26U /*id*/)), 2000);
-    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, 27U /*id*/)), 3000);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, /*id=*/0U)), 1000);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, /*id=*/26U)), 2000);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, /*id=*/27U)), 3000);
     EXPECT_EQ(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, MAX_POINTER_ID)), 4000);
     for (uint32_t id = 0; id <= MAX_POINTER_ID; id++) {
         // Since no data was added for AXIS_SCROLL, expect empty value for the axis for any id.
@@ -436,17 +436,17 @@
 
     float maxFloat = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
     VelocityTracker::ComputedVelocity computedVelocity;
-    computedVelocity = vt.getComputedVelocity(1000 /* units */, maxFloat);
+    computedVelocity = vt.getComputedVelocity(/*units=*/1000, maxFloat);
     checkVelocity(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, DEFAULT_POINTER_ID)),
                   764.345703);
 
     // Expect X velocity to be scaled with respective to provided units.
-    computedVelocity = vt.getComputedVelocity(1000000 /* units */, maxFloat);
+    computedVelocity = vt.getComputedVelocity(/*units=*/1000000, maxFloat);
     checkVelocity(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, DEFAULT_POINTER_ID)),
                   764345.703);
 
     // Expect X velocity to be clamped by provided max velocity.
-    computedVelocity = vt.getComputedVelocity(1000000 /* units */, 1000);
+    computedVelocity = vt.getComputedVelocity(/*units=*/1000000, 1000);
     checkVelocity(*(computedVelocity.getVelocity(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, DEFAULT_POINTER_ID)), 1000);
 
     // All 0 data for Y; expect 0 velocity.
diff --git a/libs/input/tests/VerifiedInputEvent_test.cpp b/libs/input/tests/VerifiedInputEvent_test.cpp
index f2b59ea..277d74d 100644
--- a/libs/input/tests/VerifiedInputEvent_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/input/tests/VerifiedInputEvent_test.cpp
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
 
 static KeyEvent getKeyEventWithFlags(int32_t flags) {
     KeyEvent event;
-    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 2 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_GAMEPAD,
+    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/2, AINPUT_SOURCE_GAMEPAD,
                      ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, INVALID_HMAC, AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, flags,
-                     AKEYCODE_BUTTON_X, 121 /*scanCode*/, AMETA_ALT_ON, 1 /*repeatCount*/,
-                     1000 /*downTime*/, 2000 /*eventTime*/);
+                     AKEYCODE_BUTTON_X, /*scanCode=*/121, AMETA_ALT_ON, /*repeatCount=*/1,
+                     /*downTime=*/1000, /*eventTime=*/2000);
     return event;
 }
 
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@
     ui::Transform transform;
     transform.set({2, 0, 4, 0, 3, 5, 0, 0, 1});
     ui::Transform identity;
-    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), 0 /*deviceId*/, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
-                     INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, 0 /*actionButton*/, flags,
-                     AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, 0 /*buttonState*/,
-                     MotionClassification::NONE, transform, 0.1 /*xPrecision*/, 0.2 /*yPrecision*/,
-                     280 /*xCursorPosition*/, 540 /*yCursorPosition*/, identity, 100 /*downTime*/,
-                     200 /*eventTime*/, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
+    event.initialize(InputEvent::nextId(), /*deviceId=*/0, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
+                     INVALID_HMAC, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, /*actionButton=*/0, flags,
+                     AMOTION_EVENT_EDGE_FLAG_NONE, AMETA_NONE, /*buttonState=*/0,
+                     MotionClassification::NONE, transform, /*xPrecision=*/0.1, /*yPrecision=*/0.2,
+                     /*xCursorPosition=*/280, /*yCursorPosition=*/540, identity, /*downTime=*/100,
+                     /*eventTime=*/200, pointerCount, pointerProperties, pointerCoords);
     return event;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp
index 78d1912..b470f35 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/Android.bp
@@ -29,9 +29,11 @@
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
     srcs: [
+        "icc.cpp",
         "jpegr.cpp",
         "recoverymapmath.cpp",
         "jpegrutils.cpp",
+        "multipictureformat.cpp",
     ],
 
     shared_libs: [
@@ -40,9 +42,8 @@
         "libjpegencoder",
         "libjpegdecoder",
         "liblog",
+        "libutils",
     ],
-
-    static_libs: ["libskia"],
 }
 
 cc_library {
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/OWNERS b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/OWNERS
index 133af5b..6ace354 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/OWNERS
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 arifdikici@google.com
-deakin@google.com
 dichenzhang@google.com
 kyslov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/icc.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/icc.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5412cb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/icc.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,584 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/icc.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h>
+#include <vector>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
+
+#ifndef FLT_MAX
+#define FLT_MAX 0x1.fffffep127f
+#endif
+
+namespace android::jpegrecoverymap {
+static void Matrix3x3_apply(const Matrix3x3* m, float* x) {
+    float y0 = x[0] * m->vals[0][0] + x[1] * m->vals[0][1] + x[2] * m->vals[0][2];
+    float y1 = x[0] * m->vals[1][0] + x[1] * m->vals[1][1] + x[2] * m->vals[1][2];
+    float y2 = x[0] * m->vals[2][0] + x[1] * m->vals[2][1] + x[2] * m->vals[2][2];
+    x[0] = y0;
+    x[1] = y1;
+    x[2] = y2;
+}
+
+bool Matrix3x3_invert(const Matrix3x3* src, Matrix3x3* dst) {
+    double a00 = src->vals[0][0],
+           a01 = src->vals[1][0],
+           a02 = src->vals[2][0],
+           a10 = src->vals[0][1],
+           a11 = src->vals[1][1],
+           a12 = src->vals[2][1],
+           a20 = src->vals[0][2],
+           a21 = src->vals[1][2],
+           a22 = src->vals[2][2];
+
+    double b0 = a00*a11 - a01*a10,
+           b1 = a00*a12 - a02*a10,
+           b2 = a01*a12 - a02*a11,
+           b3 = a20,
+           b4 = a21,
+           b5 = a22;
+
+    double determinant = b0*b5
+                       - b1*b4
+                       + b2*b3;
+
+    if (determinant == 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    double invdet = 1.0 / determinant;
+    if (invdet > +FLT_MAX || invdet < -FLT_MAX || !isfinitef_((float)invdet)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    b0 *= invdet;
+    b1 *= invdet;
+    b2 *= invdet;
+    b3 *= invdet;
+    b4 *= invdet;
+    b5 *= invdet;
+
+    dst->vals[0][0] = (float)( a11*b5 - a12*b4 );
+    dst->vals[1][0] = (float)( a02*b4 - a01*b5 );
+    dst->vals[2][0] = (float)(        +     b2 );
+    dst->vals[0][1] = (float)( a12*b3 - a10*b5 );
+    dst->vals[1][1] = (float)( a00*b5 - a02*b3 );
+    dst->vals[2][1] = (float)(        -     b1 );
+    dst->vals[0][2] = (float)( a10*b4 - a11*b3 );
+    dst->vals[1][2] = (float)( a01*b3 - a00*b4 );
+    dst->vals[2][2] = (float)(        +     b0 );
+
+    for (int r = 0; r < 3; ++r)
+    for (int c = 0; c < 3; ++c) {
+        if (!isfinitef_(dst->vals[r][c])) {
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static Matrix3x3 Matrix3x3_concat(const Matrix3x3* A, const Matrix3x3* B) {
+    Matrix3x3 m = { { { 0,0,0 },{ 0,0,0 },{ 0,0,0 } } };
+    for (int r = 0; r < 3; r++)
+        for (int c = 0; c < 3; c++) {
+            m.vals[r][c] = A->vals[r][0] * B->vals[0][c]
+                         + A->vals[r][1] * B->vals[1][c]
+                         + A->vals[r][2] * B->vals[2][c];
+        }
+    return m;
+}
+
+static void float_XYZD50_to_grid16_lab(const float* xyz_float, uint8_t* grid16_lab) {
+    float v[3] = {
+            xyz_float[0] / kD50_x,
+            xyz_float[1] / kD50_y,
+            xyz_float[2] / kD50_z,
+    };
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        v[i] = v[i] > 0.008856f ? cbrtf(v[i]) : v[i] * 7.787f + (16 / 116.0f);
+    }
+    const float L = v[1] * 116.0f - 16.0f;
+    const float a = (v[0] - v[1]) * 500.0f;
+    const float b = (v[1] - v[2]) * 200.0f;
+    const float Lab_unorm[3] = {
+            L * (1 / 100.f),
+            (a + 128.0f) * (1 / 255.0f),
+            (b + 128.0f) * (1 / 255.0f),
+    };
+    // This will encode L=1 as 0xFFFF. This matches how skcms will interpret the
+    // table, but the spec appears to indicate that the value should be 0xFF00.
+    // https://crbug.com/skia/13807
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+        reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(grid16_lab)[i] =
+                Endian_SwapBE16(float_round_to_unorm16(Lab_unorm[i]));
+    }
+}
+
+std::string IccHelper::get_desc_string(const jpegr_transfer_function tf,
+                                       const jpegr_color_gamut gamut) {
+    std::string result;
+    switch (gamut) {
+        case JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT709:
+            result += "sRGB";
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_P3:
+            result += "Display P3";
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT2100:
+            result += "Rec2020";
+            break;
+        default:
+            result += "Unknown";
+            break;
+    }
+    result += " Gamut with ";
+    switch (tf) {
+        case JPEGR_TF_SRGB:
+            result += "sRGB";
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_TF_LINEAR:
+            result += "Linear";
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_TF_PQ:
+            result += "PQ";
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_TF_HLG:
+            result += "HLG";
+            break;
+        default:
+            result += "Unknown";
+            break;
+    }
+    result += " Transfer";
+    return result;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_text_tag(const char* text) {
+    uint32_t text_length = strlen(text);
+    uint32_t header[] = {
+            Endian_SwapBE32(kTAG_TextType),                         // Type signature
+            0,                                                      // Reserved
+            Endian_SwapBE32(1),                                     // Number of records
+            Endian_SwapBE32(12),                                    // Record size (must be 12)
+            Endian_SwapBE32(SetFourByteTag('e', 'n', 'U', 'S')),    // English USA
+            Endian_SwapBE32(2 * text_length),                       // Length of string in bytes
+            Endian_SwapBE32(28),                                    // Offset of string
+    };
+
+    uint32_t total_length = text_length * 2 + sizeof(header);
+    total_length = (((total_length + 2) >> 2) << 2);  // 4 aligned
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(total_length);
+
+    if (!dataStruct->write(header, sizeof(header))) {
+        ALOGE("write_text_tag(): error in writing data");
+        return dataStruct;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < text_length; i++) {
+        // Convert ASCII to big-endian UTF-16.
+        dataStruct->write8(0);
+        dataStruct->write8(text[i]);
+    }
+
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_xyz_tag(float x, float y, float z) {
+    uint32_t data[] = {
+            Endian_SwapBE32(kXYZ_PCSSpace),
+            0,
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(x))),
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(y))),
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(z))),
+    };
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(sizeof(data));
+    dataStruct->write(&data, sizeof(data));
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_trc_tag(const int table_entries, const void* table_16) {
+    int total_length = 4 + 4 + 4 + table_entries * 2;
+    total_length = (((total_length + 2) >> 2) << 2);  // 4 aligned
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(total_length);
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kTAG_CurveType));     // Type
+    dataStruct->write32(0);                                     // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(table_entries));  // Value count
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < table_entries; ++i) {
+        uint16_t value = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(table_16)[i];
+        dataStruct->write16(value);
+    }
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_trc_tag_for_linear() {
+    int total_length = 16;
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(total_length);
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kTAG_ParaCurveType));  // Type
+    dataStruct->write32(0);                                      // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE16(kExponential_ParaCurveType));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(1.0)));
+
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+float IccHelper::compute_tone_map_gain(const jpegr_transfer_function tf, float L) {
+    if (L <= 0.f) {
+        return 1.f;
+    }
+    if (tf == JPEGR_TF_PQ) {
+        // The PQ transfer function will map to the range [0, 1]. Linearly scale
+        // it up to the range [0, 10,000/203]. We will then tone map that back
+        // down to [0, 1].
+        constexpr float kInputMaxLuminance = 10000 / 203.f;
+        constexpr float kOutputMaxLuminance = 1.0;
+        L *= kInputMaxLuminance;
+
+        // Compute the tone map gain which will tone map from 10,000/203 to 1.0.
+        constexpr float kToneMapA = kOutputMaxLuminance / (kInputMaxLuminance * kInputMaxLuminance);
+        constexpr float kToneMapB = 1.f / kOutputMaxLuminance;
+        return kInputMaxLuminance * (1.f + kToneMapA * L) / (1.f + kToneMapB * L);
+    }
+    if (tf == JPEGR_TF_HLG) {
+        // Let Lw be the brightness of the display in nits.
+        constexpr float Lw = 203.f;
+        const float gamma = 1.2f + 0.42f * std::log(Lw / 1000.f) / std::log(10.f);
+        return std::pow(L, gamma - 1.f);
+    }
+    return 1.f;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_cicp_tag(uint32_t color_primaries,
+                                         uint32_t transfer_characteristics) {
+    int total_length = 12;  // 4 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(total_length);
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kTAG_cicp));    // Type signature
+    dataStruct->write32(0);                             // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write8(color_primaries);                // Color primaries
+    dataStruct->write8(transfer_characteristics);       // Transfer characteristics
+    dataStruct->write8(0);                              // RGB matrix
+    dataStruct->write8(1);                              // Full range
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+void IccHelper::compute_lut_entry(const Matrix3x3& src_to_XYZD50, float rgb[3]) {
+    // Compute the matrices to convert from source to Rec2020, and from Rec2020 to XYZD50.
+    Matrix3x3 src_to_rec2020;
+    const Matrix3x3 rec2020_to_XYZD50 = kRec2020;
+    {
+        Matrix3x3 XYZD50_to_rec2020;
+        Matrix3x3_invert(&rec2020_to_XYZD50, &XYZD50_to_rec2020);
+        src_to_rec2020 = Matrix3x3_concat(&XYZD50_to_rec2020, &src_to_XYZD50);
+    }
+
+    // Convert the source signal to linear.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+        rgb[i] = pqOetf(rgb[i]);
+    }
+
+    // Convert source gamut to Rec2020.
+    Matrix3x3_apply(&src_to_rec2020, rgb);
+
+    // Compute the luminance of the signal.
+    float L = bt2100Luminance({{{rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2]}}});
+
+    // Compute the tone map gain based on the luminance.
+    float tone_map_gain = compute_tone_map_gain(JPEGR_TF_PQ, L);
+
+    // Apply the tone map gain.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+        rgb[i] *= tone_map_gain;
+    }
+
+    // Convert from Rec2020-linear to XYZD50.
+    Matrix3x3_apply(&rec2020_to_XYZD50, rgb);
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_clut(const uint8_t* grid_points, const uint8_t* grid_16) {
+    uint32_t value_count = kNumChannels;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+        value_count *= grid_points[i];
+    }
+
+    int total_length = 20 + 2 * value_count;
+    total_length = (((total_length + 2) >> 2) << 2);  // 4 aligned
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(total_length);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+        dataStruct->write8(i < kNumChannels ? grid_points[i] : 0);  // Grid size
+    }
+    dataStruct->write8(2);  // Grid byte width (always 16-bit)
+    dataStruct->write8(0);  // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write8(0);  // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write8(0);  // Reserved
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < value_count; ++i) {
+        uint16_t value = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(grid_16)[i];
+        dataStruct->write16(value);
+    }
+
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::write_mAB_or_mBA_tag(uint32_t type,
+                                               bool has_a_curves,
+                                               const uint8_t* grid_points,
+                                               const uint8_t* grid_16) {
+    const size_t b_curves_offset = 32;
+    sp<DataStruct> b_curves_data[kNumChannels];
+    sp<DataStruct> a_curves_data[kNumChannels];
+    size_t clut_offset = 0;
+    sp<DataStruct> clut;
+    size_t a_curves_offset = 0;
+
+    // The "B" curve is required.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+        b_curves_data[i] = write_trc_tag_for_linear();
+    }
+
+    // The "A" curve and CLUT are optional.
+    if (has_a_curves) {
+        clut_offset = b_curves_offset;
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+            clut_offset += b_curves_data[i]->getLength();
+        }
+        clut = write_clut(grid_points, grid_16);
+
+        a_curves_offset = clut_offset + clut->getLength();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+            a_curves_data[i] = write_trc_tag_for_linear();
+        }
+    }
+
+    int total_length = b_curves_offset;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+        total_length += b_curves_data[i]->getLength();
+    }
+    if (has_a_curves) {
+        total_length += clut->getLength();
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+            total_length += a_curves_data[i]->getLength();
+        }
+    }
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(total_length);
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(type));             // Type signature
+    dataStruct->write32(0);                                 // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write8(kNumChannels);                       // Input channels
+    dataStruct->write8(kNumChannels);                       // Output channels
+    dataStruct->write16(0);                                 // Reserved
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(b_curves_offset));  // B curve offset
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(0));                // Matrix offset (ignored)
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(0));                // M curve offset (ignored)
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(clut_offset));      // CLUT offset
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(a_curves_offset));  // A curve offset
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+        if (dataStruct->write(b_curves_data[i]->getData(), b_curves_data[i]->getLength())) {
+            return dataStruct;
+        }
+    }
+    if (has_a_curves) {
+        dataStruct->write(clut->getData(), clut->getLength());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+            dataStruct->write(a_curves_data[i]->getData(), a_curves_data[i]->getLength());
+        }
+    }
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> IccHelper::writeIccProfile(jpegr_transfer_function tf, jpegr_color_gamut gamut) {
+    ICCHeader header;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<uint32_t, sp<DataStruct>>> tags;
+
+    // Compute profile description tag
+    std::string desc = get_desc_string(tf, gamut);
+
+    tags.emplace_back(kTAG_desc, write_text_tag(desc.c_str()));
+
+    Matrix3x3 toXYZD50;
+    switch (gamut) {
+        case JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT709:
+            toXYZD50 = kSRGB;
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_P3:
+            toXYZD50 = kDisplayP3;
+            break;
+        case JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT2100:
+            toXYZD50 = kRec2020;
+            break;
+        default:
+            // Should not fall here.
+            return new DataStruct(0);
+    }
+
+    // Compute primaries.
+    {
+        tags.emplace_back(kTAG_rXYZ,
+                write_xyz_tag(toXYZD50.vals[0][0], toXYZD50.vals[1][0], toXYZD50.vals[2][0]));
+        tags.emplace_back(kTAG_gXYZ,
+                write_xyz_tag(toXYZD50.vals[0][1], toXYZD50.vals[1][1], toXYZD50.vals[2][1]));
+        tags.emplace_back(kTAG_bXYZ,
+                write_xyz_tag(toXYZD50.vals[0][2], toXYZD50.vals[1][2], toXYZD50.vals[2][2]));
+    }
+
+    // Compute white point tag (must be D50)
+    tags.emplace_back(kTAG_wtpt, write_xyz_tag(kD50_x, kD50_y, kD50_z));
+
+    // Compute transfer curves.
+    if (tf != JPEGR_TF_PQ) {
+        if (tf == JPEGR_TF_HLG) {
+            std::vector<uint8_t> trc_table;
+            trc_table.resize(kTrcTableSize * 2);
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kTrcTableSize; ++i) {
+                float x = i / (kTrcTableSize - 1.f);
+                float y = hlgOetf(x);
+                y *= compute_tone_map_gain(tf, y);
+                float_to_table16(y, &trc_table[2 * i]);
+            }
+
+            tags.emplace_back(kTAG_rTRC,
+                    write_trc_tag(kTrcTableSize, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(trc_table.data())));
+            tags.emplace_back(kTAG_gTRC,
+                    write_trc_tag(kTrcTableSize, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(trc_table.data())));
+            tags.emplace_back(kTAG_bTRC,
+                    write_trc_tag(kTrcTableSize, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(trc_table.data())));
+        } else {
+            tags.emplace_back(kTAG_rTRC, write_trc_tag_for_linear());
+            tags.emplace_back(kTAG_gTRC, write_trc_tag_for_linear());
+            tags.emplace_back(kTAG_bTRC, write_trc_tag_for_linear());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Compute CICP.
+    if (tf == JPEGR_TF_HLG || tf == JPEGR_TF_PQ) {
+        // The CICP tag is present in ICC 4.4, so update the header's version.
+        header.version = Endian_SwapBE32(0x04400000);
+
+        uint32_t color_primaries = 0;
+        if (gamut == JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT709) {
+            color_primaries = kCICPPrimariesSRGB;
+        } else if (gamut == JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_P3) {
+            color_primaries = kCICPPrimariesP3;
+        }
+
+        uint32_t transfer_characteristics = 0;
+        if (tf == JPEGR_TF_SRGB) {
+            transfer_characteristics = kCICPTrfnSRGB;
+        } else if (tf == JPEGR_TF_LINEAR) {
+            transfer_characteristics = kCICPTrfnLinear;
+        } else if (tf == JPEGR_TF_PQ) {
+            transfer_characteristics = kCICPTrfnPQ;
+        } else if (tf == JPEGR_TF_HLG) {
+            transfer_characteristics = kCICPTrfnHLG;
+        }
+        tags.emplace_back(kTAG_cicp, write_cicp_tag(color_primaries, transfer_characteristics));
+    }
+
+    // Compute A2B0.
+    if (tf == JPEGR_TF_PQ) {
+        std::vector<uint8_t> a2b_grid;
+        a2b_grid.resize(kGridSize * kGridSize * kGridSize * kNumChannels * 2);
+        size_t a2b_grid_index = 0;
+        for (uint32_t r_index = 0; r_index < kGridSize; ++r_index) {
+            for (uint32_t g_index = 0; g_index < kGridSize; ++g_index) {
+                for (uint32_t b_index = 0; b_index < kGridSize; ++b_index) {
+                    float rgb[3] = {
+                            r_index / (kGridSize - 1.f),
+                            g_index / (kGridSize - 1.f),
+                            b_index / (kGridSize - 1.f),
+                    };
+                    compute_lut_entry(toXYZD50, rgb);
+                    float_XYZD50_to_grid16_lab(rgb, &a2b_grid[a2b_grid_index]);
+                    a2b_grid_index += 6;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        const uint8_t* grid_16 = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(a2b_grid.data());
+
+        uint8_t grid_points[kNumChannels];
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumChannels; ++i) {
+            grid_points[i] = kGridSize;
+        }
+
+        auto a2b_data = write_mAB_or_mBA_tag(kTAG_mABType,
+                                             /* has_a_curves */ true,
+                                             grid_points,
+                                             grid_16);
+        tags.emplace_back(kTAG_A2B0, std::move(a2b_data));
+    }
+
+    // Compute B2A0.
+    if (tf == JPEGR_TF_PQ) {
+        auto b2a_data = write_mAB_or_mBA_tag(kTAG_mBAType,
+                                             /* has_a_curves */ false,
+                                             /* grid_points */ nullptr,
+                                             /* grid_16 */ nullptr);
+        tags.emplace_back(kTAG_B2A0, std::move(b2a_data));
+    }
+
+    // Compute copyright tag
+    tags.emplace_back(kTAG_cprt, write_text_tag("Google Inc. 2022"));
+
+    // Compute the size of the profile.
+    size_t tag_data_size = 0;
+    for (const auto& tag : tags) {
+        tag_data_size += tag.second->getLength();
+    }
+    size_t tag_table_size = kICCTagTableEntrySize * tags.size();
+    size_t profile_size = kICCHeaderSize + tag_table_size + tag_data_size;
+
+    // Write the header.
+    header.data_color_space = Endian_SwapBE32(Signature_RGB);
+    header.pcs = Endian_SwapBE32(tf == JPEGR_TF_PQ ? Signature_Lab : Signature_XYZ);
+    header.size = Endian_SwapBE32(profile_size);
+    header.tag_count = Endian_SwapBE32(tags.size());
+
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(profile_size);
+    if (!dataStruct->write(&header, sizeof(header))) {
+        ALOGE("writeIccProfile(): error in header");
+        return dataStruct;
+    }
+
+    // Write the tag table. Track the offset and size of the previous tag to
+    // compute each tag's offset. An empty SkData indicates that the previous
+    // tag is to be reused.
+    uint32_t last_tag_offset = sizeof(header) + tag_table_size;
+    uint32_t last_tag_size = 0;
+    for (const auto& tag : tags) {
+        last_tag_offset = last_tag_offset + last_tag_size;
+        last_tag_size = tag.second->getLength();
+        uint32_t tag_table_entry[3] = {
+                Endian_SwapBE32(tag.first),
+                Endian_SwapBE32(last_tag_offset),
+                Endian_SwapBE32(last_tag_size),
+        };
+        if (!dataStruct->write(tag_table_entry, sizeof(tag_table_entry))) {
+            ALOGE("writeIccProfile(): error in writing tag table");
+            return dataStruct;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Write the tags.
+    for (const auto& tag : tags) {
+        if (!dataStruct->write(tag.second->getData(), tag.second->getLength())) {
+            ALOGE("writeIccProfile(): error in writing tags");
+            return dataStruct;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+} // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/icc.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/icc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a81aa62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/icc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_ICC_H
+#define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_ICC_H
+
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h>
+#include <utils/RefBase.h>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <string>
+
+#ifdef USE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#undef USE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define USE_BIG_ENDIAN true
+#endif
+
+namespace android::jpegrecoverymap {
+
+typedef int32_t              Fixed;
+#define Fixed1               (1 << 16)
+#define MaxS32FitsInFloat    2147483520
+#define MinS32FitsInFloat    (-MaxS32FitsInFloat)
+#define FixedToFloat(x)      ((x) * 1.52587890625e-5f)
+
+typedef struct Matrix3x3 {
+    float vals[3][3];
+} Matrix3x3;
+
+// The D50 illuminant.
+constexpr float kD50_x = 0.9642f;
+constexpr float kD50_y = 1.0000f;
+constexpr float kD50_z = 0.8249f;
+
+enum {
+    // data_color_space
+    Signature_CMYK = 0x434D594B,
+    Signature_Gray = 0x47524159,
+    Signature_RGB  = 0x52474220,
+
+    // pcs
+    Signature_Lab  = 0x4C616220,
+    Signature_XYZ  = 0x58595A20,
+};
+
+
+typedef uint32_t FourByteTag;
+static inline constexpr FourByteTag SetFourByteTag(char a, char b, char c, char d) {
+    return (((uint32_t)a << 24) | ((uint32_t)b << 16) | ((uint32_t)c << 8) | (uint32_t)d);
+}
+
+// This is equal to the header size according to the ICC specification (128)
+// plus the size of the tag count (4).  We include the tag count since we
+// always require it to be present anyway.
+static constexpr size_t kICCHeaderSize = 132;
+
+// Contains a signature (4), offset (4), and size (4).
+static constexpr size_t kICCTagTableEntrySize = 12;
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kDisplay_Profile    = SetFourByteTag('m', 'n', 't', 'r');
+static constexpr uint32_t kRGB_ColorSpace     = SetFourByteTag('R', 'G', 'B', ' ');
+static constexpr uint32_t kXYZ_PCSSpace       = SetFourByteTag('X', 'Y', 'Z', ' ');
+static constexpr uint32_t kACSP_Signature     = SetFourByteTag('a', 'c', 's', 'p');
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_desc           = SetFourByteTag('d', 'e', 's', 'c');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_TextType       = SetFourByteTag('m', 'l', 'u', 'c');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_rXYZ           = SetFourByteTag('r', 'X', 'Y', 'Z');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_gXYZ           = SetFourByteTag('g', 'X', 'Y', 'Z');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_bXYZ           = SetFourByteTag('b', 'X', 'Y', 'Z');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_wtpt           = SetFourByteTag('w', 't', 'p', 't');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_rTRC           = SetFourByteTag('r', 'T', 'R', 'C');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_gTRC           = SetFourByteTag('g', 'T', 'R', 'C');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_bTRC           = SetFourByteTag('b', 'T', 'R', 'C');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_cicp           = SetFourByteTag('c', 'i', 'c', 'p');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_cprt           = SetFourByteTag('c', 'p', 'r', 't');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_A2B0           = SetFourByteTag('A', '2', 'B', '0');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_B2A0           = SetFourByteTag('B', '2', 'A', '0');
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_CurveType      = SetFourByteTag('c', 'u', 'r', 'v');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_mABType        = SetFourByteTag('m', 'A', 'B', ' ');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_mBAType        = SetFourByteTag('m', 'B', 'A', ' ');
+static constexpr uint32_t kTAG_ParaCurveType  = SetFourByteTag('p', 'a', 'r', 'a');
+
+
+static constexpr Matrix3x3 kSRGB = {{
+    // ICC fixed-point (16.16) representation, taken from skcms. Please keep them exactly in sync.
+    // 0.436065674f, 0.385147095f, 0.143066406f,
+    // 0.222488403f, 0.716873169f, 0.060607910f,
+    // 0.013916016f, 0.097076416f, 0.714096069f,
+    { FixedToFloat(0x6FA2), FixedToFloat(0x6299), FixedToFloat(0x24A0) },
+    { FixedToFloat(0x38F5), FixedToFloat(0xB785), FixedToFloat(0x0F84) },
+    { FixedToFloat(0x0390), FixedToFloat(0x18DA), FixedToFloat(0xB6CF) },
+}};
+
+static constexpr Matrix3x3 kDisplayP3 = {{
+    {  0.515102f,   0.291965f,  0.157153f  },
+    {  0.241182f,   0.692236f,  0.0665819f },
+    { -0.00104941f, 0.0418818f, 0.784378f  },
+}};
+
+static constexpr Matrix3x3 kRec2020 = {{
+    {  0.673459f,   0.165661f,  0.125100f  },
+    {  0.279033f,   0.675338f,  0.0456288f },
+    { -0.00193139f, 0.0299794f, 0.797162f  },
+}};
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPPrimariesSRGB = 1;
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPPrimariesP3 = 12;
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPPrimariesRec2020 = 9;
+
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPTrfnSRGB = 1;
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPTrfnLinear = 8;
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPTrfnPQ = 16;
+static constexpr uint32_t kCICPTrfnHLG = 18;
+
+enum ParaCurveType {
+    kExponential_ParaCurveType = 0,
+    kGAB_ParaCurveType         = 1,
+    kGABC_ParaCurveType        = 2,
+    kGABDE_ParaCurveType       = 3,
+    kGABCDEF_ParaCurveType     = 4,
+};
+
+/**
+ *  Return the closest int for the given float. Returns MaxS32FitsInFloat for NaN.
+ */
+static inline int float_saturate2int(float x) {
+    x = x < MaxS32FitsInFloat ? x : MaxS32FitsInFloat;
+    x = x > MinS32FitsInFloat ? x : MinS32FitsInFloat;
+    return (int)x;
+}
+
+static Fixed float_round_to_fixed(float x) {
+    return float_saturate2int((float)floor((double)x * Fixed1 + 0.5));
+}
+
+static uint16_t float_round_to_unorm16(float x) {
+    x = x * 65535.f + 0.5;
+    if (x > 65535) return 65535;
+    if (x < 0) return 0;
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>(x);
+}
+
+static void float_to_table16(const float f, uint8_t* table_16) {
+    *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(table_16) = Endian_SwapBE16(float_round_to_unorm16(f));
+}
+
+static bool isfinitef_(float x) { return 0 == x*0; }
+
+struct ICCHeader {
+    // Size of the profile (computed)
+    uint32_t size;
+    // Preferred CMM type (ignored)
+    uint32_t cmm_type = 0;
+    // Version 4.3 or 4.4 if CICP is included.
+    uint32_t version = Endian_SwapBE32(0x04300000);
+    // Display device profile
+    uint32_t profile_class = Endian_SwapBE32(kDisplay_Profile);
+    // RGB input color space;
+    uint32_t data_color_space = Endian_SwapBE32(kRGB_ColorSpace);
+    // Profile connection space.
+    uint32_t pcs = Endian_SwapBE32(kXYZ_PCSSpace);
+    // Date and time (ignored)
+    uint8_t creation_date_time[12] = {0};
+    // Profile signature
+    uint32_t signature = Endian_SwapBE32(kACSP_Signature);
+    // Platform target (ignored)
+    uint32_t platform = 0;
+    // Flags: not embedded, can be used independently
+    uint32_t flags = 0x00000000;
+    // Device manufacturer (ignored)
+    uint32_t device_manufacturer = 0;
+    // Device model (ignored)
+    uint32_t device_model = 0;
+    // Device attributes (ignored)
+    uint8_t device_attributes[8] = {0};
+    // Relative colorimetric rendering intent
+    uint32_t rendering_intent = Endian_SwapBE32(1);
+    // D50 standard illuminant (X, Y, Z)
+    uint32_t illuminant_X = Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(kD50_x));
+    uint32_t illuminant_Y = Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(kD50_y));
+    uint32_t illuminant_Z = Endian_SwapBE32(float_round_to_fixed(kD50_z));
+    // Profile creator (ignored)
+    uint32_t creator = 0;
+    // Profile id checksum (ignored)
+    uint8_t profile_id[16] = {0};
+    // Reserved (ignored)
+    uint8_t reserved[28] = {0};
+    // Technically not part of header, but required
+    uint32_t tag_count = 0;
+};
+
+class IccHelper {
+private:
+    static constexpr uint32_t kTrcTableSize = 65;
+    static constexpr uint32_t kGridSize = 17;
+    static constexpr size_t kNumChannels = 3;
+
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_text_tag(const char* text);
+    static std::string get_desc_string(const jpegr_transfer_function tf,
+                                       const jpegr_color_gamut gamut);
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_xyz_tag(float x, float y, float z);
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_trc_tag(const int table_entries, const void* table_16);
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_trc_tag_for_linear();
+    static float compute_tone_map_gain(const jpegr_transfer_function tf, float L);
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_cicp_tag(uint32_t color_primaries,
+                                         uint32_t transfer_characteristics);
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_mAB_or_mBA_tag(uint32_t type,
+                                               bool has_a_curves,
+                                               const uint8_t* grid_points,
+                                               const uint8_t* grid_16);
+    static void compute_lut_entry(const Matrix3x3& src_to_XYZD50, float rgb[3]);
+    static sp<DataStruct> write_clut(const uint8_t* grid_points, const uint8_t* grid_16);
+
+public:
+    static sp<DataStruct> writeIccProfile(const jpegr_transfer_function tf,
+                                          const jpegr_color_gamut gamut);
+};
+}  // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
+
+#endif //ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_ICC_H
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.h
index 5455ba6..e2023a6 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.h
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.h
@@ -38,6 +38,14 @@
   JPEGR_TF_SRGB = 3,
 } jpegr_transfer_function;
 
+// Target output formats for decoder
+typedef enum {
+  JPEGR_OUTPUT_SDR,          // SDR in RGBA_8888 color format
+  JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_LINEAR,   // HDR in F16 color format (linear)
+  JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_PQ,       // HDR in RGBA_1010102 color format (PQ transfer function)
+  JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_HLG,      // HDR in RGBA_1010102 color format (HLG transfer function)
+} jpegr_output_format;
+
 struct jpegr_info_struct {
     size_t width;
     size_t height;
@@ -83,7 +91,10 @@
     int length;
 };
 
-struct jpegr_metadata {
+/*
+ * Holds information for recovery map related metadata.
+ */
+struct jpegr_metadata_struct {
   // JPEG/R version
   uint32_t version;
   // Max Content Boost for the map
@@ -95,12 +106,14 @@
 typedef struct jpegr_uncompressed_struct* jr_uncompressed_ptr;
 typedef struct jpegr_compressed_struct* jr_compressed_ptr;
 typedef struct jpegr_exif_struct* jr_exif_ptr;
-typedef struct jpegr_metadata* jr_metadata_ptr;
+typedef struct jpegr_metadata_struct* jr_metadata_ptr;
 typedef struct jpegr_info_struct* jr_info_ptr;
 
 class JpegR {
 public:
     /*
+     * Experimental only
+     *
      * Encode API-0
      * Compress JPEGR image from 10-bit HDR YUV.
      *
@@ -191,24 +204,40 @@
      * Decode API
      * Decompress JPEGR image.
      *
-     * The output JPEGR image is in RGBA_1010102 data format if decoding to HDR.
-     * @param compressed_jpegr_image compressed JPEGR image
-     * @param dest destination of the uncompressed JPEGR image
-     * @param exif destination of the decoded EXIF metadata.
-     * @param request_sdr flag that request SDR output. If set to true, decoder will only decode
-     *                    the primary image which is SDR. Setting of request_sdr and input source
-     *                    (HDR or SDR) can be found in the table below:
-     *                    |  input source  |  request_sdr  |  output of decoding  |
-     *                    |       HDR      |     true      |          SDR         |
-     *                    |       HDR      |     false     |          HDR         |
-     *                    |       SDR      |     true      |          SDR         |
-     *                    |       SDR      |     false     |          SDR         |
+     * @param compressed_jpegr_image compressed JPEGR image.
+     * @param dest destination of the uncompressed JPEGR image.
+     * @param exif destination of the decoded EXIF metadata. The default value is NULL where the
+                   decoder will do nothing about it. If configured not NULL the decoder will write
+                   EXIF data into this structure. The format is defined in {@code jpegr_exif_struct}
+     * @param output_format flag for setting output color format. Its value configures the output
+                            color format. The default value is {@code JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_LINEAR}.
+                            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                            |   output_format          |    decoded color format to be written   |
+                            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                            |     JPEGR_OUTPUT_SDR     |                RGBA_8888                |
+                            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                            | JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_LINEAR  |        (default)RGBA_F16 linear         |
+                            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                            |   JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_PQ    |             RGBA_1010102 PQ             |
+                            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                            |   JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_HLG   |            RGBA_1010102 HLG             |
+                            ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+     * @param recovery_map destination of the decoded recovery map. The default value is NULL where
+                           the decoder will do nothing about it. If configured not NULL the decoder
+                           will write the decoded recovery_map data into this structure. The format
+                           is defined in {@code jpegr_uncompressed_struct}.
+     * @param metadata destination of the decoded metadata. The default value is NULL where the
+                       decoder will do nothing about it. If configured not NULL the decoder will
+                       write metadata into this structure. the format of metadata is defined in
+                       {@code jpegr_metadata}.
      * @return NO_ERROR if decoding succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
     status_t decodeJPEGR(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
                          jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
                          jr_exif_ptr exif = nullptr,
-                         bool request_sdr = false);
+                         jpegr_output_format output_format = JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_LINEAR,
+                         jr_uncompressed_ptr recovery_map = nullptr,
+                         jr_metadata_ptr metadata = nullptr);
 
     /*
     * Gets Info from JPEGR file without decoding it.
@@ -249,12 +278,16 @@
      * @param uncompressed_yuv_420_image uncompressed SDR image in YUV_420 color format
      * @param uncompressed_recovery_map uncompressed recovery map
      * @param metadata JPEG/R metadata extracted from XMP.
+     * @param output_format flag for setting output color format. if set to
+     *                      {@code JPEGR_OUTPUT_SDR}, decoder will only decode the primary image
+     *                      which is SDR. Default value is JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_LINEAR.
      * @param dest reconstructed HDR image
      * @return NO_ERROR if calculation succeeds, error code if error occurs.
      */
     status_t applyRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
                               jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
                               jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
+                              jpegr_output_format output_format,
                               jr_uncompressed_ptr dest);
 
 private:
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h
index 581806c..dd06fa2 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGRUTILS_H
 
 #include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.h>
+#include <utils/RefBase.h>
 
 #include <sstream>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -26,7 +27,45 @@
 
 namespace android::jpegrecoverymap {
 
-struct jpegr_metadata;
+static constexpr uint32_t EndianSwap32(uint32_t value) {
+    return ((value & 0xFF) << 24) |
+           ((value & 0xFF00) << 8) |
+           ((value & 0xFF0000) >> 8) |
+           (value >> 24);
+}
+static inline uint16_t EndianSwap16(uint16_t value) {
+    return static_cast<uint16_t>((value >> 8) | ((value & 0xFF) << 8));
+}
+
+#if USE_BIG_ENDIAN
+    #define Endian_SwapBE32(n) EndianSwap32(n)
+    #define Endian_SwapBE16(n) EndianSwap16(n)
+#else
+    #define Endian_SwapBE32(n) (n)
+    #define Endian_SwapBE16(n) (n)
+#endif
+
+struct jpegr_metadata_struct;
+/*
+ * Mutable data structure. Holds information for metadata.
+ */
+class DataStruct : public RefBase {
+private:
+    void* data;
+    int writePos;
+    int length;
+    ~DataStruct();
+
+public:
+    DataStruct(int s);
+    void* getData();
+    int getLength();
+    int getBytesWritten();
+    bool write8(uint8_t value);
+    bool write16(uint16_t value);
+    bool write32(uint32_t value);
+    bool write(const void* src, int size);
+};
 
 /*
  * Helper function used for writing data to destination.
@@ -48,15 +87,13 @@
  * @param metadata place to store HDR metadata values
  * @return true if metadata is successfully retrieved, false otherwise
 */
-bool getMetadataFromXMP(uint8_t* xmp_data, size_t xmp_size, jpegr_metadata* metadata);
+bool getMetadataFromXMP(uint8_t* xmp_data, size_t xmp_size, jpegr_metadata_struct* metadata);
 
 /*
- * This method generates XMP metadata.
+ * This method generates XMP metadata for the primary image.
  *
  * below is an example of the XMP metadata that this function generates where
  * secondary_image_length = 1000
- * max_content_boost = 8.0
- * min_content_boost = 0.5
  *
  * <x:xmpmeta
  *   xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"
@@ -65,8 +102,7 @@
  *     xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
  *     <rdf:Description
  *       xmlns:Container="http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/container/"
- *       xmlns:Item="http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/container/item/"
- *       xmlns:RecoveryMap="http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/recoverymap/">
+ *       xmlns:Item="http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/container/item/">
  *       <Container:Directory>
  *         <rdf:Seq>
  *           <rdf:li>
@@ -78,10 +114,7 @@
  *             <Container:Item
  *               Item:Semantic="RecoveryMap"
  *               Item:Mime="image/jpeg"
- *               Item:Length="1000"
- *               RecoveryMap:Version="1"
- *               RecoveryMap:MaxContentBoost="8.0"
- *               RecoveryMap:MinContentBoost="0.5"/>
+ *               Item:Length="1000"/>
  *           </rdf:li>
  *         </rdf:Seq>
  *       </Container:Directory>
@@ -90,10 +123,40 @@
  * </x:xmpmeta>
  *
  * @param secondary_image_length length of secondary image
+ * @return XMP metadata in type of string
+ */
+std::string generateXmpForPrimaryImage(int secondary_image_length);
+
+/*
+ * This method generates XMP metadata for the recovery map image.
+ *
+ * below is an example of the XMP metadata that this function generates where
+ * max_content_boost = 8.0
+ * min_content_boost = 0.5
+ *
+ * <x:xmpmeta
+ *   xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/"
+ *   x:xmptk="Adobe XMP Core 5.1.2">
+ *   <rdf:RDF
+ *     xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
+ *     <rdf:Description
+ *       xmlns:hdrgm="http://ns.adobe.com/hdr-gain-map/1.0/"
+ *       hdrgm:Version="1"
+ *       hdrgm:GainMapMin="0.5"
+ *       hdrgm:GainMapMax="8.5"
+ *       hdrgm:Gamma="1"
+ *       hdrgm:OffsetSDR="0"
+ *       hdrgm:OffsetHDR="0"
+ *       hdrgm:HDRCapacityMin="0.5"
+ *       hdrgm:HDRCapacityMax="8.5"
+ *       hdrgm:BaseRendition="SDR"/>
+ *   </rdf:RDF>
+ * </x:xmpmeta>
+ *
  * @param metadata JPEG/R metadata to encode as XMP
  * @return XMP metadata in type of string
  */
-std::string generateXmp(int secondary_image_length, jpegr_metadata& metadata);
+ std::string generateXmpForSecondaryImage(jpegr_metadata_struct& metadata);
 }  // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
 
 #endif //ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_JPEGRUTILS_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf3387d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_MULTIPICTUREFORMAT_H
+#define ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_MULTIPICTUREFORMAT_H
+
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h>
+
+#ifdef USE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#undef USE_BIG_ENDIAN
+#define USE_BIG_ENDIAN true
+#endif
+
+namespace android::jpegrecoverymap {
+
+constexpr size_t kNumPictures = 2;
+constexpr size_t kMpEndianSize = 4;
+constexpr uint16_t kTagSerializedCount = 3;
+constexpr uint32_t kTagSize = 12;
+
+constexpr uint16_t kTypeLong = 0x4;
+constexpr uint16_t kTypeUndefined = 0x7;
+
+static constexpr uint8_t kMpfSig[] = {'M', 'P', 'F', '\0'};
+constexpr uint8_t kMpLittleEndian[kMpEndianSize] = {0x49, 0x49, 0x2A, 0x00};
+constexpr uint8_t kMpBigEndian[kMpEndianSize] = {0x4D, 0x4D, 0x00, 0x2A};
+
+constexpr uint16_t kVersionTag = 0xB000;
+constexpr uint16_t kVersionType = kTypeUndefined;
+constexpr uint32_t kVersionCount = 4;
+constexpr size_t kVersionSize = 4;
+constexpr uint8_t kVersionExpected[kVersionSize] = {'0', '1', '0', '0'};
+
+constexpr uint16_t kNumberOfImagesTag = 0xB001;
+constexpr uint16_t kNumberOfImagesType = kTypeLong;
+constexpr uint32_t kNumberOfImagesCount = 1;
+
+constexpr uint16_t kMPEntryTag = 0xB002;
+constexpr uint16_t kMPEntryType = kTypeUndefined;
+constexpr uint32_t kMPEntrySize = 16;
+
+constexpr uint32_t kMPEntryAttributeFormatJpeg = 0x0000000;
+constexpr uint32_t kMPEntryAttributeTypePrimary = 0x030000;
+
+size_t calculateMpfSize();
+sp<DataStruct> generateMpf(int primary_image_size, int primary_image_offset,
+                           int secondary_image_size, int secondary_image_offset);
+
+}  // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
+
+#endif //ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_MULTIPICTUREFORMAT_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h
index c12cee9..8b5318f 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/include/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h
@@ -115,6 +115,14 @@
   return temp /= rhs;
 }
 
+inline uint16_t floatToHalf(float f) {
+  uint32_t x = *((uint32_t*)&f);
+  uint16_t h = ((x >> 16) & 0x8000)
+             | ((((x & 0x7f800000) - 0x38000000) >> 13) & 0x7c00)
+             | ((x >> 13) & 0x03ff);
+  return h;
+}
+
 constexpr size_t kRecoveryFactorPrecision = 10;
 constexpr size_t kRecoveryFactorNumEntries = 1 << kRecoveryFactorPrecision;
 struct RecoveryLUT {
@@ -392,6 +400,13 @@
  */
 uint32_t colorToRgba1010102(Color e_gamma);
 
+/*
+ * Convert from Color to F16.
+ *
+ * Alpha always set to 1.0.
+ */
+uint64_t colorToRgbaF16(Color e_gamma);
+
 } // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
 
 #endif // ANDROID_JPEGRECOVERYMAP_RECOVERYMAPMATH_H
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.cpp
index 828af2d..e197bf0 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegr.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegdecoderhelper.h>
 #include <jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.h>
 #include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/icc.h>
 
 #include <image_io/jpeg/jpeg_marker.h>
 #include <image_io/jpeg/jpeg_info.h>
@@ -26,10 +28,6 @@
 #include <image_io/jpeg/jpeg_info_builder.h>
 #include <image_io/base/data_segment_data_source.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
-#include "SkColorSpace.h"
-#include "SkData.h"
-#include "SkICC.h"
-#include "SkRefCnt.h"
 
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -88,27 +86,12 @@
   return cpuCoreCount;
 }
 
-static const map<jpegrecoverymap::jpegr_color_gamut, skcms_Matrix3x3> jrGamut_to_skGamut {
-    {JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT709,     SkNamedGamut::kSRGB},
-    {JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_P3,        SkNamedGamut::kDisplayP3},
-    {JPEGR_COLORGAMUT_BT2100,    SkNamedGamut::kRec2020},
-};
-
-static const map<
-        jpegrecoverymap::jpegr_transfer_function,
-        skcms_TransferFunction> jrTransFunc_to_skTransFunc {
-    {JPEGR_TF_SRGB,        SkNamedTransferFn::kSRGB},
-    {JPEGR_TF_LINEAR,      SkNamedTransferFn::kLinear},
-    {JPEGR_TF_HLG,         SkNamedTransferFn::kHLG},
-    {JPEGR_TF_PQ,          SkNamedTransferFn::kPQ},
-};
-
 /* Encode API-0 */
 status_t JpegR::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                  jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
-                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest,
-                                  int quality,
-                                  jr_exif_ptr exif) {
+                            jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
+                            jr_compressed_ptr dest,
+                            int quality,
+                            jr_exif_ptr exif) {
   if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
@@ -124,7 +107,7 @@
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_INPUT_TYPE;
   }
 
-  jpegr_metadata metadata;
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata;
   metadata.version = kJpegrVersion;
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct uncompressed_yuv_420_image;
@@ -145,15 +128,14 @@
   compressed_map.data = compressed_map_data.get();
   JPEGR_CHECK(compressRecoveryMap(&map, &compressed_map));
 
-  sk_sp<SkData> icc = SkWriteICCProfile(
-          jrTransFunc_to_skTransFunc.at(JPEGR_TF_SRGB),
-          jrGamut_to_skGamut.at(uncompressed_yuv_420_image.colorGamut));
+  sp<DataStruct> icc = IccHelper::writeIccProfile(JPEGR_TF_SRGB,
+                                                  uncompressed_yuv_420_image.colorGamut);
 
   JpegEncoderHelper jpeg_encoder;
   if (!jpeg_encoder.compressImage(uncompressed_yuv_420_image.data,
                                   uncompressed_yuv_420_image.width,
                                   uncompressed_yuv_420_image.height, quality,
-                                  icc.get()->data(), icc.get()->size())) {
+                                  icc->getData(), icc->getLength())) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_ENCODE_ERROR;
   }
   jpegr_compressed_struct jpeg;
@@ -167,11 +149,11 @@
 
 /* Encode API-1 */
 status_t JpegR::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                                  jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
-                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest,
-                                  int quality,
-                                  jr_exif_ptr exif) {
+                            jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
+                            jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
+                            jr_compressed_ptr dest,
+                            int quality,
+                            jr_exif_ptr exif) {
   if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
@@ -194,7 +176,7 @@
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_INPUT_TYPE;
   }
 
-  jpegr_metadata metadata;
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata;
   metadata.version = kJpegrVersion;
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
@@ -209,15 +191,14 @@
   compressed_map.data = compressed_map_data.get();
   JPEGR_CHECK(compressRecoveryMap(&map, &compressed_map));
 
-  sk_sp<SkData> icc = SkWriteICCProfile(
-          jrTransFunc_to_skTransFunc.at(JPEGR_TF_SRGB),
-          jrGamut_to_skGamut.at(uncompressed_yuv_420_image->colorGamut));
+  sp<DataStruct> icc = IccHelper::writeIccProfile(JPEGR_TF_SRGB,
+                                                  uncompressed_yuv_420_image->colorGamut);
 
   JpegEncoderHelper jpeg_encoder;
   if (!jpeg_encoder.compressImage(uncompressed_yuv_420_image->data,
                                   uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width,
                                   uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height, quality,
-                                  icc.get()->data(), icc.get()->size())) {
+                                  icc->getData(), icc->getLength())) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_ENCODE_ERROR;
   }
   jpegr_compressed_struct jpeg;
@@ -231,10 +212,10 @@
 
 /* Encode API-2 */
 status_t JpegR::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                                  jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
-                                  jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
-                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+                            jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
+                            jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                            jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
+                            jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
@@ -254,7 +235,7 @@
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_INPUT_TYPE;
   }
 
-  jpegr_metadata metadata;
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata;
   metadata.version = kJpegrVersion;
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
@@ -276,9 +257,9 @@
 
 /* Encode API-3 */
 status_t JpegR::encodeJPEGR(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                  jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
-                                  jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
-                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+                            jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
+                            jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
+                            jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
    || compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
    || dest == nullptr) {
@@ -307,7 +288,7 @@
     return ERROR_JPEGR_RESOLUTION_MISMATCH;
   }
 
-  jpegr_metadata metadata;
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata;
   metadata.version = kJpegrVersion;
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
@@ -327,8 +308,7 @@
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t JpegR::getJPEGRInfo(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
-                                   jr_info_ptr jpegr_info) {
+status_t JpegR::getJPEGRInfo(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image, jr_info_ptr jpegr_info) {
   if (compressed_jpegr_image == nullptr || jpegr_info == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
@@ -349,16 +329,16 @@
 
 /* Decode API */
 status_t JpegR::decodeJPEGR(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
-                                  jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
-                                  jr_exif_ptr exif,
-                                  bool request_sdr) {
+                            jr_uncompressed_ptr dest,
+                            jr_exif_ptr exif,
+                            jpegr_output_format output_format,
+                            jr_uncompressed_ptr recovery_map,
+                            jr_metadata_ptr metadata) {
   if (compressed_jpegr_image == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
-  // TODO: fill EXIF data
-  (void) exif;
 
-  if (request_sdr) {
+  if (output_format == JPEGR_OUTPUT_SDR) {
     JpegDecoderHelper jpeg_decoder;
     if (!jpeg_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_jpegr_image->data, compressed_jpegr_image->length,
                                       true)) {
@@ -372,21 +352,72 @@
            uncompressed_rgba_image.width * uncompressed_rgba_image.height * 4);
     dest->width = uncompressed_rgba_image.width;
     dest->height = uncompressed_rgba_image.height;
-    return NO_ERROR;
+
+    if (recovery_map == nullptr && exif == nullptr) {
+      return NO_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    if (exif != nullptr) {
+      if (exif->data == nullptr) {
+        return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
+      }
+      if (exif->length < jpeg_decoder.getEXIFSize()) {
+        return ERROR_JPEGR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+      }
+      memcpy(exif->data, jpeg_decoder.getEXIFPtr(), jpeg_decoder.getEXIFSize());
+      exif->length = jpeg_decoder.getEXIFSize();
+    }
+    if (recovery_map == nullptr) {
+      return NO_ERROR;
+    }
   }
 
   jpegr_compressed_struct compressed_map;
-  jpegr_metadata metadata;
   JPEGR_CHECK(extractRecoveryMap(compressed_jpegr_image, &compressed_map));
 
+  JpegDecoderHelper recovery_map_decoder;
+  if (!recovery_map_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_map.data, compressed_map.length)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if (recovery_map != nullptr) {
+    recovery_map->width = recovery_map_decoder.getDecompressedImageWidth();
+    recovery_map->height = recovery_map_decoder.getDecompressedImageHeight();
+    int size = recovery_map->width * recovery_map->height;
+    recovery_map->data = malloc(size);
+    memcpy(recovery_map->data, recovery_map_decoder.getDecompressedImagePtr(), size);
+  }
+
+  jpegr_metadata_struct jr_metadata;
+  if (!getMetadataFromXMP(static_cast<uint8_t*>(recovery_map_decoder.getXMPPtr()),
+                          recovery_map_decoder.getXMPSize(), &jr_metadata)) {
+    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if (metadata != nullptr) {
+      metadata->version = jr_metadata.version;
+      metadata->minContentBoost = jr_metadata.minContentBoost;
+      metadata->maxContentBoost = jr_metadata.maxContentBoost;
+  }
+
+  if (output_format == JPEGR_OUTPUT_SDR) {
+    return NO_ERROR;
+  }
+
   JpegDecoderHelper jpeg_decoder;
   if (!jpeg_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_jpegr_image->data, compressed_jpegr_image->length)) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
   }
 
-  JpegDecoderHelper recovery_map_decoder;
-  if (!recovery_map_decoder.decompressImage(compressed_map.data, compressed_map.length)) {
-    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
+  if (exif != nullptr) {
+    if (exif->data == nullptr) {
+      return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
+    }
+    if (exif->length < jpeg_decoder.getEXIFSize()) {
+      return ERROR_JPEGR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+    }
+    memcpy(exif->data, jpeg_decoder.getEXIFPtr(), jpeg_decoder.getEXIFSize());
+    exif->length = jpeg_decoder.getEXIFSize();
   }
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct map;
@@ -399,17 +430,13 @@
   uncompressed_yuv_420_image.width = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageWidth();
   uncompressed_yuv_420_image.height = jpeg_decoder.getDecompressedImageHeight();
 
-  if (!getMetadataFromXMP(static_cast<uint8_t*>(jpeg_decoder.getXMPPtr()),
-                          jpeg_decoder.getXMPSize(), &metadata)) {
-    return ERROR_JPEGR_DECODE_ERROR;
-  }
-
-  JPEGR_CHECK(applyRecoveryMap(&uncompressed_yuv_420_image, &map, &metadata, dest));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(applyRecoveryMap(&uncompressed_yuv_420_image, &map, &jr_metadata, output_format,
+                               dest));
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 status_t JpegR::compressRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
-                                          jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+                                    jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_recovery_map == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
@@ -493,10 +520,10 @@
 }
 
 status_t JpegR::generateRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                                          jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
-                                          jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
-                                          jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
-                                          jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
+                                    jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_p010_image,
+                                    jpegr_transfer_function hdr_tf,
+                                    jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
+                                    jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_p010_image == nullptr
    || metadata == nullptr
@@ -637,9 +664,10 @@
 }
 
 status_t JpegR::applyRecoveryMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_yuv_420_image,
-                                       jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
-                                       jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
-                                       jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
+                                 jr_uncompressed_ptr uncompressed_recovery_map,
+                                 jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
+                                 jpegr_output_format output_format,
+                                 jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
   if (uncompressed_yuv_420_image == nullptr
    || uncompressed_recovery_map == nullptr
    || metadata == nullptr
@@ -654,18 +682,12 @@
 
   JobQueue jobQueue;
   std::function<void()> applyRecMap = [uncompressed_yuv_420_image, uncompressed_recovery_map,
-                                       metadata, dest, &jobQueue, &idwTable,
+                                       metadata, dest, &jobQueue, &idwTable, output_format,
                                        &recoveryLUT]() -> void {
     const float hdr_ratio = metadata->maxContentBoost;
     size_t width = uncompressed_yuv_420_image->width;
     size_t height = uncompressed_yuv_420_image->height;
 
-#if USE_HLG_OETF_LUT
-    ColorTransformFn hdrOetf = hlgOetfLUT;
-#else
-    ColorTransformFn hdrOetf = hlgOetf;
-#endif
-
     size_t rowStart, rowEnd;
     while (jobQueue.dequeueJob(rowStart, rowEnd)) {
       for (size_t y = rowStart; y < rowEnd; ++y) {
@@ -693,11 +715,44 @@
 #else
           Color rgb_hdr = applyRecovery(rgb_sdr, recovery, metadata);
 #endif
-          Color rgb_gamma_hdr = hdrOetf(rgb_hdr / metadata->maxContentBoost);
-          uint32_t rgba1010102 = colorToRgba1010102(rgb_gamma_hdr);
-
+          rgb_hdr = rgb_hdr / metadata->maxContentBoost;
           size_t pixel_idx = x + y * width;
-          reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_idx] = rgba1010102;
+
+          switch (output_format) {
+            case JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_LINEAR:
+            {
+              uint64_t rgba_f16 = colorToRgbaF16(rgb_hdr);
+              reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_idx] = rgba_f16;
+              break;
+            }
+            case JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_HLG:
+            {
+#if USE_HLG_OETF_LUT
+              ColorTransformFn hdrOetf = hlgOetfLUT;
+#else
+              ColorTransformFn hdrOetf = hlgOetf;
+#endif
+              Color rgb_gamma_hdr = hdrOetf(rgb_hdr);
+              uint32_t rgba_1010102 = colorToRgba1010102(rgb_gamma_hdr);
+              reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_idx] = rgba_1010102;
+              break;
+            }
+            case JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_PQ:
+            {
+#if USE_HLG_OETF_LUT
+              ColorTransformFn hdrOetf = pqOetfLUT;
+#else
+              ColorTransformFn hdrOetf = pqOetf;
+#endif
+              Color rgb_gamma_hdr = hdrOetf(rgb_hdr);
+              uint32_t rgba_1010102 = colorToRgba1010102(rgb_gamma_hdr);
+              reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(dest->data)[pixel_idx] = rgba_1010102;
+              break;
+            }
+            default:
+            {}
+              // Should be impossible to hit after input validation.
+          }
         }
       }
     }
@@ -721,8 +776,8 @@
 }
 
 status_t JpegR::extractPrimaryImageAndRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
-                                                        jr_compressed_ptr primary_image,
-                                                        jr_compressed_ptr recovery_map) {
+                                                  jr_compressed_ptr primary_image,
+                                                  jr_compressed_ptr recovery_map) {
   if (compressed_jpegr_image == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
@@ -771,7 +826,7 @@
 
 
 status_t JpegR::extractRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpegr_image,
-                                         jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+                                   jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (compressed_jpegr_image == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
@@ -790,11 +845,22 @@
 // (Required, XMP package) APP1 (ff e1)
 // 2 bytes of length (2 + 29 + length of xmp package)
 // name space ("http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0")
-// xmp
+// XMP
+//
+// (Required, MPF package) APP2 (ff e2)
+// 2 bytes of length
+// MPF
 //
 // (Required) primary image (without the first two bytes (SOI), may have other packages)
 //
-// (Required) secondary image (the recovery map)
+// SOI (ff d8)
+//
+// (Required, XMP package) APP1 (ff e1)
+// 2 bytes of length (2 + 29 + length of xmp package)
+// name space ("http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0")
+// XMP
+//
+// (Required) secondary image (the recovery map, without the first two bytes (SOI))
 //
 // Metadata versions we are using:
 // ECMA TR-98 for JFIF marker
@@ -802,10 +868,10 @@
 // Adobe XMP spec part 3 for XMP marker
 // ICC v4.3 spec for ICC
 status_t JpegR::appendRecoveryMap(jr_compressed_ptr compressed_jpeg_image,
-                                        jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
-                                        jr_exif_ptr exif,
-                                        jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
-                                        jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr compressed_recovery_map,
+                                  jr_exif_ptr exif,
+                                  jr_metadata_ptr metadata,
+                                  jr_compressed_ptr dest) {
   if (compressed_jpeg_image == nullptr
    || compressed_recovery_map == nullptr
    || metadata == nullptr
@@ -813,8 +879,25 @@
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
 
-  int pos = 0;
+  const string nameSpace = "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/";
+  const int nameSpaceLength = nameSpace.size() + 1;  // need to count the null terminator
 
+  // calculate secondary image length first, because the length will be written into the primary
+  // image xmp
+  const string xmp_secondary = generateXmpForSecondaryImage(*metadata);
+  const int xmp_secondary_length = 2 /* 2 bytes representing the length of the package */
+                                 + nameSpaceLength /* 29 bytes length of name space including \0 */
+                                 + xmp_secondary.size(); /* length of xmp packet */
+  const int secondary_image_size = 2 /* 2 bytes length of APP1 sign */
+                                 + xmp_secondary_length
+                                 + compressed_recovery_map->length;
+  // primary image
+  const string xmp_primary = generateXmpForPrimaryImage(secondary_image_size);
+  // same as primary
+  const int xmp_primary_length = 2 + nameSpaceLength + xmp_primary.size();
+
+  int pos = 0;
+  // Begin primary image
   // Write SOI
   JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
   JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kSOI, 1, pos));
@@ -833,13 +916,7 @@
 
   // Prepare and write XMP
   {
-    const string xmp = generateXmp(compressed_recovery_map->length, *metadata);
-    const string nameSpace = "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0";
-    const int nameSpaceLength = nameSpace.size() + 1;  // need to count the null terminator
-    // 2 bytes: representing the length of the package
-    // 29 bytes: length of name space "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0",
-    // x bytes: length of xmp packet
-    const int length = 2 + nameSpaceLength + xmp.size();
+    const int length = xmp_primary_length;
     const uint8_t lengthH = ((length >> 8) & 0xff);
     const uint8_t lengthL = (length & 0xff);
     JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
@@ -847,15 +924,57 @@
     JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthH, 1, pos));
     JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthL, 1, pos));
     JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)nameSpace.c_str(), nameSpaceLength, pos));
-    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)xmp.c_str(), xmp.size(), pos));
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)xmp_primary.c_str(), xmp_primary.size(), pos));
+  }
+
+  // Prepare and write MPF
+  {
+      const int length = 2 + calculateMpfSize();
+      const uint8_t lengthH = ((length >> 8) & 0xff);
+      const uint8_t lengthL = (length & 0xff);
+      int primary_image_size = pos + length + compressed_jpeg_image->length;
+      // between APP2 + package size + signature
+      // ff e2 00 58 4d 50 46 00
+      // 2 + 2 + 4 = 8 (bytes)
+      // and ff d8 sign of the secondary image
+      int secondary_image_offset = primary_image_size - pos - 8;
+      sp<DataStruct> mpf = generateMpf(primary_image_size,
+                                       0, /* primary_image_offset */
+                                       secondary_image_size,
+                                       secondary_image_offset);
+      JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
+      JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kAPP2, 1, pos));
+      JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthH, 1, pos));
+      JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthL, 1, pos));
+      JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)mpf->getData(), mpf->getLength(), pos));
   }
 
   // Write primary image
   JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest,
       (uint8_t*)compressed_jpeg_image->data + 2, compressed_jpeg_image->length - 2, pos));
+  // Finish primary image
+
+  // Begin secondary image (recovery map)
+  // Write SOI
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kSOI, 1, pos));
+
+  // Prepare and write XMP
+  {
+    const int length = xmp_secondary_length;
+    const uint8_t lengthH = ((length >> 8) & 0xff);
+    const uint8_t lengthL = (length & 0xff);
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kStart, 1, pos));
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &photos_editing_formats::image_io::JpegMarker::kAPP1, 1, pos));
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthH, 1, pos));
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, &lengthL, 1, pos));
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)nameSpace.c_str(), nameSpaceLength, pos));
+    JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, (void*)xmp_secondary.c_str(), xmp_secondary.size(), pos));
+  }
 
   // Write secondary image
-  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest, compressed_recovery_map->data, compressed_recovery_map->length, pos));
+  JPEGR_CHECK(Write(dest,
+        (uint8_t*)compressed_recovery_map->data + 2, compressed_recovery_map->length - 2, pos));
 
   // Set back length
   dest->length = pos;
@@ -864,8 +983,7 @@
   return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t JpegR::toneMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr src,
-                              jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
+status_t JpegR::toneMap(jr_uncompressed_ptr src, jr_uncompressed_ptr dest) {
   if (src == nullptr || dest == nullptr) {
     return ERROR_JPEGR_INVALID_NULL_PTR;
   }
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.cpp
index 49526c8..ff96447 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.cpp
@@ -15,18 +15,19 @@
  */
 
 #include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h>
+#include <utils/Log.h>
 #include <image_io/xml/xml_reader.h>
 #include <image_io/xml/xml_writer.h>
 #include <image_io/base/message_handler.h>
 #include <image_io/xml/xml_element_rules.h>
 #include <image_io/xml/xml_handler.h>
 #include <image_io/xml/xml_rule.h>
+#include <cmath>
 
 using namespace photos_editing_formats::image_io;
 using namespace std;
 
 namespace android::jpegrecoverymap {
-
 /*
  * Helper function used for generating XMP metadata.
  *
@@ -34,12 +35,62 @@
  * @param suffix The suffix part of the name.
  * @return A name of the form "prefix:suffix".
  */
-string Name(const string &prefix, const string &suffix) {
+static inline string Name(const string &prefix, const string &suffix) {
   std::stringstream ss;
   ss << prefix << ":" << suffix;
   return ss.str();
 }
 
+DataStruct::DataStruct(int s) {
+    data = malloc(s);
+    length = s;
+    memset(data, 0, s);
+    writePos = 0;
+}
+
+DataStruct::~DataStruct() {
+    if (data != nullptr) {
+        free(data);
+    }
+}
+
+void* DataStruct::getData() {
+    return data;
+}
+
+int DataStruct::getLength() {
+    return length;
+}
+
+int DataStruct::getBytesWritten() {
+    return writePos;
+}
+
+bool DataStruct::write8(uint8_t value) {
+    uint8_t v = value;
+    return write(&v, 1);
+}
+
+bool DataStruct::write16(uint16_t value) {
+    uint16_t v = value;
+    return write(&v, 2);
+}
+bool DataStruct::write32(uint32_t value) {
+    uint32_t v = value;
+    return write(&v, 4);
+}
+
+bool DataStruct::write(const void* src, int size) {
+    if (writePos + size > length) {
+        ALOGE("Writing out of boundary: write position: %d, size: %d, capacity: %d",
+                writePos, size, length);
+        return false;
+    }
+    memcpy((uint8_t*) data + writePos, src, size);
+    writePos += size;
+    return true;
+}
+
 /*
  * Helper function used for writing data to destination.
  */
@@ -58,7 +109,7 @@
 public:
 
     XMPXmlHandler() : XmlHandler() {
-        gContainerItemState = NotStrarted;
+        state = NotStrarted;
     }
 
     enum ParseState {
@@ -70,11 +121,11 @@
     virtual DataMatchResult StartElement(const XmlTokenContext& context) {
         string val;
         if (context.BuildTokenValue(&val)) {
-            if (!val.compare(gContainerItemName)) {
-                gContainerItemState = Started;
+            if (!val.compare(containerName)) {
+                state = Started;
             } else {
-                if (gContainerItemState != Done) {
-                    gContainerItemState = NotStrarted;
+                if (state != Done) {
+                    state = NotStrarted;
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -82,8 +133,8 @@
     }
 
     virtual DataMatchResult FinishElement(const XmlTokenContext& context) {
-        if (gContainerItemState == Started) {
-            gContainerItemState = Done;
+        if (state == Started) {
+            state = Done;
             lastAttributeName = "";
         }
         return context.GetResult();
@@ -91,7 +142,7 @@
 
     virtual DataMatchResult AttributeName(const XmlTokenContext& context) {
         string val;
-        if (gContainerItemState == Started) {
+        if (state == Started) {
             if (context.BuildTokenValue(&val)) {
                 if (!val.compare(maxContentBoostAttrName)) {
                     lastAttributeName = maxContentBoostAttrName;
@@ -107,7 +158,7 @@
 
     virtual DataMatchResult AttributeValue(const XmlTokenContext& context) {
         string val;
-        if (gContainerItemState == Started) {
+        if (state == Started) {
             if (context.BuildTokenValue(&val, true)) {
                 if (!lastAttributeName.compare(maxContentBoostAttrName)) {
                     maxContentBoostStr = val;
@@ -120,11 +171,11 @@
     }
 
     bool getMaxContentBoost(float* max_content_boost) {
-        if (gContainerItemState == Done) {
+        if (state == Done) {
             stringstream ss(maxContentBoostStr);
             float val;
             if (ss >> val) {
-                *max_content_boost = val;
+                *max_content_boost = exp2(val);
                 return true;
             } else {
                 return false;
@@ -135,11 +186,11 @@
     }
 
     bool getMinContentBoost(float* min_content_boost) {
-        if (gContainerItemState == Done) {
+        if (state == Done) {
             stringstream ss(minContentBoostStr);
             float val;
             if (ss >> val) {
-                *min_content_boost = val;
+                *min_content_boost = exp2(val);
                 return true;
             } else {
                 return false;
@@ -150,13 +201,13 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    static const string gContainerItemName;
+    static const string containerName;
     static const string maxContentBoostAttrName;
     string              maxContentBoostStr;
     static const string minContentBoostAttrName;
     string              minContentBoostStr;
     string              lastAttributeName;
-    ParseState          gContainerItemState;
+    ParseState          state;
 };
 
 // GContainer XMP constants - URI and namespace prefix
@@ -168,8 +219,7 @@
 const string kConItem                 = Name(kContainerPrefix, "Item");
 
 // GContainer XMP constants - names for XMP handlers
-const string XMPXmlHandler::gContainerItemName = kConItem;
-
+const string XMPXmlHandler::containerName = "rdf:Description";
 // Item XMP constants - URI and namespace prefix
 const string kItemUri        = "http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/container/item/";
 const string kItemPrefix     = "Item";
@@ -185,19 +235,25 @@
 const string kMimeImageJpeg       = "image/jpeg";
 
 // RecoveryMap XMP constants - URI and namespace prefix
-const string kRecoveryMapUri      = "http://ns.google.com/photos/1.0/recoverymap/";
-const string kRecoveryMapPrefix   = "RecoveryMap";
+const string kRecoveryMapUri      = "http://ns.adobe.com/hdr-gain-map/1.0/";
+const string kRecoveryMapPrefix   = "hdrgm";
 
 // RecoveryMap XMP constants - element and attribute names
-const string kMapMaxContentBoost  = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "MaxContentBoost");
-const string kMapMinContentBoost  = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "MinContentBoost");
 const string kMapVersion          = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "Version");
+const string kMapGainMapMin       = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "GainMapMin");
+const string kMapGainMapMax       = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "GainMapMax");
+const string kMapGamma            = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "Gamma");
+const string kMapOffsetSdr        = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "OffsetSDR");
+const string kMapOffsetHdr        = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "OffsetHDR");
+const string kMapHDRCapacityMin   = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "HDRCapacityMin");
+const string kMapHDRCapacityMax   = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "HDRCapacityMax");
+const string kMapBaseRendition    = Name(kRecoveryMapPrefix, "BaseRendition");
 
 // RecoveryMap XMP constants - names for XMP handlers
-const string XMPXmlHandler::maxContentBoostAttrName = kMapMaxContentBoost;
-const string XMPXmlHandler::minContentBoostAttrName = kMapMinContentBoost;
+const string XMPXmlHandler::minContentBoostAttrName = kMapGainMapMin;
+const string XMPXmlHandler::maxContentBoostAttrName = kMapGainMapMax;
 
-bool getMetadataFromXMP(uint8_t* xmp_data, size_t xmp_size, jpegr_metadata* metadata) {
+bool getMetadataFromXMP(uint8_t* xmp_data, size_t xmp_size, jpegr_metadata_struct* metadata) {
     string nameSpace = "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0";
 
     if (xmp_size < nameSpace.size()+2) {
@@ -243,7 +299,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-string generateXmp(int secondary_image_length, jpegr_metadata& metadata) {
+string generateXmpForPrimaryImage(int secondary_image_length) {
   const vector<string> kConDirSeq({kConDirectory, string("rdf:Seq")});
   const vector<string> kLiItem({string("rdf:li"), kConItem});
 
@@ -257,7 +313,6 @@
   writer.StartWritingElement("rdf:Description");
   writer.WriteXmlns(kContainerPrefix, kContainerUri);
   writer.WriteXmlns(kItemPrefix, kItemUri);
-  writer.WriteXmlns(kRecoveryMapPrefix, kRecoveryMapUri);
   writer.StartWritingElements(kConDirSeq);
   size_t item_depth = writer.StartWritingElements(kLiItem);
   writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemSemantic, kSemanticPrimary);
@@ -267,9 +322,33 @@
   writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemSemantic, kSemanticRecoveryMap);
   writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemMime, kMimeImageJpeg);
   writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kItemLength, secondary_image_length);
+  writer.FinishWriting();
+
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
+string generateXmpForSecondaryImage(jpegr_metadata_struct& metadata) {
+  const vector<string> kConDirSeq({kConDirectory, string("rdf:Seq")});
+  const vector<string> kLiItem({string("rdf:li"), kConItem});
+
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  photos_editing_formats::image_io::XmlWriter writer(ss);
+  writer.StartWritingElement("x:xmpmeta");
+  writer.WriteXmlns("x", "adobe:ns:meta/");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue("x:xmptk", "Adobe XMP Core 5.1.2");
+  writer.StartWritingElement("rdf:RDF");
+  writer.WriteXmlns("rdf", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#");
+  writer.StartWritingElement("rdf:Description");
+  writer.WriteXmlns(kRecoveryMapPrefix, kRecoveryMapUri);
   writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapVersion, metadata.version);
-  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapMaxContentBoost, metadata.maxContentBoost);
-  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapMinContentBoost, metadata.minContentBoost);
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapGainMapMin, log2(metadata.minContentBoost));
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapGainMapMax, log2(metadata.maxContentBoost));
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapGamma, "1");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapOffsetSdr, "0");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapOffsetHdr, "0");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapHDRCapacityMin, "0");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapHDRCapacityMax, "2.3");
+  writer.WriteAttributeNameAndValue(kMapBaseRendition, "SDR");
   writer.FinishWriting();
 
   return ss.str();
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a219aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/multipictureformat.h>
+#include <jpegrecoverymap/jpegrutils.h>
+
+namespace android::jpegrecoverymap {
+size_t calculateMpfSize() {
+    return sizeof(kMpfSig) +                 // Signature
+            kMpEndianSize +                   // Endianness
+            sizeof(uint32_t) +                // Index IFD Offset
+            sizeof(uint16_t) +                // Tag count
+            kTagSerializedCount * kTagSize +  // 3 tags at 12 bytes each
+            sizeof(uint32_t) +                // Attribute IFD offset
+            kNumPictures * kMPEntrySize;      // MP Entries for each image
+}
+
+sp<DataStruct> generateMpf(int primary_image_size, int primary_image_offset,
+        int secondary_image_size, int secondary_image_offset) {
+    size_t mpf_size = calculateMpfSize();
+    sp<DataStruct> dataStruct = new DataStruct(mpf_size);
+
+    dataStruct->write(static_cast<const void*>(kMpfSig), sizeof(kMpfSig));
+#if USE_BIG_ENDIAN
+    dataStruct->write(static_cast<const void*>(kMpBigEndian), kMpEndianSize);
+#else
+    dataStruct->write(static_cast<const void*>(kMpLittleEndian), kMpEndianSize);
+#endif
+
+    // Set the Index IFD offset be the position after the endianness value and this offset.
+    constexpr uint32_t indexIfdOffset =
+            static_cast<uint16_t>(kMpEndianSize + sizeof(kMpfSig));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(indexIfdOffset));
+
+    // We will write 3 tags (version, number of images, MP entries).
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kTagSerializedCount));
+
+    // Write the version tag.
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kVersionTag));
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kVersionType));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kVersionCount));
+    dataStruct->write(kVersionExpected, kVersionSize);
+
+    // Write the number of images.
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kNumberOfImagesTag));
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kNumberOfImagesType));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kNumberOfImagesCount));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kNumPictures));
+
+    // Write the MP entries.
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kMPEntryTag));
+    dataStruct->write16(Endian_SwapBE16(kMPEntryType));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kMPEntrySize * kNumPictures));
+    const uint32_t mpEntryOffset =
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(dataStruct->getBytesWritten() -  // The bytes written so far
+                                  sizeof(kMpfSig) +   // Excluding the MPF signature
+                                  sizeof(uint32_t) +  // The 4 bytes for this offset
+                                  sizeof(uint32_t));  // The 4 bytes for the attribute IFD offset.
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(mpEntryOffset));
+
+    // Write the attribute IFD offset (zero because we don't write it).
+    dataStruct->write32(0);
+
+    // Write the MP entries for primary image
+    dataStruct->write32(
+            Endian_SwapBE32(kMPEntryAttributeFormatJpeg | kMPEntryAttributeTypePrimary));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(primary_image_size));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(primary_image_offset));
+    dataStruct->write16(0);
+    dataStruct->write16(0);
+
+    // Write the MP entries for secondary image
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(kMPEntryAttributeFormatJpeg));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(secondary_image_size));
+    dataStruct->write32(Endian_SwapBE32(secondary_image_offset));
+    dataStruct->write16(0);
+    dataStruct->write16(0);
+
+    return dataStruct;
+}
+
+} // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp
index 7812e18..20c32ed 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/recoverymapmath.cpp
@@ -631,4 +631,11 @@
        | (0x3 << 30);  // Set alpha to 1.0
 }
 
+uint64_t colorToRgbaF16(Color e_gamma) {
+  return (uint64_t) floatToHalf(e_gamma.r)
+       | (((uint64_t) floatToHalf(e_gamma.g)) << 16)
+       | (((uint64_t) floatToHalf(e_gamma.b)) << 32)
+       | (((uint64_t) floatToHalf(1.0f)) << 48);
+}
+
 } // namespace android::jpegrecoverymap
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp
index 5a4edb2..d5da7fb 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/Android.bp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
         "libjpegdecoder",
         "libjpegencoder",
         "libjpegrecoverymap",
-        "libskia",
+        "libutils",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/jpegr_test.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/jpegr_test.cpp
index 7a3133d..be4b972 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/jpegr_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/jpegr_test.cpp
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
 
   timerStart(&applyRecMapTime);
   for (auto i = 0; i < kProfileCount; i++) {
-      ASSERT_EQ(OK, applyRecoveryMap(yuv420Image, map, metadata, dest));
+      ASSERT_EQ(OK, applyRecoveryMap(yuv420Image, map, metadata, JPEGR_OUTPUT_HDR_HLG, dest));
   }
   timerStop(&applyRecMapTime);
 
@@ -170,18 +170,17 @@
   jpegRCodec.encodeJPEGR(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, static_cast<jpegr_transfer_function>(0),
                          nullptr);
   jpegRCodec.encodeJPEGR(nullptr, nullptr, static_cast<jpegr_transfer_function>(0), nullptr);
-  jpegRCodec.decodeJPEGR(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, false);
+  jpegRCodec.decodeJPEGR(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(JpegRTest, writeXmpThenRead) {
-  jpegr_metadata metadata_expected;
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata_expected;
   metadata_expected.maxContentBoost = 1.25;
   metadata_expected.minContentBoost = 0.75;
-  int length_expected = 1000;
   const std::string nameSpace = "http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/\0";
   const int nameSpaceLength = nameSpace.size() + 1;  // need to count the null terminator
 
-  std::string xmp = generateXmp(1000, metadata_expected);
+  std::string xmp = generateXmpForSecondaryImage(metadata_expected);
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> xmpData;
   xmpData.reserve(nameSpaceLength + xmp.size());
@@ -190,7 +189,7 @@
   xmpData.insert(xmpData.end(), reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(xmp.c_str()),
                   reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(xmp.c_str()) + xmp.size());
 
-  jpegr_metadata metadata_read;
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata_read;
   EXPECT_TRUE(getMetadataFromXMP(xmpData.data(), xmpData.size(), &metadata_read));
   ASSERT_EQ(metadata_expected.maxContentBoost, metadata_read.maxContentBoost);
   ASSERT_EQ(metadata_expected.minContentBoost, metadata_read.minContentBoost);
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_ENCODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_jpeg_input.jpgr";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_p010_input.jpgr";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@
   }
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct decodedJpegR;
-  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 4;
+  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 8;
   decodedJpegR.data = malloc(decodedJpegRSize);
   ret = jpegRCodec.decodeJPEGR(&jpegR, &decodedJpegR);
   if (ret != OK) {
@@ -237,7 +236,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_DECODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_jpeg_input.rgb10";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_p010_input.rgb";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_ENCODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_jpeg_input.jpgr";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_p010_yuv420p_input.jpgr";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -290,7 +289,7 @@
   }
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct decodedJpegR;
-  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 4;
+  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 8;
   decodedJpegR.data = malloc(decodedJpegRSize);
   ret = jpegRCodec.decodeJPEGR(&jpegR, &decodedJpegR);
   if (ret != OK) {
@@ -298,7 +297,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_DECODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_jpeg_input.rgb10";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_p010_yuv420p_input.rgb";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -346,7 +345,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_ENCODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_jpeg_input.jpgr";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_p010_yuv420p_jpeg_input.jpgr";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -355,7 +354,7 @@
   }
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct decodedJpegR;
-  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 4;
+  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 8;
   decodedJpegR.data = malloc(decodedJpegRSize);
   ret = jpegRCodec.decodeJPEGR(&jpegR, &decodedJpegR);
   if (ret != OK) {
@@ -363,7 +362,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_DECODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_jpeg_input.rgb10";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_p010_yuv420p_jpeg_input.rgb";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -427,7 +426,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_ENCODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_jpeg_input.jpgr";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/encoded_from_p010_jpeg_input.jpgr";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -436,7 +435,7 @@
   }
 
   jpegr_uncompressed_struct decodedJpegR;
-  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 4;
+  int decodedJpegRSize = TEST_IMAGE_WIDTH * TEST_IMAGE_HEIGHT * 8;
   decodedJpegR.data = malloc(decodedJpegRSize);
   ret = jpegRCodec.decodeJPEGR(&jpegR, &decodedJpegR);
   if (ret != OK) {
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@
   }
   if (SAVE_DECODING_RESULT) {
     // Output image data to file
-    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_jpeg_input.rgb10";
+    std::string filePath = "/sdcard/Documents/decoded_from_p010_jpeg_input.rgb";
     std::ofstream imageFile(filePath.c_str(), std::ofstream::binary);
     if (!imageFile.is_open()) {
       ALOGE("%s: Unable to create file %s", __FUNCTION__, filePath.c_str());
@@ -477,7 +476,7 @@
 
   JpegRBenchmark benchmark;
 
-  jpegr_metadata metadata = { .version = 1,
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .version = 1,
                               .maxContentBoost = 8.0f,
                               .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 8.0f };
 
diff --git a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/recoverymapmath_test.cpp b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/recoverymapmath_test.cpp
index 6c61ff1..cf6a034 100644
--- a/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/recoverymapmath_test.cpp
+++ b/libs/jpegrecoverymap/tests/recoverymapmath_test.cpp
@@ -554,8 +554,8 @@
 
 TEST_F(RecoveryMapMathTest, applyRecoveryLUT) {
   for (int boost = 1; boost <= 10; boost++) {
-    jpegr_metadata metadata = { .maxContentBoost = static_cast<float>(boost),
-                                .minContentBoost = 1.0f / static_cast<float>(boost) };
+    jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .maxContentBoost = static_cast<float>(boost),
+                                       .minContentBoost = 1.0f / static_cast<float>(boost) };
     RecoveryLUT recoveryLUT(&metadata);
     for (int idx = 0; idx < kRecoveryFactorNumEntries; idx++) {
       float value = static_cast<float>(idx) / static_cast<float>(kRecoveryFactorNumEntries - 1);
@@ -573,8 +573,8 @@
   }
 
   for (int boost = 1; boost <= 10; boost++) {
-    jpegr_metadata metadata = { .maxContentBoost = static_cast<float>(boost),
-                                .minContentBoost = 1.0f };
+    jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .maxContentBoost = static_cast<float>(boost),
+                                       .minContentBoost = 1.0f };
     RecoveryLUT recoveryLUT(&metadata);
     for (int idx = 0; idx < kRecoveryFactorNumEntries; idx++) {
       float value = static_cast<float>(idx) / static_cast<float>(kRecoveryFactorNumEntries - 1);
@@ -592,8 +592,8 @@
   }
 
   for (int boost = 1; boost <= 10; boost++) {
-    jpegr_metadata metadata = { .maxContentBoost = static_cast<float>(boost),
-                                .minContentBoost = 1.0f / pow(static_cast<float>(boost),
+    jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .maxContentBoost = static_cast<float>(boost),
+                                       .minContentBoost = 1.0f / pow(static_cast<float>(boost),
                                                               1.0f / 3.0f) };
     RecoveryLUT recoveryLUT(&metadata);
     for (int idx = 0; idx < kRecoveryFactorNumEntries; idx++) {
@@ -659,8 +659,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(RecoveryMapMathTest, EncodeRecovery) {
-  jpegr_metadata metadata = { .maxContentBoost = 4.0f,
-                              .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 4.0f };
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .maxContentBoost = 4.0f,
+                                     .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 4.0f };
 
   EXPECT_EQ(encodeRecovery(0.0f, 0.0f, &metadata), 127);
   EXPECT_EQ(encodeRecovery(0.0f, 1.0f, &metadata), 127);
@@ -717,8 +717,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(RecoveryMapMathTest, ApplyRecovery) {
-  jpegr_metadata metadata = { .maxContentBoost = 4.0f,
-                              .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 4.0f };
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .maxContentBoost = 4.0f,
+                                     .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 4.0f };
 
   EXPECT_RGB_NEAR(applyRecovery(RgbBlack(), 0.0f, &metadata), RgbBlack());
   EXPECT_RGB_NEAR(applyRecovery(RgbBlack(), 0.5f, &metadata), RgbBlack());
@@ -981,8 +981,8 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(RecoveryMapMathTest, ApplyMap) {
-  jpegr_metadata metadata = { .maxContentBoost = 8.0f,
-                              .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 8.0f };
+  jpegr_metadata_struct metadata = { .maxContentBoost = 8.0f,
+                                     .minContentBoost = 1.0f / 8.0f };
 
   EXPECT_RGB_EQ(Recover(YuvWhite(), 1.0f, &metadata),
                 RgbWhite() * 8.0f);
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
index b7b2926..5306529 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/ANativeWindow.cpp
@@ -24,14 +24,49 @@
 
 #include <private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h>
 
+#include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <ui/GraphicBuffer.h>
-#include <gui/Surface.h>
-#include <gui/view/Surface.h>
-#include <android/binder_libbinder.h>
 
 using namespace android;
 
+#if defined(__ANDROID_APEX__) || defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__)
+#error libnativewindow can only be built for system
+#endif
+
+using android_view_Surface_writeToParcel = status_t (*)(ANativeWindow* _Nonnull window,
+                                                        Parcel* _Nonnull parcel);
+
+using android_view_Surface_readFromParcel =
+        status_t (*)(const Parcel* _Nonnull parcel, ANativeWindow* _Nullable* _Nonnull outWindow);
+
+struct SurfaceParcelables {
+    android_view_Surface_writeToParcel write = nullptr;
+    android_view_Surface_readFromParcel read = nullptr;
+};
+
+const SurfaceParcelables* getSurfaceParcelFunctions() {
+    static SurfaceParcelables funcs = []() -> SurfaceParcelables {
+        SurfaceParcelables ret;
+        void* dl = dlopen("libgui.so", RTLD_NOW);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!dl, "Failed to find libgui.so");
+        ret.write =
+                (android_view_Surface_writeToParcel)dlsym(dl, "android_view_Surface_writeToParcel");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!ret.write,
+                            "libgui.so missing android_view_Surface_writeToParcel; "
+                            "loaded wrong libgui?");
+        ret.read =
+                (android_view_Surface_readFromParcel)dlsym(dl,
+                                                           "android_view_Surface_readFromParcel");
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!ret.read,
+                            "libgui.so missing android_view_Surface_readFromParcel; "
+                            "loaded wrong libgui?");
+        return ret;
+    }();
+    return &funcs;
+}
+
 static int32_t query(ANativeWindow* window, int what) {
     int value;
     int res = window->query(window, what, &value);
@@ -64,13 +99,6 @@
             return false;
     }
 }
-static sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> IGraphicBufferProducer_from_ANativeWindow(ANativeWindow* window) {
-    return Surface::getIGraphicBufferProducer(window);
-}
-
-static sp<IBinder> SurfaceControlHandle_from_ANativeWindow(ANativeWindow* window) {
-    return Surface::getSurfaceControlHandle(window);
-}
 
 /**************************************************************************************************
  * NDK
@@ -355,38 +383,24 @@
 
 binder_status_t ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(
         const AParcel* _Nonnull parcel, ANativeWindow* _Nullable* _Nonnull outWindow) {
-    const Parcel* nativeParcel = AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel);
-
-    // Use a android::view::Surface to unparcel the window
-    std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface> shimSurface = std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface>();
-    status_t ret = shimSurface->readFromParcel(nativeParcel);
-    if (ret != OK) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Error: Failed to create android::view::Surface from AParcel", __FUNCTION__);
-        return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    auto funcs = getSurfaceParcelFunctions();
+    if (funcs->read == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to load Surface_readFromParcel implementation");
+        return STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION;
     }
-    sp<Surface> surface = sp<Surface>::make(
-            shimSurface->graphicBufferProducer, false, shimSurface->surfaceControlHandle);
-    ANativeWindow* anw = surface.get();
-    ANativeWindow_acquire(anw);
-    *outWindow = anw;
-    return STATUS_OK;
+    const Parcel* nativeParcel = AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel);
+    return funcs->read(nativeParcel, outWindow);
 }
 
 binder_status_t ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(
         ANativeWindow* _Nonnull window, AParcel* _Nonnull parcel) {
-    int value;
-    int err = (*window->query)(window, NATIVE_WINDOW_CONCRETE_TYPE, &value);
-    if (err != OK || value != NATIVE_WINDOW_SURFACE) {
-        ALOGE("Error: ANativeWindow is not backed by Surface");
-        return STATUS_BAD_VALUE;
+    auto funcs = getSurfaceParcelFunctions();
+    if (funcs->write == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Failed to load Surface_writeToParcel implementation");
+        return STATUS_FAILED_TRANSACTION;
     }
-    // Use a android::view::Surface to parcelize the window
-    std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface> shimSurface = std::shared_ptr<android::view::Surface>();
-    shimSurface->graphicBufferProducer = IGraphicBufferProducer_from_ANativeWindow(window);
-    shimSurface->surfaceControlHandle = SurfaceControlHandle_from_ANativeWindow(window);
-
     Parcel* nativeParcel = AParcel_viewPlatformParcel(parcel);
-    return shimSurface->writeToParcel(nativeParcel);
+    return funcs->write(window, nativeParcel);
 }
 
 /**************************************************************************************************
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp b/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp
index 84771c0..210dca5 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/ExternalTexture.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 }
 
 ExternalTexture::~ExternalTexture() {
-    mRenderEngine.unmapExternalTextureBuffer(mBuffer);
+    mRenderEngine.unmapExternalTextureBuffer(std::move(mBuffer));
 }
 
 } // namespace android::renderengine::impl
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
index 13f766c..0d7df10 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-void GLESRenderEngine::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+void GLESRenderEngine::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) {
     mImageManager->releaseAsync(buffer->getId(), nullptr);
 }
 
@@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@
 
             // Do not cache protected EGLImage, protected memory is limited.
             if (gBuf->getUsage() & GRALLOC_USAGE_PROTECTED) {
-                unmapExternalTextureBuffer(gBuf);
+                unmapExternalTextureBuffer(std::move(gBuf));
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
index 1b34921..402ff52 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/gl/GLESRenderEngine.h
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
     size_t getMaxViewportDims() const override;
     void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable)
             EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
-    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) EXCLUDES(mRenderingMutex);
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
     void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<FenceResult>>&& resultPromise,
                             const DisplaySettings& display,
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
index 39621cd..0d910c9 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/RenderEngine.h
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
     // asynchronously, but the caller can expect that map/unmap calls are performed in a manner
     // that's conflict serializable, i.e. unmap a buffer should never occur before binding the
     // buffer if the caller called mapExternalTextureBuffer before calling unmap.
-    virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) = 0;
+    virtual void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) = 0;
 
     // A thread safe query to determine if any post rendering cleanup is necessary.  Returning true
     // is a signal that calling the postRenderCleanup method would be a no-op and that callers can
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
index e3ce85d..d3035e2 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/include/renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 protected:
     // mock renderengine still needs to implement these, but callers should never need to call them.
     void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&, bool) {}
-    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>&) {}
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&&) {}
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
index 413811e..5965d41 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SkiaRenderEngine::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+void SkiaRenderEngine::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mRenderingMutex);
     if (const auto& iter = mGraphicBufferExternalRefs.find(buffer->getId());
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
index 1973c7d..dd6646b 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaRenderEngine.h
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 private:
     void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer,
                                   bool isRenderable) override final;
-    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override final;
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) override final;
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override final;
 
     void initCanvas(SkCanvas* canvas, const DisplaySettings& display);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
index 8d99f3d..936e316 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/skia/SkiaVkRenderEngine.cpp
@@ -444,8 +444,11 @@
     ALOGD("Trying to create Vk device with protectedContent=%d (success)", protectedContent);
 
     VkQueue graphicsQueue;
-    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, GetDeviceQueue);
-    vkGetDeviceQueue(device, graphicsQueueIndex, 0, &graphicsQueue);
+    VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, GetDeviceQueue2);
+    const VkDeviceQueueInfo2 deviceQueueInfo2 = {VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_INFO_2, nullptr,
+                                                 deviceQueueCreateFlags,
+                                                 (uint32_t)graphicsQueueIndex, 0};
+    vkGetDeviceQueue2(device, &deviceQueueInfo2, &graphicsQueue);
 
     VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DeviceWaitIdle);
     VK_GET_DEV_PROC(device, DestroyDevice);
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
index 8aa41b3..6a1561a 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.cpp
@@ -230,16 +230,17 @@
     mCondition.notify_one();
 }
 
-void RenderEngineThreaded::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) {
+void RenderEngineThreaded::unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     // This function is designed so it can run asynchronously, so we do not need to wait
     // for the futures.
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mThreadMutex);
-        mFunctionCalls.push([=](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) {
-            ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::unmapExternalTextureBuffer");
-            instance.unmapExternalTextureBuffer(buffer);
-        });
+        mFunctionCalls.push(
+                [=, buffer = std::move(buffer)](renderengine::RenderEngine& instance) mutable {
+                    ATRACE_NAME("REThreaded::unmapExternalTextureBuffer");
+                    instance.unmapExternalTextureBuffer(std::move(buffer));
+                });
     }
     mCondition.notify_one();
 }
diff --git a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
index 168e2d2..6eb108e 100644
--- a/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
+++ b/libs/renderengine/threaded/RenderEngineThreaded.h
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 
 protected:
     void mapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, bool isRenderable) override;
-    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer) override;
+    void unmapExternalTextureBuffer(sp<GraphicBuffer>&& buffer) override;
     bool canSkipPostRenderCleanup() const override;
     void drawLayersInternal(const std::shared_ptr<std::promise<FenceResult>>&& resultPromise,
                             const DisplaySettings& display,
diff --git a/libs/sensor/ISensorServer.cpp b/libs/sensor/ISensorServer.cpp
index 2278d39..019d6cb 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/ISensorServer.cpp
+++ b/libs/sensor/ISensorServer.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,11 @@
         v.setCapacity(n);
         while (n) {
             n--;
-            reply.read(s);
+            if(reply.read(s) != OK) {
+                ALOGE("Failed to read reply from getSensorList");
+                v.clear();
+                break;
+            }
             v.add(s);
         }
         return v;
@@ -85,7 +89,11 @@
         v.setCapacity(n);
         while (n) {
             n--;
-            reply.read(s);
+            if(reply.read(s) != OK) {
+                ALOGE("Failed to read reply from getDynamicSensorList");
+                v.clear();
+                break;
+            }
             v.add(s);
         }
         return v;
@@ -131,10 +139,12 @@
     }
 
     virtual sp<ISensorEventConnection> createSensorDirectConnection(const String16& opPackageName,
-            uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format, const native_handle_t *resource) {
+            int deviceId, uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format,
+            const native_handle_t *resource) {
         Parcel data, reply;
         data.writeInterfaceToken(ISensorServer::getInterfaceDescriptor());
         data.writeString16(opPackageName);
+        data.writeInt32(deviceId);
         data.writeUint32(size);
         data.writeInt32(type);
         data.writeInt32(format);
@@ -229,6 +239,7 @@
         case CREATE_SENSOR_DIRECT_CONNECTION: {
             CHECK_INTERFACE(ISensorServer, data, reply);
             const String16& opPackageName = data.readString16();
+            const int deviceId = data.readInt32();
             uint32_t size = data.readUint32();
             int32_t type = data.readInt32();
             int32_t format = data.readInt32();
@@ -238,8 +249,8 @@
                 return BAD_VALUE;
             }
             native_handle_set_fdsan_tag(resource);
-            sp<ISensorEventConnection> ch =
-                    createSensorDirectConnection(opPackageName, size, type, format, resource);
+            sp<ISensorEventConnection> ch = createSensorDirectConnection(
+                    opPackageName, deviceId, size, type, format, resource);
             native_handle_close_with_tag(resource);
             native_handle_delete(resource);
             reply->writeStrongBinder(IInterface::asBinder(ch));
diff --git a/libs/sensor/Sensor.cpp b/libs/sensor/Sensor.cpp
index fb895f5..b6ea77d 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/Sensor.cpp
+++ b/libs/sensor/Sensor.cpp
@@ -628,7 +628,13 @@
         return false;
     }
     outputString8.setTo(static_cast<char const*>(buffer), len);
+
+    if (size < FlattenableUtils::align<4>(len)) {
+        ALOGE("Malformed Sensor String8 field. Should be in a 4-byte aligned buffer but is not.");
+        return false;
+    }
     FlattenableUtils::advance(buffer, size, FlattenableUtils::align<4>(len));
+
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp b/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
index 2748276..ba190e0 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
+++ b/libs/sensor/SensorManager.cpp
@@ -92,6 +92,16 @@
     return *sensorManager;
 }
 
+void SensorManager::removeInstanceForPackage(const String16& packageName) {
+    Mutex::Autolock _l(sLock);
+    auto iterator = sPackageInstances.find(packageName);
+    if (iterator != sPackageInstances.end()) {
+        SensorManager* sensorManager = iterator->second;
+        delete sensorManager;
+        sPackageInstances.erase(iterator);
+    }
+}
+
 SensorManager::SensorManager(const String16& opPackageName)
     : mSensorList(nullptr), mOpPackageName(opPackageName), mDirectConnectionHandle(1) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
@@ -166,6 +176,11 @@
 
         mSensors = mSensorServer->getSensorList(mOpPackageName);
         size_t count = mSensors.size();
+        if (count == 0) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to get Sensor list");
+            mSensorServer.clear();
+            return UNKNOWN_ERROR;
+        }
         mSensorList =
                 static_cast<Sensor const**>(malloc(count * sizeof(Sensor*)));
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mSensorList == nullptr, "mSensorList NULL");
@@ -300,6 +315,12 @@
 
 int SensorManager::createDirectChannel(
         size_t size, int channelType, const native_handle_t *resourceHandle) {
+    static constexpr int DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID = 0;
+    return createDirectChannel(DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID, size, channelType, resourceHandle);
+}
+
+int SensorManager::createDirectChannel(
+        int deviceId, size_t size, int channelType, const native_handle_t *resourceHandle) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
     if (assertStateLocked() != NO_ERROR) {
         return NO_INIT;
@@ -312,7 +333,7 @@
     }
 
     sp<ISensorEventConnection> conn =
-              mSensorServer->createSensorDirectConnection(mOpPackageName,
+              mSensorServer->createSensorDirectConnection(mOpPackageName, deviceId,
                   static_cast<uint32_t>(size),
                   static_cast<int32_t>(channelType),
                   SENSOR_DIRECT_FMT_SENSORS_EVENT, resourceHandle);
diff --git a/libs/sensor/include/sensor/ISensorServer.h b/libs/sensor/include/sensor/ISensorServer.h
index 3295196..5815728 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/include/sensor/ISensorServer.h
+++ b/libs/sensor/include/sensor/ISensorServer.h
@@ -50,7 +50,8 @@
     virtual int32_t isDataInjectionEnabled() = 0;
 
     virtual sp<ISensorEventConnection> createSensorDirectConnection(const String16& opPackageName,
-            uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format, const native_handle_t *resource) = 0;
+            int deviceId, uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format,
+            const native_handle_t *resource) = 0;
 
     virtual int setOperationParameter(
             int32_t handle, int32_t type, const Vector<float> &floats, const Vector<int32_t> &ints) = 0;
diff --git a/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h b/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h
index 0798da2..bb44cb8 100644
--- a/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h
+++ b/libs/sensor/include/sensor/SensorManager.h
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 {
 public:
     static SensorManager& getInstanceForPackage(const String16& packageName);
+    static void removeInstanceForPackage(const String16& packageName);
     ~SensorManager();
 
     ssize_t getSensorList(Sensor const* const** list);
@@ -65,6 +66,8 @@
         String8 packageName = String8(""), int mode = 0, String16 attributionTag = String16(""));
     bool isDataInjectionEnabled();
     int createDirectChannel(size_t size, int channelType, const native_handle_t *channelData);
+    int createDirectChannel(
+        int deviceId, size_t size, int channelType, const native_handle_t *channelData);
     void destroyDirectChannel(int channelNativeHandle);
     int configureDirectChannel(int channelNativeHandle, int sensorHandle, int rateLevel);
     int setOperationParameter(int handle, int type, const Vector<float> &floats, const Vector<int32_t> &ints);
diff --git a/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp b/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
index 7459466..c3af996 100644
--- a/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
+++ b/libs/ui/Gralloc4.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include <aidlcommonsupport/NativeHandle.h>
 #include <android/binder_enums.h>
 #include <android/binder_manager.h>
+#include <cutils/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <cutils/multiuser.h>
 #include <gralloctypes/Gralloc4.h>
 #include <hidl/ServiceManagement.h>
 #include <hwbinder/IPCThreadState.h>
@@ -1195,8 +1197,15 @@
     mAllocator = IAllocator::getService();
     if (__builtin_available(android 31, *)) {
         if (hasIAllocatorAidl()) {
-            mAidlAllocator = AidlIAllocator::fromBinder(ndk::SpAIBinder(
-                    AServiceManager_waitForService(kAidlAllocatorServiceName.c_str())));
+            // TODO(b/269517338): Perform the isolated checking for this in service manager instead.
+            uid_t aid = multiuser_get_app_id(getuid());
+            if (aid >= AID_ISOLATED_START && aid <= AID_ISOLATED_END) {
+                mAidlAllocator = AidlIAllocator::fromBinder(ndk::SpAIBinder(
+                        AServiceManager_getService(kAidlAllocatorServiceName.c_str())));
+            } else {
+                mAidlAllocator = AidlIAllocator::fromBinder(ndk::SpAIBinder(
+                        AServiceManager_waitForService(kAidlAllocatorServiceName.c_str())));
+            }
             ALOGE_IF(!mAidlAllocator, "AIDL IAllocator declared but failed to get service");
         }
     }
diff --git a/opengl/OWNERS b/opengl/OWNERS
index 379f763..3d60a1d 100644
--- a/opengl/OWNERS
+++ b/opengl/OWNERS
@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
-abdolrashidi@google.com
-cclao@google.com
 chrisforbes@google.com
 cnorthrop@google.com
 ianelliott@google.com
 jessehall@google.com
-lfy@google.com
 lpy@google.com
-romanl@google.com
 vantablack@google.com
-yuxinhu@google.com
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.cpp
index 86c788d..aecfc6b 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.cpp
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
 
 int BlobCache::unflatten(void const* buffer, size_t size) {
     // All errors should result in the BlobCache being in an empty state.
-    mCacheEntries.clear();
+    clear();
 
     // Read the cache header
     if (size < sizeof(Header)) {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@
     size_t numEntries = header->mNumEntries;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < numEntries; i++) {
         if (byteOffset + sizeof(EntryHeader) > size) {
-            mCacheEntries.clear();
+            clear();
             ALOGE("unflatten: not enough room for cache entry headers");
             return -EINVAL;
         }
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
 
         size_t totalSize = align4(entrySize);
         if (byteOffset + totalSize > size) {
-            mCacheEntries.clear();
+            clear();
             ALOGE("unflatten: not enough room for cache entry headers");
             return -EINVAL;
         }
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.h b/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.h
index ff03d30..52078ff 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.h
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache.h
@@ -117,7 +117,10 @@
 
     // clear flushes out all contents of the cache then the BlobCache, leaving
     // it in an empty state.
-    void clear() { mCacheEntries.clear(); }
+    void clear() {
+        mCacheEntries.clear();
+        mTotalSize = 0;
+    }
 
 protected:
     // mMaxTotalSize is the maximum size that all cache entries can occupy. This
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache_test.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache_test.cpp
index ceea0fb..450c128 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache_test.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/BlobCache_test.cpp
@@ -466,4 +466,31 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(size_t(0), mBC2->get("abcd", 4, buf, 4));
 }
 
+// Test for a divide by zero bug (b/239862516). Before the fix, unflatten() would not reset
+// mTotalSize when it encountered an error, which would trigger division by 0 in clean() in the
+// right conditions.
+TEST_F(BlobCacheFlattenTest, SetAfterFailedUnflatten) {
+    // isCleanable() must be true, so mTotalSize must be > mMaxTotalSize / 2 after unflattening
+    // after one entry is lost. To make this the case, MaxTotalSize is 30 and three 10 sized
+    // entries are used. One of those entries is lost, resulting in mTotalSize=20
+    const size_t kMaxKeySize = 10;
+    const size_t kMaxValueSize = 10;
+    const size_t kMaxTotalSize = 30;
+    mBC.reset(new BlobCache(kMaxKeySize, kMaxValueSize, kMaxTotalSize));
+    mBC2.reset(new BlobCache(kMaxKeySize, kMaxValueSize, kMaxTotalSize));
+    mBC->set("aaaaa", 5, "aaaaa", 5);
+    mBC->set("bbbbb", 5, "bbbbb", 5);
+    mBC->set("ccccc", 5, "ccccc", 5);
+
+    size_t size = mBC->getFlattenedSize();
+    uint8_t* flat = new uint8_t[size];
+    ASSERT_EQ(OK, mBC->flatten(flat, size));
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(BAD_VALUE, mBC2->unflatten(flat, size - 10));
+    delete[] flat;
+
+    // This line will trigger clean() which caused a crash.
+    mBC2->set("dddddddddd", 10, "dddddddddd", 10);
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.cpp b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.cpp
index b00ee33..3dc93ee 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.cpp
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.cpp
@@ -110,38 +110,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    // Check the device config to decide whether multifile should be used
-    if (base::GetBoolProperty("ro.egl.blobcache.multifile", false)) {
-        mMultifileMode = true;
-        ALOGV("Using multifile EGL blobcache");
-    }
-
-    // Allow forcing the mode for debug purposes
-    std::string mode = base::GetProperty("debug.egl.blobcache.multifile", "");
-    if (mode == "true") {
-        ALOGV("Forcing multifile cache due to debug.egl.blobcache.multifile == %s", mode.c_str());
-        mMultifileMode = true;
-    } else if (mode == "false") {
-        ALOGV("Forcing monolithic cache due to debug.egl.blobcache.multifile == %s", mode.c_str());
-        mMultifileMode = false;
-    }
-
-    if (mMultifileMode) {
-        mCacheByteLimit = static_cast<size_t>(
-                base::GetUintProperty<uint32_t>("ro.egl.blobcache.multifile_limit",
-                                                kMultifileCacheByteLimit));
-
-        // Check for a debug value
-        int debugCacheSize = base::GetIntProperty("debug.egl.blobcache.multifile_limit", -1);
-        if (debugCacheSize >= 0) {
-            ALOGV("Overriding cache limit %zu with %i from debug.egl.blobcache.multifile_limit",
-                  mCacheByteLimit, debugCacheSize);
-            mCacheByteLimit = debugCacheSize;
-        }
-
-        ALOGV("Using multifile EGL blobcache limit of %zu bytes", mCacheByteLimit);
-    }
-
     mInitialized = true;
 }
 
@@ -167,6 +135,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
+    updateMode();
+
     if (mInitialized) {
         if (mMultifileMode) {
             MultifileBlobCache* mbc = getMultifileBlobCacheLocked();
@@ -200,6 +170,8 @@
         return 0;
     }
 
+    updateMode();
+
     if (mInitialized) {
         if (mMultifileMode) {
             MultifileBlobCache* mbc = getMultifileBlobCacheLocked();
@@ -247,6 +219,51 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+void egl_cache_t::updateMode() {
+    // We don't set the mode in the constructor because these checks have
+    // a non-trivial cost, and not all processes that instantiate egl_cache_t
+    // will use it.
+
+    // If we've already set the mode, skip these checks
+    static bool checked = false;
+    if (checked) {
+        return;
+    }
+    checked = true;
+
+    // Check the device config to decide whether multifile should be used
+    if (base::GetBoolProperty("ro.egl.blobcache.multifile", false)) {
+        mMultifileMode = true;
+        ALOGV("Using multifile EGL blobcache");
+    }
+
+    // Allow forcing the mode for debug purposes
+    std::string mode = base::GetProperty("debug.egl.blobcache.multifile", "");
+    if (mode == "true") {
+        ALOGV("Forcing multifile cache due to debug.egl.blobcache.multifile == %s", mode.c_str());
+        mMultifileMode = true;
+    } else if (mode == "false") {
+        ALOGV("Forcing monolithic cache due to debug.egl.blobcache.multifile == %s", mode.c_str());
+        mMultifileMode = false;
+    }
+
+    if (mMultifileMode) {
+        mCacheByteLimit = static_cast<size_t>(
+                base::GetUintProperty<uint32_t>("ro.egl.blobcache.multifile_limit",
+                                                kMultifileCacheByteLimit));
+
+        // Check for a debug value
+        int debugCacheSize = base::GetIntProperty("debug.egl.blobcache.multifile_limit", -1);
+        if (debugCacheSize >= 0) {
+            ALOGV("Overriding cache limit %zu with %i from debug.egl.blobcache.multifile_limit",
+                  mCacheByteLimit, debugCacheSize);
+            mCacheByteLimit = debugCacheSize;
+        }
+
+        ALOGV("Using multifile EGL blobcache limit of %zu bytes", mCacheByteLimit);
+    }
+}
+
 BlobCache* egl_cache_t::getBlobCacheLocked() {
     if (mBlobCache == nullptr) {
         mBlobCache.reset(new FileBlobCache(kMaxMonolithicKeySize, kMaxMonolithicValueSize,
diff --git a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.h b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.h
index 1399368..ae6d381 100644
--- a/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.h
+++ b/opengl/libs/EGL/egl_cache.h
@@ -88,6 +88,9 @@
     egl_cache_t(const egl_cache_t&); // not implemented
     void operator=(const egl_cache_t&); // not implemented
 
+    // Check system properties to determine which blobcache mode should be used
+    void updateMode();
+
     // getBlobCacheLocked returns the BlobCache object being used to store the
     // key/value blob pairs.  If the BlobCache object has not yet been created,
     // this will do so, loading the serialized cache contents from disk if
diff --git a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
index a2e4115..bf6189d 100644
--- a/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
+++ b/services/batteryservice/include/batteryservice/BatteryService.h
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
     BATTERY_PROP_CHARGING_POLICY = 7, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_CHARGING_POLICY
     BATTERY_PROP_MANUFACTURING_DATE = 8, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_MANUFACTURING_DATE
     BATTERY_PROP_FIRST_USAGE_DATE = 9, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_FIRST_USAGE_DATE
+    BATTERY_PROP_STATE_OF_HEALTH = 10, // equals BATTERY_PROPERTY_STATE_OF_HEALTH
 };
 
 struct BatteryProperties {
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 86f6c7f..51642f9 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/gpuservice/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "gpuservice_unittest",
     test_suites: ["device-tests"],
-    sanitize: {
-        address: true,
-    },
     srcs: [
         "GpuMemTest.cpp",
         "GpuMemTracerTest.cpp",
diff --git a/services/gpuservice/vts/OWNERS b/services/gpuservice/vts/OWNERS
index e789052..a63de1c 100644
--- a/services/gpuservice/vts/OWNERS
+++ b/services/gpuservice/vts/OWNERS
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # Bug component: 653544
+kocdemir@google.com
 paulthomson@google.com
 pbaiget@google.com
 lfy@google.com
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
index ab5c5ef..da4e42f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Android.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "AnrTracker.cpp",
         "Connection.cpp",
+        "DebugConfig.cpp",
         "DragState.cpp",
         "Entry.cpp",
         "FocusResolver.cpp",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..764194d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "DebugConfig.h"
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+
+namespace android::inputdispatcher {
+
+const bool IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD =
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+        android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false);
+#else
+        true;
+#endif
+
+bool debugInboundEventDetails() {
+    if (!IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
+        static const bool DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS =
+                __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "InboundEvent",
+                                          ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+        return DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS;
+    }
+    return __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "InboundEvent", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+}
+
+} // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h
index d2ad407..0e260a7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/DebugConfig.h
@@ -22,12 +22,20 @@
 #include <log/log_event_list.h>
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
+
+/**
+ * Signals whether this is a debuggable Android build.
+ * This is populated by reading the value of the "ro.debuggable" property.
+ */
+extern const bool IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD;
+
 /**
  * Log detailed debug messages about each inbound event notification to the dispatcher.
- * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputDispatcherInboundEvent DEBUG" (requires restart)
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputDispatcherInboundEvent DEBUG".
+ * This requires a restart on non-debuggable (e.g. user) builds, but should take effect immediately
+ * on debuggable builds (e.g. userdebug).
  */
-const bool DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS =
-        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "InboundEvent", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+bool debugInboundEventDetails();
 
 /**
  * Log detailed debug messages about each outbound event processed by the dispatcher.
@@ -90,4 +98,5 @@
  */
 const bool DEBUG_HOVER =
         __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "Hover", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
 } // namespace android::inputdispatcher
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
index ce7c882..b625a1b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/Entry.cpp
@@ -14,16 +14,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#define LOG_TAG "InputDispatcher"
+
 #include "Entry.h"
 
 #include "Connection.h"
+#include "DebugConfig.h"
 
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <cutils/atomic.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 
-using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
 namespace android::inputdispatcher {
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@
 KeyEntry::~KeyEntry() {}
 
 std::string KeyEntry::getDescription() const {
-    if (!GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+    if (!IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
         return "KeyEvent";
     }
     return StringPrintf("KeyEvent(deviceId=%d, eventTime=%" PRIu64 ", source=%s, displayId=%" PRId32
@@ -242,7 +243,7 @@
 MotionEntry::~MotionEntry() {}
 
 std::string MotionEntry::getDescription() const {
-    if (!GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+    if (!IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
         return "MotionEvent";
     }
     std::string msg;
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@
                         deviceId, inputEventSourceToString(source).c_str(),
                         ftl::enum_string(sensorType).c_str(), accuracy, hwTimestamp);
 
-    if (!GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+    if (IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
         for (size_t i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
             if (i > 0) {
                 msg += ", ";
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
index 9d5bbbd..cd427f0 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.cpp
@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@
 constexpr int LOGTAG_INPUT_FOCUS = 62001;
 constexpr int LOGTAG_INPUT_CANCEL = 62003;
 
+const ui::Transform kIdentityTransform;
+
 inline nsecs_t now() {
     return systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
 }
@@ -475,8 +477,8 @@
 }
 
 // Returns true if the given window can accept pointer events at the given display location.
-bool windowAcceptsTouchAt(const WindowInfo& windowInfo, int32_t displayId, int32_t x, int32_t y,
-                          bool isStylus) {
+bool windowAcceptsTouchAt(const WindowInfo& windowInfo, int32_t displayId, float x, float y,
+                          bool isStylus, const ui::Transform& displayTransform) {
     const auto inputConfig = windowInfo.inputConfig;
     if (windowInfo.displayId != displayId ||
         inputConfig.test(WindowInfo::InputConfig::NOT_VISIBLE)) {
@@ -486,7 +488,17 @@
     if (inputConfig.test(WindowInfo::InputConfig::NOT_TOUCHABLE) && !windowCanInterceptTouch) {
         return false;
     }
-    if (!windowInfo.touchableRegionContainsPoint(x, y)) {
+
+    // Window Manager works in the logical display coordinate space. When it specifies bounds for a
+    // window as (l, t, r, b), the range of x in [l, r) and y in [t, b) are considered to be inside
+    // the window. Points on the right and bottom edges should not be inside the window, so we need
+    // to be careful about performing a hit test when the display is rotated, since the "right" and
+    // "bottom" of the window will be different in the display (un-rotated) space compared to in the
+    // logical display in which WM determined the bounds. Perform the hit test in the logical
+    // display space to ensure these edges are considered correctly in all orientations.
+    const auto touchableRegion = displayTransform.transform(windowInfo.touchableRegion);
+    const auto p = displayTransform.transform(x, y);
+    if (!touchableRegion.contains(std::floor(p.x), std::floor(p.y))) {
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -540,19 +552,16 @@
     return {};
 }
 
-Point resolveTouchedPosition(const MotionEntry& entry) {
+std::pair<float, float> resolveTouchedPosition(const MotionEntry& entry) {
     const bool isFromMouse = isFromSource(entry.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE);
     // Always dispatch mouse events to cursor position.
     if (isFromMouse) {
-        return Point(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.xCursorPosition),
-                     static_cast<int32_t>(entry.yCursorPosition));
+        return {entry.xCursorPosition, entry.yCursorPosition};
     }
 
     const int32_t pointerIndex = getMotionEventActionPointerIndex(entry.action);
-    return Point(static_cast<int32_t>(
-                         entry.pointerCoords[pointerIndex].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X)),
-                 static_cast<int32_t>(
-                         entry.pointerCoords[pointerIndex].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y)));
+    return {entry.pointerCoords[pointerIndex].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X),
+            entry.pointerCoords[pointerIndex].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y)};
 }
 
 std::optional<nsecs_t> getDownTime(const EventEntry& eventEntry) {
@@ -1159,7 +1168,7 @@
 }
 
 std::pair<sp<WindowInfoHandle>, std::vector<InputTarget>>
-InputDispatcher::findTouchedWindowAtLocked(int32_t displayId, int32_t x, int32_t y, bool isStylus,
+InputDispatcher::findTouchedWindowAtLocked(int32_t displayId, float x, float y, bool isStylus,
                                            bool ignoreDragWindow) const {
     // Traverse windows from front to back to find touched window.
     std::vector<InputTarget> outsideTargets;
@@ -1170,7 +1179,8 @@
         }
 
         const WindowInfo& info = *windowHandle->getInfo();
-        if (!info.isSpy() && windowAcceptsTouchAt(info, displayId, x, y, isStylus)) {
+        if (!info.isSpy() &&
+            windowAcceptsTouchAt(info, displayId, x, y, isStylus, getTransformLocked(displayId))) {
             return {windowHandle, outsideTargets};
         }
 
@@ -1184,14 +1194,14 @@
 }
 
 std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> InputDispatcher::findTouchedSpyWindowsAtLocked(
-        int32_t displayId, int32_t x, int32_t y, bool isStylus) const {
+        int32_t displayId, float x, float y, bool isStylus) const {
     // Traverse windows from front to back and gather the touched spy windows.
     std::vector<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> spyWindows;
     const auto& windowHandles = getWindowHandlesLocked(displayId);
     for (const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle : windowHandles) {
         const WindowInfo& info = *windowHandle->getInfo();
 
-        if (!windowAcceptsTouchAt(info, displayId, x, y, isStylus)) {
+        if (!windowAcceptsTouchAt(info, displayId, x, y, isStylus, getTransformLocked(displayId))) {
             continue;
         }
         if (!info.isSpy()) {
@@ -1207,7 +1217,7 @@
     const char* reason;
     switch (dropReason) {
         case DropReason::POLICY:
-            if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+            if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
                 ALOGD("Dropped event because policy consumed it.");
             }
             reason = "inbound event was dropped because the policy consumed it";
@@ -1596,7 +1606,7 @@
         } else if (entry->action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_UP && mKeyRepeatState.lastKeyEntry &&
                    mKeyRepeatState.lastKeyEntry->deviceId != entry->deviceId) {
             // The key on device 'deviceId' is still down, do not stop key repeat
-            if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+            if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
                 ALOGD("deviceId=%d got KEY_UP as stale", entry->deviceId);
             }
         } else if (!entry->syntheticRepeat) {
@@ -2184,18 +2194,20 @@
     const bool newGesture = isDown || maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL || isHoverAction;
     const bool isFromMouse = isFromSource(entry.source, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE);
 
+    // If pointers are already down, let's finish the current gesture and ignore the new events
+    // from another device. However, if the new event is a down event, let's cancel the current
+    // touch and let the new one take over.
+    if (switchedDevice && wasDown && !isDown) {
+        LOG(INFO) << "Dropping event because a pointer for device " << oldState->deviceId
+                  << " is already down in display " << displayId << ": " << entry.getDescription();
+        // TODO(b/211379801): test multiple simultaneous input streams.
+        outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
+        return {}; // wrong device
+    }
+
     if (newGesture) {
-        // If pointers are already down, let's finish the current gesture and ignore the new events
-        // from another device.
-        if (switchedDevice && wasDown) {
-            ALOGI("Dropping event because a pointer for a different device is already down "
-                  "in display %" PRId32,
-                  displayId);
-            // TODO: test multiple simultaneous input streams.
-            outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
-            return {}; // wrong device
-        }
-        tempTouchState.clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
+        // If a new gesture is starting, clear the touch state completely.
+        tempTouchState.reset();
         tempTouchState.deviceId = entry.deviceId;
         tempTouchState.source = entry.source;
         isSplit = false;
@@ -2203,7 +2215,7 @@
         ALOGI("Dropping move event because a pointer for a different device is already active "
               "in display %" PRId32,
               displayId);
-        // TODO: test multiple simultaneous input streams.
+        // TODO(b/211379801): test multiple simultaneous input streams.
         outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
         return {}; // wrong device
     }
@@ -2229,8 +2241,7 @@
         }
         // Handle the case where we did not find a window.
         if (newTouchedWindowHandle == nullptr) {
-            ALOGD("No new touched window at (%" PRId32 ", %" PRId32 ") in display %" PRId32, x, y,
-                  displayId);
+            ALOGD("No new touched window at (%.1f, %.1f) in display %" PRId32, x, y, displayId);
             // Try to assign the pointer to the first foreground window we find, if there is one.
             newTouchedWindowHandle = tempTouchState.getFirstForegroundWindowHandle();
         }
@@ -2268,7 +2279,8 @@
         }
 
         if (newTouchedWindows.empty()) {
-            ALOGI("Dropping event because there is no touchable window at (%d, %d) on display %d.",
+            ALOGI("Dropping event because there is no touchable window at (%.1f, %.1f) on display "
+                  "%d.",
                   x, y, displayId);
             outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
             return {};
@@ -2317,6 +2329,10 @@
             const bool isDownOrPointerDown = maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN ||
                     maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN;
 
+            // TODO(b/211379801): Currently, even if pointerIds are empty (hover case), we would
+            // still add a window to the touch state. We should avoid doing that, but some of the
+            // later checks ("at least one foreground window") rely on this in order to dispatch
+            // the event properly, so that needs to be updated, possibly by looking at InputTargets.
             tempTouchState.addOrUpdateWindow(windowHandle, targetFlags, pointerIds,
                                              isDownOrPointerDown
                                                      ? std::make_optional(entry.eventTime)
@@ -2369,10 +2385,9 @@
 
         // If the pointer is not currently down, then ignore the event.
         if (!tempTouchState.isDown()) {
-            ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_FOCUS,
-                     "Dropping event because the pointer is not down or we previously "
-                     "dropped the pointer down event in display %" PRId32 ": %s",
-                     displayId, entry.getDescription().c_str());
+            LOG(INFO) << "Dropping event because the pointer is not down or we previously "
+                         "dropped the pointer down event in display "
+                      << displayId << ": " << entry.getDescription();
             outInjectionResult = InputEventInjectionResult::FAILED;
             return {};
         }
@@ -2530,7 +2545,6 @@
     }
 
     // Success!  Output targets from the touch state.
-    tempTouchState.clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
     for (const TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : tempTouchState.windows) {
         if (touchedWindow.pointerIds.none() && !touchedWindow.hasHoveringPointers(entry.deviceId)) {
             // Windows with hovering pointers are getting persisted inside TouchState.
@@ -2570,14 +2584,13 @@
     } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP) {
         // Pointer went up.
         tempTouchState.removeTouchedPointer(entry.pointerProperties[0].id);
-        tempTouchState.clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
     } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL) {
         // All pointers up or canceled.
         tempTouchState.reset();
     } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
         // First pointer went down.
-        if (oldState && oldState->isDown()) {
-            ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Down received while already down.");
+        if (oldState && (oldState->isDown() || oldState->hasHoveringPointers())) {
+            ALOGD("Conflicting pointer actions: Down received while already down or hovering.");
             *outConflictingPointerActions = true;
         }
     } else if (maskedAction == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP) {
@@ -2600,6 +2613,7 @@
     // state was only valid for this one action.
     if (maskedAction != AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_SCROLL) {
         if (displayId >= 0) {
+            tempTouchState.clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
             mTouchStatesByDisplay[displayId] = tempTouchState;
         } else {
             mTouchStatesByDisplay.erase(displayId);
@@ -2741,7 +2755,8 @@
         if (displayInfoIt != mDisplayInfos.end()) {
             inputTarget.displayTransform = displayInfoIt->second.transform;
         } else {
-            ALOGE("DisplayInfo not found for window on display: %d", windowInfo->displayId);
+            // DisplayInfo not found for this window on display windowInfo->displayId.
+            // TODO(b/198444055): Make this an error message after 'setInputWindows' API is removed.
         }
         inputTargets.push_back(inputTarget);
         it = inputTargets.end() - 1;
@@ -3048,9 +3063,13 @@
 
         const MotionEntry& originalMotionEntry = static_cast<const MotionEntry&>(*eventEntry);
         if (inputTarget.pointerIds.count() != originalMotionEntry.pointerCount) {
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!inputTarget.firstDownTimeInTarget.has_value(),
-                                "Splitting motion events requires a down time to be set for the "
-                                "target");
+            if (!inputTarget.firstDownTimeInTarget.has_value()) {
+                logDispatchStateLocked();
+                LOG(FATAL) << "Splitting motion events requires a down time to be set for the "
+                              "target on connection "
+                           << connection->getInputChannelName() << " for "
+                           << originalMotionEntry.getDescription();
+            }
             std::unique_ptr<MotionEntry> splitMotionEntry =
                     splitMotionEvent(originalMotionEntry, inputTarget.pointerIds,
                                      inputTarget.firstDownTimeInTarget.value());
@@ -3931,8 +3950,8 @@
         // in this way.
         ALOGW("Dropping split motion event because the pointer count is %d but "
               "we expected there to be %zu pointers.  This probably means we received "
-              "a broken sequence of pointer ids from the input device.",
-              splitPointerCount, pointerIds.count());
+              "a broken sequence of pointer ids from the input device: %s",
+              splitPointerCount, pointerIds.count(), originalMotionEntry.getDescription().c_str());
         return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -4007,7 +4026,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyConfigurationChanged(const NotifyConfigurationChangedArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("notifyConfigurationChanged - eventTime=%" PRId64, args->eventTime);
     }
 
@@ -4027,18 +4046,20 @@
 
 /**
  * If one of the meta shortcuts is detected, process them here:
- *     Meta + Backspace -> generate BACK
- *     Meta + Enter -> generate HOME
- * This will potentially overwrite keyCode and metaState.
+ *     Meta + Backspace; Meta + Grave; Meta + Left arrow -> generate BACK
+ * Most System shortcuts are handled in PhoneWindowManager.java except 'Back' shortcuts. Unlike
+ * Back, other shortcuts DO NOT need to be sent to applications and are fully handled by the system.
+ * But for Back key and Back shortcuts, we need to send KEYCODE_BACK to applications which can
+ * potentially handle the back key presses.
+ * Note: We don't send any Meta based KeyEvents to applications, so we need to convert to a KeyEvent
+ * where meta modifier is off before sending. Currently only use case is 'Back'.
  */
 void InputDispatcher::accelerateMetaShortcuts(const int32_t deviceId, const int32_t action,
                                               int32_t& keyCode, int32_t& metaState) {
     if (metaState & AMETA_META_ON && action == AKEY_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN) {
         int32_t newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN;
-        if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_DEL) {
+        if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_DEL || keyCode == AKEYCODE_GRAVE || keyCode == AKEYCODE_DPAD_LEFT) {
             newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_BACK;
-        } else if (keyCode == AKEYCODE_ENTER) {
-            newKeyCode = AKEYCODE_HOME;
         }
         if (newKeyCode != AKEYCODE_UNKNOWN) {
             std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
@@ -4063,14 +4084,15 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyKey(const NotifyKeyArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
-        ALOGD("notifyKey - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, displayId=%" PRId32
-              "policyFlags=0x%x, action=0x%x, "
-              "flags=0x%x, keyCode=0x%x, scanCode=0x%x, metaState=0x%x, downTime=%" PRId64,
-              args->eventTime, args->deviceId, args->source, args->displayId, args->policyFlags,
-              args->action, args->flags, args->keyCode, args->scanCode, args->metaState,
-              args->downTime);
-    }
+    ALOGD_IF(debugInboundEventDetails(),
+             "notifyKey - id=%" PRIx32 ", eventTime=%" PRId64
+             ", deviceId=%d, source=%s, displayId=%" PRId32
+             "policyFlags=0x%x, action=%s, flags=0x%x, keyCode=%s, scanCode=0x%x, metaState=0x%x, "
+             "downTime=%" PRId64,
+             args->id, args->eventTime, args->deviceId,
+             inputEventSourceToString(args->source).c_str(), args->displayId, args->policyFlags,
+             KeyEvent::actionToString(args->action), args->flags, KeyEvent::getLabel(args->keyCode),
+             args->scanCode, args->metaState, args->downTime);
     if (!validateKeyEvent(args->action)) {
         return;
     }
@@ -4141,23 +4163,22 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyMotion(const NotifyMotionArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
-        ALOGD("notifyMotion - id=%" PRIx32 " eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, "
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
+        ALOGD("notifyMotion - id=%" PRIx32 " eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=%s, "
               "displayId=%" PRId32 ", policyFlags=0x%x, "
               "action=%s, actionButton=0x%x, flags=0x%x, metaState=0x%x, buttonState=0x%x, "
               "edgeFlags=0x%x, xPrecision=%f, yPrecision=%f, xCursorPosition=%f, "
               "yCursorPosition=%f, downTime=%" PRId64,
-              args->id, args->eventTime, args->deviceId, args->source, args->displayId,
-              args->policyFlags, MotionEvent::actionToString(args->action).c_str(),
-              args->actionButton, args->flags, args->metaState, args->buttonState, args->edgeFlags,
-              args->xPrecision, args->yPrecision, args->xCursorPosition, args->yCursorPosition,
-              args->downTime);
+              args->id, args->eventTime, args->deviceId,
+              inputEventSourceToString(args->source).c_str(), args->displayId, args->policyFlags,
+              MotionEvent::actionToString(args->action).c_str(), args->actionButton, args->flags,
+              args->metaState, args->buttonState, args->edgeFlags, args->xPrecision,
+              args->yPrecision, args->xCursorPosition, args->yCursorPosition, args->downTime);
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < args->pointerCount; i++) {
-            ALOGD("  Pointer %d: id=%d, toolType=%d, "
-                  "x=%f, y=%f, pressure=%f, size=%f, "
-                  "touchMajor=%f, touchMinor=%f, toolMajor=%f, toolMinor=%f, "
-                  "orientation=%f",
-                  i, args->pointerProperties[i].id, args->pointerProperties[i].toolType,
+            ALOGD("  Pointer %d: id=%d, toolType=%s, x=%f, y=%f, pressure=%f, size=%f, "
+                  "touchMajor=%f, touchMinor=%f, toolMajor=%f, toolMinor=%f, orientation=%f",
+                  i, args->pointerProperties[i].id,
+                  motionToolTypeToString(args->pointerProperties[i].toolType),
                   args->pointerCoords[i].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X),
                   args->pointerCoords[i].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y),
                   args->pointerCoords[i].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE),
@@ -4169,9 +4190,12 @@
                   args->pointerCoords[i].getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_ORIENTATION));
         }
     }
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!validateMotionEvent(args->action, args->actionButton, args->pointerCount,
-                                             args->pointerProperties),
-                        "Invalid event: %s", args->dump().c_str());
+
+    if (!validateMotionEvent(args->action, args->actionButton, args->pointerCount,
+                             args->pointerProperties)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid event: " << args->dump();
+        return;
+    }
 
     uint32_t policyFlags = args->policyFlags;
     policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_TRUSTED;
@@ -4252,7 +4276,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifySensor(const NotifySensorArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("notifySensor - id=%" PRIx32 " eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d, source=0x%x, "
               " sensorType=%s",
               args->id, args->eventTime, args->deviceId, args->source,
@@ -4280,7 +4304,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyVibratorState(const NotifyVibratorStateArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("notifyVibratorState - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", device=%d,  isOn=%d", args->eventTime,
               args->deviceId, args->isOn);
     }
@@ -4292,7 +4316,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifySwitch(const NotifySwitchArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("notifySwitch - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", policyFlags=0x%x, switchValues=0x%08x, "
               "switchMask=0x%08x",
               args->eventTime, args->policyFlags, args->switchValues, args->switchMask);
@@ -4304,7 +4328,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("notifyDeviceReset - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", deviceId=%d", args->eventTime,
               args->deviceId);
     }
@@ -4324,7 +4348,7 @@
 }
 
 void InputDispatcher::notifyPointerCaptureChanged(const NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs* args) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("notifyPointerCaptureChanged - eventTime=%" PRId64 ", enabled=%s", args->eventTime,
               args->request.enable ? "true" : "false");
     }
@@ -4347,7 +4371,7 @@
                                                             InputEventInjectionSync syncMode,
                                                             std::chrono::milliseconds timeout,
                                                             uint32_t policyFlags) {
-    if (DEBUG_INBOUND_EVENT_DETAILS) {
+    if (debugInboundEventDetails()) {
         ALOGD("injectInputEvent - eventType=%d, targetUid=%s, syncMode=%d, timeout=%lld, "
               "policyFlags=0x%08x",
               event->getType(), targetUid ? std::to_string(*targetUid).c_str() : "none", syncMode,
@@ -4750,6 +4774,12 @@
     return getWindowHandleLocked(focusedToken, displayId);
 }
 
+ui::Transform InputDispatcher::getTransformLocked(int32_t displayId) const {
+    auto displayInfoIt = mDisplayInfos.find(displayId);
+    return displayInfoIt != mDisplayInfos.end() ? displayInfoIt->second.transform
+                                                : kIdentityTransform;
+}
+
 bool InputDispatcher::canWindowReceiveMotionLocked(const sp<WindowInfoHandle>& window,
                                                    const MotionEntry& motionEntry) const {
     const WindowInfo& info = *window->getInfo();
@@ -4787,7 +4817,7 @@
     TouchOcclusionInfo occlusionInfo = computeTouchOcclusionInfoLocked(window, x, y);
     if (!isTouchTrustedLocked(occlusionInfo)) {
         if (DEBUG_TOUCH_OCCLUSION) {
-            ALOGD("Stack of obscuring windows during untrusted touch (%d, %d):", x, y);
+            ALOGD("Stack of obscuring windows during untrusted touch (%.1f, %.1f):", x, y);
             for (const auto& log : occlusionInfo.debugInfo) {
                 ALOGD("%s", log.c_str());
             }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
index b94858b..2246d47 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputDispatcher.h
@@ -239,11 +239,11 @@
     std::shared_ptr<EventEntry> mNextUnblockedEvent GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
     std::pair<sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>, std::vector<InputTarget>>
-    findTouchedWindowAtLocked(int32_t displayId, int32_t x, int32_t y, bool isStylus = false,
+    findTouchedWindowAtLocked(int32_t displayId, float x, float y, bool isStylus = false,
                               bool ignoreDragWindow = false) const REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     std::vector<sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>> findTouchedSpyWindowsAtLocked(
-            int32_t displayId, int32_t x, int32_t y, bool isStylus) const REQUIRES(mLock);
+            int32_t displayId, float x, float y, bool isStylus) const REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> findTouchedForegroundWindowLocked(int32_t displayId) const
             REQUIRES(mLock);
@@ -374,6 +374,7 @@
             int32_t displayId) const REQUIRES(mLock);
     sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle> getWindowHandleLocked(
             const sp<IBinder>& windowHandleToken) const REQUIRES(mLock);
+    ui::Transform getTransformLocked(int32_t displayId) const REQUIRES(mLock);
 
     // Same function as above, but faster. Since displayId is provided, this avoids the need
     // to loop through all displays.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
index ad5a7fd..94f3813 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.cpp
@@ -28,10 +28,6 @@
 
 InputState::~InputState() {}
 
-bool InputState::isNeutral() const {
-    return mKeyMementos.empty() && mMotionMementos.empty();
-}
-
 bool InputState::isHovering(int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source, int32_t displayId) const {
     for (const MotionMemento& memento : mMotionMementos) {
         if (memento.deviceId == deviceId && memento.source == source &&
@@ -251,10 +247,19 @@
 }
 
 void InputState::MotionMemento::setPointers(const MotionEntry& entry) {
-    pointerCount = entry.pointerCount;
+    pointerCount = 0;
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < entry.pointerCount; i++) {
-        pointerProperties[i].copyFrom(entry.pointerProperties[i]);
-        pointerCoords[i].copyFrom(entry.pointerCoords[i]);
+        if (MotionEvent::getActionMasked(entry.action) == AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_UP) {
+            // In POINTER_UP events, the pointer is leaving. Since the action is not stored,
+            // this departing pointer should not be recorded.
+            const uint8_t actionIndex = MotionEvent::getActionIndex(entry.action);
+            if (i == actionIndex) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        pointerProperties[pointerCount].copyFrom(entry.pointerProperties[i]);
+        pointerCoords[pointerCount].copyFrom(entry.pointerCoords[i]);
+        pointerCount++;
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h
index 42d8cc6..d788e47 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/InputState.h
@@ -34,9 +34,6 @@
     explicit InputState(const IdGenerator& idGenerator);
     ~InputState();
 
-    // Returns true if there is no state to be canceled.
-    bool isNeutral() const;
-
     // Returns true if the specified source is known to have received a hover enter
     // motion event.
     bool isHovering(int32_t deviceId, uint32_t source, int32_t displayId) const;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
index 4258471..9c443f1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.cpp
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
     for (TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : windows) {
         touchedWindow.removeTouchingPointer(pointerId);
     }
+    clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
 }
 
 void TouchState::removeTouchedPointerFromWindow(
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
     for (TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : windows) {
         if (touchedWindow.windowHandle == windowHandle) {
             touchedWindow.removeTouchingPointer(pointerId);
+            clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
             return;
         }
     }
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@
     for (TouchedWindow& touchedWindow : windows) {
         touchedWindow.clearHoveringPointers();
     }
+    clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
 }
 
 void TouchState::clearWindowsWithoutPointers() {
@@ -135,7 +138,7 @@
             w.pointerIds &= ~pointerIds;
         }
     });
-    std::erase_if(windows, [](const TouchedWindow& w) { return w.pointerIds.none(); });
+    clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@
                 w.pilferedPointerIds ^ allPilferedPointerIds;
         w.pointerIds &= ~pilferedByOtherWindows;
     });
-    std::erase_if(windows, [](const TouchedWindow& w) { return w.pointerIds.none(); });
+    clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
 }
 
 sp<WindowInfoHandle> TouchState::getFirstForegroundWindowHandle() const {
@@ -216,6 +219,11 @@
                        [](const TouchedWindow& window) { return window.pointerIds.any(); });
 }
 
+bool TouchState::hasHoveringPointers() const {
+    return std::any_of(windows.begin(), windows.end(),
+                       [](const TouchedWindow& window) { return window.hasHoveringPointers(); });
+}
+
 std::set<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> TouchState::getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(int32_t hoveringDeviceId,
                                                                          int32_t pointerId) const {
     std::set<sp<WindowInfoHandle>> out;
@@ -231,9 +239,7 @@
     for (TouchedWindow& window : windows) {
         window.removeHoveringPointer(hoveringDeviceId, hoveringPointerId);
     }
-    std::erase_if(windows, [](const TouchedWindow& w) {
-        return w.pointerIds.none() && !w.hasHoveringPointers();
-    });
+    clearWindowsWithoutPointers();
 }
 
 std::string TouchState::dump() const {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
index 6e965d8..a20080f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/dispatcher/TouchState.h
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@
             const sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>& windowHandle) const;
     // Whether any of the windows are currently being touched
     bool isDown() const;
+    bool hasHoveringPointers() const;
 
     std::set<sp<android::gui::WindowInfoHandle>> getWindowsWithHoveringPointer(
             int32_t deviceId, int32_t pointerId) const;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/docs/input_coordinates.md b/services/inputflinger/docs/input_coordinates.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7795710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/docs/input_coordinates.md
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+# Input Coordinate Processing in InputFlinger
+
+This document aims to illustrate why we need to take care when converting
+between the discrete and continuous coordinate spaces, especially when
+performing rotations.
+
+The Linux evdev protocol works over **discrete integral** values. The same is
+true for displays, which output discrete pixels. WindowManager also tracks
+window bounds in pixels in the rotated logical display.
+
+However, our `MotionEvent` APIs
+report **floating point** axis values in a **continuous space**. This disparity
+is important to note when working in InputFlinger, which has to make sure the
+discrete raw coordinates are  converted to the continuous space correctly in all
+scenarios.
+
+## Disparity between continuous and discrete coordinates during rotation
+
+Let's consider an example of device that has a 3 x 4 screen.
+
+### Natural orientation:  No rotation
+
+If the user interacts with the highlighted pixel, the touchscreen would report
+the discreet coordinates (0, 2).
+
+```
+     ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+     │ 0,0 │ 1,0 │ 2,0 │
+     ├─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │ 0,1 │ 1,1 │ 2,1 │
+     ├─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │█0,2█│ 1,2 │ 2,2 │
+     ├─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │ 0,3 │ 1,3 │ 2,3 │
+     └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+```
+
+When converted to the continuous space, the point (0, 2) corresponds to the
+location shown below.
+
+```
+     0     1     2     3
+  0  ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+     │     │     │     │
+  1  ├─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │
+  2  █─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │
+  3  ├─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │
+  4  └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+```
+
+### Rotated orientation: 90-degree counter-clockwise rotation
+
+When the device is rotated and the same place on the touchscreen is touched, the
+input device will still report the same coordinates of (0, 2).
+
+In the rotated display, that now corresponds to the pixel (2, 2).
+
+```
+     ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
+     │ 0,0 │ 1,0 │ 2,0 │ 3,0 │
+     ├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │ 0,1 │ 1,1 │ 2,1 │ 3,1 │
+     ├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │ 0,2 │ 1,2 │█2,2█│ 3,2 │
+     └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘
+```
+
+*It is important to note that rotating the device 90 degrees is NOT equivalent
+to rotating the continuous coordinate space by 90 degrees.*
+
+The point (2, 2) now corresponds to a different location in the continuous space
+than before, even though the user was interacting at the same place on the
+touchscreen.
+
+```
+     0     1     2     3     4
+  0  ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
+     │     │     │     │     │
+  1  ├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │     │
+  2  ├─────┼─────█─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │     │
+  3  └─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘
+```
+
+If we were to simply (incorrectly) rotate the continuous space from before by
+90 degrees, the touched point would correspond to the location (2, 3), shown
+below. This new point is outside the bounds of the display, since it does not
+correspond to any pixel at that location.
+
+It should be impossible for a touchscreen to generate points outside the bounds
+of the display, because we assume that the area of the touchscreen maps directly
+to the area of the display. Therefore, that point is an invalid coordinate that
+cannot be generated by an input device.
+
+```
+     0     1     2     3     4
+  0  ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐
+     │     │     │     │     ╏
+  1  ├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │     ╏
+  2  ├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤
+     │     │     │     │     ╏
+  3  └-----┴-----█-----┴-----┘
+```
+
+The same logic applies to windows as well. When performing hit tests to
+determine if a point in the continuous space falls inside a window's bounds,
+hit test must be performed in the correct orientation, since points on the right
+and bottom edges of the window do not fall within the window bounds.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp b/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp
index 97d57e4..ec0388d 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/host/InputDriver.cpp
@@ -242,13 +242,13 @@
 
 input_property_t* InputDriver::inputGetDeviceProperty(input_property_map_t* map, const char* key) {
     if (map != nullptr) {
-        std::string value;
-        auto prop = std::make_unique<input_property_t>();
-        if (!map->propertyMap->tryGetProperty(key, value)) {
+        std::optional<std::string> value = map->propertyMap->getString(key);
+        if (!value.has_value()) {
             return nullptr;
         }
+        auto prop = std::make_unique<input_property_t>();
         prop->key = key;
-        prop->value = value.c_str();
+        prop->value = value->c_str();
         return prop.release();
     }
     return nullptr;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
index 9dbdd5a..3f1ff30 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/include/PointerControllerInterface.h
@@ -22,6 +22,20 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+struct FloatPoint {
+    float x;
+    float y;
+
+    inline FloatPoint(float x, float y) : x(x), y(y) {}
+
+    inline explicit FloatPoint(vec2 p) : x(p.x), y(p.y) {}
+
+    template <typename T, typename U>
+    operator std::tuple<T, U>() {
+        return {x, y};
+    }
+};
+
 /**
  * Interface for tracking a mouse / touch pad pointer and touch pad spots.
  *
@@ -40,8 +54,7 @@
 public:
     /* Gets the bounds of the region that the pointer can traverse.
      * Returns true if the bounds are available. */
-    virtual bool getBounds(float* outMinX, float* outMinY,
-            float* outMaxX, float* outMaxY) const = 0;
+    virtual std::optional<FloatRect> getBounds() const = 0;
 
     /* Move the pointer. */
     virtual void move(float deltaX, float deltaY) = 0;
@@ -56,7 +69,7 @@
     virtual void setPosition(float x, float y) = 0;
 
     /* Gets the absolute location of the pointer. */
-    virtual void getPosition(float* outX, float* outY) const = 0;
+    virtual FloatPoint getPosition() const = 0;
 
     enum class Transition {
         // Fade/unfade immediately.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
index d29692c..132c3a1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/Android.bp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
         "EventHub.cpp",
         "InputDevice.cpp",
         "InputReader.cpp",
+        "Macros.cpp",
         "TouchVideoDevice.cpp",
         "controller/PeripheralController.cpp",
         "mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
index d3d8021..e65f3af 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/EventHub.cpp
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
 #include <filesystem>
+#include <optional>
 #include <regex>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -673,9 +674,9 @@
 
 bool EventHub::Device::isExternalDeviceLocked() {
     if (configuration) {
-        bool value;
-        if (configuration->tryGetProperty("device.internal", value)) {
-            return !value;
+        std::optional<bool> isInternal = configuration->getBool("device.internal");
+        if (isInternal.has_value()) {
+            return !isInternal.value();
         }
     }
     return identifier.bus == BUS_USB || identifier.bus == BUS_BLUETOOTH;
@@ -683,9 +684,9 @@
 
 bool EventHub::Device::deviceHasMicLocked() {
     if (configuration) {
-        bool value;
-        if (configuration->tryGetProperty("audio.mic", value)) {
-            return value;
+        std::optional<bool> hasMic = configuration->getBool("audio.mic");
+        if (hasMic.has_value()) {
+            return hasMic.value();
         }
     }
     return false;
@@ -882,14 +883,13 @@
     return device != nullptr ? device->controllerNumber : 0;
 }
 
-void EventHub::getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId, PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const {
+std::optional<PropertyMap> EventHub::getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId) const {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
     Device* device = getDeviceLocked(deviceId);
-    if (device != nullptr && device->configuration) {
-        *outConfiguration = *device->configuration;
-    } else {
-        outConfiguration->clear();
+    if (device == nullptr || device->configuration == nullptr) {
+        return {};
     }
+    return *device->configuration;
 }
 
 status_t EventHub::getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
@@ -2282,8 +2282,8 @@
     }
 
     // See if the device is specially configured to be of a certain type.
-    std::string deviceType;
-    if (device->configuration && device->configuration->tryGetProperty("device.type", deviceType)) {
+    if (device->configuration) {
+        std::string deviceType = device->configuration->getString("device.type").value_or("");
         if (deviceType == "rotaryEncoder") {
             device->classes |= InputDeviceClass::ROTARY_ENCODER;
         } else if (deviceType == "externalStylus") {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
index c598c0a..69363b6 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputDevice.cpp
@@ -210,14 +210,13 @@
     // Touchscreens and touchpad devices.
     static const bool ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_GESTURES_LIBRARY =
             sysprop::InputProperties::enable_touchpad_gestures_library().value_or(true);
-    // TODO(b/246587538): Fix the new touchpad stack for Sony DualShock 4 (5c4, 9cc) and DualSense
-    // (ce6) touchpads, or at least load this setting from the IDC file.
+    // TODO(b/272518665): Fix the new touchpad stack for Sony DualShock 4 (5c4, 9cc) touchpads, or
+    // at least load this setting from the IDC file.
     const InputDeviceIdentifier identifier = contextPtr->getDeviceIdentifier();
-    const bool isSonyGamepadTouchpad = identifier.vendor == 0x054c &&
-            (identifier.product == 0x05c4 || identifier.product == 0x09cc ||
-             identifier.product == 0x0ce6);
+    const bool isSonyDualShock4Touchpad = identifier.vendor == 0x054c &&
+            (identifier.product == 0x05c4 || identifier.product == 0x09cc);
     if (ENABLE_TOUCHPAD_GESTURES_LIBRARY && classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCHPAD) &&
-        classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT) && !isSonyGamepadTouchpad) {
+        classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT) && !isSonyDualShock4Touchpad) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<TouchpadInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
     } else if (classes.test(InputDeviceClass::TOUCH_MT)) {
         mappers.push_back(std::make_unique<MultiTouchInputMapper>(*contextPtr));
@@ -277,12 +276,18 @@
     mHasMic = mClasses.test(InputDeviceClass::MIC);
 
     if (!isIgnored()) {
-        if (!changes) { // first time only
+        // Full configuration should happen the first time configure is called
+        // and when the device type is changed. Changing a device type can
+        // affect various other parameters so should result in a
+        // reconfiguration.
+        if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DEVICE_TYPE)) {
             mConfiguration.clear();
             for_each_subdevice([this](InputDeviceContext& context) {
-                PropertyMap configuration;
-                context.getConfiguration(&configuration);
-                mConfiguration.addAll(&configuration);
+                std::optional<PropertyMap> configuration =
+                        getEventHub()->getConfiguration(context.getEventHubId());
+                if (configuration) {
+                    mConfiguration.addAll(&(*configuration));
+                }
             });
 
             mAssociatedDeviceType =
@@ -412,22 +417,21 @@
     // in the order received.
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
     for (const RawEvent* rawEvent = rawEvents; count != 0; rawEvent++) {
-        if (DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS) {
-            ALOGD("Input event: device=%d type=0x%04x code=0x%04x value=0x%08x when=%" PRId64,
-                  rawEvent->deviceId, rawEvent->type, rawEvent->code, rawEvent->value,
-                  rawEvent->when);
+        if (debugRawEvents()) {
+            const auto [type, code, value] =
+                    InputEventLookup::getLinuxEvdevLabel(rawEvent->type, rawEvent->code,
+                                                         rawEvent->value);
+            ALOGD("Input event: eventHubDevice=%d type=%s code=%s value=%s when=%" PRId64,
+                  rawEvent->deviceId, type.c_str(), code.c_str(), value.c_str(), rawEvent->when);
         }
 
         if (mDropUntilNextSync) {
             if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_REPORT) {
                 mDropUntilNextSync = false;
-                if (DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS) {
-                    ALOGD("Recovered from input event buffer overrun.");
-                }
+                ALOGD_IF(debugRawEvents(), "Recovered from input event buffer overrun.");
             } else {
-                if (DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS) {
-                    ALOGD("Dropped input event while waiting for next input sync.");
-                }
+                ALOGD_IF(debugRawEvents(),
+                         "Dropped input event while waiting for next input sync.");
             }
         } else if (rawEvent->type == EV_SYN && rawEvent->code == SYN_DROPPED) {
             ALOGI("Detected input event buffer overrun for device %s.", getName().c_str());
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
index 57f679c..9080cc1 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/InputReader.cpp
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
         if (mNextTimeout != LLONG_MAX) {
             nsecs_t now = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
             if (now >= mNextTimeout) {
-                if (DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS) {
+                if (debugRawEvents()) {
                     ALOGD("Timeout expired, latency=%0.3fms", (now - mNextTimeout) * 0.000001f);
                 }
                 mNextTimeout = LLONG_MAX;
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
                 }
                 batchSize += 1;
             }
-            if (DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS) {
+            if (debugRawEvents()) {
                 ALOGD("BatchSize: %zu Count: %zu", batchSize, count);
             }
             out += processEventsForDeviceLocked(deviceId, rawEvent, batchSize);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8841d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "Macros.h"
+
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+
+namespace {
+
+const bool IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD =
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+        android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false);
+#else
+        true;
+#endif
+
+} // namespace
+
+namespace android {
+
+bool debugRawEvents() {
+    if (!IS_DEBUGGABLE_BUILD) {
+        static const bool DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS =
+                __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "RawEvents", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+        return DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS;
+    }
+    return __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "RawEvents", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.h
index d2a7ced..2bce215 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/Macros.h
@@ -25,12 +25,14 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 
 namespace android {
+
 /**
  * Log debug messages for each raw event received from the EventHub.
- * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputReaderRawEvents DEBUG" (requires restart)
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputReaderRawEvents DEBUG".
+ * This requires a restart on non-debuggable (e.g. user) builds, but should take effect immediately
+ * on debuggable builds (e.g. userdebug).
  */
-const bool DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS =
-        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "RawEvents", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+bool debugRawEvents();
 
 /**
  * Log debug messages about virtual key processing.
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@
  */
 const bool DEBUG_POINTER_ASSIGNMENT =
         __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "PointerAssignment", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
 /**
  * Log debug messages about gesture detection.
  * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.InputReaderGestures DEBUG" (requires restart)
@@ -79,6 +82,7 @@
  */
 const bool DEBUG_LIGHT_DETAILS =
         __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, LOG_TAG "LightDetails", ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
 } // namespace android
 
 #define INDENT "  "
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
index 86acadb..0b15efe 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/EventHub.h
@@ -263,7 +263,13 @@
 
     virtual int32_t getDeviceControllerNumber(int32_t deviceId) const = 0;
 
-    virtual void getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId, PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const = 0;
+    /**
+     * Get the PropertyMap for the provided EventHub device, if available.
+     * This acquires the device lock, so a copy is returned rather than the raw pointer
+     * to the device's PropertyMap. A std::nullopt may be returned if the device could
+     * not be found, or if it doesn't have any configuration.
+     */
+    virtual std::optional<PropertyMap> getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId) const = 0;
 
     virtual status_t getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
                                          RawAbsoluteAxisInfo* outAxisInfo) const = 0;
@@ -464,7 +470,7 @@
 
     int32_t getDeviceControllerNumber(int32_t deviceId) const override final;
 
-    void getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId, PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const override final;
+    std::optional<PropertyMap> getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId) const override final;
 
     status_t getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
                                  RawAbsoluteAxisInfo* outAxisInfo) const override final;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
index 7867029..4ae06fe 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/include/InputDevice.h
@@ -269,9 +269,6 @@
     inline int32_t getDeviceControllerNumber() const {
         return mEventHub->getDeviceControllerNumber(mId);
     }
-    inline void getConfiguration(PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const {
-        return mEventHub->getConfiguration(mId, outConfiguration);
-    }
     inline status_t getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t code, RawAbsoluteAxisInfo* axisInfo) const {
         return mEventHub->getAbsoluteAxisInfo(mId, code, axisInfo);
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
index 13e4d0c..b12a009 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/CursorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 #include "CursorInputMapper.h"
 
+#include <optional>
+
 #include "CursorButtonAccumulator.h"
 #include "CursorScrollAccumulator.h"
 #include "PointerControllerInterface.h"
@@ -83,10 +85,11 @@
     InputMapper::populateDeviceInfo(info);
 
     if (mParameters.mode == Parameters::Mode::POINTER) {
-        float minX, minY, maxX, maxY;
-        if (mPointerController->getBounds(&minX, &minY, &maxX, &maxY)) {
-            info->addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, mSource, minX, maxX, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
-            info->addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, mSource, minY, maxY, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
+        if (const auto bounds = mPointerController->getBounds(); bounds) {
+            info->addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, mSource, bounds->left, bounds->right, 0.0f,
+                                 0.0f, 0.0f);
+            info->addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, mSource, bounds->top, bounds->bottom, 0.0f,
+                                 0.0f, 0.0f);
         }
     } else {
         info->addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, mSource, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, mXScale, 0.0f);
@@ -250,18 +253,17 @@
 
 void CursorInputMapper::configureParameters() {
     mParameters.mode = Parameters::Mode::POINTER;
-    std::string cursorModeString;
-    if (getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("cursor.mode", cursorModeString)) {
-        if (cursorModeString == "navigation") {
+    const PropertyMap& config = getDeviceContext().getConfiguration();
+    std::optional<std::string> cursorModeString = config.getString("cursor.mode");
+    if (cursorModeString.has_value()) {
+        if (*cursorModeString == "navigation") {
             mParameters.mode = Parameters::Mode::NAVIGATION;
-        } else if (cursorModeString != "pointer" && cursorModeString != "default") {
-            ALOGW("Invalid value for cursor.mode: '%s'", cursorModeString.c_str());
+        } else if (*cursorModeString != "pointer" && *cursorModeString != "default") {
+            ALOGW("Invalid value for cursor.mode: '%s'", cursorModeString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
-    mParameters.orientationAware = false;
-    getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("cursor.orientationAware",
-                                                         mParameters.orientationAware);
+    mParameters.orientationAware = config.getBool("cursor.orientationAware").value_or(false);
 
     mParameters.hasAssociatedDisplay = false;
     if (mParameters.mode == Parameters::Mode::POINTER || mParameters.orientationAware) {
@@ -379,7 +381,7 @@
             mPointerController->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
         }
 
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+        std::tie(xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition) = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xCursorPosition);
         pointerCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, yCursorPosition);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
index 0361bc6..f39e004 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/KeyboardInputMapper.cpp
@@ -61,36 +61,6 @@
             scanCode >= BTN_WHEEL;
 }
 
-static bool isMediaKey(int32_t keyCode) {
-    switch (keyCode) {
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_PAUSE:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE:
-        case AKEYCODE_MUTE:
-        case AKEYCODE_HEADSETHOOK:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_STOP:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_NEXT:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_PREVIOUS:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_REWIND:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_RECORD:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_FAST_FORWARD:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_SKIP_FORWARD:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_SKIP_BACKWARD:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_STEP_FORWARD:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_STEP_BACKWARD:
-        case AKEYCODE_MEDIA_AUDIO_TRACK:
-        case AKEYCODE_VOLUME_UP:
-        case AKEYCODE_VOLUME_DOWN:
-        case AKEYCODE_VOLUME_MUTE:
-        case AKEYCODE_TV_AUDIO_DESCRIPTION:
-        case AKEYCODE_TV_AUDIO_DESCRIPTION_MIX_UP:
-        case AKEYCODE_TV_AUDIO_DESCRIPTION_MIX_DOWN:
-            return true;
-        default:
-            return false;
-    }
-}
-
 // --- KeyboardInputMapper ---
 
 KeyboardInputMapper::KeyboardInputMapper(InputDeviceContext& deviceContext, uint32_t source,
@@ -184,15 +154,10 @@
 }
 
 void KeyboardInputMapper::configureParameters() {
-    mParameters.orientationAware = false;
     const PropertyMap& config = getDeviceContext().getConfiguration();
-    config.tryGetProperty("keyboard.orientationAware", mParameters.orientationAware);
-
-    mParameters.handlesKeyRepeat = false;
-    config.tryGetProperty("keyboard.handlesKeyRepeat", mParameters.handlesKeyRepeat);
-
-    mParameters.doNotWakeByDefault = false;
-    config.tryGetProperty("keyboard.doNotWakeByDefault", mParameters.doNotWakeByDefault);
+    mParameters.orientationAware = config.getBool("keyboard.orientationAware").value_or(false);
+    mParameters.handlesKeyRepeat = config.getBool("keyboard.handlesKeyRepeat").value_or(false);
+    mParameters.doNotWakeByDefault = config.getBool("keyboard.doNotWakeByDefault").value_or(false);
 }
 
 void KeyboardInputMapper::dumpParameters(std::string& dump) const {
@@ -295,14 +260,12 @@
         keyMetaState = mMetaState;
     }
 
-    // Key down on external an keyboard should wake the device.
+    // Any key down on an external keyboard should wake the device.
     // We don't do this for internal keyboards to prevent them from waking up in your pocket.
     // For internal keyboards and devices for which the default wake behavior is explicitly
     // prevented (e.g. TV remotes), the key layout file should specify the policy flags for each
     // wake key individually.
-    // TODO: Use the input device configuration to control this behavior more finely.
-    if (down && getDeviceContext().isExternal() && !mParameters.doNotWakeByDefault &&
-        !isMediaKey(keyCode)) {
+    if (down && getDeviceContext().isExternal() && !mParameters.doNotWakeByDefault) {
         policyFlags |= POLICY_FLAG_WAKE;
     }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp
index 19a79d7..2ff26ed 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/RotaryEncoderInputMapper.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 #include "RotaryEncoderInputMapper.h"
 
+#include <optional>
+
 #include "CursorScrollAccumulator.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -39,18 +41,19 @@
     InputMapper::populateDeviceInfo(info);
 
     if (mRotaryEncoderScrollAccumulator.haveRelativeVWheel()) {
-        float res = 0.0f;
-        if (!getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("device.res", res)) {
+        const PropertyMap& config = getDeviceContext().getConfiguration();
+        std::optional<float> res = config.getFloat("device.res");
+        if (!res.has_value()) {
             ALOGW("Rotary Encoder device configuration file didn't specify resolution!\n");
         }
-        if (!getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("device.scalingFactor",
-                                                                  mScalingFactor)) {
+        std::optional<float> scalingFactor = config.getFloat("device.scalingFactor");
+        if (!scalingFactor.has_value()) {
             ALOGW("Rotary Encoder device configuration file didn't specify scaling factor,"
                   "default to 1.0!\n");
-            mScalingFactor = 1.0f;
         }
+        mScalingFactor = scalingFactor.value_or(1.0f);
         info->addMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_SCROLL, mSource, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
-                             res * mScalingFactor);
+                             res.value_or(0.0f) * mScalingFactor);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp
index f797bc9..ba08823 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.cpp
@@ -61,12 +61,6 @@
     return AINPUT_SOURCE_SENSOR;
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-bool SensorInputMapper::tryGetProperty(std::string keyName, T& outValue) {
-    const auto& config = getDeviceContext().getConfiguration();
-    return config.tryGetProperty(keyName, outValue);
-}
-
 void SensorInputMapper::parseSensorConfiguration(InputDeviceSensorType sensorType, int32_t absCode,
                                                  int32_t sensorDataIndex, const Axis& axis) {
     auto it = mSensors.find(sensorType);
@@ -201,6 +195,17 @@
 SensorInputMapper::Sensor SensorInputMapper::createSensor(InputDeviceSensorType sensorType,
                                                           const Axis& axis) {
     InputDeviceIdentifier identifier = getDeviceContext().getDeviceIdentifier();
+    const auto& config = getDeviceContext().getConfiguration();
+
+    std::string prefix = "sensor." + ftl::enum_string(sensorType);
+    transform(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), prefix.begin(), ::tolower);
+
+    int32_t flags = 0;
+    std::optional<int32_t> reportingMode = config.getInt(prefix + ".reportingMode");
+    if (reportingMode.has_value()) {
+        flags |= (*reportingMode & REPORTING_MODE_MASK) << REPORTING_MODE_SHIFT;
+    }
+
     // Sensor Id will be assigned to device Id to distinguish same sensor from multiple input
     // devices, in such a way that the sensor Id will be same as input device Id.
     // The sensorType is to distinguish different sensors within one device.
@@ -209,28 +214,15 @@
                                      identifier.version, sensorType,
                                      InputDeviceSensorAccuracy::ACCURACY_HIGH,
                                      /*maxRange=*/axis.max, /*resolution=*/axis.scale,
-                                     /*power=*/0.0f, /*minDelay=*/0,
-                                     /*fifoReservedEventCount=*/0, /*fifoMaxEventCount=*/0,
-                                     ftl::enum_string(sensorType), /*maxDelay=*/0, /*flags=*/0,
-                                     getDeviceId());
-
-    std::string prefix = "sensor." + ftl::enum_string(sensorType);
-    transform(prefix.begin(), prefix.end(), prefix.begin(), ::tolower);
-
-    int32_t reportingMode = 0;
-    if (!tryGetProperty(prefix + ".reportingMode", reportingMode)) {
-        sensorInfo.flags |= (reportingMode & REPORTING_MODE_MASK) << REPORTING_MODE_SHIFT;
-    }
-
-    tryGetProperty(prefix + ".maxDelay", sensorInfo.maxDelay);
-
-    tryGetProperty(prefix + ".minDelay", sensorInfo.minDelay);
-
-    tryGetProperty(prefix + ".power", sensorInfo.power);
-
-    tryGetProperty(prefix + ".fifoReservedEventCount", sensorInfo.fifoReservedEventCount);
-
-    tryGetProperty(prefix + ".fifoMaxEventCount", sensorInfo.fifoMaxEventCount);
+                                     /*power=*/config.getFloat(prefix + ".power").value_or(0.0f),
+                                     /*minDelay=*/config.getInt(prefix + ".minDelay").value_or(0),
+                                     /*fifoReservedEventCount=*/
+                                     config.getInt(prefix + ".fifoReservedEventCount").value_or(0),
+                                     /*fifoMaxEventCount=*/
+                                     config.getInt(prefix + ".fifoMaxEventCount").value_or(0),
+                                     ftl::enum_string(sensorType),
+                                     /*maxDelay=*/config.getInt(prefix + ".maxDelay").value_or(0),
+                                     /*flags=*/flags, getDeviceId());
 
     return Sensor(sensorInfo);
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h
index 457567b..043a895 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/SensorInputMapper.h
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
 #include "InputMapper.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -120,9 +123,6 @@
 
     [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> sync(nsecs_t when, bool force);
 
-    template <typename T>
-    bool tryGetProperty(std::string keyName, T& outValue);
-
     void parseSensorConfiguration(InputDeviceSensorType sensorType, int32_t absCode,
                                   int32_t sensorDataIndex, const Axis& axis);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
index 31fdac9..a943a03 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.cpp
@@ -293,7 +293,10 @@
 
     mConfig = *config;
 
-    if (!changes) { // first time only
+    // Full configuration should happen the first time configure is called and
+    // when the device type is changed. Changing a device type can affect
+    // various other parameters so should result in a reconfiguration.
+    if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DEVICE_TYPE)) {
         // Configure basic parameters.
         configureParameters();
 
@@ -328,7 +331,8 @@
           InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_POINTER_CAPTURE |
           InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_POINTER_GESTURE_ENABLEMENT |
           InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_SHOW_TOUCHES |
-          InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_EXTERNAL_STYLUS_PRESENCE))) {
+          InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_EXTERNAL_STYLUS_PRESENCE |
+          InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DEVICE_TYPE))) {
         // Configure device sources, display dimensions, orientation and
         // scaling factors.
         configureInputDevice(when, &resetNeeded);
@@ -362,15 +366,15 @@
             ? Parameters::GestureMode::SINGLE_TOUCH
             : Parameters::GestureMode::MULTI_TOUCH;
 
-    std::string gestureModeString;
-    if (getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.gestureMode",
-                                                             gestureModeString)) {
-        if (gestureModeString == "single-touch") {
+    const PropertyMap& config = getDeviceContext().getConfiguration();
+    std::optional<std::string> gestureModeString = config.getString("touch.gestureMode");
+    if (gestureModeString.has_value()) {
+        if (*gestureModeString == "single-touch") {
             mParameters.gestureMode = Parameters::GestureMode::SINGLE_TOUCH;
-        } else if (gestureModeString == "multi-touch") {
+        } else if (*gestureModeString == "multi-touch") {
             mParameters.gestureMode = Parameters::GestureMode::MULTI_TOUCH;
-        } else if (gestureModeString != "default") {
-            ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.gestureMode: '%s'", gestureModeString.c_str());
+        } else if (*gestureModeString != "default") {
+            ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.gestureMode: '%s'", gestureModeString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
@@ -378,24 +382,23 @@
 
     mParameters.hasButtonUnderPad = getDeviceContext().hasInputProperty(INPUT_PROP_BUTTONPAD);
 
-    mParameters.orientationAware = mParameters.deviceType == Parameters::DeviceType::TOUCH_SCREEN;
-    getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.orientationAware",
-                                                         mParameters.orientationAware);
+    mParameters.orientationAware =
+            config.getBool("touch.orientationAware")
+                    .value_or(mParameters.deviceType == Parameters::DeviceType::TOUCH_SCREEN);
 
     mParameters.orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
-    std::string orientationString;
-    if (getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.orientation",
-                                                             orientationString)) {
+    std::optional<std::string> orientationString = config.getString("touch.orientation");
+    if (orientationString.has_value()) {
         if (mParameters.deviceType != Parameters::DeviceType::TOUCH_SCREEN) {
             ALOGW("The configuration 'touch.orientation' is only supported for touchscreens.");
-        } else if (orientationString == "ORIENTATION_90") {
+        } else if (*orientationString == "ORIENTATION_90") {
             mParameters.orientation = ui::ROTATION_90;
-        } else if (orientationString == "ORIENTATION_180") {
+        } else if (*orientationString == "ORIENTATION_180") {
             mParameters.orientation = ui::ROTATION_180;
-        } else if (orientationString == "ORIENTATION_270") {
+        } else if (*orientationString == "ORIENTATION_270") {
             mParameters.orientation = ui::ROTATION_270;
-        } else if (orientationString != "ORIENTATION_0") {
-            ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.orientation: '%s'", orientationString.c_str());
+        } else if (*orientationString != "ORIENTATION_0") {
+            ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.orientation: '%s'", orientationString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
@@ -409,10 +412,7 @@
         mParameters.hasAssociatedDisplay = true;
         if (mParameters.deviceType == Parameters::DeviceType::TOUCH_SCREEN) {
             mParameters.associatedDisplayIsExternal = getDeviceContext().isExternal();
-            std::string uniqueDisplayId;
-            getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.displayId",
-                                                                 uniqueDisplayId);
-            mParameters.uniqueDisplayId = uniqueDisplayId.c_str();
+            mParameters.uniqueDisplayId = config.getString("touch.displayId").value_or("").c_str();
         }
     }
     if (getDeviceContext().getAssociatedDisplayPort()) {
@@ -422,20 +422,19 @@
     // Initial downs on external touch devices should wake the device.
     // Normally we don't do this for internal touch screens to prevent them from waking
     // up in your pocket but you can enable it using the input device configuration.
-    mParameters.wake = getDeviceContext().isExternal();
-    getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.wake", mParameters.wake);
+    mParameters.wake = config.getBool("touch.wake").value_or(getDeviceContext().isExternal());
 
-    InputDeviceUsiVersion usiVersion;
-    if (getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.usiVersionMajor",
-                                                             usiVersion.majorVersion) &&
-        getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.usiVersionMinor",
-                                                             usiVersion.minorVersion)) {
-        mParameters.usiVersion = usiVersion;
+    std::optional<int32_t> usiVersionMajor = config.getInt("touch.usiVersionMajor");
+    std::optional<int32_t> usiVersionMinor = config.getInt("touch.usiVersionMinor");
+    if (usiVersionMajor.has_value() && usiVersionMinor.has_value()) {
+        mParameters.usiVersion = {
+                .majorVersion = *usiVersionMajor,
+                .minorVersion = *usiVersionMinor,
+        };
     }
 
-    mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport = false;
-    getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.enableForInactiveViewport",
-                                                         mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport);
+    mParameters.enableForInactiveViewport =
+            config.getBool("touch.enableForInactiveViewport").value_or(false);
 }
 
 void TouchInputMapper::configureDeviceType() {
@@ -453,7 +452,8 @@
     // Type association takes precedence over the device type found in the idc file.
     std::string deviceTypeString = getDeviceContext().getDeviceTypeAssociation().value_or("");
     if (deviceTypeString.empty()) {
-        getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("touch.deviceType", deviceTypeString);
+        deviceTypeString =
+                getDeviceContext().getConfiguration().getString("touch.deviceType").value_or("");
     }
     if (deviceTypeString == "touchScreen") {
         mParameters.deviceType = Parameters::DeviceType::TOUCH_SCREEN;
@@ -801,75 +801,96 @@
         };
     }
 
-    // Compute oriented precision, scales and ranges.
-    // Note that the maximum value reported is an inclusive maximum value so it is one
-    // unit less than the total width or height of the display.
-    // TODO(b/20508709): Calculate the oriented ranges using the input device's raw frame.
-    switch (mInputDeviceOrientation) {
-        case ui::ROTATION_90:
-        case ui::ROTATION_270:
-            mOrientedRanges.x.min = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.max = mDisplayBounds.height - 1;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.flat = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.fuzz = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.resolution = mRawPointerAxes.y.resolution * mRawToDisplay.getScaleY();
+    // Oriented X/Y range (in the rotated display's orientation)
+    const FloatRect rawFrame = Rect{mRawPointerAxes.x.minValue, mRawPointerAxes.y.minValue,
+                                    mRawPointerAxes.x.maxValue, mRawPointerAxes.y.maxValue}
+                                       .toFloatRect();
+    const auto orientedRangeRect = mRawToRotatedDisplay.transform(rawFrame);
+    mOrientedRanges.x.min = orientedRangeRect.left;
+    mOrientedRanges.y.min = orientedRangeRect.top;
+    mOrientedRanges.x.max = orientedRangeRect.right;
+    mOrientedRanges.y.max = orientedRangeRect.bottom;
 
-            mOrientedRanges.y.min = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.max = mDisplayBounds.width - 1;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.flat = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.fuzz = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.resolution = mRawPointerAxes.x.resolution * mRawToDisplay.getScaleX();
-            break;
+    // Oriented flat (in the rotated display's orientation)
+    const auto orientedFlat =
+            transformWithoutTranslation(mRawToRotatedDisplay,
+                                        {static_cast<float>(mRawPointerAxes.x.flat),
+                                         static_cast<float>(mRawPointerAxes.y.flat)});
+    mOrientedRanges.x.flat = std::abs(orientedFlat.x);
+    mOrientedRanges.y.flat = std::abs(orientedFlat.y);
 
-        default:
-            mOrientedRanges.x.min = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.max = mDisplayBounds.width - 1;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.flat = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.fuzz = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.x.resolution = mRawPointerAxes.x.resolution * mRawToDisplay.getScaleX();
+    // Oriented fuzz (in the rotated display's orientation)
+    const auto orientedFuzz =
+            transformWithoutTranslation(mRawToRotatedDisplay,
+                                        {static_cast<float>(mRawPointerAxes.x.fuzz),
+                                         static_cast<float>(mRawPointerAxes.y.fuzz)});
+    mOrientedRanges.x.fuzz = std::abs(orientedFuzz.x);
+    mOrientedRanges.y.fuzz = std::abs(orientedFuzz.y);
 
-            mOrientedRanges.y.min = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.max = mDisplayBounds.height - 1;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.flat = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.fuzz = 0;
-            mOrientedRanges.y.resolution = mRawPointerAxes.y.resolution * mRawToDisplay.getScaleY();
-            break;
-    }
+    // Oriented resolution (in the rotated display's orientation)
+    const auto orientedRes =
+            transformWithoutTranslation(mRawToRotatedDisplay,
+                                        {static_cast<float>(mRawPointerAxes.x.resolution),
+                                         static_cast<float>(mRawPointerAxes.y.resolution)});
+    mOrientedRanges.x.resolution = std::abs(orientedRes.x);
+    mOrientedRanges.y.resolution = std::abs(orientedRes.y);
 }
 
 void TouchInputMapper::computeInputTransforms() {
-    const ui::Size rawSize{mRawPointerAxes.getRawWidth(), mRawPointerAxes.getRawHeight()};
+    constexpr auto isRotated = [](const ui::Transform::RotationFlags& rotation) {
+        return rotation == ui::Transform::ROT_90 || rotation == ui::Transform::ROT_270;
+    };
 
-    ui::Size rotatedRawSize = rawSize;
-    if (mInputDeviceOrientation == ui::ROTATION_270 || mInputDeviceOrientation == ui::ROTATION_90) {
-        std::swap(rotatedRawSize.width, rotatedRawSize.height);
-    }
-    const auto rotationFlags = ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(-mInputDeviceOrientation);
-    mRawRotation = ui::Transform{rotationFlags};
+    // See notes about input coordinates in the inputflinger docs:
+    // //frameworks/native/services/inputflinger/docs/input_coordinates.md
 
     // Step 1: Undo the raw offset so that the raw coordinate space now starts at (0, 0).
-    ui::Transform undoRawOffset;
-    undoRawOffset.set(-mRawPointerAxes.x.minValue, -mRawPointerAxes.y.minValue);
+    ui::Transform undoOffsetInRaw;
+    undoOffsetInRaw.set(-mRawPointerAxes.x.minValue, -mRawPointerAxes.y.minValue);
 
-    // Step 2: Rotate the raw coordinates to the expected orientation.
-    ui::Transform rotate;
-    // When rotating raw coordinates, the raw size will be used as an offset.
-    // Account for the extra unit added to the raw range when the raw size was calculated.
-    rotate.set(rotationFlags, rotatedRawSize.width - 1, rotatedRawSize.height - 1);
+    // Step 2: Rotate the raw coordinates to account for input device orientation. The coordinates
+    // will now be in the same orientation as the display in ROTATION_0.
+    // Note: Negating an ui::Rotation value will give its inverse rotation.
+    const auto inputDeviceOrientation = ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(-mParameters.orientation);
+    const ui::Size orientedRawSize = isRotated(inputDeviceOrientation)
+            ? ui::Size{mRawPointerAxes.getRawHeight(), mRawPointerAxes.getRawWidth()}
+            : ui::Size{mRawPointerAxes.getRawWidth(), mRawPointerAxes.getRawHeight()};
+    // When rotating raw values, account for the extra unit added when calculating the raw range.
+    const auto orientInRaw = ui::Transform(inputDeviceOrientation, orientedRawSize.width - 1,
+                                           orientedRawSize.height - 1);
 
-    // Step 3: Scale the raw coordinates to the display space.
-    ui::Transform scaleToDisplay;
-    const float xScale = static_cast<float>(mDisplayBounds.width) / rotatedRawSize.width;
-    const float yScale = static_cast<float>(mDisplayBounds.height) / rotatedRawSize.height;
-    scaleToDisplay.set(xScale, 0, 0, yScale);
+    // Step 3: Rotate the raw coordinates to account for the display rotation. The coordinates will
+    // now be in the same orientation as the rotated display. There is no need to rotate the
+    // coordinates to the display rotation if the device is not orientation-aware.
+    const auto viewportRotation = ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(-mViewport.orientation);
+    const auto rotatedRawSize = mParameters.orientationAware && isRotated(viewportRotation)
+            ? ui::Size{orientedRawSize.height, orientedRawSize.width}
+            : orientedRawSize;
+    // When rotating raw values, account for the extra unit added when calculating the raw range.
+    const auto rotateInRaw = mParameters.orientationAware
+            ? ui::Transform(viewportRotation, rotatedRawSize.width - 1, rotatedRawSize.height - 1)
+            : ui::Transform();
 
-    mRawToDisplay = (scaleToDisplay * (rotate * undoRawOffset));
+    // Step 4: Scale the raw coordinates to the display space.
+    // - Here, we assume that the raw surface of the touch device maps perfectly to the surface
+    //   of the display panel. This is usually true for touchscreens.
+    // - From this point onward, we are no longer in the discrete space of the raw coordinates but
+    //   are in the continuous space of the logical display.
+    ui::Transform scaleRawToDisplay;
+    const float xScale = static_cast<float>(mViewport.deviceWidth) / rotatedRawSize.width;
+    const float yScale = static_cast<float>(mViewport.deviceHeight) / rotatedRawSize.height;
+    scaleRawToDisplay.set(xScale, 0, 0, yScale);
 
-    // Calculate the transform that takes raw coordinates to the rotated display space.
-    ui::Transform displayToRotatedDisplay;
-    displayToRotatedDisplay.set(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(-mViewport.orientation),
-                                mViewport.deviceWidth, mViewport.deviceHeight);
-    mRawToRotatedDisplay = displayToRotatedDisplay * mRawToDisplay;
+    // Step 5: Undo the display rotation to bring us back to the un-rotated display coordinate space
+    // that InputReader uses.
+    const auto undoRotateInDisplay =
+            ui::Transform(viewportRotation, mViewport.deviceWidth, mViewport.deviceHeight)
+                    .inverse();
+
+    // Now put it all together!
+    mRawToRotatedDisplay = (scaleRawToDisplay * (rotateInRaw * (orientInRaw * undoOffsetInRaw)));
+    mRawToDisplay = (undoRotateInDisplay * mRawToRotatedDisplay);
+    mRawRotation = ui::Transform{mRawToDisplay.getOrientation()};
 }
 
 void TouchInputMapper::configureInputDevice(nsecs_t when, bool* outResetNeeded) {
@@ -945,6 +966,9 @@
             mPhysicalFrameInRotatedDisplay = {mViewport.physicalLeft, mViewport.physicalTop,
                                               mViewport.physicalRight, mViewport.physicalBottom};
 
+            // TODO(b/257118693): Remove the dependence on the old orientation/rotation logic that
+            //     uses mInputDeviceOrientation. The new logic uses the transforms calculated in
+            //     computeInputTransforms().
             // InputReader works in the un-rotated display coordinate space, so we don't need to do
             // anything if the device is already orientation-aware. If the device is not
             // orientation-aware, then we need to apply the inverse rotation of the display so that
@@ -1132,92 +1156,79 @@
 
     // Size
     out.sizeCalibration = Calibration::SizeCalibration::DEFAULT;
-    std::string sizeCalibrationString;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.size.calibration", sizeCalibrationString)) {
-        if (sizeCalibrationString == "none") {
+    std::optional<std::string> sizeCalibrationString = in.getString("touch.size.calibration");
+    if (sizeCalibrationString.has_value()) {
+        if (*sizeCalibrationString == "none") {
             out.sizeCalibration = Calibration::SizeCalibration::NONE;
-        } else if (sizeCalibrationString == "geometric") {
+        } else if (*sizeCalibrationString == "geometric") {
             out.sizeCalibration = Calibration::SizeCalibration::GEOMETRIC;
-        } else if (sizeCalibrationString == "diameter") {
+        } else if (*sizeCalibrationString == "diameter") {
             out.sizeCalibration = Calibration::SizeCalibration::DIAMETER;
-        } else if (sizeCalibrationString == "box") {
+        } else if (*sizeCalibrationString == "box") {
             out.sizeCalibration = Calibration::SizeCalibration::BOX;
-        } else if (sizeCalibrationString == "area") {
+        } else if (*sizeCalibrationString == "area") {
             out.sizeCalibration = Calibration::SizeCalibration::AREA;
-        } else if (sizeCalibrationString != "default") {
-            ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.size.calibration: '%s'", sizeCalibrationString.c_str());
+        } else if (*sizeCalibrationString != "default") {
+            ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.size.calibration: '%s'", sizeCalibrationString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
-    float sizeScale;
-
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.size.scale", sizeScale)) {
-        out.sizeScale = sizeScale;
-    }
-    float sizeBias;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.size.bias", sizeBias)) {
-        out.sizeBias = sizeBias;
-    }
-    bool sizeIsSummed;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.size.isSummed", sizeIsSummed)) {
-        out.sizeIsSummed = sizeIsSummed;
-    }
+    out.sizeScale = in.getFloat("touch.size.scale");
+    out.sizeBias = in.getFloat("touch.size.bias");
+    out.sizeIsSummed = in.getBool("touch.size.isSummed");
 
     // Pressure
     out.pressureCalibration = Calibration::PressureCalibration::DEFAULT;
-    std::string pressureCalibrationString;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.pressure.calibration", pressureCalibrationString)) {
-        if (pressureCalibrationString == "none") {
+    std::optional<std::string> pressureCalibrationString =
+            in.getString("touch.pressure.calibration");
+    if (pressureCalibrationString.has_value()) {
+        if (*pressureCalibrationString == "none") {
             out.pressureCalibration = Calibration::PressureCalibration::NONE;
-        } else if (pressureCalibrationString == "physical") {
+        } else if (*pressureCalibrationString == "physical") {
             out.pressureCalibration = Calibration::PressureCalibration::PHYSICAL;
-        } else if (pressureCalibrationString == "amplitude") {
+        } else if (*pressureCalibrationString == "amplitude") {
             out.pressureCalibration = Calibration::PressureCalibration::AMPLITUDE;
-        } else if (pressureCalibrationString != "default") {
+        } else if (*pressureCalibrationString != "default") {
             ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.pressure.calibration: '%s'",
-                  pressureCalibrationString.c_str());
+                  pressureCalibrationString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
-    float pressureScale;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.pressure.scale", pressureScale)) {
-        out.pressureScale = pressureScale;
-    }
+    out.pressureScale = in.getFloat("touch.pressure.scale");
 
     // Orientation
     out.orientationCalibration = Calibration::OrientationCalibration::DEFAULT;
-    std::string orientationCalibrationString;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.orientation.calibration", orientationCalibrationString)) {
-        if (orientationCalibrationString == "none") {
+    std::optional<std::string> orientationCalibrationString =
+            in.getString("touch.orientation.calibration");
+    if (orientationCalibrationString.has_value()) {
+        if (*orientationCalibrationString == "none") {
             out.orientationCalibration = Calibration::OrientationCalibration::NONE;
-        } else if (orientationCalibrationString == "interpolated") {
+        } else if (*orientationCalibrationString == "interpolated") {
             out.orientationCalibration = Calibration::OrientationCalibration::INTERPOLATED;
-        } else if (orientationCalibrationString == "vector") {
+        } else if (*orientationCalibrationString == "vector") {
             out.orientationCalibration = Calibration::OrientationCalibration::VECTOR;
-        } else if (orientationCalibrationString != "default") {
+        } else if (*orientationCalibrationString != "default") {
             ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.orientation.calibration: '%s'",
-                  orientationCalibrationString.c_str());
+                  orientationCalibrationString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
     // Distance
     out.distanceCalibration = Calibration::DistanceCalibration::DEFAULT;
-    std::string distanceCalibrationString;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.distance.calibration", distanceCalibrationString)) {
-        if (distanceCalibrationString == "none") {
+    std::optional<std::string> distanceCalibrationString =
+            in.getString("touch.distance.calibration");
+    if (distanceCalibrationString.has_value()) {
+        if (*distanceCalibrationString == "none") {
             out.distanceCalibration = Calibration::DistanceCalibration::NONE;
-        } else if (distanceCalibrationString == "scaled") {
+        } else if (*distanceCalibrationString == "scaled") {
             out.distanceCalibration = Calibration::DistanceCalibration::SCALED;
-        } else if (distanceCalibrationString != "default") {
+        } else if (*distanceCalibrationString != "default") {
             ALOGW("Invalid value for touch.distance.calibration: '%s'",
-                  distanceCalibrationString.c_str());
+                  distanceCalibrationString->c_str());
         }
     }
 
-    float distanceScale;
-    if (in.tryGetProperty("touch.distance.scale", distanceScale)) {
-        out.distanceScale = distanceScale;
-    }
+    out.distanceScale = in.getFloat("touch.distance.scale");
 }
 
 void TouchInputMapper::resolveCalibration() {
@@ -1446,7 +1457,7 @@
         assignPointerIds(last, next);
     }
 
-    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_RAW_EVENTS,
+    ALOGD_IF(debugRawEvents(),
              "syncTouch: pointerCount %d -> %d, touching ids 0x%08x -> 0x%08x, "
              "hovering ids 0x%08x -> 0x%08x, canceled ids 0x%08x",
              last.rawPointerData.pointerCount, next.rawPointerData.pointerCount,
@@ -1650,7 +1661,8 @@
     mPointerController->setButtonState(mCurrentRawState.buttonState);
     mPointerController->setSpots(mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords.cbegin(),
                                  mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.idToIndex.cbegin(),
-                                 mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.touchingIdBits,
+                                 mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.touchingIdBits |
+                                         mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.hoveringIdBits,
                                  mViewport.displayId);
 }
 
@@ -2662,8 +2674,7 @@
         // the pointer is hovering again even if the user is not currently touching
         // the touch pad.  This ensures that a view will receive a fresh hover enter
         // event after a tap.
-        float x, y;
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
+        const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
         PointerProperties pointerProperties;
         pointerProperties.clear();
@@ -2869,8 +2880,7 @@
             mPointerVelocityControl.reset();
         }
 
-        float x, y;
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
+        const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
         mPointerGesture.currentGestureMode = PointerGesture::Mode::BUTTON_CLICK_OR_DRAG;
         mPointerGesture.currentGestureIdBits.clear();
@@ -2896,8 +2906,7 @@
              mPointerGesture.lastGestureMode == PointerGesture::Mode::TAP_DRAG) &&
             lastFingerCount == 1) {
             if (when <= mPointerGesture.tapDownTime + mConfig.pointerGestureTapInterval) {
-                float x, y;
-                mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
+                const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
                 if (fabs(x - mPointerGesture.tapX) <= mConfig.pointerGestureTapSlop &&
                     fabs(y - mPointerGesture.tapY) <= mConfig.pointerGestureTapSlop) {
                     ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_GESTURES, "Gestures: TAP");
@@ -2959,8 +2968,7 @@
         mPointerGesture.currentGestureMode = PointerGesture::Mode::HOVER;
         if (mPointerGesture.lastGestureMode == PointerGesture::Mode::TAP) {
             if (when <= mPointerGesture.tapUpTime + mConfig.pointerGestureTapDragInterval) {
-                float x, y;
-                mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
+                const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
                 if (fabs(x - mPointerGesture.tapX) <= mConfig.pointerGestureTapSlop &&
                     fabs(y - mPointerGesture.tapY) <= mConfig.pointerGestureTapSlop) {
                     mPointerGesture.currentGestureMode = PointerGesture::Mode::TAP_DRAG;
@@ -2996,8 +3004,7 @@
             down = false;
         }
 
-        float x, y;
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
+        const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
         mPointerGesture.currentGestureIdBits.clear();
         mPointerGesture.currentGestureIdBits.markBit(mPointerGesture.activeGestureId);
@@ -3164,8 +3171,8 @@
         mCurrentRawState.rawPointerData
                 .getCentroidOfTouchingPointers(&mPointerGesture.referenceTouchX,
                                                &mPointerGesture.referenceTouchY);
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&mPointerGesture.referenceGestureX,
-                                        &mPointerGesture.referenceGestureY);
+        std::tie(mPointerGesture.referenceGestureX, mPointerGesture.referenceGestureY) =
+                mPointerController->getPosition();
     }
 
     // Clear the reference deltas for fingers not yet included in the reference calculation.
@@ -3480,8 +3487,7 @@
         hovering = mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.hoveringIdBits.hasBit(id);
         down = !hovering;
 
-        float x, y;
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
+        const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
         mPointerSimple.currentCoords.copyFrom(
                 mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords[index]);
         mPointerSimple.currentCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, x);
@@ -3519,9 +3525,8 @@
         down = isPointerDown(mCurrentRawState.buttonState);
         hovering = !down;
 
-        float x, y;
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&x, &y);
-        uint32_t currentIndex = mCurrentRawState.rawPointerData.idToIndex[id];
+        const auto [x, y] = mPointerController->getPosition();
+        const uint32_t currentIndex = mCurrentRawState.rawPointerData.idToIndex[id];
         mPointerSimple.currentCoords.copyFrom(
                 mCurrentCookedState.cookedPointerData.pointerCoords[currentIndex]);
         mPointerSimple.currentCoords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, x);
@@ -3568,8 +3573,7 @@
     }
     int32_t displayId = mPointerController->getDisplayId();
 
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
     if (mPointerSimple.down && !down) {
         mPointerSimple.down = false;
@@ -3790,7 +3794,7 @@
     float xCursorPosition = AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION;
     float yCursorPosition = AMOTION_EVENT_INVALID_CURSOR_POSITION;
     if (mDeviceMode == DeviceMode::POINTER) {
-        mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+        std::tie(xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition) = mPointerController->getPosition();
     }
     const int32_t deviceId = getDeviceId();
     std::vector<TouchVideoFrame> frames = getDeviceContext().getVideoFrames();
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
index 7b464ef..df66846 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchInputMapper.h
@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <ui/Rotation.h>
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
index 9f32311..3309767 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/TouchpadInputMapper.cpp
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 
 #include "../Macros.h"
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <optional>
 
 #include <android/input.h>
+#include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <input/PrintTools.h>
 #include <linux/input-event-codes.h>
 #include <log/log_main.h>
@@ -30,6 +32,85 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+/**
+ * Log details of each gesture output by the gestures library.
+ * Enable this via "adb shell setprop log.tag.TouchpadInputMapperGestures DEBUG" (requires
+ * restarting the shell)
+ */
+const bool DEBUG_TOUCHPAD_GESTURES =
+        __android_log_is_loggable(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, "TouchpadInputMapperGestures",
+                                  ANDROID_LOG_INFO);
+
+// Describes a segment of the acceleration curve.
+struct CurveSegment {
+    // The maximum pointer speed which this segment should apply. The last segment in a curve should
+    // always set this to infinity.
+    double maxPointerSpeedMmPerS;
+    double slope;
+    double intercept;
+};
+
+const std::vector<CurveSegment> segments = {
+        {10.922, 3.19, 0},
+        {31.750, 4.79, -17.526},
+        {98.044, 7.28, -96.52},
+        {std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), 15.04, -857.758},
+};
+
+const std::vector<double> sensitivityFactors = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20};
+
+std::vector<double> createAccelerationCurveForSensitivity(int32_t sensitivity,
+                                                          size_t propertySize) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(propertySize < 4 * segments.size());
+    std::vector<double> output(propertySize, 0);
+
+    // The Gestures library uses functions of the following form to define curve segments, where a,
+    // b, and c can be specified by us:
+    //     output_speed(input_speed_mm) = a * input_speed_mm ^ 2 + b * input_speed_mm + c
+    //
+    // (a, b, and c are also called sqr_, mul_, and int_ in the Gestures library code.)
+    //
+    // We are trying to implement the following function, where slope and intercept are the
+    // parameters specified in the `segments` array above:
+    //     gain(input_speed_mm) =
+    //             0.64 * (sensitivityFactor / 10) * (slope + intercept / input_speed_mm)
+    // Where "gain" is a multiplier applied to the input speed to produce the output speed:
+    //     output_speed(input_speed_mm) = input_speed_mm * gain(input_speed_mm)
+    //
+    // To put our function in the library's form, we substitute it into the function above:
+    //     output_speed(input_speed_mm) =
+    //             input_speed_mm * (0.64 * (sensitivityFactor / 10) *
+    //             (slope + 25.4 * intercept / input_speed_mm))
+    // then expand the brackets so that input_speed_mm cancels out for the intercept term:
+    //     gain(input_speed_mm) =
+    //             0.64 * (sensitivityFactor / 10) * slope * input_speed_mm +
+    //             0.64 * (sensitivityFactor / 10) * intercept
+    //
+    // This gives us the following parameters for the Gestures library function form:
+    //     a = 0
+    //     b = 0.64 * (sensitivityFactor / 10) * slope
+    //     c = 0.64 * (sensitivityFactor / 10) * intercept
+
+    double commonFactor = 0.64 * sensitivityFactors[sensitivity + 7] / 10;
+
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (CurveSegment seg : segments) {
+        // The library's curve format consists of four doubles per segment:
+        // * maximum pointer speed for the segment (mm/s)
+        // * multiplier for the x² term (a.k.a. "a" or "sqr")
+        // * multiplier for the x term (a.k.a. "b" or "mul")
+        // * the intercept (a.k.a. "c" or "int")
+        // (see struct CurveSegment in the library's AccelFilterInterpreter)
+        output[i + 0] = seg.maxPointerSpeedMmPerS;
+        output[i + 1] = 0;
+        output[i + 2] = commonFactor * seg.slope;
+        output[i + 3] = commonFactor * seg.intercept;
+        i += 4;
+    }
+
+    return output;
+}
+
 short getMaxTouchCount(const InputDeviceContext& context) {
     if (context.hasScanCode(BTN_TOOL_QUINTTAP)) return 5;
     if (context.hasScanCode(BTN_TOOL_QUADTAP)) return 4;
@@ -136,6 +217,11 @@
 std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchpadInputMapper::configure(nsecs_t when,
                                                      const InputReaderConfiguration* config,
                                                      uint32_t changes) {
+    if (!changes) {
+        // First time configuration
+        mPropertyProvider.loadPropertiesFromIdcFile(getDeviceContext().getConfiguration());
+    }
+
     if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DISPLAY_INFO)) {
         std::optional<int32_t> displayId = mPointerController->getDisplayId();
         ui::Rotation orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
@@ -147,10 +233,12 @@
         mGestureConverter.setOrientation(orientation);
     }
     if (!changes || (changes & InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_TOUCHPAD_SETTINGS)) {
-        // TODO(b/265798483): load an Android-specific acceleration curve instead of mapping to one
-        // of five ChromeOS curves.
-        const int pointerSensitivity = (config->touchpadPointerSpeed + 7) / 3 + 1;
-        mPropertyProvider.getProperty("Pointer Sensitivity").setIntValues({pointerSensitivity});
+        mPropertyProvider.getProperty("Use Custom Touchpad Pointer Accel Curve")
+                .setBoolValues({true});
+        GesturesProp accelCurveProp = mPropertyProvider.getProperty("Pointer Accel Curve");
+        accelCurveProp.setRealValues(
+                createAccelerationCurveForSensitivity(config->touchpadPointerSpeed,
+                                                      accelCurveProp.getCount()));
         mPropertyProvider.getProperty("Invert Scrolling")
                 .setBoolValues({config->touchpadNaturalScrollingEnabled});
         mPropertyProvider.getProperty("Tap Enable")
@@ -178,6 +266,7 @@
 
 std::list<NotifyArgs> TouchpadInputMapper::sendHardwareState(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                              SelfContainedHardwareState schs) {
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TOUCHPAD_GESTURES, "New hardware state: %s", schs.state.String().c_str());
     mProcessing = true;
     mGestureInterpreter->PushHardwareState(&schs.state);
     mProcessing = false;
@@ -186,7 +275,7 @@
 }
 
 void TouchpadInputMapper::consumeGesture(const Gesture* gesture) {
-    ALOGD("Gesture ready: %s", gesture->String().c_str());
+    ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_TOUCHPAD_GESTURES, "Gesture ready: %s", gesture->String().c_str());
     if (!mProcessing) {
         ALOGE("Received gesture outside of the normal processing flow; ignoring it.");
         return;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
index d636d44..bc9f4c0 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/GestureConverter.cpp
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@
         case kGestureTypePinch:
             return handlePinch(when, readTime, gesture);
         default:
-            // TODO(b/251196347): handle more gesture types.
             return {};
     }
 }
@@ -111,8 +110,8 @@
     mPointerController->setPresentation(PointerControllerInterface::Presentation::POINTER);
     mPointerController->move(deltaX, deltaY);
     mPointerController->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
     PointerCoords coords;
     coords.clear();
@@ -136,8 +135,7 @@
     mPointerController->setPresentation(PointerControllerInterface::Presentation::POINTER);
     mPointerController->unfade(PointerControllerInterface::Transition::IMMEDIATE);
 
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
     PointerCoords coords;
     coords.clear();
@@ -202,18 +200,19 @@
                                                      const Gesture& gesture) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
     PointerCoords& coords = mFakeFingerCoords[0];
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
     if (mCurrentClassification != MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE) {
         mCurrentClassification = MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE;
         coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, xCursorPosition);
         coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, yCursorPosition);
         coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_PRESSURE, 1.0f);
         mDownTime = when;
-        out.push_back(makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN,
-                                     /* actionButton= */ 0, mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1,
-                                     mFingerProps.data(), mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition,
-                                     yCursorPosition));
+        NotifyMotionArgs args =
+                makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, /* actionButton= */ 0,
+                               mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1, mFingerProps.data(),
+                               mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition);
+        args.flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE;
+        out.push_back(args);
     }
     float deltaX = gesture.details.scroll.dx;
     float deltaY = gesture.details.scroll.dy;
@@ -224,9 +223,12 @@
     // TODO(b/262876643): set AXIS_GESTURE_{X,Y}_OFFSET.
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SCROLL_X_DISTANCE, -gesture.details.scroll.dx);
     coords.setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SCROLL_Y_DISTANCE, -gesture.details.scroll.dy);
-    out.push_back(makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, /* actionButton= */ 0,
-                                 mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1, mFingerProps.data(),
-                                 mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition));
+    NotifyMotionArgs args =
+            makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, /* actionButton= */ 0,
+                           mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1, mFingerProps.data(),
+                           mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition);
+    args.flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE;
+    out.push_back(args);
     return out;
 }
 
@@ -239,14 +241,14 @@
         return {};
     }
 
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
     mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SCROLL_X_DISTANCE, 0);
     mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_SCROLL_Y_DISTANCE, 0);
-    NotifyArgs args = makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP,
-                                     /* actionButton= */ 0, mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1,
-                                     mFingerProps.data(), mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition,
-                                     yCursorPosition);
+    NotifyMotionArgs args =
+            makeMotionArgs(when, readTime, AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, /* actionButton= */ 0,
+                           mButtonState, /* pointerCount= */ 1, mFingerProps.data(),
+                           mFakeFingerCoords.data(), xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition);
+    args.flags |= AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE;
     mCurrentClassification = MotionClassification::NONE;
     return args;
 }
@@ -256,8 +258,8 @@
                                                                              uint32_t fingerCount,
                                                                              float dx, float dy) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out = {};
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
     if (mCurrentClassification != MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE) {
         // If the user changes the number of fingers mid-way through a swipe (e.g. they start with
         // three and then put a fourth finger down), the gesture library will treat it as two
@@ -292,8 +294,6 @@
                                          yCursorPosition));
         }
     }
-    // TODO(b/251196347): Set the gesture properties appropriately to avoid needing to negate the Y
-    // values.
     float rotatedDeltaX = dx, rotatedDeltaY = -dy;
     rotateDelta(mOrientation, &rotatedDeltaX, &rotatedDeltaY);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mSwipeFingerCount; i++) {
@@ -304,8 +304,6 @@
                             coords.getAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y) + rotatedDeltaY);
     }
     float xOffset = dx / (mXAxisInfo.maxValue - mXAxisInfo.minValue);
-    // TODO(b/251196347): Set the gesture properties appropriately to avoid needing to negate the Y
-    // values.
     float yOffset = -dy / (mYAxisInfo.maxValue - mYAxisInfo.minValue);
     mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_X_OFFSET, xOffset);
     mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_Y_OFFSET, yOffset);
@@ -322,8 +320,7 @@
     if (mCurrentClassification != MotionClassification::MULTI_FINGER_SWIPE) {
         return out;
     }
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
     mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_X_OFFSET, 0);
     mFakeFingerCoords[0].setAxisValue(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_GESTURE_Y_OFFSET, 0);
 
@@ -347,8 +344,8 @@
 [[nodiscard]] std::list<NotifyArgs> GestureConverter::handlePinch(nsecs_t when, nsecs_t readTime,
                                                                   const Gesture& gesture) {
     std::list<NotifyArgs> out;
-    float xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition;
-    mPointerController->getPosition(&xCursorPosition, &yCursorPosition);
+
+    const auto [xCursorPosition, yCursorPosition] = mPointerController->getPosition();
 
     // Pinch gesture phases are reported a little differently from others, in that the same details
     // struct is used for all phases of the gesture, just with different zoom_state values. When
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.cpp
index 2e175b8..c091a51 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.cpp
@@ -80,18 +80,32 @@
     schs.fingers.clear();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mMotionAccumulator.getSlotCount(); i++) {
         MultiTouchMotionAccumulator::Slot slot = mMotionAccumulator.getSlot(i);
-        if (slot.isInUse()) {
-            FingerState& fingerState = schs.fingers.emplace_back();
-            fingerState = {};
-            fingerState.touch_major = slot.getTouchMajor();
-            fingerState.touch_minor = slot.getTouchMinor();
-            fingerState.width_major = slot.getToolMajor();
-            fingerState.width_minor = slot.getToolMinor();
-            fingerState.pressure = slot.getPressure();
-            fingerState.orientation = slot.getOrientation();
-            fingerState.position_x = slot.getX();
-            fingerState.position_y = slot.getY();
-            fingerState.tracking_id = slot.getTrackingId();
+        if (!slot.isInUse()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        // Some touchpads continue to report contacts even after they've identified them as palms.
+        // We want to exclude these contacts from the HardwareStates, but still need to report a
+        // tracking ID of -1 if a finger turns into a palm.
+        const bool isPalm = slot.getToolType() == AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_PALM;
+        if (isPalm && mFingerSlots.find(i) == mFingerSlots.end()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        FingerState& fingerState = schs.fingers.emplace_back();
+        fingerState = {};
+        fingerState.touch_major = slot.getTouchMajor();
+        fingerState.touch_minor = slot.getTouchMinor();
+        fingerState.width_major = slot.getToolMajor();
+        fingerState.width_minor = slot.getToolMinor();
+        fingerState.pressure = slot.getPressure();
+        fingerState.orientation = slot.getOrientation();
+        fingerState.position_x = slot.getX();
+        fingerState.position_y = slot.getY();
+        fingerState.tracking_id = isPalm ? -1 : slot.getTrackingId();
+        if (fingerState.tracking_id == -1) {
+            mFingerSlots.erase(i);
+        } else {
+            mFingerSlots.insert(i);
         }
     }
     schs.state.fingers = schs.fingers.data();
@@ -103,6 +117,7 @@
 void HardwareStateConverter::reset() {
     mCursorButtonAccumulator.reset(mDeviceContext);
     mTouchButtonAccumulator.reset();
+    mFingerSlots.clear();
     mMscTimestamp = 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.h
index 8831299..d6787b7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/HardwareStateConverter.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include <optional>
+#include <set>
 
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@
     MultiTouchMotionAccumulator mMotionAccumulator;
     TouchButtonAccumulator mTouchButtonAccumulator;
     int32_t mMscTimestamp = 0;
+    std::set<size_t> mFingerSlots;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp
index cd18cd3..be2bfed 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "gestures/PropertyProvider.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
@@ -68,11 +69,11 @@
         .free_fn = freeProperty,
 };
 
-bool PropertyProvider::hasProperty(const std::string name) const {
+bool PropertyProvider::hasProperty(const std::string& name) const {
     return mProperties.find(name) != mProperties.end();
 }
 
-GesturesProp& PropertyProvider::getProperty(const std::string name) {
+GesturesProp& PropertyProvider::getProperty(const std::string& name) {
     return mProperties.at(name);
 }
 
@@ -84,7 +85,30 @@
     return dump;
 }
 
-GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createIntArrayProperty(const std::string name, int* loc,
+void PropertyProvider::loadPropertiesFromIdcFile(const PropertyMap& idcProperties) {
+    // For compatibility with the configuration file syntax, gesture property names in IDC files are
+    // prefixed with "gestureProp." and have spaces replaced by underscores. So, for example, the
+    // configuration key "gestureProp.Palm_Width" refers to the "Palm Width" property.
+    const std::string gesturePropPrefix = "gestureProp.";
+    for (const std::string key : idcProperties.getKeysWithPrefix(gesturePropPrefix)) {
+        std::string propertyName = key.substr(gesturePropPrefix.length());
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < propertyName.length(); i++) {
+            if (propertyName[i] == '_') {
+                propertyName[i] = ' ';
+            }
+        }
+
+        auto it = mProperties.find(propertyName);
+        if (it != mProperties.end()) {
+            it->second.trySetFromIdcProperty(idcProperties, key);
+        } else {
+            ALOGE("Gesture property \"%s\" specified in IDC file does not exist for this device.",
+                  propertyName.c_str());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createIntArrayProperty(const std::string& name, int* loc,
                                                        size_t count, const int* init) {
     const auto [it, inserted] =
             mProperties.insert(std::pair{name, GesturesProp(name, loc, count, init)});
@@ -92,7 +116,7 @@
     return &it->second;
 }
 
-GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createBoolArrayProperty(const std::string name,
+GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createBoolArrayProperty(const std::string& name,
                                                         GesturesPropBool* loc, size_t count,
                                                         const GesturesPropBool* init) {
     const auto [it, inserted] =
@@ -101,7 +125,7 @@
     return &it->second;
 }
 
-GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createRealArrayProperty(const std::string name, double* loc,
+GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createRealArrayProperty(const std::string& name, double* loc,
                                                         size_t count, const double* init) {
     const auto [it, inserted] =
             mProperties.insert(std::pair{name, GesturesProp(name, loc, count, init)});
@@ -109,7 +133,7 @@
     return &it->second;
 }
 
-GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createStringProperty(const std::string name, const char** loc,
+GesturesProp* PropertyProvider::createStringProperty(const std::string& name, const char** loc,
                                                      const char* const init) {
     const auto [it, inserted] = mProperties.insert(std::pair{name, GesturesProp(name, loc, init)});
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!inserted, "Gesture property \"%s\" already exists.", name.c_str());
@@ -211,6 +235,57 @@
     setValues(std::get<double*>(mDataPointer), values);
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+// Helper to std::visit with lambdas.
+template <typename... V>
+struct Visitor : V... {};
+// explicit deduction guide (not needed as of C++20)
+template <typename... V>
+Visitor(V...) -> Visitor<V...>;
+
+} // namespace
+
+void GesturesProp::trySetFromIdcProperty(const android::PropertyMap& idcProperties,
+                                         const std::string& propertyName) {
+    if (mCount != 1) {
+        ALOGE("Gesture property \"%s\" is an array, and so cannot be set in an IDC file.",
+              mName.c_str());
+        return;
+    }
+    bool parsedSuccessfully = false;
+    Visitor setVisitor{
+            [&](int*) {
+                if (std::optional<int32_t> value = idcProperties.getInt(propertyName); value) {
+                    parsedSuccessfully = true;
+                    setIntValues({*value});
+                }
+            },
+            [&](GesturesPropBool*) {
+                if (std::optional<bool> value = idcProperties.getBool(propertyName); value) {
+                    parsedSuccessfully = true;
+                    setBoolValues({*value});
+                }
+            },
+            [&](double*) {
+                if (std::optional<double> value = idcProperties.getDouble(propertyName); value) {
+                    parsedSuccessfully = true;
+                    setRealValues({*value});
+                }
+            },
+            [&](const char**) {
+                ALOGE("Gesture property \"%s\" is a string, and so cannot be set in an IDC file.",
+                      mName.c_str());
+                // We've already reported the type mismatch, so set parsedSuccessfully.
+                parsedSuccessfully = true;
+            },
+    };
+    std::visit(setVisitor, mDataPointer);
+
+    ALOGE_IF(!parsedSuccessfully, "Gesture property \"%s\" couldn't be set due to a type mismatch.",
+             mName.c_str());
+}
+
 template <typename T, typename U>
 const std::vector<T> GesturesProp::getValues(U* dataPointer) const {
     if (mGetter != nullptr) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.h b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.h
index c21260f..c7e0858 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/reader/mapper/gestures/PropertyProvider.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "include/gestures.h"
+#include "input/PropertyMap.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -31,18 +32,20 @@
 // Implementation of a gestures library property provider, which provides configuration parameters.
 class PropertyProvider {
 public:
-    bool hasProperty(const std::string name) const;
-    GesturesProp& getProperty(const std::string name);
+    bool hasProperty(const std::string& name) const;
+    GesturesProp& getProperty(const std::string& name);
     std::string dump() const;
 
+    void loadPropertiesFromIdcFile(const PropertyMap& idcProperties);
+
     // Methods to be called by the gestures library:
-    GesturesProp* createIntArrayProperty(const std::string name, int* loc, size_t count,
+    GesturesProp* createIntArrayProperty(const std::string& name, int* loc, size_t count,
                                          const int* init);
-    GesturesProp* createBoolArrayProperty(const std::string name, GesturesPropBool* loc,
+    GesturesProp* createBoolArrayProperty(const std::string& name, GesturesPropBool* loc,
                                           size_t count, const GesturesPropBool* init);
-    GesturesProp* createRealArrayProperty(const std::string name, double* loc, size_t count,
+    GesturesProp* createRealArrayProperty(const std::string& name, double* loc, size_t count,
                                           const double* init);
-    GesturesProp* createStringProperty(const std::string name, const char** loc,
+    GesturesProp* createStringProperty(const std::string& name, const char** loc,
                                        const char* const init);
 
     void freeProperty(GesturesProp* prop);
@@ -83,6 +86,9 @@
     // Setting string values isn't supported since we don't have a use case yet and the memory
     // management adds additional complexity.
 
+    void trySetFromIdcProperty(const android::PropertyMap& idcProperties,
+                               const std::string& propertyName);
+
 private:
     // Two type parameters are required for these methods, rather than one, due to the gestures
     // library using its own bool type.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
index af40fed..97138c7 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/Android.bp
@@ -86,6 +86,13 @@
             ],
         },
     },
+    sanitize: {
+        undefined: true,
+        all_undefined: true,
+        diag: {
+            undefined: true,
+        },
+    },
     static_libs: [
         "libc++fs",
         "libgmock",
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.cpp
index 6ac0bfb..ff6d584 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.cpp
@@ -255,11 +255,12 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-void FakeEventHub::getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId, PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const {
+std::optional<PropertyMap> FakeEventHub::getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId) const {
     Device* device = getDevice(deviceId);
-    if (device) {
-        *outConfiguration = device->configuration;
+    if (device == nullptr) {
+        return {};
     }
+    return device->configuration;
 }
 
 status_t FakeEventHub::getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.h
index 72f8ac0..e0a3f9e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakeEventHub.h
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
     ftl::Flags<InputDeviceClass> getDeviceClasses(int32_t deviceId) const override;
     InputDeviceIdentifier getDeviceIdentifier(int32_t deviceId) const override;
     int32_t getDeviceControllerNumber(int32_t) const override;
-    void getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId, PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const override;
+    std::optional<PropertyMap> getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId) const override;
     status_t getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
                                  RawAbsoluteAxisInfo* outAxisInfo) const override;
     bool hasRelativeAxis(int32_t deviceId, int axis) const override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.cpp
index 28dad95..ad311f9 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.cpp
@@ -45,9 +45,8 @@
     return mButtonState;
 }
 
-void FakePointerController::getPosition(float* outX, float* outY) const {
-    *outX = mX;
-    *outY = mY;
+FloatPoint FakePointerController::getPosition() const {
+    return {mX, mY};
 }
 
 int32_t FakePointerController::getDisplayId() const {
@@ -59,8 +58,7 @@
 }
 
 void FakePointerController::assertPosition(float x, float y) {
-    float actualX, actualY;
-    getPosition(&actualX, &actualY);
+    const auto [actualX, actualY] = getPosition();
     ASSERT_NEAR(x, actualX, 1);
     ASSERT_NEAR(y, actualY, 1);
 }
@@ -69,13 +67,8 @@
     return mIsPointerShown;
 }
 
-bool FakePointerController::getBounds(float* outMinX, float* outMinY, float* outMaxX,
-                                      float* outMaxY) const {
-    *outMinX = mMinX;
-    *outMinY = mMinY;
-    *outMaxX = mMaxX;
-    *outMaxY = mMaxY;
-    return mHaveBounds;
+std::optional<FloatRect> FakePointerController::getBounds() const {
+    return mHaveBounds ? std::make_optional<FloatRect>(mMinX, mMinY, mMaxX, mMaxY) : std::nullopt;
 }
 
 void FakePointerController::move(float deltaX, float deltaY) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h
index dd56e65..6d7bbeb 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/FakePointerController.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
     void setPosition(float x, float y) override;
     void setButtonState(int32_t buttonState) override;
     int32_t getButtonState() const override;
-    void getPosition(float* outX, float* outY) const override;
+    FloatPoint getPosition() const override;
     int32_t getDisplayId() const override;
     void setDisplayViewport(const DisplayViewport& viewport) override;
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     bool isPointerShown();
 
 private:
-    bool getBounds(float* outMinX, float* outMinY, float* outMaxX, float* outMaxY) const override;
+    std::optional<FloatRect> getBounds() const override;
     void move(float deltaX, float deltaY) override;
     void fade(Transition) override;
     void unfade(Transition) override;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
index 9c624ba..bbf7e8e 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/GestureConverter_test.cpp
@@ -252,14 +252,16 @@
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN), WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y),
                       WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime)));
+                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER), WithDownTime(downTime),
+                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE)));
     args.pop_front();
     ASSERT_THAT(std::get<NotifyMotionArgs>(args.front()),
                 AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE),
                       WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 10),
                       WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 10, EPSILON),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER)));
+                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER),
+                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE)));
 
     Gesture continueGesture(kGestureScroll, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 0, -5);
     args = converter.handleGesture(ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, continueGesture);
@@ -269,7 +271,8 @@
                       WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 15),
                       WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 5, EPSILON),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER)));
+                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER),
+                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE)));
 
     Gesture flingGesture(kGestureFling, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, ARBITRARY_GESTURE_TIME, 1, 1,
                          GESTURES_FLING_START);
@@ -280,7 +283,8 @@
                       WithCoords(POINTER_X, POINTER_Y - 15),
                       WithGestureScrollDistance(0, 0, EPSILON),
                       WithMotionClassification(MotionClassification::TWO_FINGER_SWIPE),
-                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER)));
+                      WithToolType(AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER),
+                      WithFlags(AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_IS_GENERATED_GESTURE)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(GestureConverterTest, Scroll_Rotated) {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/HardwareStateConverter_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/HardwareStateConverter_test.cpp
index 7921881..36b9bab 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/HardwareStateConverter_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/HardwareStateConverter_test.cpp
@@ -191,6 +191,68 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0u, finger2.flags);
 }
 
+TEST_F(HardwareStateConverterTest, OnePalm) {
+    const nsecs_t time = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    HardwareStateConverter conv(deviceContext);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_SLOT, 0);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE, MT_TOOL_PALM);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID, 123);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, 50);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, 100);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_KEY, BTN_TOUCH, 1);
+    std::optional<SelfContainedHardwareState> schs = processSync(conv, time);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(schs.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, schs->state.finger_cnt);
+}
+
+TEST_F(HardwareStateConverterTest, OneFingerTurningIntoAPalm) {
+    const nsecs_t time = ARBITRARY_TIME;
+    InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
+    HardwareStateConverter conv(deviceContext);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_SLOT, 0);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE, MT_TOOL_FINGER);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TRACKING_ID, 123);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, 50);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, 100);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_KEY, BTN_TOUCH, 1);
+
+    std::optional<SelfContainedHardwareState> schs = processSync(conv, time);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(schs.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(1, schs->state.finger_cnt);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE, MT_TOOL_PALM);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, 51);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, 99);
+
+    schs = processSync(conv, time);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(schs.has_value());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, schs->state.finger_cnt);
+    EXPECT_EQ(-1, schs->state.fingers[0].tracking_id);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, 53);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, 97);
+
+    schs = processSync(conv, time);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(schs.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, schs->state.finger_cnt);
+
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_TOOL_TYPE, MT_TOOL_FINGER);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_X, 55);
+    processAxis(conv, time, EV_ABS, ABS_MT_POSITION_Y, 95);
+    schs = processSync(conv, time);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(schs.has_value());
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, schs->state.finger_cnt);
+    const FingerState& newFinger = schs->state.fingers[0];
+    EXPECT_EQ(123, newFinger.tracking_id);
+    EXPECT_NEAR(55, newFinger.position_x, EPSILON);
+    EXPECT_NEAR(95, newFinger.position_y, EPSILON);
+}
+
 TEST_F(HardwareStateConverterTest, ButtonPressed) {
     const nsecs_t time = ARBITRARY_TIME;
     InputDeviceContext deviceContext(*mDevice, EVENTHUB_ID);
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index e71cdce..e299643 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -58,8 +58,23 @@
 static constexpr int32_t DISPLAY_ID = ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT;
 static constexpr int32_t SECOND_DISPLAY_ID = 1;
 
+static constexpr int32_t ACTION_DOWN = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN;
+static constexpr int32_t ACTION_MOVE = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE;
+static constexpr int32_t ACTION_UP = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP;
+static constexpr int32_t ACTION_HOVER_ENTER = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER;
+static constexpr int32_t ACTION_HOVER_EXIT = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT;
 static constexpr int32_t ACTION_OUTSIDE = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_OUTSIDE;
 static constexpr int32_t ACTION_CANCEL = AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_CANCEL;
+/**
+ * The POINTER_DOWN(0) is an unusual, but valid, action. It just means that the new pointer in the
+ * MotionEvent is at the index 0 rather than 1 (or later). That is, the pointer id=0 (which is at
+ * index 0) is the new pointer going down. The same pointer could have been placed at a different
+ * index, and the action would become POINTER_1_DOWN, 2, etc..; these would all be valid. In
+ * general, we try to place pointer id = 0 at the index 0. Of course, this is not possible if
+ * pointer id=0 leaves but the pointer id=1 remains.
+ */
+static constexpr int32_t POINTER_0_DOWN =
+        AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (0 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
 static constexpr int32_t POINTER_1_DOWN =
         AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_DOWN | (1 << AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_POINTER_INDEX_SHIFT);
 static constexpr int32_t POINTER_2_DOWN =
@@ -90,6 +105,8 @@
 static constexpr int expectedWallpaperFlags =
         AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_OBSCURED | AMOTION_EVENT_FLAG_WINDOW_IS_PARTIALLY_OBSCURED;
 
+using ReservedInputDeviceId::VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID;
+
 struct PointF {
     float x;
     float y;
@@ -145,6 +162,10 @@
     return arg.getDisplayId() == displayId;
 }
 
+MATCHER_P(WithDeviceId, deviceId, "InputEvent with specified deviceId") {
+    return arg.getDeviceId() == deviceId;
+}
+
 MATCHER_P(WithSource, source, "InputEvent with specified source") {
     *result_listener << "expected source " << inputEventSourceToString(source) << ", but got "
                      << inputEventSourceToString(arg.getSource());
@@ -163,6 +184,10 @@
     return arg.getX(/*pointerIndex=*/0) == x && arg.getY(/*pointerIndex=*/0) == y;
 }
 
+MATCHER_P(WithPointerCount, pointerCount, "MotionEvent with specified number of pointers") {
+    return arg.getPointerCount() == pointerCount;
+}
+
 MATCHER_P(WithPointers, pointers, "MotionEvent with specified pointers") {
     // Build a map for the received pointers, by pointer id
     std::map<int32_t /*pointerId*/, PointF> actualPointers;
@@ -205,10 +230,10 @@
             const auto& motionEvent = static_cast<const MotionEvent&>(event);
             EXPECT_EQ(motionEvent.getEventTime(), args.eventTime);
             EXPECT_EQ(motionEvent.getAction(), args.action);
-            EXPECT_EQ(motionEvent.getX(0), point.x);
-            EXPECT_EQ(motionEvent.getY(0), point.y);
-            EXPECT_EQ(motionEvent.getRawX(0), point.x);
-            EXPECT_EQ(motionEvent.getRawY(0), point.y);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(motionEvent.getX(0), point.x, MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(motionEvent.getY(0), point.y, MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(motionEvent.getRawX(0), point.x, MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION);
+            EXPECT_NEAR(motionEvent.getRawY(0), point.y, MotionEvent::ROUNDING_PRECISION);
         });
     }
 
@@ -1922,6 +1947,48 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Two fingers down on the window, and lift off the first finger.
+ * Next, cancel the gesture to the window by removing the window. Make sure that the CANCEL event
+ * contains a single pointer.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, CancelAfterPointer0Up) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+    // First touch pointer down on right window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    // Second touch pointer down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(110).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    // First touch pointer lifts. The second one remains down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_0_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(110).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(POINTER_1_DOWN));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(POINTER_0_UP));
+
+    // Remove the window. The gesture should be canceled
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {}}});
+    const std::map<int32_t, PointF> expectedPointers{{1, PointF{110, 100}}};
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL), WithPointers(expectedPointers)));
+}
+
+/**
  * Same test as WhenForegroundWindowDisappears_WallpaperTouchIsCanceled above,
  * with the following differences:
  * After ACTION_DOWN, Wallpaper window hangs up its channel, which forces the dispatcher to
@@ -2029,8 +2096,17 @@
     wallpaperWindow->consumeMotionPointerUp(0, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, expectedWallpaperFlags);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
-              injectMotionUp(mDispatcher, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT,
-                             {100, 100}))
+              injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher,
+                                MotionEventBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP,
+                                                   AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                                        .displayId(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT)
+                                        .eventTime(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC))
+                                        .pointer(PointerBuilder(/* id */ 1,
+                                                                AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER)
+                                                         .x(100)
+                                                         .y(100))
+                                        .build(),
+                                INJECT_EVENT_TIMEOUT, InputEventInjectionSync::WAIT_FOR_RESULT))
             << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
     foregroundWindow->consumeMotionUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
     wallpaperWindow->consumeMotionUp(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, expectedWallpaperFlags);
@@ -2365,6 +2441,205 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * Two windows: a window on the left and a window on the right.
+ * Mouse is clicked on the left window and remains down. Touch is touched on the right and remains
+ * down. Then, on the left window, also place second touch pointer down.
+ * This test tries to reproduce a crash.
+ * In the buggy implementation, second pointer down on the left window would cause a crash.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, MultiDeviceSplitTouch) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> leftWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Left", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    leftWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 200, 200));
+
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> rightWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Right", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    rightWindow->setFrame(Rect(200, 0, 400, 200));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {leftWindow, rightWindow}}});
+
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+    const int32_t mouseDeviceId = 6;
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+
+    // Start hovering over the left window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    // Mouse down on left window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .actionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS));
+
+    // First touch pointer down on right window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL));
+
+    rightWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+
+    // Second touch pointer down on left window
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    leftWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId)));
+    // This MOVE event is not necessary (doesn't carry any new information), but it's there in the
+    // current implementation.
+    const std::map<int32_t, PointF> expectedPointers{{0, PointF{100, 100}}};
+    rightWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE), WithPointers(expectedPointers)));
+
+    leftWindow->assertNoEvents();
+    rightWindow->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
+/**
+ * On a single window, use two different devices: mouse and touch.
+ * Touch happens first, with two pointers going down, and then the first pointer leaving.
+ * Mouse is clicked next, which causes the touch stream to be aborted with ACTION_CANCEL.
+ * Finally, a second touch pointer goes down again. Ensure the second touch pointer is ignored,
+ * because the mouse is currently down, and a POINTER_DOWN event from the touchscreen does not
+ * represent a new gesture.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, MixedTouchAndMouseWithPointerDown) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 400, 400));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+    const int32_t mouseDeviceId = 6;
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+
+    // First touch pointer down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    // Second touch pointer down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(350).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    // First touch pointer lifts. The second one remains down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_0_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(350).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(POINTER_1_DOWN));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(POINTER_0_UP));
+
+    // Mouse down. The touch should be canceled
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(320).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId),
+                                     WithPointerCount(1u)));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .actionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(320).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS));
+
+    // Second touch pointer down.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_0_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(350).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    // The pointer_down event should be ignored
+    window->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Inject a touch down and then send a new event via 'notifyMotion'. Ensure the new event cancels
+ * the injected event.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, UnfinishedInjectedEvent) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 400, 400));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+    // Pretend a test injects an ACTION_DOWN mouse event, but forgets to lift up the touch after
+    // completion.
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
+              injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher,
+                                MotionEventBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                                        .deviceId(ReservedInputDeviceId::VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID)
+                                        .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE)
+                                                         .x(50)
+                                                         .y(50))
+                                        .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID)));
+
+    // Now a real touch comes. Rather than crashing or dropping the real event, the injected pointer
+    // should be canceled and the new gesture should take over.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(300).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL), WithDeviceId(VIRTUAL_KEYBOARD_ID)));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId)));
+}
+
+/**
  * This test is similar to the test above, but the sequence of injected events is different.
  *
  * Two windows: a window on the left and a window on the right.
@@ -2541,6 +2816,182 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * A spy window above a window with no input channel.
+ * Start hovering with a stylus device, and then tap with it.
+ * Ensure spy window receives the entire sequence.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, StylusHoverAndDownNoInputChannel) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> spyWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Spy", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    spyWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 200, 200));
+    spyWindow->setTrustedOverlay(true);
+    spyWindow->setSpy(true);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setNoInputChannel(true);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 200, 200));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {spyWindow, window}}});
+
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+
+    // Start hovering with stylus
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER));
+    // Stop hovering
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+
+    // Stylus touches down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+
+    // Stylus goes up
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_UP));
+
+    // Again hover
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER));
+    // Stop hovering
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT, AINPUT_SOURCE_STYLUS)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+
+    // No more events
+    spyWindow->assertNoEvents();
+    window->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Start hovering with a mouse, and then tap with a touch device. Pilfer the touch stream.
+ * Next, click with the mouse device. Both windows (spy and regular) should receive the new mouse
+ * ACTION_DOWN event because that's a new gesture, and pilfering should no longer be active.
+ * While the mouse is down, new move events from the touch device should be ignored.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TouchPilferAndMouseMove) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> spyWindow =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Spy", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    spyWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 200, 200));
+    spyWindow->setTrustedOverlay(true);
+    spyWindow->setSpy(true);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 200, 200));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {spyWindow, window}}});
+
+    const int32_t mouseDeviceId = 7;
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+
+    // Hover a bit with mouse first
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    // Start touching
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                             .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                             .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(55).y(55))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE));
+
+    // Pilfer the stream
+    EXPECT_EQ(OK, mDispatcher->pilferPointers(spyWindow->getToken()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                             .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(60).y(60))
+                             .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE));
+
+    // Mouse down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId)));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .actionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS));
+
+    // Mouse move!
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(110).y(110))
+                           .build()));
+    spyWindow->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_MOVE));
+
+    // Touch move!
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                             .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(65).y(65))
+                             .build()));
+
+    // No more events
+    spyWindow->assertNoEvents();
+    window->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
+/**
  * On the display, have a single window, and also an area where there's no window.
  * First pointer touches the "no window" area of the screen. Second pointer touches the window.
  * Make sure that the window receives the second pointer, and first pointer is simply ignored.
@@ -2649,8 +3100,8 @@
     window1->assertNoEvents();
 
     // Now move the pointer on the first window
-    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
-            &(args = generateTouchArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, {{51, 51}, {151, 51}})));
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = generateTouchArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_MOVE, {{51, 51}, {151, 51}, {150, 50}})));
     mDispatcher->waitForIdle();
     window1->consumeMotionEvent(WithDownTime(downTimeForWindow1));
 
@@ -2705,7 +3156,8 @@
                                                          .x(300)
                                                          .y(400))
                                         .build()));
-    windowLeft->consumeMotionDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    windowLeft->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+    windowLeft->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
               injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher,
@@ -2750,7 +3202,6 @@
                                                          .x(900)
                                                          .y(400))
                                         .build()));
-    windowLeft->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
     windowRight->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_ENTER));
 
     // No more events
@@ -2758,6 +3209,70 @@
     windowRight->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
+/**
+ * Put two fingers down (and don't release them) and click the mouse button.
+ * The clicking of mouse is a new ACTION_DOWN event. Since it's from a different device, the
+ * currently active gesture should be canceled, and the new one should proceed.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TwoPointersDownMouseClick) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 600, 800));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+    const int32_t mouseDeviceId = 6;
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+
+    // Two pointers down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                           .build()));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(POINTER_1_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(100).y(100))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(120).y(120))
+                           .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(POINTER_1_DOWN));
+
+    // Inject a series of mouse events for a mouse click
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(300).y(400))
+                           .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_CANCEL), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId),
+                                     WithPointerCount(2u)));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                           .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                           .buttonState(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .actionButton(AMOTION_EVENT_BUTTON_PRIMARY)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(300).y(400))
+                           .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_BUTTON_PRESS));
+
+    // Try to send more touch events while the mouse is down. Since it's a continuation of an
+    // already canceled gesture, it should be ignored.
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&(
+            args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_MOVE, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                           .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(101).y(101))
+                           .pointer(PointerBuilder(1, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(121).y(121))
+                           .build()));
+    window->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, HoverWithSpyWindows) {
     std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
 
@@ -2940,7 +3455,8 @@
                                                          .x(300)
                                                          .y(400))
                                         .build()));
-    window->consumeMotionDown(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
               injectMotionEvent(mDispatcher,
@@ -2984,7 +3500,7 @@
                                                          .x(300)
                                                          .y(400))
                                         .build()));
-    window->consumeMotionEvent(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_HOVER_EXIT));
+    window->assertNoEvents();
 }
 
 /**
@@ -3017,6 +3533,42 @@
 }
 
 /**
+ * If mouse is hovering when the touch goes down, the hovering should be stopped via HOVER_EXIT.
+ */
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherTest, TouchDownAfterMouseHover) {
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
+
+    mDispatcher->setInputWindows({{ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {window}}});
+
+    const int32_t mouseDeviceId = 7;
+    const int32_t touchDeviceId = 4;
+    NotifyMotionArgs args;
+
+    // Start hovering with the mouse
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER, AINPUT_SOURCE_MOUSE)
+                             .deviceId(mouseDeviceId)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_MOUSE).x(10).y(10))
+                             .build()));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_ENTER), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+
+    // Touch goes down
+    mDispatcher->notifyMotion(
+            &(args = MotionArgsBuilder(ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN)
+                             .deviceId(touchDeviceId)
+                             .pointer(PointerBuilder(0, AMOTION_EVENT_TOOL_TYPE_FINGER).x(50).y(50))
+                             .build()));
+
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(
+            AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_HOVER_EXIT), WithDeviceId(mouseDeviceId)));
+    window->consumeMotionEvent(AllOf(WithMotionAction(ACTION_DOWN), WithDeviceId(touchDeviceId)));
+}
+
+/**
  * Inject a mouse hover event followed by a tap from touchscreen.
  * The tap causes a HOVER_EXIT event to be generated because the current event
  * stream's source has been switched.
@@ -3386,8 +3938,7 @@
 public:
     void SetUp() override {
         InputDispatcherTest::SetUp();
-        mDisplayInfos.clear();
-        mWindowInfos.clear();
+        removeAllWindowsAndDisplays();
     }
 
     void addDisplayInfo(int displayId, const ui::Transform& transform) {
@@ -3403,6 +3954,11 @@
         mDispatcher->onWindowInfosChanged(mWindowInfos, mDisplayInfos);
     }
 
+    void removeAllWindowsAndDisplays() {
+        mDisplayInfos.clear();
+        mWindowInfos.clear();
+    }
+
     // Set up a test scenario where the display has a scaled projection and there are two windows
     // on the display.
     std::pair<sp<FakeWindowHandle>, sp<FakeWindowHandle>> setupScaledDisplayScenario() {
@@ -3435,11 +3991,11 @@
     std::vector<gui::WindowInfo> mWindowInfos;
 };
 
-TEST_F(InputDispatcherDisplayProjectionTest, HitTestsInDisplaySpace) {
+TEST_F(InputDispatcherDisplayProjectionTest, HitTestCoordinateSpaceConsistency) {
     auto [firstWindow, secondWindow] = setupScaledDisplayScenario();
     // Send down to the first window. The point is represented in the display space. The point is
-    // selected so that if the hit test was done with the transform applied to it, then it would
-    // end up in the incorrect window.
+    // selected so that if the hit test was performed with the point and the bounds being in
+    // different coordinate spaces, the event would end up in the incorrect window.
     NotifyMotionArgs downMotionArgs =
             generateMotionArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
                                ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {PointF{75, 55}});
@@ -3514,6 +4070,81 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(80, event->getY(0));
 }
 
+/** Ensure consistent behavior of InputDispatcher in all orientations. */
+class InputDispatcherDisplayOrientationFixture
+      : public InputDispatcherDisplayProjectionTest,
+        public ::testing::WithParamInterface<ui::Rotation> {};
+
+// This test verifies the touchable region of a window for all rotations of the display by tapping
+// in different locations on the display, specifically points close to the four corners of a
+// window.
+TEST_P(InputDispatcherDisplayOrientationFixture, HitTestInDifferentOrientations) {
+    constexpr static int32_t displayWidth = 400;
+    constexpr static int32_t displayHeight = 800;
+
+    std::shared_ptr<FakeApplicationHandle> application = std::make_shared<FakeApplicationHandle>();
+
+    const auto rotation = GetParam();
+
+    // Set up the display with the specified rotation.
+    const bool isRotated = rotation == ui::ROTATION_90 || rotation == ui::ROTATION_270;
+    const int32_t logicalDisplayWidth = isRotated ? displayHeight : displayWidth;
+    const int32_t logicalDisplayHeight = isRotated ? displayWidth : displayHeight;
+    const ui::Transform displayTransform(ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(rotation),
+                                         logicalDisplayWidth, logicalDisplayHeight);
+    addDisplayInfo(ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, displayTransform);
+
+    // Create a window with its bounds determined in the logical display.
+    const Rect frameInLogicalDisplay(100, 100, 200, 300);
+    const Rect frameInDisplay = displayTransform.inverse().transform(frameInLogicalDisplay);
+    sp<FakeWindowHandle> window =
+            sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "Window", ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
+    window->setFrame(frameInDisplay, displayTransform);
+    addWindow(window);
+
+    // The following points in logical display space should be inside the window.
+    static const std::array<vec2, 4> insidePoints{
+            {{100, 100}, {199.99, 100}, {100, 299.99}, {199.99, 299.99}}};
+    for (const auto pointInsideWindow : insidePoints) {
+        const vec2 p = displayTransform.inverse().transform(pointInsideWindow);
+        const PointF pointInDisplaySpace{p.x, p.y};
+        const auto down = generateMotionArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {pointInDisplaySpace});
+        mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&down);
+        window->consumeMotionDown();
+
+        const auto up = generateMotionArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                           ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {pointInDisplaySpace});
+        mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&up);
+        window->consumeMotionUp();
+    }
+
+    // The following points in logical display space should be outside the window.
+    static const std::array<vec2, 5> outsidePoints{
+            {{200, 100}, {100, 300}, {200, 300}, {100, 99.99}, {99.99, 100}}};
+    for (const auto pointOutsideWindow : outsidePoints) {
+        const vec2 p = displayTransform.inverse().transform(pointOutsideWindow);
+        const PointF pointInDisplaySpace{p.x, p.y};
+        const auto down = generateMotionArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                             ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {pointInDisplaySpace});
+        mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&down);
+
+        const auto up = generateMotionArgs(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN,
+                                           ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT, {pointInDisplaySpace});
+        mDispatcher->notifyMotion(&up);
+    }
+    window->assertNoEvents();
+}
+
+// Run the precision tests for all rotations.
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(InputDispatcherDisplayOrientationTests,
+                         InputDispatcherDisplayOrientationFixture,
+                         ::testing::Values(ui::ROTATION_0, ui::ROTATION_90, ui::ROTATION_180,
+                                           ui::ROTATION_270),
+                         [](const testing::TestParamInfo<ui::Rotation>& testParamInfo) {
+                             return ftl::enum_string(testParamInfo.param);
+                         });
+
 using TransferFunction = std::function<bool(const std::unique_ptr<InputDispatcher>& dispatcher,
                                             sp<IBinder>, sp<IBinder>)>;
 
@@ -4903,6 +5534,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherKeyRepeatTest, FocusedWindow_RepeatKeyEventsUseEventIdFromInputDispatcher) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Flaky test (b/270393106)";
     sendAndConsumeKeyDown(/*deviceId=*/1);
     for (int32_t repeatCount = 1; repeatCount <= 10; ++repeatCount) {
         InputEvent* repeatEvent = mWindow->consume();
@@ -4913,6 +5545,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(InputDispatcherKeyRepeatTest, FocusedWindow_RepeatKeyEventsUseUniqueEventId) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Flaky test (b/270393106)";
     sendAndConsumeKeyDown(/*deviceId=*/1);
 
     std::unordered_set<int32_t> idSet;
@@ -5042,6 +5675,13 @@
     windowInSecondary->consumeMotionDown(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
     monitorInSecondary.consumeMotionDown(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
 
+    // Lift up the touch from the second display
+    ASSERT_EQ(InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED,
+              injectMotionUp(mDispatcher, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, SECOND_DISPLAY_ID))
+            << "Inject motion event should return InputEventInjectionResult::SUCCEEDED";
+    windowInSecondary->consumeMotionUp(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+    monitorInSecondary.consumeMotionUp(SECOND_DISPLAY_ID);
+
     // Test inject a non-pointer motion event.
     // If specific a display, it will dispatch to the focused window of particular display,
     // or it will dispatch to the focused window of focused display.
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp
index a02ef05..ae30006 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputMapperTest.cpp
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@
     if (!changes ||
         (changes &
          (InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DISPLAY_INFO |
-          InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_POINTER_CAPTURE))) {
+          InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_POINTER_CAPTURE |
+          InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DEVICE_TYPE))) {
         mReader->requestRefreshConfiguration(changes);
         mReader->loopOnce();
     }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
index fe7af80..cdd2439 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputReader_test.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <memory>
+#include <optional>
 
 #include <CursorInputMapper.h>
 #include <InputDevice.h>
@@ -1830,7 +1831,7 @@
         ::testing::Types<UinputTouchScreen, UinputExternalStylus, UinputExternalStylusWithPressure>;
 TYPED_TEST_SUITE(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, StylusButtonIntegrationTestTypes);
 
-TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, StylusButtonsGenerateKeyEvents) {
+TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, DISABLED_StylusButtonsGenerateKeyEvents) {
     const auto stylusId = TestFixture::mStylusInfo.getId();
 
     TestFixture::mStylus->pressKey(BTN_STYLUS);
@@ -1844,7 +1845,7 @@
                   WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithDeviceId(stylusId))));
 }
 
-TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, StylusButtonsSurroundingTouchGesture) {
+TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, DISABLED_StylusButtonsSurroundingTouchGesture) {
     const Point centerPoint = TestFixture::mTouchscreen->getCenterPoint();
     const auto touchscreenId = TestFixture::mTouchscreenInfo.getId();
     const auto stylusId = TestFixture::mStylusInfo.getId();
@@ -1890,7 +1891,7 @@
                   WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithDeviceId(stylusId))));
 }
 
-TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, StylusButtonsSurroundingHoveringTouchGesture) {
+TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, DISABLED_StylusButtonsSurroundingHoveringTouchGesture) {
     const Point centerPoint = TestFixture::mTouchscreen->getCenterPoint();
     const auto touchscreenId = TestFixture::mTouchscreenInfo.getId();
     const auto stylusId = TestFixture::mStylusInfo.getId();
@@ -1966,7 +1967,7 @@
                   WithKeyCode(AKEYCODE_STYLUS_BUTTON_PRIMARY), WithDeviceId(stylusId))));
 }
 
-TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, StylusButtonsWithinTouchGesture) {
+TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, DISABLED_StylusButtonsWithinTouchGesture) {
     const Point centerPoint = TestFixture::mTouchscreen->getCenterPoint();
     const auto touchscreenId = TestFixture::mTouchscreenInfo.getId();
     const auto stylusId = TestFixture::mStylusInfo.getId();
@@ -2020,7 +2021,7 @@
                   WithDeviceId(touchscreenId))));
 }
 
-TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, StylusButtonMotionEventsDisabled) {
+TYPED_TEST(StylusButtonIntegrationTest, DISABLED_StylusButtonMotionEventsDisabled) {
     TestFixture::mFakePolicy->setStylusButtonMotionEventsEnabled(false);
     TestFixture::mReader->requestRefreshConfiguration(
             InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_STYLUS_BUTTON_REPORTING);
@@ -2077,7 +2078,7 @@
 // ongoing stylus gesture that is being emitted by the touchscreen.
 using ExternalStylusIntegrationTest = TouchIntegrationTest;
 
-TEST_F(ExternalStylusIntegrationTest, FusedExternalStylusPressureReported) {
+TEST_F(ExternalStylusIntegrationTest, DISABLED_FusedExternalStylusPressureReported) {
     const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
 
     // Create an external stylus capable of reporting pressure data that
@@ -2123,7 +2124,7 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyKeyWasNotCalled());
 }
 
-TEST_F(ExternalStylusIntegrationTest, FusedExternalStylusPressureNotReported) {
+TEST_F(ExternalStylusIntegrationTest, DISABLED_FusedExternalStylusPressureNotReported) {
     const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
 
     // Create an external stylus capable of reporting pressure data that
@@ -2191,7 +2192,7 @@
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mTestListener->assertNotifyKeyWasNotCalled());
 }
 
-TEST_F(ExternalStylusIntegrationTest, UnfusedExternalStylus) {
+TEST_F(ExternalStylusIntegrationTest, DISABLED_UnfusedExternalStylus) {
     const Point centerPoint = mDevice->getCenterPoint();
 
     // Create an external stylus device that does not support pressure. It should not affect any
@@ -2355,10 +2356,10 @@
     InputReaderConfiguration config;
     std::list<NotifyArgs> unused = mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, &config, 0);
 
-    std::string propertyValue;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(mDevice->getConfiguration().tryGetProperty("key", propertyValue))
+    std::optional<std::string> propertyValue = mDevice->getConfiguration().getString("key");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(propertyValue.has_value())
             << "Device should have read configuration during configuration phase.";
-    ASSERT_EQ("value", propertyValue);
+    ASSERT_EQ("value", *propertyValue);
 
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mapper1.assertConfigureWasCalled());
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mapper2.assertConfigureWasCalled());
@@ -3658,8 +3659,8 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(KeyboardInputMapperTest_ExternalDevice, WakeBehavior) {
-    // For external devices, non-media keys will trigger wake on key down. Media keys need to be
-    // marked as WAKE in the keylayout file to trigger wake.
+    // For external devices, keys will trigger wake on key down. Media keys should also trigger
+    // wake if triggered from external devices.
 
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_HOME, 0, AKEYCODE_HOME, 0);
     mFakeEventHub->addKey(EVENTHUB_ID, KEY_PLAY, 0, AKEYCODE_MEDIA_PLAY, 0);
@@ -3681,7 +3682,7 @@
 
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_PLAY, 1);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyKeyWasCalled(&args));
-    ASSERT_EQ(uint32_t(0), args.policyFlags);
+    ASSERT_EQ(POLICY_FLAG_WAKE, args.policyFlags);
 
     process(mapper, ARBITRARY_TIME + 1, READ_TIME, EV_KEY, KEY_PLAY, 0);
     ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyKeyWasCalled(&args));
@@ -6724,6 +6725,29 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(fakePointerController->isPointerShown());
 }
 
+TEST_F(SingleTouchInputMapperTest, WhenDeviceTypeIsChangedToTouchNavigation_updatesDeviceType) {
+    // Initialize the device without setting device source to touch navigation.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0);
+    prepareButtons();
+    prepareAxes(POSITION);
+    SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    // Ensure that the device is created as a touchscreen, not touch navigation.
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN, mapper.getSources());
+
+    // Add device type association after the device was created.
+    mFakePolicy->addDeviceTypeAssociation(DEVICE_LOCATION, "touchNavigation");
+
+    // Send update to the mapper.
+    std::list<NotifyArgs> unused2 =
+            mDevice->configure(ARBITRARY_TIME, mFakePolicy->getReaderConfiguration(),
+                               InputReaderConfiguration::CHANGE_DEVICE_TYPE /*changes*/);
+
+    // Check whether device type update was successful.
+    ASSERT_EQ(AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCH_NAVIGATION, mDevice->getSources());
+}
+
 // --- TouchDisplayProjectionTest ---
 
 class TouchDisplayProjectionTest : public SingleTouchInputMapperTest {
@@ -6731,28 +6755,30 @@
     // The values inside DisplayViewport are expected to be pre-rotated. This updates the current
     // DisplayViewport to pre-rotate the values. The viewport's physical display will be set to the
     // rotated equivalent of the given un-rotated physical display bounds.
-    void configurePhysicalDisplay(ui::Rotation orientation, Rect naturalPhysicalDisplay) {
+    void configurePhysicalDisplay(ui::Rotation orientation, Rect naturalPhysicalDisplay,
+                                  int32_t naturalDisplayWidth = DISPLAY_WIDTH,
+                                  int32_t naturalDisplayHeight = DISPLAY_HEIGHT) {
         uint32_t inverseRotationFlags;
-        auto width = DISPLAY_WIDTH;
-        auto height = DISPLAY_HEIGHT;
+        auto rotatedWidth = naturalDisplayWidth;
+        auto rotatedHeight = naturalDisplayHeight;
         switch (orientation) {
             case ui::ROTATION_90:
                 inverseRotationFlags = ui::Transform::ROT_270;
-                std::swap(width, height);
+                std::swap(rotatedWidth, rotatedHeight);
                 break;
             case ui::ROTATION_180:
                 inverseRotationFlags = ui::Transform::ROT_180;
                 break;
             case ui::ROTATION_270:
                 inverseRotationFlags = ui::Transform::ROT_90;
-                std::swap(width, height);
+                std::swap(rotatedWidth, rotatedHeight);
                 break;
             case ui::ROTATION_0:
                 inverseRotationFlags = ui::Transform::ROT_0;
                 break;
         }
 
-        const ui::Transform rotation(inverseRotationFlags, width, height);
+        const ui::Transform rotation(inverseRotationFlags, rotatedWidth, rotatedHeight);
         const Rect rotatedPhysicalDisplay = rotation.transform(naturalPhysicalDisplay);
 
         std::optional<DisplayViewport> internalViewport =
@@ -6771,8 +6797,8 @@
         v.physicalRight = rotatedPhysicalDisplay.right;
         v.physicalBottom = rotatedPhysicalDisplay.bottom;
 
-        v.deviceWidth = width;
-        v.deviceHeight = height;
+        v.deviceWidth = rotatedWidth;
+        v.deviceHeight = rotatedHeight;
 
         v.isActive = true;
         v.uniqueId = UNIQUE_ID;
@@ -6886,6 +6912,243 @@
     }
 }
 
+// --- TouchscreenPrecisionTests ---
+
+// This test suite is used to ensure that touchscreen devices are scaled and configured correctly
+// in various orientations and with different display rotations. We configure the touchscreen to
+// have a higher resolution than that of the display by an integer scale factor in each axis so that
+// we can enforce that coordinates match precisely as expected.
+class TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture : public TouchDisplayProjectionTest,
+                                         public ::testing::WithParamInterface<ui::Rotation> {
+public:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        SingleTouchInputMapperTest::SetUp();
+
+        // Prepare the raw axes to have twice the resolution of the display in the X axis and
+        // four times the resolution of the display in the Y axis.
+        prepareButtons();
+        mFakeEventHub->addAbsoluteAxis(EVENTHUB_ID, ABS_X, PRECISION_RAW_X_MIN, PRECISION_RAW_X_MAX,
+                                       PRECISION_RAW_X_FLAT, PRECISION_RAW_X_FUZZ,
+                                       PRECISION_RAW_X_RES);
+        mFakeEventHub->addAbsoluteAxis(EVENTHUB_ID, ABS_Y, PRECISION_RAW_Y_MIN, PRECISION_RAW_Y_MAX,
+                                       PRECISION_RAW_Y_FLAT, PRECISION_RAW_Y_FUZZ,
+                                       PRECISION_RAW_Y_RES);
+    }
+
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_X_MIN = TouchInputMapperTest::RAW_X_MIN;
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_X_MAX = PRECISION_RAW_X_MIN + DISPLAY_WIDTH * 2 - 1;
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_Y_MIN = TouchInputMapperTest::RAW_Y_MIN;
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_Y_MAX = PRECISION_RAW_Y_MIN + DISPLAY_HEIGHT * 4 - 1;
+
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_X_RES = 50;  // units per millimeter
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_Y_RES = 100; // units per millimeter
+
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_X_FLAT = 16;
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_Y_FLAT = 32;
+
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_X_FUZZ = 4;
+    static const int32_t PRECISION_RAW_Y_FUZZ = 8;
+
+    static const std::array<Point, 4> kRawCorners;
+};
+
+const std::array<Point, 4> TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture::kRawCorners = {{
+        {PRECISION_RAW_X_MIN, PRECISION_RAW_Y_MIN}, // left-top
+        {PRECISION_RAW_X_MAX, PRECISION_RAW_Y_MIN}, // right-top
+        {PRECISION_RAW_X_MAX, PRECISION_RAW_Y_MAX}, // right-bottom
+        {PRECISION_RAW_X_MIN, PRECISION_RAW_Y_MAX}, // left-bottom
+}};
+
+// Tests for how the touchscreen is oriented relative to the natural orientation of the display.
+// For example, if a touchscreen is configured with an orientation of 90 degrees, it is a portrait
+// touchscreen panel that is used on a device whose natural display orientation is in landscape.
+TEST_P(TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture, OrientationPrecision) {
+    enum class Orientation {
+        ORIENTATION_0 = ui::toRotationInt(ui::ROTATION_0),
+        ORIENTATION_90 = ui::toRotationInt(ui::ROTATION_90),
+        ORIENTATION_180 = ui::toRotationInt(ui::ROTATION_180),
+        ORIENTATION_270 = ui::toRotationInt(ui::ROTATION_270),
+        ftl_last = ORIENTATION_270,
+    };
+    using Orientation::ORIENTATION_0, Orientation::ORIENTATION_90, Orientation::ORIENTATION_180,
+            Orientation::ORIENTATION_270;
+    static const std::map<Orientation, std::array<vec2, 4> /*mappedCorners*/> kMappedCorners = {
+            {ORIENTATION_0, {{{0, 0}, {479.5, 0}, {479.5, 799.75}, {0, 799.75}}}},
+            {ORIENTATION_90, {{{0, 479.5}, {0, 0}, {799.75, 0}, {799.75, 479.5}}}},
+            {ORIENTATION_180, {{{479.5, 799.75}, {0, 799.75}, {0, 0}, {479.5, 0}}}},
+            {ORIENTATION_270, {{{799.75, 0}, {799.75, 479.5}, {0, 479.5}, {0, 0}}}},
+    };
+
+    const auto touchscreenOrientation = static_cast<Orientation>(ui::toRotationInt(GetParam()));
+
+    // Configure the touchscreen as being installed in the one of the four different orientations
+    // relative to the display.
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientation", ftl::enum_string(touchscreenOrientation).c_str());
+    prepareDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0);
+
+    SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    // If the touchscreen is installed in a rotated orientation relative to the display (i.e. in
+    // orientations of either 90 or 270) this means the display's natural resolution will be
+    // flipped.
+    const bool displayRotated =
+            touchscreenOrientation == ORIENTATION_90 || touchscreenOrientation == ORIENTATION_270;
+    const int32_t width = displayRotated ? DISPLAY_HEIGHT : DISPLAY_WIDTH;
+    const int32_t height = displayRotated ? DISPLAY_WIDTH : DISPLAY_HEIGHT;
+    const Rect physicalFrame{0, 0, width, height};
+    configurePhysicalDisplay(ui::ROTATION_0, physicalFrame, width, height);
+
+    const auto& expectedPoints = kMappedCorners.at(touchscreenOrientation);
+    const float expectedPrecisionX = displayRotated ? 4 : 2;
+    const float expectedPrecisionY = displayRotated ? 2 : 4;
+
+    // Test all four corners.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        const auto& raw = kRawCorners[i];
+        processDown(mapper, raw.x, raw.y);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        const auto& expected = expectedPoints[i];
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                      WithCoords(expected.x, expected.y),
+                      WithPrecision(expectedPrecisionX, expectedPrecisionY))))
+                << "Failed to process raw point (" << raw.x << ", " << raw.y << ") "
+                << "with touchscreen orientation "
+                << ftl::enum_string(touchscreenOrientation).c_str() << ", expected point ("
+                << expected.x << ", " << expected.y << ").";
+        processUp(mapper);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                      WithCoords(expected.x, expected.y))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture, RotationPrecisionWhenOrientationAware) {
+    static const std::map<ui::Rotation /*rotation*/, std::array<vec2, 4> /*mappedCorners*/>
+            kMappedCorners = {
+                    {ui::ROTATION_0, {{{0, 0}, {479.5, 0}, {479.5, 799.75}, {0, 799.75}}}},
+                    {ui::ROTATION_90, {{{0.5, 0}, {480, 0}, {480, 799.75}, {0.5, 799.75}}}},
+                    {ui::ROTATION_180, {{{0.5, 0.25}, {480, 0.25}, {480, 800}, {0.5, 800}}}},
+                    {ui::ROTATION_270, {{{0, 0.25}, {479.5, 0.25}, {479.5, 800}, {0, 800}}}},
+            };
+
+    const ui::Rotation displayRotation = GetParam();
+
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(displayRotation);
+
+    SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    const auto& expectedPoints = kMappedCorners.at(displayRotation);
+
+    // Test all four corners.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        const auto& expected = expectedPoints[i];
+        const auto& raw = kRawCorners[i];
+        processDown(mapper, raw.x, raw.y);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                      WithCoords(expected.x, expected.y), WithPrecision(2, 4))))
+                << "Failed to process raw point (" << raw.x << ", " << raw.y << ") "
+                << "with display rotation " << ui::toCString(displayRotation)
+                << ", expected point (" << expected.x << ", " << expected.y << ").";
+        processUp(mapper);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                      WithCoords(expected.x, expected.y))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture, RotationPrecisionOrientationAwareInOri270) {
+    static const std::map<ui::Rotation /*orientation*/, std::array<vec2, 4> /*mappedCorners*/>
+            kMappedCorners = {
+                    {ui::ROTATION_0, {{{799.75, 0}, {799.75, 479.5}, {0, 479.5}, {0, 0}}}},
+                    {ui::ROTATION_90, {{{800, 0}, {800, 479.5}, {0.25, 479.5}, {0.25, 0}}}},
+                    {ui::ROTATION_180, {{{800, 0.5}, {800, 480}, {0.25, 480}, {0.25, 0.5}}}},
+                    {ui::ROTATION_270, {{{799.75, 0.5}, {799.75, 480}, {0, 480}, {0, 0.5}}}},
+            };
+
+    const ui::Rotation displayRotation = GetParam();
+
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.orientation", "ORIENTATION_270");
+
+    SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper = addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    // Ori 270, so width and height swapped
+    const Rect physicalFrame{0, 0, DISPLAY_HEIGHT, DISPLAY_WIDTH};
+    prepareDisplay(displayRotation);
+    configurePhysicalDisplay(displayRotation, physicalFrame, DISPLAY_HEIGHT, DISPLAY_WIDTH);
+
+    const auto& expectedPoints = kMappedCorners.at(displayRotation);
+
+    // Test all four corners.
+    for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+        const auto& expected = expectedPoints[i];
+        const auto& raw = kRawCorners[i];
+        processDown(mapper, raw.x, raw.y);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_DOWN),
+                      WithCoords(expected.x, expected.y), WithPrecision(4, 2))))
+                << "Failed to process raw point (" << raw.x << ", " << raw.y << ") "
+                << "with display rotation " << ui::toCString(displayRotation)
+                << ", expected point (" << expected.x << ", " << expected.y << ").";
+        processUp(mapper);
+        processSync(mapper);
+        ASSERT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mFakeListener->assertNotifyMotionWasCalled(
+                AllOf(WithMotionAction(AMOTION_EVENT_ACTION_UP),
+                      WithCoords(expected.x, expected.y))));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture, MotionRangesAreOrientedInRotatedDisplay) {
+    const ui::Rotation displayRotation = GetParam();
+
+    addConfigurationProperty("touch.deviceType", "touchScreen");
+    prepareDisplay(displayRotation);
+
+    __attribute__((unused)) SingleTouchInputMapper& mapper =
+            addMapperAndConfigure<SingleTouchInputMapper>();
+
+    const InputDeviceInfo deviceInfo = mDevice->getDeviceInfo();
+    // MotionRanges use display pixels as their units
+    const auto* xRange = deviceInfo.getMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_X, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN);
+    const auto* yRange = deviceInfo.getMotionRange(AMOTION_EVENT_AXIS_Y, AINPUT_SOURCE_TOUCHSCREEN);
+
+    // The MotionRanges should be oriented in the rotated display's coordinate space
+    const bool displayRotated =
+            displayRotation == ui::ROTATION_90 || displayRotation == ui::ROTATION_270;
+
+    constexpr float MAX_X = 479.5;
+    constexpr float MAX_Y = 799.75;
+    EXPECT_EQ(xRange->min, 0.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(yRange->min, 0.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(xRange->max, displayRotated ? MAX_Y : MAX_X);
+    EXPECT_EQ(yRange->max, displayRotated ? MAX_X : MAX_Y);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(xRange->flat, 8.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(yRange->flat, 8.f);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(xRange->fuzz, 2.f);
+    EXPECT_EQ(yRange->fuzz, 2.f);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(xRange->resolution, 25.f); // pixels per millimeter
+    EXPECT_EQ(yRange->resolution, 25.f); // pixels per millimeter
+}
+
+// Run the precision tests for all rotations.
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(TouchscreenPrecisionTests, TouchscreenPrecisionTestsFixture,
+                         ::testing::Values(ui::ROTATION_0, ui::ROTATION_90, ui::ROTATION_180,
+                                           ui::ROTATION_270),
+                         [](const testing::TestParamInfo<ui::Rotation>& testParamInfo) {
+                             return ftl::enum_string(testParamInfo.param);
+                         });
+
 // --- ExternalStylusFusionTest ---
 
 class ExternalStylusFusionTest : public SingleTouchInputMapperTest {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/PropertyProvider_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/PropertyProvider_test.cpp
index 42a6a9f..8a40e78 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/PropertyProvider_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/PropertyProvider_test.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include "TestConstants.h"
 #include "include/gestures.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -283,4 +284,68 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mProvider.hasProperty("Foo"));
 }
 
+class PropertyProviderIdcLoadingTest : public testing::Test {
+protected:
+    void SetUp() override {
+        int initialInt = 0;
+        GesturesPropBool initialBool = false;
+        double initialReal = 0.0;
+        gesturePropProvider.create_int_fn(&mProvider, "An Integer", &mIntData, 1, &initialInt);
+        gesturePropProvider.create_bool_fn(&mProvider, "A Boolean", &mBoolData, 1, &initialBool);
+        gesturePropProvider.create_real_fn(&mProvider, "A Real", &mRealData, 1, &initialReal);
+    }
+
+    PropertyProvider mProvider;
+
+    int mIntData;
+    GesturesPropBool mBoolData;
+    double mRealData;
+};
+
+TEST_F(PropertyProviderIdcLoadingTest, AllCorrect) {
+    PropertyMap idcProps;
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.An_Integer", "42");
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.A_Boolean", "1");
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.A_Real", "3.14159");
+
+    mProvider.loadPropertiesFromIdcFile(idcProps);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mProvider.getProperty("An Integer").getIntValues(), ElementsAre(42));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mProvider.getProperty("A Boolean").getBoolValues(), ElementsAre(true));
+    EXPECT_NEAR(mProvider.getProperty("A Real").getRealValues()[0], 3.14159, EPSILON);
+}
+
+TEST_F(PropertyProviderIdcLoadingTest, InvalidPropsIgnored) {
+    int intArrayData[2];
+    int initialInts[2] = {0, 1};
+    gesturePropProvider.create_int_fn(&mProvider, "Two Integers", intArrayData, 2, initialInts);
+
+    PropertyMap idcProps;
+    // Wrong type
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.An_Integer", "37.25");
+    // Wrong size
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.Two_Integers", "42");
+    // Doesn't exist
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.Some_Nonexistent_Property", "1");
+    // A valid assignment that should still be applied despite the others being invalid
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.A_Real", "3.14159");
+
+    mProvider.loadPropertiesFromIdcFile(idcProps);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mProvider.getProperty("An Integer").getIntValues(), ElementsAre(0));
+    EXPECT_THAT(mProvider.getProperty("Two Integers").getIntValues(), ElementsAre(0, 1));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mProvider.hasProperty("Some Nonexistent Property"));
+    EXPECT_NEAR(mProvider.getProperty("A Real").getRealValues()[0], 3.14159, EPSILON);
+}
+
+TEST_F(PropertyProviderIdcLoadingTest, FunkyName) {
+    int data;
+    int initialData = 0;
+    gesturePropProvider.create_int_fn(&mProvider, "  I lOvE sNAKes ", &data, 1, &initialData);
+
+    PropertyMap idcProps;
+    idcProps.addProperty("gestureProp.__I_lOvE_sNAKes_", "42");
+
+    mProvider.loadPropertiesFromIdcFile(idcProps);
+    EXPECT_THAT(mProvider.getProperty("  I lOvE sNAKes ").getIntValues(), ElementsAre(42));
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestConstants.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestConstants.h
index 27881f6..ad48b0f 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestConstants.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestConstants.h
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <chrono>
+
+#include <utils/Timers.h>
+
 namespace android {
 
 using std::chrono_literals::operator""ms;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
index b9d9607..09f7ae8 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/TestInputListenerMatchers.h
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 
 MATCHER_P(WithFlags, flags, "InputEvent with specified flags") {
     *result_listener << "expected flags " << flags << ", but got " << arg.flags;
-    return arg.flags == flags;
+    return arg.flags == static_cast<int32_t>(flags);
 }
 
 MATCHER_P(WithMotionClassification, classification,
@@ -176,4 +176,10 @@
     return arg.downTime == downTime;
 }
 
+MATCHER_P2(WithPrecision, xPrecision, yPrecision, "MotionEvent with specified precision") {
+    *result_listener << "expected x-precision " << xPrecision << " and y-precision " << yPrecision
+                     << ", but got " << arg.xPrecision << " and " << arg.yPrecision;
+    return arg.xPrecision == xPrecision && arg.yPrecision == yPrecision;
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h
index 7c9be5c..5d7bf4b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/fuzzers/MapperHelpers.h
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@
     int32_t getDeviceControllerNumber(int32_t deviceId) const override {
         return mFdp->ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>();
     }
-    void getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId, PropertyMap* outConfiguration) const override {
-        *outConfiguration = mFuzzConfig;
+    std::optional<PropertyMap> getConfiguration(int32_t deviceId) const override {
+        return mFuzzConfig;
     }
     status_t getAbsoluteAxisInfo(int32_t deviceId, int axis,
                                  RawAbsoluteAxisInfo* outAxisInfo) const override {
@@ -225,14 +225,23 @@
 public:
     FuzzPointerController(std::shared_ptr<ThreadSafeFuzzedDataProvider> mFdp) : mFdp(mFdp) {}
     ~FuzzPointerController() {}
-    bool getBounds(float* outMinX, float* outMinY, float* outMaxX, float* outMaxY) const override {
-        return mFdp->ConsumeBool();
+    std::optional<FloatRect> getBounds() const override {
+        if (mFdp->ConsumeBool()) {
+            return {};
+        } else {
+            return FloatRect{mFdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(),
+                             mFdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(),
+                             mFdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(),
+                             mFdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()};
+        }
     }
     void move(float deltaX, float deltaY) override {}
     void setButtonState(int32_t buttonState) override {}
     int32_t getButtonState() const override { return mFdp->ConsumeIntegral<int32_t>(); }
     void setPosition(float x, float y) override {}
-    void getPosition(float* outX, float* outY) const override {}
+    FloatPoint getPosition() const override {
+        return {mFdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>(), mFdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>()};
+    }
     void fade(Transition transition) override {}
     void unfade(Transition transition) override {}
     void setPresentation(Presentation presentation) override {}
diff --git a/services/memtrackproxy/MemtrackProxy.cpp b/services/memtrackproxy/MemtrackProxy.cpp
index 4676167..9e41a93 100644
--- a/services/memtrackproxy/MemtrackProxy.cpp
+++ b/services/memtrackproxy/MemtrackProxy.cpp
@@ -97,9 +97,14 @@
     return calling_pid == request_pid;
 }
 
-MemtrackProxy::MemtrackProxy()
-      : memtrack_hidl_instance_(MemtrackProxy::MemtrackHidlInstance()),
-        memtrack_aidl_instance_(MemtrackProxy::MemtrackAidlInstance()) {}
+MemtrackProxy::MemtrackProxy() {
+    memtrack_aidl_instance_ = MemtrackProxy::MemtrackAidlInstance();
+
+    // Only check for a HIDL implementation if we failed to get the AIDL service
+    if (!memtrack_aidl_instance_) {
+        memtrack_hidl_instance_ = MemtrackProxy::MemtrackHidlInstance();
+    }
+}
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus MemtrackProxy::getMemory(int pid, MemtrackType type,
                                             std::vector<MemtrackRecord>* _aidl_return) {
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.cpp
index 4ac9651..4fff8bb 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.cpp
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
 
 SensorService::SensorDirectConnection::SensorDirectConnection(const sp<SensorService>& service,
         uid_t uid, const sensors_direct_mem_t *mem, int32_t halChannelHandle,
-        const String16& opPackageName)
+        const String16& opPackageName, int deviceId)
         : mService(service), mUid(uid), mMem(*mem),
         mHalChannelHandle(halChannelHandle),
-        mOpPackageName(opPackageName), mDestroyed(false) {
+        mOpPackageName(opPackageName), mDeviceId(deviceId), mDestroyed(false) {
     mUserId = multiuser_get_user_id(mUid);
     ALOGD_IF(DEBUG_CONNECTIONS, "Created SensorDirectConnection");
 }
@@ -180,8 +180,7 @@
     };
 
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mConnectionLock);
-    SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
-    int ret = dev.configureDirectChannel(handle, getHalChannelHandle(), &config);
+    int ret = configure(handle, &config);
 
     if (rateLevel == SENSOR_DIRECT_RATE_STOP) {
         if (ret == NO_ERROR) {
@@ -224,7 +223,6 @@
     std::unordered_map<int, int>& existingConnections =
                     (!temporarilyStopped) ? mActivated : mActivatedBackup;
 
-    SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
     for (auto &i : existingConnections) {
         int handle = i.first;
         int rateLevel = i.second;
@@ -239,8 +237,8 @@
                 // Only reconfigure the channel if it's ongoing
                 if (!temporarilyStopped) {
                     // Stopping before reconfiguring is the well-tested path in CTS
-                    dev.configureDirectChannel(handle, getHalChannelHandle(), &stopConfig);
-                    dev.configureDirectChannel(handle, getHalChannelHandle(), &capConfig);
+                    configure(handle, &stopConfig);
+                    configure(handle, &capConfig);
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -258,7 +256,6 @@
     const struct sensors_direct_cfg_t stopConfig = {
         .rate_level = SENSOR_DIRECT_RATE_STOP
     };
-    SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
     for (auto &i : mMicRateBackup) {
         int handle = i.first;
         int rateLevel = i.second;
@@ -273,13 +270,23 @@
         // Only reconfigure the channel if it's ongoing
         if (!temporarilyStopped) {
             // Stopping before reconfiguring is the well-tested path in CTS
-            dev.configureDirectChannel(handle, getHalChannelHandle(), &stopConfig);
-            dev.configureDirectChannel(handle, getHalChannelHandle(), &config);
+            configure(handle, &stopConfig);
+            configure(handle, &config);
         }
     }
     mMicRateBackup.clear();
 }
 
+int SensorService::SensorDirectConnection::configure(
+        int handle, const sensors_direct_cfg_t* config) {
+    if (mDeviceId == RuntimeSensor::DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID) {
+        SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
+        return dev.configureDirectChannel(handle, getHalChannelHandle(), config);
+    } else {
+        return mService->configureRuntimeSensorDirectChannel(handle, this, config);
+    }
+}
+
 void SensorService::SensorDirectConnection::stopAll(bool backupRecord) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mConnectionLock);
     stopAllLocked(backupRecord);
@@ -290,9 +297,8 @@
         .rate_level = SENSOR_DIRECT_RATE_STOP
     };
 
-    SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
     for (auto &i : mActivated) {
-        dev.configureDirectChannel(i.first, getHalChannelHandle(), &config);
+        configure(i.first, &config);
     }
 
     if (backupRecord && mActivatedBackup.empty()) {
@@ -306,8 +312,6 @@
     if (!mActivatedBackup.empty()) {
         stopAllLocked(false);
 
-        SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
-
         // recover list of report from backup
         ALOG_ASSERT(mActivated.empty(),
                     "mActivated must be empty if mActivatedBackup was non-empty");
@@ -319,7 +323,7 @@
             struct sensors_direct_cfg_t config = {
                 .rate_level = i.second
             };
-            dev.configureDirectChannel(i.first, getHalChannelHandle(), &config);
+            configure(i.first, &config);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.h b/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.h
index d39a073..bfaf811 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.h
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorDirectConnection.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 public:
     SensorDirectConnection(const sp<SensorService>& service, uid_t uid,
             const sensors_direct_mem_t *mem, int32_t halChannelHandle,
-            const String16& opPackageName);
+            const String16& opPackageName, int deviceId);
     void dump(String8& result) const;
     void dump(util::ProtoOutputStream* proto) const;
     uid_t getUid() const { return mUid; }
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
     void onSensorAccessChanged(bool hasAccess);
     void onMicSensorAccessChanged(bool isMicToggleOn);
     userid_t getUserId() const { return mUserId; }
+    int getDeviceId() const { return mDeviceId; }
 
 protected:
     virtual ~SensorDirectConnection();
@@ -68,6 +69,9 @@
 private:
     bool hasSensorAccess() const;
 
+    // Sends the configuration to the relevant sensor device.
+    int configure(int handle, const sensors_direct_cfg_t* config);
+
     // Stops all active sensor direct report requests.
     //
     // If backupRecord is true, stopped requests can be recovered
@@ -95,6 +99,7 @@
     const sensors_direct_mem_t mMem;
     const int32_t mHalChannelHandle;
     const String16 mOpPackageName;
+    const int mDeviceId;
 
     mutable Mutex mConnectionLock;
     std::unordered_map<int, int> mActivated;
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
index 3a0329c..0fb3cad 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.cpp
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
             handle, sensor.type, sensor.name);
 
     sp<RuntimeSensor::SensorCallback> runtimeSensorCallback(
-        new RuntimeSensorCallbackProxy(std::move(callback)));
+            new RuntimeSensorCallbackProxy(callback));
     sensor_t runtimeSensor = sensor;
     // force the handle to be consistent
     runtimeSensor.handle = handle;
@@ -193,11 +193,15 @@
         return mSensors.getNonSensor().getHandle();
     }
 
+    if (mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.find(deviceId) == mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.end()) {
+        mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.emplace(deviceId, callback);
+    }
     return handle;
 }
 
 status_t SensorService::unregisterRuntimeSensor(int handle) {
     ALOGI("Unregistering runtime sensor handle 0x%x disconnected", handle);
+    int deviceId = getDeviceIdFromHandle(handle);
     {
         Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
         if (!unregisterDynamicSensorLocked(handle)) {
@@ -210,6 +214,20 @@
     for (const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection : connLock.getActiveConnections()) {
         connection->removeSensor(handle);
     }
+
+    // If this was the last sensor for this device, remove its callback.
+    bool deviceHasSensors = false;
+    mSensors.forEachEntry(
+            [&deviceId, &deviceHasSensors] (const SensorServiceUtil::SensorList::Entry& e) -> bool {
+                if (e.deviceId == deviceId) {
+                    deviceHasSensors = true;
+                    return false;  // stop iterating
+                }
+                return true;
+            });
+    if (!deviceHasSensors) {
+        mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.erase(deviceId);
+    }
     return OK;
 }
 
@@ -1517,7 +1535,7 @@
 }
 
 sp<ISensorEventConnection> SensorService::createSensorDirectConnection(
-        const String16& opPackageName, uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format,
+        const String16& opPackageName, int deviceId, uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format,
         const native_handle *resource) {
     resetTargetSdkVersionCache(opPackageName);
     ConnectionSafeAutolock connLock = mConnectionHolder.lock(mLock);
@@ -1593,14 +1611,25 @@
     native_handle_set_fdsan_tag(clone);
 
     sp<SensorDirectConnection> conn;
-    SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
-    int channelHandle = dev.registerDirectChannel(&mem);
+    int channelHandle = 0;
+    if (deviceId == RuntimeSensor::DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID) {
+        SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
+        channelHandle = dev.registerDirectChannel(&mem);
+    } else {
+        auto runtimeSensorCallback = mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.find(deviceId);
+        if (runtimeSensorCallback == mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.end()) {
+            ALOGE("Runtime sensor callback for deviceId %d not found", deviceId);
+        } else {
+            int fd = dup(clone->data[0]);
+            channelHandle = runtimeSensorCallback->second->onDirectChannelCreated(fd);
+        }
+    }
 
     if (channelHandle <= 0) {
         ALOGE("SensorDevice::registerDirectChannel returns %d", channelHandle);
     } else {
         mem.handle = clone;
-        conn = new SensorDirectConnection(this, uid, &mem, channelHandle, opPackageName);
+        conn = new SensorDirectConnection(this, uid, &mem, channelHandle, opPackageName, deviceId);
     }
 
     if (conn == nullptr) {
@@ -1614,6 +1643,24 @@
     return conn;
 }
 
+int SensorService::configureRuntimeSensorDirectChannel(
+        int sensorHandle, const SensorDirectConnection* c, const sensors_direct_cfg_t* config) {
+    int deviceId = c->getDeviceId();
+    int sensorDeviceId = getDeviceIdFromHandle(sensorHandle);
+    if (sensorDeviceId != c->getDeviceId()) {
+        ALOGE("Cannot configure direct channel created for device %d with a sensor that belongs"
+              "to device %d", c->getDeviceId(), sensorDeviceId);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    auto runtimeSensorCallback = mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.find(deviceId);
+    if (runtimeSensorCallback == mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.end()) {
+        ALOGE("Runtime sensor callback for deviceId %d not found", deviceId);
+        return BAD_VALUE;
+    }
+    return runtimeSensorCallback->second->onDirectChannelConfigured(
+            c->getHalChannelHandle(), sensorHandle, config->rate_level);
+}
+
 int SensorService::setOperationParameter(
             int32_t handle, int32_t type,
             const Vector<float> &floats, const Vector<int32_t> &ints) {
@@ -1769,8 +1816,18 @@
 void SensorService::cleanupConnection(SensorDirectConnection* c) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
 
-    SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
-    dev.unregisterDirectChannel(c->getHalChannelHandle());
+    int deviceId = c->getDeviceId();
+    if (deviceId == RuntimeSensor::DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID) {
+        SensorDevice& dev(SensorDevice::getInstance());
+        dev.unregisterDirectChannel(c->getHalChannelHandle());
+    } else {
+        auto runtimeSensorCallback = mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.find(deviceId);
+        if (runtimeSensorCallback != mRuntimeSensorCallbacks.end()) {
+            runtimeSensorCallback->second->onDirectChannelDestroyed(c->getHalChannelHandle());
+        } else {
+            ALOGE("Runtime sensor callback for deviceId %d not found", deviceId);
+        }
+    }
     mConnectionHolder.removeDirectConnection(c);
 }
 
@@ -1848,6 +1905,19 @@
     return mSensors.getInterface(handle);
 }
 
+int SensorService::getDeviceIdFromHandle(int handle) const {
+    int deviceId = RuntimeSensor::DEFAULT_DEVICE_ID;
+    mSensors.forEachEntry(
+            [&deviceId, handle] (const SensorServiceUtil::SensorList::Entry& e) -> bool {
+                if (e.si->getSensor().getHandle() == handle) {
+                    deviceId = e.deviceId;
+                    return false;  // stop iterating
+                }
+                return true;
+            });
+    return deviceId;
+}
+
 status_t SensorService::enable(const sp<SensorEventConnection>& connection,
         int handle, nsecs_t samplingPeriodNs, nsecs_t maxBatchReportLatencyNs, int reservedFlags,
         const String16& opPackageName) {
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h
index 3f6a895..fe72a69 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h
+++ b/services/sensorservice/SensorService.h
@@ -154,6 +154,10 @@
         virtual status_t onConfigurationChanged(int handle, bool enabled,
                                                 int64_t samplingPeriodNanos,
                                                 int64_t batchReportLatencyNanos) = 0;
+        virtual int onDirectChannelCreated(int fd) = 0;
+        virtual void onDirectChannelDestroyed(int channelHandle) = 0;
+        virtual int onDirectChannelConfigured(int channelHandle, int sensorHandle,
+                                              int rateLevel) = 0;
     };
 
     static char const* getServiceName() ANDROID_API { return "sensorservice"; }
@@ -187,6 +191,9 @@
     status_t unregisterRuntimeSensor(int handle) ANDROID_API;
     status_t sendRuntimeSensorEvent(const sensors_event_t& event) ANDROID_API;
 
+    int configureRuntimeSensorDirectChannel(int sensorHandle, const SensorDirectConnection* c,
+                                            const sensors_direct_cfg_t* config);
+
     // Returns true if a sensor should be throttled according to our rate-throttling rules.
     static bool isSensorInCappedSet(int sensorType);
 
@@ -370,7 +377,8 @@
             int requestedMode, const String16& opPackageName, const String16& attributionTag);
     virtual int isDataInjectionEnabled();
     virtual sp<ISensorEventConnection> createSensorDirectConnection(const String16& opPackageName,
-            uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format, const native_handle *resource);
+            int deviceId, uint32_t size, int32_t type, int32_t format,
+            const native_handle *resource);
     virtual int setOperationParameter(
             int32_t handle, int32_t type, const Vector<float> &floats, const Vector<int32_t> &ints);
     virtual status_t dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args);
@@ -380,6 +388,7 @@
     String8 getSensorStringType(int handle) const;
     bool isVirtualSensor(int handle) const;
     std::shared_ptr<SensorInterface> getSensorInterfaceFromHandle(int handle) const;
+    int getDeviceIdFromHandle(int handle) const;
     bool isWakeUpSensor(int type) const;
     void recordLastValueLocked(sensors_event_t const* buffer, size_t count);
     static void sortEventBuffer(sensors_event_t* buffer, size_t count);
@@ -517,6 +526,7 @@
     std::unordered_map<int, SensorServiceUtil::RecentEventLogger*> mRecentEvent;
     Mode mCurrentOperatingMode;
     std::queue<sensors_event_t> mRuntimeSensorEventQueue;
+    std::unordered_map</*deviceId*/int, sp<RuntimeSensorCallback>> mRuntimeSensorCallbacks;
 
     // true if the head tracker sensor type is currently restricted to system usage only
     // (can only be unrestricted for testing, via shell cmd)
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/aidl/SensorManager.cpp b/services/sensorservice/aidl/SensorManager.cpp
index b7aecdf..08e00b4 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/aidl/SensorManager.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/aidl/SensorManager.cpp
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@
     if (mPollThread.joinable()) {
         mPollThread.join();
     }
+
+    ::android::SensorManager::removeInstanceForPackage(
+            String16(ISensorManager::descriptor));
 }
 
 ndk::ScopedAStatus createDirectChannel(::android::SensorManager& manager, size_t size, int type,
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/aidl/fuzzer/fuzzer.cpp b/services/sensorservice/aidl/fuzzer/fuzzer.cpp
index 1b63d76..ee8ceb3 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/aidl/fuzzer/fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/aidl/fuzzer/fuzzer.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #include <fuzzbinder/libbinder_ndk_driver.h>
 #include <fuzzer/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
 
-#include <ServiceManager.h>
+#include <fakeservicemanager/FakeServiceManager.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android/binder_interface_utils.h>
 #include <fuzzbinder/random_binder.h>
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 [[clang::no_destroy]] static std::once_flag gSmOnce;
 
 extern "C" int LLVMFuzzerTestOneInput(const uint8_t* data, size_t size) {
-    static android::sp<android::ServiceManager> fakeServiceManager = new android::ServiceManager();
+    static android::sp<android::FakeServiceManager> fakeServiceManager = new android::FakeServiceManager();
     std::call_once(gSmOnce, [&] { setDefaultServiceManager(fakeServiceManager); });
     fakeServiceManager->clear();
 
diff --git a/services/sensorservice/hidl/SensorManager.cpp b/services/sensorservice/hidl/SensorManager.cpp
index f04712c..3d148e1 100644
--- a/services/sensorservice/hidl/SensorManager.cpp
+++ b/services/sensorservice/hidl/SensorManager.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@
     if (mPollThread.joinable()) {
         mPollThread.join();
     }
+
+    ::android::SensorManager::removeInstanceForPackage(
+            String16(ISensorManager::descriptor));
 }
 
 // Methods from ::android::frameworks::sensorservice::V1_0::ISensorManager follow.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
index 32684fc..eae5871 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/LayerFECompositionState.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
+#include <android/gui/CachingHint.h>
 #include <gui/HdrMetadata.h>
 #include <math/mat4.h>
 #include <ui/BlurRegion.h>
@@ -212,8 +213,7 @@
     float currentSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
     float desiredSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
 
-    bool isInternalDisplayOverlay = false;
-
+    gui::CachingHint cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Enabled;
     virtual ~LayerFECompositionState();
 
     // Debugging
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
index 24a7744..d26ca9d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/CachedSet.h
@@ -149,6 +149,9 @@
 
     bool hasSolidColorLayers() const;
 
+    // True if any layer in this cached set has CachingHint::Disabled
+    bool cachingHintExcludesLayers() const;
+
 private:
     const NonBufferHash mFingerprint;
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point mLastUpdate = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
index e309442..d5c488e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/planner/LayerState.h
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
     BackgroundBlurRadius  = 1u << 17,
     BlurRegions           = 1u << 18,
     HasProtectedContent   = 1u << 19,
+    CachingHint           = 1u << 20,
 };
 // clang-format on
 
@@ -250,6 +251,8 @@
 
     bool isProtected() const { return mIsProtected.get(); }
 
+    gui::CachingHint getCachingHint() const { return mCachingHint.get(); }
+
     bool hasSolidColorCompositionType() const {
         return getOutputLayer()->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->compositionType ==
                 aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::SOLID_COLOR;
@@ -487,7 +490,15 @@
         return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->hasProtectedContent;
     }};
 
-    static const constexpr size_t kNumNonUniqueFields = 18;
+    OutputLayerState<gui::CachingHint, LayerStateField::CachingHint>
+            mCachingHint{[](auto layer) {
+                             return layer->getLayerFE().getCompositionState()->cachingHint;
+                         },
+                         [](const gui::CachingHint& cachingHint) {
+                             return std::vector<std::string>{toString(cachingHint)};
+                         }};
+
+    static const constexpr size_t kNumNonUniqueFields = 19;
 
     std::array<StateInterface*, kNumNonUniqueFields> getNonUniqueFields() {
         std::array<const StateInterface*, kNumNonUniqueFields> constFields =
@@ -501,13 +512,11 @@
     }
 
     std::array<const StateInterface*, kNumNonUniqueFields> getNonUniqueFields() const {
-        return {
-                &mDisplayFrame, &mSourceCrop,     &mBufferTransform,      &mBlendMode,
+        return {&mDisplayFrame, &mSourceCrop,     &mBufferTransform,      &mBlendMode,
                 &mAlpha,        &mLayerMetadata,  &mVisibleRegion,        &mOutputDataspace,
                 &mPixelFormat,  &mColorTransform, &mCompositionType,      &mSidebandStream,
                 &mBuffer,       &mSolidColor,     &mBackgroundBlurRadius, &mBlurRegions,
-                &mFrameNumber,  &mIsProtected,
-        };
+                &mFrameNumber,  &mIsProtected,    &mCachingHint};
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp
index 531b659..615d04b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/LayerFECompositionState.cpp
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@
         dumpVal(out, "desired sdr/hdr ratio", desiredSdrHdrRatio);
     }
     dumpVal(out, "colorTransform", colorTransform);
+    dumpVal(out, "caching hint", toString(cachingHint));
 
     out.append("\n");
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 7d94316..175dd1d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -538,8 +538,8 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    bool computeAboveCoveredExcludingOverlays =
-            coverage.aboveCoveredLayersExcludingOverlays && !layerFEState->isInternalDisplayOverlay;
+    bool computeAboveCoveredExcludingOverlays = coverage.aboveCoveredLayersExcludingOverlays &&
+            !layerFEState->outputFilter.toInternalDisplay;
 
     /*
      * opaqueRegion: area of a surface that is fully opaque.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
index ed9a88d..a00ce57 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/CachedSet.cpp
@@ -393,6 +393,18 @@
     });
 }
 
+bool CachedSet::cachingHintExcludesLayers() const {
+    const bool shouldExcludeLayers =
+            std::any_of(mLayers.cbegin(), mLayers.cend(), [](const Layer& layer) {
+                return layer.getState()->getCachingHint() == gui::CachingHint::Disabled;
+            });
+
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(shouldExcludeLayers && getLayerCount() > 1,
+                        "CachedSet is invalid: should be excluded but contains %zu layers",
+                        getLayerCount());
+    return shouldExcludeLayers;
+}
+
 void CachedSet::dump(std::string& result) const {
     const auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
index 9175dd0..13b6307 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/planner/Flattener.cpp
@@ -413,6 +413,7 @@
     for (auto currentSet = mLayers.cbegin(); currentSet != mLayers.cend(); ++currentSet) {
         bool layerIsInactive = now - currentSet->getLastUpdate() > mTunables.mActiveLayerTimeout;
         const bool layerHasBlur = currentSet->hasBlurBehind();
+        const bool layerDeniedFromCaching = currentSet->cachingHintExcludesLayers();
 
         // Layers should also be considered inactive whenever their framerate is lower than 1fps.
         if (!layerIsInactive && currentSet->getLayerCount() == kNumLayersFpsConsideration) {
@@ -424,7 +425,8 @@
             }
         }
 
-        if (layerIsInactive && (firstLayer || runHasFirstLayer || !layerHasBlur) &&
+        if (!layerDeniedFromCaching && layerIsInactive &&
+            (firstLayer || runHasFirstLayer || !layerHasBlur) &&
             !currentSet->hasUnsupportedDataspace()) {
             if (isPartOfRun) {
                 builder.increment();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index 8555fd6..1a56ab7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, getValidateSkipped, (HalDisplayId), (const, override));
     MOCK_METHOD(const aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::OverlayProperties&,
                 getOverlaySupport, (), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(status_t, setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool));
 };
 
 } // namespace mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
index 9ad2edb..aa83883 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
@@ -1312,6 +1312,18 @@
                                  false);
 }
 
+TEST_F(OutputLayerWriteStateToHWCTest, setCompositionTypeRefreshRateIndicator) {
+    mLayerFEState.compositionType = Composition::REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR;
+
+    expectGeometryCommonCalls();
+    expectPerFrameCommonCalls();
+    expectSetHdrMetadataAndBufferCalls();
+    expectSetCompositionTypeCall(Composition::REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR);
+
+    mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(/*includeGeometry*/ true, /*skipLayer*/ false, 0,
+                                 /*zIsOverridden*/ false, /*isPeekingThrough*/ false);
+}
+
 /*
  * OutputLayer::uncacheBuffers
  */
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
index d5d688e..ca5ba69 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/CachedSetTest.cpp
@@ -577,6 +577,20 @@
     cachedSet.append(CachedSet(layer3));
 }
 
+TEST_F(CachedSetTest, cachingHintIncludesLayersByDefault) {
+    CachedSet cachedSet(*mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(cachedSet.cachingHintExcludesLayers());
+}
+
+TEST_F(CachedSetTest, cachingHintExcludesLayersWhenDisabled) {
+    CachedSet::Layer& layer1 = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
+    mTestLayers[0]->layerFECompositionState.cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Disabled;
+    mTestLayers[0]->layerState->update(&mTestLayers[0]->outputLayer);
+
+    CachedSet cachedSet(layer1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(cachedSet.cachingHintExcludesLayers());
+}
+
 TEST_F(CachedSetTest, holePunch_requiresBuffer) {
     CachedSet::Layer& layer1 = *mTestLayers[0]->cachedSetLayer.get();
     auto& layerFECompositionState = mTestLayers[0]->layerFECompositionState;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
index 86cfee6..778a0a8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/FlattenerTest.cpp
@@ -1112,6 +1112,55 @@
                                  true);
 }
 
+TEST_F(FlattenerTest, flattenLayers_skipsLayersDisabledFromCaching) {
+    auto& layerState1 = mTestLayers[0]->layerState;
+    const auto& overrideBuffer1 = layerState1->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+
+    auto& layerState2 = mTestLayers[1]->layerState;
+    const auto& overrideBuffer2 = layerState2->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+
+    // The third layer has a CachingHint that prevents caching from running
+    auto& layerState3 = mTestLayers[2]->layerState;
+    const auto& overrideBuffer3 = layerState3->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
+    mTestLayers[2]->layerFECompositionState.cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Disabled;
+    mTestLayers[2]->layerState->update(&mTestLayers[2]->outputLayer);
+
+    const std::vector<const LayerState*> layers = {
+            layerState1.get(),
+            layerState2.get(),
+            layerState3.get(),
+    };
+
+    initializeFlattener(layers);
+
+    mTime += 200ms;
+    initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getNonBufferHash(layers),
+              mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
+
+    // This will render a CachedSet.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(ByMove(ftl::yield<FenceResult>(Fence::NO_FENCE))));
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt, true);
+
+    // We've rendered a CachedSet, but we haven't merged it in.
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer3);
+
+    // This time we merge the CachedSet in, so we have a new hash, and we should
+    // only have two sets.
+    EXPECT_CALL(mRenderEngine, drawLayers(_, _, _, _, _)).Times(0);
+    initializeOverrideBuffer(layers);
+    EXPECT_NE(getNonBufferHash(layers),
+              mFlattener->flattenLayers(layers, getNonBufferHash(layers), mTime));
+    mFlattener->renderCachedSets(mOutputState, std::nullopt, true);
+
+    EXPECT_NE(nullptr, overrideBuffer1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(overrideBuffer1, overrideBuffer2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, overrideBuffer3);
+}
+
 TEST_F(FlattenerTest, flattenLayers_skipsBT601_625) {
     auto& layerState1 = mTestLayers[0]->layerState;
     const auto& overrideBuffer1 = layerState1->getOutputLayer()->getState().overrideInfo.buffer;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/LayerStateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/LayerStateTest.cpp
index 47b6820..044917e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/LayerStateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/planner/LayerStateTest.cpp
@@ -994,6 +994,45 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mLayerState->hasBlurBehind());
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerStateTest, updateCachingHint) {
+    OutputLayerCompositionState outputLayerCompositionState;
+    LayerFECompositionState layerFECompositionState;
+    layerFECompositionState.cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Enabled;
+    setupMocksForLayer(mOutputLayer, *mLayerFE, outputLayerCompositionState,
+                       layerFECompositionState);
+    mLayerState = std::make_unique<LayerState>(&mOutputLayer);
+
+    mock::OutputLayer newOutputLayer;
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> newLayerFE = sp<mock::LayerFE>::make();
+    LayerFECompositionState layerFECompositionStateTwo;
+    layerFECompositionStateTwo.cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Disabled;
+    setupMocksForLayer(newOutputLayer, *newLayerFE, outputLayerCompositionState,
+                       layerFECompositionStateTwo);
+    ftl::Flags<LayerStateField> updates = mLayerState->update(&newOutputLayer);
+    EXPECT_EQ(ftl::Flags<LayerStateField>(LayerStateField::CachingHint), updates);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerStateTest, compareCachingHint) {
+    OutputLayerCompositionState outputLayerCompositionState;
+    LayerFECompositionState layerFECompositionState;
+    layerFECompositionState.cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Enabled;
+    setupMocksForLayer(mOutputLayer, *mLayerFE, outputLayerCompositionState,
+                       layerFECompositionState);
+    mLayerState = std::make_unique<LayerState>(&mOutputLayer);
+    mock::OutputLayer newOutputLayer;
+    sp<mock::LayerFE> newLayerFE = sp<mock::LayerFE>::make();
+    LayerFECompositionState layerFECompositionStateTwo;
+    layerFECompositionStateTwo.cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Disabled;
+    setupMocksForLayer(newOutputLayer, *newLayerFE, outputLayerCompositionState,
+                       layerFECompositionStateTwo);
+    auto otherLayerState = std::make_unique<LayerState>(&newOutputLayer);
+
+    verifyNonUniqueDifferingFields(*mLayerState, *otherLayerState, LayerStateField::CachingHint);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mLayerState->compare(*otherLayerState));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(otherLayerState->compare(*mLayerState));
+}
+
 TEST_F(LayerStateTest, dumpDoesNotCrash) {
     OutputLayerCompositionState outputLayerCompositionState;
     LayerFECompositionState layerFECompositionState;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 5f73fbc..064bbd2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@
             .receivesInput = receivesInput(),
             .isSecure = isSecure(),
             .isPrimary = isPrimary(),
+            .isVirtual = isVirtual(),
             .rotationFlags = ui::Transform::toRotationFlags(mOrientation),
             .transformHint = getTransformHint()};
 }
@@ -408,8 +409,8 @@
                            capabilities.getDesiredMinLuminance());
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool showSpinner, bool showRenderRate,
-                                             bool showInMiddle) {
+void DisplayDevice::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool setByHwc, bool showSpinner,
+                                             bool showRenderRate, bool showInMiddle) {
     if (!enable) {
         mRefreshRateOverlay.reset();
         return;
@@ -428,11 +429,22 @@
         features |= RefreshRateOverlay::Features::ShowInMiddle;
     }
 
+    if (setByHwc) {
+        features |= RefreshRateOverlay::Features::SetByHwc;
+    }
+
     const auto fpsRange = mRefreshRateSelector->getSupportedRefreshRateRange();
     mRefreshRateOverlay = std::make_unique<RefreshRateOverlay>(fpsRange, features);
     mRefreshRateOverlay->setLayerStack(getLayerStack());
     mRefreshRateOverlay->setViewport(getSize());
-    mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRefreshRate(getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps(), getActiveMode().fps);
+    updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps(), getActiveMode().fps);
+}
+
+void DisplayDevice::updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(Fps displayFps, Fps renderFps, bool setByHwc) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    if (mRefreshRateOverlay && (!mRefreshRateOverlay->isSetByHwc() || setByHwc)) {
+        mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRefreshRate(displayFps, renderFps);
+    }
 }
 
 bool DisplayDevice::onKernelTimerChanged(std::optional<DisplayModeId> desiredModeId,
@@ -441,7 +453,7 @@
         const auto newMode =
                 mRefreshRateSelector->onKernelTimerChanged(desiredModeId, timerExpired);
         if (newMode) {
-            mRefreshRateOverlay->changeRefreshRate(newMode->modePtr->getFps(), newMode->fps);
+            updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(newMode->modePtr->getFps(), newMode->fps);
             return true;
         }
     }
@@ -510,21 +522,21 @@
     mDesiredActiveModeChanged = false;
 }
 
-void DisplayDevice::adjustRefreshRate(Fps leaderDisplayRefreshRate) {
+void DisplayDevice::adjustRefreshRate(Fps pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate) {
     using fps_approx_ops::operator==;
     if (mRequestedRefreshRate == 0_Hz) {
         return;
     }
 
     using fps_approx_ops::operator>;
-    if (mRequestedRefreshRate > leaderDisplayRefreshRate) {
-        mAdjustedRefreshRate = leaderDisplayRefreshRate;
+    if (mRequestedRefreshRate > pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate) {
+        mAdjustedRefreshRate = pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate;
         return;
     }
 
     unsigned divisor = static_cast<unsigned>(
-            std::round(leaderDisplayRefreshRate.getValue() / mRequestedRefreshRate.getValue()));
-    mAdjustedRefreshRate = leaderDisplayRefreshRate / divisor;
+            std::round(pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate.getValue() / mRequestedRefreshRate.getValue()));
+    mAdjustedRefreshRate = pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate / divisor;
 }
 
 std::atomic<int32_t> DisplayDeviceState::sNextSequenceId(1);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index b86d9be..d9c3e1c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -237,8 +237,9 @@
     }
 
     // Enables an overlay to be displayed with the current refresh rate
-    void enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool showSpinner, bool showRenderRate,
+    void enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable, bool setByHwc, bool showSpinner, bool showRenderRate,
                                   bool showInMiddle) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    void updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(Fps displayFps, Fps renderFps, bool setByHwc = false);
     bool isRefreshRateOverlayEnabled() const { return mRefreshRateOverlay != nullptr; }
     bool onKernelTimerChanged(std::optional<DisplayModeId>, bool timerExpired);
     void animateRefreshRateOverlay();
@@ -247,9 +248,9 @@
 
     Fps getAdjustedRefreshRate() const { return mAdjustedRefreshRate; }
 
-    // Round the requested refresh rate to match a divisor of the leader
+    // Round the requested refresh rate to match a divisor of the pacesetter
     // display's refresh rate. Only supported for virtual displays.
-    void adjustRefreshRate(Fps leaderDisplayRefreshRate);
+    void adjustRefreshRate(Fps pacesetterDisplayRefreshRate);
 
     // release HWC resources (if any) for removable displays
     void disconnect();
@@ -290,7 +291,7 @@
     // for virtual displays to match this requested refresh rate.
     const Fps mRequestedRefreshRate;
 
-    // Adjusted refresh rate, rounded to match a divisor of the leader
+    // Adjusted refresh rate, rounded to match a divisor of the pacesetter
     // display's refresh rate. Only supported for virtual displays.
     Fps mAdjustedRefreshRate = 0_Hz;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
index 4194a7e..bd2680f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -1428,6 +1428,19 @@
     return Error::NONE;
 }
 
+Error AidlComposer::setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(Display displayId, bool enabled) {
+    const auto status =
+            mAidlComposerClient->setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(translate<int64_t>(
+                                                                                   displayId),
+                                                                           enabled);
+    if (!status.isOk()) {
+        ALOGE("setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled failed %s",
+              status.getDescription().c_str());
+        return static_cast<Error>(status.getServiceSpecificError());
+    }
+    return Error::NONE;
+}
+
 Error AidlComposer::getClientTargetProperty(
         Display display, ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness* outClientTargetProperty) {
     Error error = Error::NONE;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
index d163ff2..8313c09 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/AidlComposerHal.h
@@ -239,6 +239,7 @@
     void onHotplugDisconnect(Display) override;
     Error getHdrConversionCapabilities(std::vector<HdrConversionCapability>*) override;
     Error setHdrConversionStrategy(HdrConversionStrategy, Hdr*) override;
+    Error setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(Display, bool) override;
 
 private:
     // Many public functions above simply write a command into the command
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
index 9b9b7fd..c65c572 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h
@@ -294,6 +294,7 @@
             std::vector<::aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionCapability>*) = 0;
     virtual Error setHdrConversionStrategy(
             ::aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy, Hdr*) = 0;
+    virtual Error setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(Display, bool) = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace Hwc2
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 470bf76..28148ac 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -808,6 +808,21 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
+status_t HWComposer::setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                                               bool enabled) {
+    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
+    const auto error =
+            mComposer->setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(mDisplayData[displayId]
+                                                                         .hwcDisplay->getId(),
+                                                                 enabled);
+    if (error != hal::Error::NONE) {
+        ALOGE("Error in setting refresh refresh rate change callback debug enabled %s",
+              to_string(error).c_str());
+        return INVALID_OPERATION;
+    }
+    return NO_ERROR;
+}
+
 status_t HWComposer::getDisplayDecorationSupport(
         PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
         std::optional<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::DisplayDecorationSupport>*
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index 95568eb..7a3f41c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -297,6 +297,7 @@
     virtual status_t setHdrConversionStrategy(
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy,
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Hdr*) = 0;
+    virtual status_t setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enabled) = 0;
 };
 
 static inline bool operator==(const android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges& lhs,
@@ -453,6 +454,7 @@
     status_t setHdrConversionStrategy(
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy,
             aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::Hdr*) override;
+    status_t setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool enabled) override;
 
     // for debugging ----------------------------------------------------------
     void dump(std::string& out) const override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
index 9bc62b6..23de4fa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.cpp
@@ -1358,6 +1358,10 @@
     return Error::UNSUPPORTED;
 }
 
+Error HidlComposer::setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(Display, bool) {
+    return Error::UNSUPPORTED;
+}
+
 Error HidlComposer::getClientTargetProperty(
         Display display, ClientTargetPropertyWithBrightness* outClientTargetProperty) {
     IComposerClient::ClientTargetProperty property;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
index 2bab1fe..d04652b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HidlComposerHal.h
@@ -348,6 +348,7 @@
             override;
     Error setHdrConversionStrategy(aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy,
                                    Hdr*) override;
+    Error setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(Display, bool) override;
 
 private:
     class CommandWriter : public CommandWriterBase {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
index 925f111..ded734e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.cpp
@@ -885,15 +885,17 @@
 
 void FrameTimeline::DisplayFrame::classifyJank(nsecs_t& deadlineDelta, nsecs_t& deltaToVsync,
                                                nsecs_t previousPresentTime) {
-    if (mPredictionState == PredictionState::Expired ||
-        mSurfaceFlingerActuals.presentTime == Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_INVALID) {
+    const bool presentTimeValid =
+            mSurfaceFlingerActuals.presentTime >= mSurfaceFlingerActuals.startTime;
+    if (mPredictionState == PredictionState::Expired || !presentTimeValid) {
         // Cannot do jank classification with expired predictions or invalid signal times. Set the
         // deltas to 0 as both negative and positive deltas are used as real values.
         mJankType = JankType::Unknown;
         deadlineDelta = 0;
         deltaToVsync = 0;
-        if (mSurfaceFlingerActuals.presentTime == Fence::SIGNAL_TIME_INVALID) {
+        if (!presentTimeValid) {
             mSurfaceFlingerActuals.presentTime = mSurfaceFlingerActuals.endTime;
+            mJankType |= JankType::DisplayHAL;
         }
 
         return;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
index 6b9d7a2..76b36fe 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
     bool isSecure;
     // TODO(b/238781169) can eliminate once sPrimaryDisplayRotationFlags is removed.
     bool isPrimary;
+    bool isVirtual;
     ui::Transform::RotationFlags rotationFlags;
     ui::Transform::RotationFlags transformHint;
     std::string getDebugString() const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.cpp
index 6d492c0..ce21233 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.cpp
@@ -24,9 +24,13 @@
 
 std::atomic<uint32_t> LayerCreationArgs::sSequence{1};
 
+uint32_t LayerCreationArgs::getInternalLayerId(uint32_t id) {
+    return id | INTERNAL_LAYER_PREFIX;
+}
+
 LayerCreationArgs::LayerCreationArgs(SurfaceFlinger* flinger, sp<Client> client, std::string name,
                                      uint32_t flags, gui::LayerMetadata metadataArg,
-                                     std::optional<uint32_t> id)
+                                     std::optional<uint32_t> id, bool internalLayer)
       : flinger(flinger),
         client(std::move(client)),
         name(std::move(name)),
@@ -46,17 +50,28 @@
 
     if (id) {
         sequence = *id;
-        sSequence = *id + 1;
+        if (internalLayer) {
+            sequence = getInternalLayerId(*id);
+        } else {
+            sSequence = *id + 1;
+        }
     } else {
         sequence = sSequence++;
-        if (sequence == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
+        if (sequence >= INTERNAL_LAYER_PREFIX) {
+            sSequence = 1;
             ALOGW("Layer sequence id rolled over.");
             sequence = sSequence++;
         }
     }
 }
 
-LayerCreationArgs::LayerCreationArgs(const LayerCreationArgs& args)
-      : LayerCreationArgs(args.flinger, args.client, args.name, args.flags, args.metadata) {}
+LayerCreationArgs::LayerCreationArgs(std::optional<uint32_t> id, bool internalLayer)
+      : LayerCreationArgs(nullptr, nullptr, /*name=*/"", /*flags=*/0, /*metadata=*/{}, id,
+                          internalLayer) {}
+
+LayerCreationArgs LayerCreationArgs::fromOtherArgs(const LayerCreationArgs& other) {
+    // returns a new instance of LayerCreationArgs with a unique id.
+    return LayerCreationArgs(other.flinger, other.client, other.name, other.flags, other.metadata);
+}
 
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h
index 9d2aaab..011250c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 
 constexpr uint32_t UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID = std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
+constexpr uint32_t INTERNAL_LAYER_PREFIX = 1u << 31;
 
 namespace android {
 class SurfaceFlinger;
@@ -35,11 +36,14 @@
 
 struct LayerCreationArgs {
     static std::atomic<uint32_t> sSequence;
+    static uint32_t getInternalLayerId(uint32_t id);
+    static LayerCreationArgs fromOtherArgs(const LayerCreationArgs& other);
 
     LayerCreationArgs(android::SurfaceFlinger*, sp<android::Client>, std::string name,
-                      uint32_t flags, gui::LayerMetadata,
-                      std::optional<uint32_t> id = std::nullopt);
-    LayerCreationArgs(const LayerCreationArgs&);
+                      uint32_t flags, gui::LayerMetadata, std::optional<uint32_t> id = std::nullopt,
+                      bool internalLayer = false);
+    LayerCreationArgs(std::optional<uint32_t> id, bool internalLayer = false);
+    LayerCreationArgs() = default; // for tracing
 
     android::SurfaceFlinger* flinger;
     sp<android::Client> client;
@@ -54,6 +58,8 @@
     wp<IBinder> parentHandle = nullptr;
     wp<IBinder> mirrorLayerHandle = nullptr;
     ui::LayerStack layerStackToMirror = ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK;
+    uint32_t parentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    uint32_t layerIdToMirror = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp
index afe557e..c30465f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.cpp
@@ -130,6 +130,14 @@
     return mLayer;
 }
 
+const LayerHierarchy* LayerHierarchy::getRelativeParent() const {
+    return mRelativeParent;
+}
+
+const LayerHierarchy* LayerHierarchy::getParent() const {
+    return mParent;
+}
+
 std::string LayerHierarchy::getDebugStringShort() const {
     std::string debug = "LayerHierarchy{";
     debug += ((mLayer) ? mLayer->getDebugString() : "root") + " ";
@@ -449,7 +457,7 @@
     traversalPath.id = layerId;
     traversalPath.variant = variant;
     if (variant == LayerHierarchy::Variant::Mirror) {
-        traversalPath.mirrorRootId = layerId;
+        traversalPath.mirrorRootId = mParentPath.id;
     } else if (variant == LayerHierarchy::Variant::Relative) {
         if (std::find(traversalPath.relativeRootIds.begin(), traversalPath.relativeRootIds.end(),
                       layerId) != traversalPath.relativeRootIds.end()) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h
index 2ab897b..3dd89ba 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h
@@ -128,16 +128,24 @@
     // Traverse the hierarchy and visit all child variants.
     void traverse(const Visitor& visitor) const {
         TraversalPath root = TraversalPath::ROOT;
+        if (mLayer) {
+            root.id = mLayer->id;
+        }
         traverse(visitor, root);
     }
 
     // Traverse the hierarchy in z-order, skipping children that have relative parents.
     void traverseInZOrder(const Visitor& visitor) const {
         TraversalPath root = TraversalPath::ROOT;
+        if (mLayer) {
+            root.id = mLayer->id;
+        }
         traverseInZOrder(visitor, root);
     }
 
     const RequestedLayerState* getLayer() const;
+    const LayerHierarchy* getRelativeParent() const;
+    const LayerHierarchy* getParent() const;
     std::string getDebugString(const char* prefix = "") const;
     std::string getDebugStringShort() const;
     // Traverse the hierarchy and return true if loops are found. The outInvalidRelativeRoot
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp
index 66197be..3706225 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.cpp
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerLifecycleManager"
 
 #include "LayerLifecycleManager.h"
-#include "Layer.h" // temporarily needed for LayerHandle
-#include "LayerHandle.h"
+#include "Client.h" // temporarily needed for LayerCreationArgs
 #include "LayerLog.h"
 #include "SwapErase.h"
 
@@ -37,7 +36,6 @@
     mGlobalChanges |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy;
     for (auto& newLayer : newLayers) {
         RequestedLayerState& layer = *newLayer.get();
-        LLOGV(layer.id, "%s layer %s", __func__, layer.getDebugStringShort().c_str());
         auto [it, inserted] = mIdToLayer.try_emplace(layer.id, References{.owner = layer});
         if (!inserted) {
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("Duplicate layer id %d found. Existing layer: %s", layer.id,
@@ -68,19 +66,23 @@
         if (layer.isRoot()) {
             updateDisplayMirrorLayers(layer);
         }
+        LLOGV(layer.id, "%s", layer.getDebugString().c_str());
         mLayers.emplace_back(std::move(newLayer));
     }
 }
 
-void LayerLifecycleManager::onHandlesDestroyed(const std::vector<uint32_t>& destroyedHandles) {
+void LayerLifecycleManager::onHandlesDestroyed(const std::vector<uint32_t>& destroyedHandles,
+                                               bool ignoreUnknownHandles) {
     std::vector<uint32_t> layersToBeDestroyed;
     for (const auto& layerId : destroyedHandles) {
         auto it = mIdToLayer.find(layerId);
         if (it == mIdToLayer.end()) {
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s Layerid not found %d", __func__, layerId);
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!ignoreUnknownHandles, "%s Layerid not found %d", __func__,
+                                layerId);
             continue;
         }
         RequestedLayerState& layer = it->second.owner;
+        LLOGV(layer.id, "%s", layer.getDebugString().c_str());
         layer.handleAlive = false;
         if (!layer.canBeDestroyed()) {
             continue;
@@ -148,7 +150,7 @@
     while (it != mLayers.end()) {
         RequestedLayerState* layer = it->get();
         if (layer->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Destroyed)) {
-            LLOGV(layer->id, "destroyed layer %s", layer->getDebugStringShort().c_str());
+            LLOGV(layer->id, "destroyed %s", layer->getDebugStringShort().c_str());
             std::iter_swap(it, mLayers.end() - 1);
             mDestroyedLayers.emplace_back(std::move(mLayers.back()));
             if (it == mLayers.end() - 1) {
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@
     for (const auto& transaction : transactions) {
         for (const auto& resolvedComposerState : transaction.states) {
             const auto& clientState = resolvedComposerState.state;
-            uint32_t layerId = LayerHandle::getLayerId(clientState.surface);
+            uint32_t layerId = resolvedComposerState.layerId;
             if (layerId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
                 ALOGW("%s Handle %p is not valid", __func__, clientState.surface.get());
                 continue;
@@ -174,53 +176,57 @@
 
             RequestedLayerState* layer = getLayerFromId(layerId);
             if (layer == nullptr) {
-                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s Layer with handle %p (layerid=%d) not found", __func__,
-                                 clientState.surface.get(), layerId);
+                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s Layer with layerid=%d not found", __func__, layerId);
                 continue;
             }
 
             if (!layer->handleAlive) {
-                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s Layer's handle %p (layerid=%d) is not alive. Possible out of "
+                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s Layer's with layerid=%d) is not alive. Possible out of "
                                  "order LayerLifecycleManager updates",
-                                 __func__, clientState.surface.get(), layerId);
+                                 __func__, layerId);
                 continue;
             }
 
+            if (transaction.flags & ISurfaceComposer::eAnimation) {
+                layer->changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Animation;
+            }
+
             uint32_t oldParentId = layer->parentId;
             uint32_t oldRelativeParentId = layer->relativeParentId;
             uint32_t oldTouchCropId = layer->touchCropId;
             layer->merge(resolvedComposerState);
 
             if (layer->what & layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged) {
-                if (layer->bgColorLayerId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID && layer->bgColorAlpha != 0) {
-                    LayerCreationArgs backgroundLayerArgs{nullptr,
-                                                          nullptr,
-                                                          layer->name + "BackgroundColorLayer",
-                                                          ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect,
-                                                          {}};
+                if (layer->bgColorLayerId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID && layer->bgColor.a != 0) {
+                    LayerCreationArgs backgroundLayerArgs(layer->id,
+                                                          /*internalLayer=*/true);
+                    backgroundLayerArgs.parentId = layer->id;
+                    backgroundLayerArgs.name = layer->name + "BackgroundColorLayer";
+                    backgroundLayerArgs.flags = ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect;
                     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>> newLayers;
                     newLayers.emplace_back(
                             std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(backgroundLayerArgs));
                     RequestedLayerState* backgroundLayer = newLayers.back().get();
+                    backgroundLayer->bgColorLayer = true;
                     backgroundLayer->handleAlive = false;
                     backgroundLayer->parentId = layer->id;
                     backgroundLayer->z = std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::min();
-                    backgroundLayer->color.rgb = layer->color.rgb;
-                    backgroundLayer->color.a = layer->bgColorAlpha;
+                    backgroundLayer->color = layer->bgColor;
                     backgroundLayer->dataspace = layer->bgColorDataspace;
-
                     layer->bgColorLayerId = backgroundLayer->id;
                     addLayers({std::move(newLayers)});
-                } else if (layer->bgColorLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID &&
-                           layer->bgColorAlpha == 0) {
+                } else if (layer->bgColorLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID && layer->bgColor.a == 0) {
                     RequestedLayerState* bgColorLayer = getLayerFromId(layer->bgColorLayerId);
-                    bgColorLayer->parentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
-                    onHandlesDestroyed({layer->bgColorLayerId});
+                    layer->bgColorLayerId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+                    bgColorLayer->parentId = unlinkLayer(bgColorLayer->parentId, bgColorLayer->id);
+                    onHandlesDestroyed({bgColorLayer->id});
                 } else if (layer->bgColorLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
                     RequestedLayerState* bgColorLayer = getLayerFromId(layer->bgColorLayerId);
-                    bgColorLayer->color.rgb = layer->color.rgb;
-                    bgColorLayer->color.a = layer->bgColorAlpha;
+                    bgColorLayer->color = layer->bgColor;
                     bgColorLayer->dataspace = layer->bgColorDataspace;
+                    bgColorLayer->what |= layer_state_t::eColorChanged |
+                            layer_state_t::eDataspaceChanged | layer_state_t::eAlphaChanged;
+                    bgColorLayer->changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Content;
                     mGlobalChanges |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Content;
                 }
             }
@@ -256,8 +262,7 @@
                 listener->onLayerAdded(*layer);
             }
         }
-        layer->what = 0;
-        layer->changes.clear();
+        layer->clearChanges();
     }
 
     for (auto& destroyedLayer : mDestroyedLayers) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h
index 25d27ee..3d9a74c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h
@@ -40,7 +40,10 @@
     // External state changes should be updated in the following order:
     void addLayers(std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>>);
     void applyTransactions(const std::vector<TransactionState>&);
-    void onHandlesDestroyed(const std::vector<uint32_t>&);
+    // Ignore unknown handles when iteroping with legacy front end. In the old world, we
+    // would create child layers which are not necessary with the new front end. This means
+    // we will get notified for handle changes that don't exist in the new front end.
+    void onHandlesDestroyed(const std::vector<uint32_t>&, bool ignoreUnknownHandles = false);
 
     // Detaches the layer from its relative parent to prevent a loop in the
     // layer hierarchy. This overrides the RequestedLayerState and leaves
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLog.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLog.h
index 47e1e30..4943483 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLog.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerLog.h
@@ -25,3 +25,5 @@
 #else
 #define LLOGV(LAYER_ID, x, ...) ALOGV("[%d] %s " x, (LAYER_ID), __func__, ##__VA_ARGS__);
 #endif
+
+#define LLOGD(LAYER_ID, x, ...) ALOGD("[%d] %s " x, (LAYER_ID), __func__, ##__VA_ARGS__);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp
index dbb7fbf..8a45093 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.cpp
@@ -27,14 +27,22 @@
 LayerSnapshot::LayerSnapshot(const RequestedLayerState& state,
                              const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& path)
       : path(path) {
+    static uint32_t sUniqueSequenceId = 0;
+    // Provide a unique id for clones otherwise keeping using the sequence id.
+    // The seq id can still be useful for debugging if its available.
+    uniqueSequence = (path.isClone()) ? sUniqueSequenceId++ : state.id;
     sequence = static_cast<int32_t>(state.id);
     name = state.name;
     textureName = state.textureName;
     premultipliedAlpha = state.premultipliedAlpha;
     inputInfo.name = state.name;
-    inputInfo.id = static_cast<int32_t>(state.id);
+    inputInfo.id = static_cast<int32_t>(uniqueSequence);
     inputInfo.ownerUid = static_cast<int32_t>(state.ownerUid);
     inputInfo.ownerPid = state.ownerPid;
+    changes = RequestedLayerState::Changes::Created;
+    mirrorRootPath = path.variant == LayerHierarchy::Variant::Mirror
+            ? path
+            : LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath::ROOT;
 }
 
 // As documented in libhardware header, formats in the range
@@ -139,7 +147,8 @@
     // visible
     std::stringstream reason;
     if (sidebandStream != nullptr) reason << " sidebandStream";
-    if (externalTexture != nullptr) reason << " buffer";
+    if (externalTexture != nullptr)
+        reason << " buffer:" << externalTexture->getId() << " frame:" << frameNumber;
     if (fillsColor() || color.a > 0.0f) reason << " color{" << color << "}";
     if (drawShadows()) reason << " shadowSettings.length=" << shadowSettings.length;
     if (backgroundBlurRadius > 0) reason << " backgroundBlurRadius=" << backgroundBlurRadius;
@@ -164,7 +173,8 @@
 std::string LayerSnapshot::getDebugString() const {
     std::stringstream debug;
     debug << "Snapshot{" << path.toString() << name << " isVisible=" << isVisible << " {"
-          << getIsVisibleReason() << "} changes=" << changes.string() << "}";
+          << getIsVisibleReason() << "} changes=" << changes.string()
+          << " layerStack=" << outputFilter.layerStack.id << "}";
     return debug.str();
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h
index 5d74203..6fb2f57 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@
     bool isHiddenByPolicyFromParent = false;
     bool isHiddenByPolicyFromRelativeParent = false;
     ftl::Flags<RequestedLayerState::Changes> changes;
+    // Some consumers of this snapshot (input, layer traces) rely on each snapshot to be unique.
+    // For mirrored layers, snapshots will have the same sequence so this unique id provides
+    // an alternative identifier when needed.
+    uint32_t uniqueSequence;
+    // Layer id used to create this snapshot. Multiple snapshots will have the same sequence if they
+    // generated from the same layer, for example when mirroring.
     int32_t sequence;
     std::string name;
     uint32_t textureName;
@@ -84,6 +90,9 @@
     scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRate frameRate;
     ui::Transform::RotationFlags fixedTransformHint;
     bool handleSkipScreenshotFlag = false;
+    int32_t frameRateSelectionPriority;
+    LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath mirrorRootPath;
+    bool unreachable = true;
     ChildState childState;
 
     static bool isOpaqueFormat(PixelFormat format);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
index c9aeb24..a16de1b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.cpp
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
     // InputDispatcher, and obviously if they aren't visible they can't occlude
     // anything.
     const bool visibleForInput =
-            (snapshot.inputInfo.token != nullptr) ? snapshot.canReceiveInput() : snapshot.isVisible;
+            snapshot.hasInputInfo() ? snapshot.canReceiveInput() : snapshot.isVisible;
     snapshot.inputInfo.setInputConfig(gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::NOT_VISIBLE, !visibleForInput);
 }
 
@@ -296,6 +296,26 @@
                     gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::NO_INPUT_CHANNEL);
 }
 
+void updateMetadata(LayerSnapshot& snapshot, const RequestedLayerState& requested,
+                    const LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args& args) {
+    snapshot.metadata.clear();
+    for (const auto& [key, mandatory] : args.supportedLayerGenericMetadata) {
+        auto compatIter = args.genericLayerMetadataKeyMap.find(key);
+        if (compatIter == std::end(args.genericLayerMetadataKeyMap)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        const uint32_t id = compatIter->second;
+        auto it = requested.metadata.mMap.find(id);
+        if (it == std::end(requested.metadata.mMap)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        snapshot.metadata.emplace(key,
+                                  compositionengine::GenericLayerMetadataEntry{mandatory,
+                                                                               it->second});
+    }
+}
+
 void clearChanges(LayerSnapshot& snapshot) {
     snapshot.changes.clear();
     snapshot.contentDirty = false;
@@ -308,6 +328,7 @@
 
 LayerSnapshot LayerSnapshotBuilder::getRootSnapshot() {
     LayerSnapshot snapshot;
+    snapshot.path = LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath::ROOT;
     snapshot.changes = ftl::Flags<RequestedLayerState::Changes>();
     snapshot.isHiddenByPolicyFromParent = false;
     snapshot.isHiddenByPolicyFromRelativeParent = false;
@@ -337,21 +358,17 @@
 LayerSnapshotBuilder::LayerSnapshotBuilder() : mRootSnapshot(getRootSnapshot()) {}
 
 LayerSnapshotBuilder::LayerSnapshotBuilder(Args args) : LayerSnapshotBuilder() {
-    args.forceUpdate = true;
+    args.forceUpdate = ForceUpdateFlags::ALL;
     updateSnapshots(args);
 }
 
 bool LayerSnapshotBuilder::tryFastUpdate(const Args& args) {
-    if (args.forceUpdate || args.displayChanges) {
+    if (args.forceUpdate != ForceUpdateFlags::NONE || args.displayChanges) {
         // force update requested, or we have display changes, so skip the fast path
         return false;
     }
 
     if (args.layerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().get() == 0) {
-        // there are no changes, so just clear the change flags from before.
-        for (auto& snapshot : mSnapshots) {
-            clearChanges(*snapshot);
-        }
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -376,14 +393,12 @@
     // Walk through the snapshots, clearing previous change flags and updating the snapshots
     // if needed.
     for (auto& snapshot : mSnapshots) {
-        clearChanges(*snapshot);
         auto it = layersWithChanges.find(snapshot->path.id);
         if (it != layersWithChanges.end()) {
             ALOGV("%s fast path snapshot changes = %s", __func__,
                   mRootSnapshot.changes.string().c_str());
             LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath root = LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath::ROOT;
-            updateSnapshot(*snapshot, args, *it->second, mRootSnapshot, root,
-                           /*newSnapshot=*/false);
+            updateSnapshot(*snapshot, args, *it->second, mRootSnapshot, root);
         }
     }
     return true;
@@ -393,37 +408,45 @@
     ATRACE_NAME("UpdateSnapshots");
     if (args.parentCrop) {
         mRootSnapshot.geomLayerBounds = *args.parentCrop;
-    } else if (args.forceUpdate || args.displayChanges) {
+    } else if (args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::ALL || args.displayChanges) {
         mRootSnapshot.geomLayerBounds = getMaxDisplayBounds(args.displays);
     }
     if (args.displayChanges) {
         mRootSnapshot.changes = RequestedLayerState::Changes::AffectsChildren |
                 RequestedLayerState::Changes::Geometry;
     }
+    if (args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::HIERARCHY) {
+        mRootSnapshot.changes |=
+                RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy | RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility;
+    }
     LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath root = LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath::ROOT;
-    for (auto& [childHierarchy, variant] : args.root.mChildren) {
-        LayerHierarchy::ScopedAddToTraversalPath addChildToPath(root,
-                                                                childHierarchy->getLayer()->id,
-                                                                variant);
-        updateSnapshotsInHierarchy(args, *childHierarchy, root, mRootSnapshot);
+    if (args.root.getLayer()) {
+        // The hierarchy can have a root layer when used for screenshots otherwise, it will have
+        // multiple children.
+        LayerHierarchy::ScopedAddToTraversalPath addChildToPath(root, args.root.getLayer()->id,
+                                                                LayerHierarchy::Variant::Attached);
+        updateSnapshotsInHierarchy(args, args.root, root, mRootSnapshot);
+    } else {
+        for (auto& [childHierarchy, variant] : args.root.mChildren) {
+            LayerHierarchy::ScopedAddToTraversalPath addChildToPath(root,
+                                                                    childHierarchy->getLayer()->id,
+                                                                    variant);
+            updateSnapshotsInHierarchy(args, *childHierarchy, root, mRootSnapshot);
+        }
     }
 
-    sortSnapshotsByZ(args);
+    const bool hasUnreachableSnapshots = sortSnapshotsByZ(args);
     clearChanges(mRootSnapshot);
 
     // Destroy unreachable snapshots
-    if (args.layerLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers().empty()) {
+    if (!hasUnreachableSnapshots) {
         return;
     }
 
-    std::unordered_set<uint32_t> destroyedLayerIds;
-    for (auto& destroyedLayer : args.layerLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers()) {
-        destroyedLayerIds.emplace(destroyedLayer->id);
-    }
     auto it = mSnapshots.begin();
     while (it < mSnapshots.end()) {
         auto& traversalPath = it->get()->path;
-        if (destroyedLayerIds.find(traversalPath.id) == destroyedLayerIds.end()) {
+        if (!it->get()->unreachable) {
             it++;
             continue;
         }
@@ -436,6 +459,10 @@
 }
 
 void LayerSnapshotBuilder::update(const Args& args) {
+    for (auto& snapshot : mSnapshots) {
+        clearChanges(*snapshot);
+    }
+
     if (tryFastUpdate(args)) {
         return;
     }
@@ -449,8 +476,9 @@
     LayerSnapshot* snapshot = getSnapshot(traversalPath);
     const bool newSnapshot = snapshot == nullptr;
     if (newSnapshot) {
-        snapshot = createSnapshot(traversalPath, *layer);
+        snapshot = createSnapshot(traversalPath, *layer, parentSnapshot);
     }
+    scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRate oldFrameRate = snapshot->frameRate;
     if (traversalPath.isRelative()) {
         bool parentIsRelative = traversalPath.variant == LayerHierarchy::Variant::Relative;
         updateRelativeState(*snapshot, parentSnapshot, parentIsRelative, args);
@@ -458,7 +486,7 @@
         if (traversalPath.isAttached()) {
             resetRelativeState(*snapshot);
         }
-        updateSnapshot(*snapshot, args, *layer, parentSnapshot, traversalPath, newSnapshot);
+        updateSnapshot(*snapshot, args, *layer, parentSnapshot, traversalPath);
     }
 
     for (auto& [childHierarchy, variant] : hierarchy.mChildren) {
@@ -469,6 +497,10 @@
                 updateSnapshotsInHierarchy(args, *childHierarchy, traversalPath, *snapshot);
         updateChildState(*snapshot, childSnapshot, args);
     }
+
+    if (oldFrameRate == snapshot->frameRate) {
+        snapshot->changes.clear(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate);
+    }
     return *snapshot;
 }
 
@@ -485,27 +517,34 @@
     return it == mIdToSnapshot.end() ? nullptr : it->second;
 }
 
-LayerSnapshot* LayerSnapshotBuilder::createSnapshot(const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& id,
-                                                    const RequestedLayerState& layer) {
-    mSnapshots.emplace_back(std::make_unique<LayerSnapshot>(layer, id));
+LayerSnapshot* LayerSnapshotBuilder::createSnapshot(const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& path,
+                                                    const RequestedLayerState& layer,
+                                                    const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot) {
+    mSnapshots.emplace_back(std::make_unique<LayerSnapshot>(layer, path));
     LayerSnapshot* snapshot = mSnapshots.back().get();
     snapshot->globalZ = static_cast<size_t>(mSnapshots.size()) - 1;
-    mIdToSnapshot[id] = snapshot;
+    if (path.isClone() && path.variant != LayerHierarchy::Variant::Mirror) {
+        snapshot->mirrorRootPath = parentSnapshot.mirrorRootPath;
+    }
+    mIdToSnapshot[path] = snapshot;
     return snapshot;
 }
 
-void LayerSnapshotBuilder::sortSnapshotsByZ(const Args& args) {
-    if (!mResortSnapshots && !args.forceUpdate &&
+bool LayerSnapshotBuilder::sortSnapshotsByZ(const Args& args) {
+    if (!mResortSnapshots && args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::NONE &&
         !args.layerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().any(
                 RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy |
                 RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility)) {
         // We are not force updating and there are no hierarchy or visibility changes. Avoid sorting
         // the snapshots.
-        return;
+        return false;
     }
-
     mResortSnapshots = false;
 
+    for (auto& snapshot : mSnapshots) {
+        snapshot->unreachable = true;
+    }
+
     size_t globalZ = 0;
     args.root.traverseInZOrder(
             [this, &globalZ](const LayerHierarchy&,
@@ -515,11 +554,7 @@
                     return false;
                 }
 
-                if (snapshot->isHiddenByPolicy() &&
-                    !snapshot->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-
+                snapshot->unreachable = false;
                 if (snapshot->getIsVisible() || snapshot->hasInputInfo()) {
                     updateVisibility(*snapshot, snapshot->getIsVisible());
                     size_t oldZ = snapshot->globalZ;
@@ -537,12 +572,17 @@
                 return true;
             });
     mNumInterestingSnapshots = (int)globalZ;
+    bool hasUnreachableSnapshots = false;
     while (globalZ < mSnapshots.size()) {
         mSnapshots[globalZ]->globalZ = globalZ;
         /* mark unreachable snapshots as explicitly invisible */
         updateVisibility(*mSnapshots[globalZ], false);
+        if (mSnapshots[globalZ]->unreachable) {
+            hasUnreachableSnapshots = true;
+        }
         globalZ++;
     }
+    return hasUnreachableSnapshots;
 }
 
 void LayerSnapshotBuilder::updateRelativeState(LayerSnapshot& snapshot,
@@ -569,7 +609,8 @@
     if (snapshot.childState.hasValidFrameRate) {
         return;
     }
-    if (args.forceUpdate || childSnapshot.changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate)) {
+    if (args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::ALL ||
+        childSnapshot.changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate)) {
         // We return whether this layer ot its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes
         // for the same reason we are allowing touch boost for those layers. See
         // RefreshRateSelector::rankFrameRates for details.
@@ -612,35 +653,32 @@
 void LayerSnapshotBuilder::updateSnapshot(LayerSnapshot& snapshot, const Args& args,
                                           const RequestedLayerState& requested,
                                           const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot,
-                                          const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& path,
-                                          bool newSnapshot) {
+                                          const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& path) {
     // Always update flags and visibility
     ftl::Flags<RequestedLayerState::Changes> parentChanges = parentSnapshot.changes &
             (RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy | RequestedLayerState::Changes::Geometry |
              RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility | RequestedLayerState::Changes::Metadata |
-             RequestedLayerState::Changes::AffectsChildren);
-    snapshot.changes = parentChanges | requested.changes;
+             RequestedLayerState::Changes::AffectsChildren |
+             RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate);
+    snapshot.changes |= parentChanges | requested.changes;
     snapshot.isHiddenByPolicyFromParent = parentSnapshot.isHiddenByPolicyFromParent ||
             parentSnapshot.invalidTransform || requested.isHiddenByPolicy() ||
             (args.excludeLayerIds.find(path.id) != args.excludeLayerIds.end());
     snapshot.contentDirty = requested.what & layer_state_t::CONTENT_DIRTY;
     // TODO(b/238781169) scope down the changes to only buffer updates.
-    snapshot.hasReadyFrame =
-            (snapshot.contentDirty || requested.autoRefresh) && (requested.externalTexture);
-    // TODO(b/238781169) how is this used? ag/15523870
-    snapshot.sidebandStreamHasFrame = false;
+    snapshot.hasReadyFrame = requested.hasReadyFrame();
+    snapshot.sidebandStreamHasFrame = requested.hasSidebandStreamFrame();
     updateSurfaceDamage(requested, snapshot.hasReadyFrame, args.forceFullDamage,
                         snapshot.surfaceDamage);
-
-    const bool forceUpdate = newSnapshot || args.forceUpdate ||
-            snapshot.changes.any(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility |
-                                 RequestedLayerState::Changes::Created);
-    snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack = requested.parentId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID
-            ? parentSnapshot.outputFilter.layerStack
-            : requested.layerStack;
+    snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack = parentSnapshot.path == LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath::ROOT
+            ? requested.layerStack
+            : parentSnapshot.outputFilter.layerStack;
 
     uint32_t displayRotationFlags =
             getDisplayRotationFlags(args.displays, snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack);
+    const bool forceUpdate = args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::ALL ||
+            snapshot.changes.any(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility |
+                                 RequestedLayerState::Changes::Created);
 
     // always update the buffer regardless of visibility
     if (forceUpdate || requested.what & layer_state_t::BUFFER_CHANGES || args.displayChanges) {
@@ -673,7 +711,8 @@
         snapshot.desiredSdrHdrRatio = requested.desiredSdrHdrRatio;
     }
 
-    if (snapshot.isHiddenByPolicyFromParent && !newSnapshot) {
+    if (snapshot.isHiddenByPolicyFromParent &&
+        !snapshot.changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Created)) {
         if (forceUpdate ||
             snapshot.changes.any(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy |
                                  RequestedLayerState::Changes::Geometry |
@@ -690,9 +729,6 @@
         snapshot.isSecure =
                 parentSnapshot.isSecure || (requested.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerSecure);
         snapshot.isTrustedOverlay = parentSnapshot.isTrustedOverlay || requested.isTrustedOverlay;
-        snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack = requested.parentId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID
-                ? parentSnapshot.outputFilter.layerStack
-                : requested.layerStack;
         snapshot.outputFilter.toInternalDisplay = parentSnapshot.outputFilter.toInternalDisplay ||
                 (requested.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
         snapshot.stretchEffect = (requested.stretchEffect.hasEffect())
@@ -708,11 +744,6 @@
         snapshot.gameMode = requested.metadata.has(gui::METADATA_GAME_MODE)
                 ? requested.gameMode
                 : parentSnapshot.gameMode;
-        snapshot.frameRate = (requested.requestedFrameRate.rate.isValid() ||
-                              (requested.requestedFrameRate.type ==
-                               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote))
-                ? requested.requestedFrameRate
-                : parentSnapshot.frameRate;
         snapshot.fixedTransformHint = requested.fixedTransformHint != ui::Transform::ROT_INVALID
                 ? requested.fixedTransformHint
                 : parentSnapshot.fixedTransformHint;
@@ -722,11 +753,27 @@
                 (requested.layerStackToMirror != ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK);
     }
 
+    if (forceUpdate ||
+        snapshot.changes.any(RequestedLayerState::Changes::FrameRate |
+                             RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
+        snapshot.frameRate = (requested.requestedFrameRate.rate.isValid() ||
+                              (requested.requestedFrameRate.type ==
+                               scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote))
+                ? requested.requestedFrameRate
+                : parentSnapshot.frameRate;
+    }
+
+    if (forceUpdate || requested.what & layer_state_t::eMetadataChanged) {
+        updateMetadata(snapshot, requested, args);
+    }
+
     if (forceUpdate || requested.changes.get() != 0) {
         snapshot.compositionType = requested.getCompositionType();
         snapshot.dimmingEnabled = requested.dimmingEnabled;
         snapshot.layerOpaqueFlagSet =
                 (requested.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerOpaque) == layer_state_t::eLayerOpaque;
+        snapshot.cachingHint = requested.cachingHint;
+        snapshot.frameRateSelectionPriority = requested.frameRateSelectionPriority;
     }
 
     if (forceUpdate || snapshot.changes.any(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Content)) {
@@ -764,18 +811,16 @@
     }
     snapshot.forceClientComposition = snapshot.isHdrY410 || snapshot.shadowSettings.length > 0 ||
             requested.blurRegions.size() > 0 || snapshot.stretchEffect.hasEffect();
-    snapshot.isOpaque = snapshot.isContentOpaque() && !snapshot.roundedCorner.hasRoundedCorners() &&
+    snapshot.contentOpaque = snapshot.isContentOpaque();
+    snapshot.isOpaque = snapshot.contentOpaque && !snapshot.roundedCorner.hasRoundedCorners() &&
             snapshot.color.a == 1.f;
     snapshot.blendMode = getBlendMode(snapshot, requested);
-    // TODO(b/238781169) pass this from flinger
-    // snapshot.fps;
-    // snapshot.metadata;
     LLOGV(snapshot.sequence,
-          "%supdated [%d]%s changes parent:%s global:%s local:%s requested:%s %s from parent %s",
-          args.forceUpdate ? "Force " : "", requested.id, requested.name.c_str(),
-          parentSnapshot.changes.string().c_str(), snapshot.changes.string().c_str(),
-          requested.changes.string().c_str(), std::to_string(requested.what).c_str(),
-          snapshot.getDebugString().c_str(), parentSnapshot.getDebugString().c_str());
+          "%supdated %s changes:%s parent:%s requested:%s requested:%s from parent %s",
+          args.forceUpdate == ForceUpdateFlags::ALL ? "Force " : "",
+          snapshot.getDebugString().c_str(), snapshot.changes.string().c_str(),
+          parentSnapshot.changes.string().c_str(), requested.changes.string().c_str(),
+          std::to_string(requested.what).c_str(), parentSnapshot.getDebugString().c_str());
 }
 
 void LayerSnapshotBuilder::updateRoundedCorner(LayerSnapshot& snapshot,
@@ -910,9 +955,14 @@
         snapshot.inputInfo = *requested.windowInfoHandle->getInfo();
     } else {
         snapshot.inputInfo = {};
+        // b/271132344 revisit this and see if we can always use the layers uid/pid
+        snapshot.inputInfo.name = requested.name;
+        snapshot.inputInfo.ownerUid = static_cast<int32_t>(requested.ownerUid);
+        snapshot.inputInfo.ownerPid = requested.ownerPid;
     }
-    snapshot.inputInfo.displayId = static_cast<int32_t>(snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack.id);
 
+    snapshot.inputInfo.id = static_cast<int32_t>(snapshot.uniqueSequence);
+    snapshot.inputInfo.displayId = static_cast<int32_t>(snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack.id);
     if (!needsInputInfo(snapshot, requested)) {
         return;
     }
@@ -935,7 +985,9 @@
     }
 
     snapshot.inputInfo.alpha = snapshot.color.a;
-    snapshot.inputInfo.touchOcclusionMode = parentSnapshot.inputInfo.touchOcclusionMode;
+    snapshot.inputInfo.touchOcclusionMode = requested.hasInputInfo()
+            ? requested.windowInfoHandle->getInfo()->touchOcclusionMode
+            : parentSnapshot.inputInfo.touchOcclusionMode;
     if (requested.dropInputMode == gui::DropInputMode::ALL ||
         parentSnapshot.dropInputMode == gui::DropInputMode::ALL) {
         snapshot.dropInputMode = gui::DropInputMode::ALL;
@@ -974,7 +1026,7 @@
     // touches from going outside the cloned area.
     if (path.isClone()) {
         snapshot.inputInfo.inputConfig |= gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::CLONE;
-        auto clonedRootSnapshot = getSnapshot(path.getMirrorRoot());
+        auto clonedRootSnapshot = getSnapshot(snapshot.mirrorRootPath);
         if (clonedRootSnapshot) {
             const Rect rect =
                     displayInfo.transform.transform(Rect{clonedRootSnapshot->transformedBounds});
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
index 0902ab8..3997a0a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h
@@ -35,10 +35,15 @@
 // snapshots when there are only buffer updates.
 class LayerSnapshotBuilder {
 public:
+    enum class ForceUpdateFlags {
+        NONE,
+        ALL,
+        HIERARCHY,
+    };
     struct Args {
         LayerHierarchy root;
         const LayerLifecycleManager& layerLifecycleManager;
-        bool forceUpdate = false;
+        ForceUpdateFlags forceUpdate = ForceUpdateFlags::NONE;
         bool includeMetadata = false;
         const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displays;
         // Set to true if there were display changes since last update.
@@ -48,6 +53,8 @@
         bool forceFullDamage = false;
         std::optional<FloatRect> parentCrop = std::nullopt;
         std::unordered_set<uint32_t> excludeLayerIds;
+        const std::unordered_map<std::string, bool>& supportedLayerGenericMetadata;
+        const std::unordered_map<std::string, uint32_t>& genericLayerMetadataKeyMap;
     };
     LayerSnapshotBuilder();
 
@@ -92,8 +99,7 @@
                                                     LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& traversalPath,
                                                     const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot);
     void updateSnapshot(LayerSnapshot&, const Args&, const RequestedLayerState&,
-                        const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot, const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath&,
-                        bool newSnapshot);
+                        const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot, const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath&);
     static void updateRelativeState(LayerSnapshot& snapshot, const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot,
                                     bool parentIsRelative, const Args& args);
     static void resetRelativeState(LayerSnapshot& snapshot);
@@ -106,9 +112,11 @@
     void updateInput(LayerSnapshot& snapshot, const RequestedLayerState& requested,
                      const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot, const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& path,
                      const Args& args);
-    void sortSnapshotsByZ(const Args& args);
+    // Return true if there are unreachable snapshots
+    bool sortSnapshotsByZ(const Args& args);
     LayerSnapshot* createSnapshot(const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& id,
-                                  const RequestedLayerState& layer);
+                                  const RequestedLayerState& layer,
+                                  const LayerSnapshot& parentSnapshot);
     void updateChildState(LayerSnapshot& snapshot, const LayerSnapshot& childSnapshot,
                           const Args& args);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp
index 2834084..a5fdaf4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "LayerCreationArgs.h"
-#include "LayerHandle.h"
 #include "LayerLog.h"
 #include "RequestedLayerState.h"
 
@@ -33,14 +32,6 @@
 using namespace ftl::flag_operators;
 
 namespace {
-uint32_t getLayerIdFromSurfaceControl(sp<SurfaceControl> surfaceControl) {
-    if (!surfaceControl) {
-        return UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
-    }
-
-    return LayerHandle::getLayerId(surfaceControl->getHandle());
-}
-
 std::string layerIdToString(uint32_t layerId) {
     return layerId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID ? "none" : std::to_string(layerId);
 }
@@ -64,17 +55,17 @@
         layerCreationFlags(args.flags),
         textureName(args.textureName),
         ownerUid(args.ownerUid),
-        ownerPid(args.ownerPid) {
+        ownerPid(args.ownerPid),
+        parentId(args.parentId),
+        layerIdToMirror(args.layerIdToMirror) {
     layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(args.sequence);
     changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Created;
     metadata.merge(args.metadata);
     changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Metadata;
     handleAlive = true;
-    parentId = LayerHandle::getLayerId(args.parentHandle.promote());
-    if (args.parentHandle != nullptr) {
+    if (parentId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
         canBeRoot = false;
     }
-    layerIdToMirror = LayerHandle::getLayerId(args.mirrorLayerHandle.promote());
     if (layerIdToMirror != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
         changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Mirror;
     } else if (args.layerStackToMirror != ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK) {
@@ -137,6 +128,7 @@
     dataspace = ui::Dataspace::V0_SRGB;
     gameMode = gui::GameMode::Unsupported;
     requestedFrameRate = {};
+    cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Enabled;
 }
 
 void RequestedLayerState::merge(const ResolvedComposerState& resolvedComposerState) {
@@ -164,8 +156,13 @@
         if (hadBufferOrSideStream != hasBufferOrSideStream) {
             changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Geometry |
                     RequestedLayerState::Changes::VisibleRegion |
-                    RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility | RequestedLayerState::Changes::Input |
-                    RequestedLayerState::Changes::Buffer;
+                    RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility | RequestedLayerState::Changes::Input;
+        }
+        if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) {
+            changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Buffer;
+        }
+        if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eSidebandStreamChanged) {
+            changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::SidebandStream;
         }
     }
     if (what & (layer_state_t::eAlphaChanged)) {
@@ -196,12 +193,14 @@
         static const mat4 identityMatrix = mat4();
         hasColorTransform = colorTransform != identityMatrix;
     }
-    if (clientState.what & (layer_state_t::eLayerChanged | layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged)) {
+    if (clientState.what &
+        (layer_state_t::eLayerChanged | layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged |
+         layer_state_t::eLayerStackChanged)) {
         changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Z;
     }
     if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eReparent) {
         changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::Parent;
-        parentId = getLayerIdFromSurfaceControl(clientState.parentSurfaceControlForChild);
+        parentId = resolvedComposerState.parentId;
         parentSurfaceControlForChild = nullptr;
         // Once a layer has be reparented, it cannot be placed at the root. It sounds odd
         // but thats the existing logic and until we make this behavior more explicit, we need
@@ -210,7 +209,7 @@
     }
     if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged) {
         changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::RelativeParent;
-        relativeParentId = getLayerIdFromSurfaceControl(clientState.relativeLayerSurfaceControl);
+        relativeParentId = resolvedComposerState.relativeParentId;
         isRelativeOf = true;
         relativeLayerSurfaceControl = nullptr;
     }
@@ -227,10 +226,8 @@
         changes |= RequestedLayerState::Changes::RelativeParent;
     }
     if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eInputInfoChanged) {
-        wp<IBinder>& touchableRegionCropHandle =
-                windowInfoHandle->editInfo()->touchableRegionCropHandle;
-        touchCropId = LayerHandle::getLayerId(touchableRegionCropHandle.promote());
-        touchableRegionCropHandle.clear();
+        touchCropId = resolvedComposerState.touchCropId;
+        windowInfoHandle->editInfo()->touchableRegionCropHandle.clear();
     }
     if (clientState.what & layer_state_t::eStretchChanged) {
         stretchEffect.sanitize();
@@ -452,4 +449,22 @@
     return backgroundBlurRadius > 0 || blurRegions.size() > 0;
 }
 
+bool RequestedLayerState::hasFrameUpdate() const {
+    return what & layer_state_t::CONTENT_DIRTY &&
+            (externalTexture || bgColorLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+}
+
+bool RequestedLayerState::hasReadyFrame() const {
+    return hasFrameUpdate() || changes.test(Changes::SidebandStream) || autoRefresh;
+}
+
+bool RequestedLayerState::hasSidebandStreamFrame() const {
+    return hasFrameUpdate() && sidebandStream.get();
+}
+
+void RequestedLayerState::clearChanges() {
+    what = 0;
+    changes.clear();
+}
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.h
index 6840b25..216e95f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.h
@@ -52,10 +52,14 @@
         FrameRate = 1u << 13,
         VisibleRegion = 1u << 14,
         Buffer = 1u << 15,
+        SidebandStream = 1u << 16,
+        Animation = 1u << 17,
     };
     static Rect reduce(const Rect& win, const Region& exclude);
     RequestedLayerState(const LayerCreationArgs&);
     void merge(const ResolvedComposerState&);
+    void clearChanges();
+
     // Currently we only care about the primary display
     ui::Transform getTransform(uint32_t displayRotationFlags) const;
     ui::Size getUnrotatedBufferSize(uint32_t displayRotationFlags) const;
@@ -72,6 +76,9 @@
     bool hasValidRelativeParent() const;
     bool hasInputInfo() const;
     bool hasBlur() const;
+    bool hasFrameUpdate() const;
+    bool hasReadyFrame() const;
+    bool hasSidebandStreamFrame() const;
 
     // Layer serial number.  This gives layers an explicit ordering, so we
     // have a stable sort order when their layer stack and Z-order are
@@ -98,18 +105,19 @@
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> externalTexture;
     gui::GameMode gameMode;
     scheduler::LayerInfo::FrameRate requestedFrameRate;
-    ui::LayerStack layerStackToMirror = ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK;
+    uint32_t parentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    uint32_t relativeParentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
     uint32_t layerIdToMirror = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    ui::LayerStack layerStackToMirror = ui::INVALID_LAYER_STACK;
+    uint32_t touchCropId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    uint32_t bgColorLayerId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
 
     // book keeping states
     bool handleAlive = true;
     bool isRelativeOf = false;
-    uint32_t parentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
-    uint32_t relativeParentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
     std::vector<uint32_t> mirrorIds{};
-    uint32_t touchCropId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
-    uint32_t bgColorLayerId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
     ftl::Flags<RequestedLayerState::Changes> changes;
+    bool bgColorLayer = false;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/Update.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/Update.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1449b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FrontEnd/Update.h
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <gui/DisplayInfo.h>
+
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "RequestedLayerState.h"
+#include "TransactionState.h"
+
+namespace android {
+struct LayerCreatedState {
+    LayerCreatedState(const wp<Layer>& layer, const wp<Layer>& parent, bool addToRoot)
+          : layer(layer), initialParent(parent), addToRoot(addToRoot) {}
+    wp<Layer> layer;
+    // Indicates the initial parent of the created layer, only used for creating layer in
+    // SurfaceFlinger. If nullptr, it may add the created layer into the current root layers.
+    wp<Layer> initialParent;
+    // Indicates whether the layer getting created should be added at root if there's no parent
+    // and has permission ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER. If set to false and no parent, the layer will
+    // be added offscreen.
+    bool addToRoot;
+};
+} // namespace android
+
+namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
+
+// Atomic set of changes affecting layer state. These changes are queued in binder threads and
+// applied every vsync.
+struct Update {
+    std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+    std::vector<LayerCreatedState> layerCreatedStates;
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> newLayers;
+    std::vector<LayerCreationArgs> layerCreationArgs;
+    std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedHandles;
+};
+
+} // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp
index c88554e..9eefbe4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.cpp
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
 
     for (const auto& listener : toInvoke) {
         ATRACE_NAME("invoking onHdrLayerInfoChanged");
-        listener->onHdrLayerInfoChanged(info.numberOfHdrLayers, info.maxW, info.maxH, info.flags);
+        listener->onHdrLayerInfoChanged(info.numberOfHdrLayers, info.maxW, info.maxH, info.flags,
+                                        info.maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h
index 9b70c16..bf7c775 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/HdrLayerInfoReporter.h
@@ -43,27 +43,18 @@
         // With peak display brightnesses exceeding 1,000 nits currently, HLG's request could
         // actually be satisfied in some ambient conditions such that limiting that max for that
         // content in theory makes sense
-        float maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio = 0.f;
+        float maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio = 0.f;
 
         bool operator==(const HdrLayerInfo& other) const {
             return numberOfHdrLayers == other.numberOfHdrLayers && maxW == other.maxW &&
-                    maxH == other.maxH && flags == other.flags;
+                    maxH == other.maxH && flags == other.flags &&
+                    maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio == other.maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio;
         }
 
         bool operator!=(const HdrLayerInfo& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
 
         void mergeDesiredRatio(float update) {
-            if (maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio == 0.f) {
-                // If nothing is set, take the incoming value
-                maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio = update;
-            } else if (update == 1.f) {
-                // If the request is to "go to max", then take it regardless
-                maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
-            } else if (maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio != 1.f) {
-                // If we're not currently asked to "go to max", then take the max
-                // of the incoming requests
-                maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio = std::max(maxDesiredSdrHdrRatio, update);
-            }
+            maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio = std::max(maxDesiredHdrSdrRatio, update);
         }
     };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
index 084d9b9..9521371 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.cpp
@@ -196,7 +196,8 @@
         mDrawingState.color.b = -1.0_hf;
     }
 
-    mFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(args.flinger->mScheduler->getLeaderVsyncPeriod().ns());
+    mFrameTracker.setDisplayRefreshPeriod(
+            args.flinger->mScheduler->getPacesetterVsyncPeriod().ns());
 
     mOwnerUid = args.ownerUid;
     mOwnerPid = args.ownerPid;
@@ -566,6 +567,7 @@
                                         : Hwc2::IComposerClient::BlendMode::COVERAGE;
     }
 
+    // Please keep in sync with LayerSnapshotBuilder
     auto* snapshot = editLayerSnapshot();
     snapshot->outputFilter = getOutputFilter();
     snapshot->isVisible = isVisible();
@@ -592,6 +594,7 @@
     const auto& drawingState{getDrawingState()};
     auto* snapshot = editLayerSnapshot();
 
+    // Please keep in sync with LayerSnapshotBuilder
     snapshot->geomBufferSize = getBufferSize(drawingState);
     snapshot->geomContentCrop = getBufferCrop();
     snapshot->geomCrop = getCrop(drawingState);
@@ -624,6 +627,7 @@
 
 void Layer::preparePerFrameCompositionState() {
     const auto& drawingState{getDrawingState()};
+    // Please keep in sync with LayerSnapshotBuilder
     auto* snapshot = editLayerSnapshot();
 
     snapshot->forceClientComposition = false;
@@ -637,6 +641,7 @@
     snapshot->dimmingEnabled = isDimmingEnabled();
     snapshot->currentSdrHdrRatio = getCurrentSdrHdrRatio();
     snapshot->desiredSdrHdrRatio = getDesiredSdrHdrRatio();
+    snapshot->cachingHint = getCachingHint();
 
     const bool usesRoundedCorners = hasRoundedCorners();
 
@@ -666,8 +671,9 @@
 }
 
 void Layer::preparePerFrameBufferCompositionState() {
-    // Sideband layers
+    // Please keep in sync with LayerSnapshotBuilder
     auto* snapshot = editLayerSnapshot();
+    // Sideband layers
     if (snapshot->sidebandStream.get() && !snapshot->sidebandStreamHasFrame) {
         snapshot->compositionType =
                 aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::SIDEBAND;
@@ -675,6 +681,9 @@
     } else if ((mDrawingState.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerIsDisplayDecoration) != 0) {
         snapshot->compositionType =
                 aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::DISPLAY_DECORATION;
+    } else if ((mDrawingState.flags & layer_state_t::eLayerIsRefreshRateIndicator) != 0) {
+        snapshot->compositionType =
+                aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Composition::REFRESH_RATE_INDICATOR;
     } else {
         // Normal buffer layers
         snapshot->hdrMetadata = mBufferInfo.mHdrMetadata;
@@ -690,6 +699,7 @@
 }
 
 void Layer::preparePerFrameEffectsCompositionState() {
+    // Please keep in sync with LayerSnapshotBuilder
     auto* snapshot = editLayerSnapshot();
     snapshot->color = getColor();
     snapshot->compositionType =
@@ -698,6 +708,7 @@
 
 void Layer::prepareCursorCompositionState() {
     const State& drawingState{getDrawingState()};
+    // Please keep in sync with LayerSnapshotBuilder
     auto* snapshot = editLayerSnapshot();
 
     // Apply the layer's transform, followed by the display's global transform
@@ -783,7 +794,7 @@
 // transaction
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-uint32_t Layer::doTransaction(uint32_t flags, nsecs_t latchTime) {
+uint32_t Layer::doTransaction(uint32_t flags) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     // TODO: This is unfortunate.
@@ -811,12 +822,12 @@
         mFlinger->mUpdateInputInfo = true;
     }
 
-    commitTransaction(mDrawingState, latchTime);
+    commitTransaction(mDrawingState);
 
     return flags;
 }
 
-void Layer::commitTransaction(State&, nsecs_t currentLatchTime) {
+void Layer::commitTransaction(State&) {
     // Set the present state for all bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX to Presented. The
     // bufferSurfaceFrameTX will be presented in latchBuffer.
     for (auto& [token, surfaceFrame] : mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX) {
@@ -828,7 +839,6 @@
         }
     }
     mDrawingState.bufferlessSurfaceFramesTX.clear();
-    mLastLatchTime = currentLatchTime;
 }
 
 uint32_t Layer::clearTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask) {
@@ -1247,7 +1257,7 @@
         return parentFrameRate;
     }();
 
-    *transactionNeeded |= setFrameRateForLayerTree(frameRate);
+    *transactionNeeded |= setFrameRateForLayerTreeLegacy(frameRate);
 
     // The frame rate is propagated to the children
     bool childrenHaveFrameRate = false;
@@ -1261,7 +1271,7 @@
     if (!frameRate.rate.isValid() && frameRate.type != FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote &&
         childrenHaveFrameRate) {
         *transactionNeeded |=
-                setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate(Fps(), FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote));
+                setFrameRateForLayerTreeLegacy(FrameRate(Fps(), FrameRateCompatibility::NoVote));
     }
 
     // We return whether this layer ot its children has a vote. We ignore ExactOrMultiple votes for
@@ -1374,7 +1384,7 @@
     surfaceFrame->setAcquireFenceTime(acquireFenceTime);
     surfaceFrame->setPresentState(PresentState::Presented, mLastLatchTime);
     mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->addSurfaceFrame(surfaceFrame);
-    mLastLatchTime = currentLatchTime;
+    updateLastLatchTime(currentLatchTime);
 }
 
 std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> Layer::createSurfaceFrameForTransaction(
@@ -1413,7 +1423,7 @@
     return surfaceFrame;
 }
 
-bool Layer::setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate frameRate) {
+bool Layer::setFrameRateForLayerTreeLegacy(FrameRate frameRate) {
     if (mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree == frameRate) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -1426,9 +1436,21 @@
     mDrawingState.modified = true;
     setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
 
-    using LayerUpdateType = scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType;
-    mFlinger->mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(this, systemTime(), LayerUpdateType::SetFrameRate);
+    mFlinger->mScheduler
+            ->recordLayerHistory(sequence, getLayerProps(), systemTime(),
+                                 scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::SetFrameRate);
+    return true;
+}
 
+bool Layer::setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate frameRate, const scheduler::LayerProps& layerProps) {
+    if (mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree == frameRate) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    mDrawingState.frameRateForLayerTree = frameRate;
+    mFlinger->mScheduler
+            ->recordLayerHistory(sequence, layerProps, systemTime(),
+                                 scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::SetFrameRate);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -2090,15 +2112,7 @@
     writeToProtoCommonState(layerProto, LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing, traceFlags);
 
     if (traceFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION) {
-        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mFlinger->mStateLock); // Called from the main thread.
-
-        // Only populate for the primary display.
-        if (const auto display = mFlinger->getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()) {
-            const auto compositionType = getCompositionType(*display);
-            layerProto->set_hwc_composition_type(static_cast<HwcCompositionType>(compositionType));
-            LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(getVisibleRegion(display.get()),
-                                           [&]() { return layerProto->mutable_visible_region(); });
-        }
+        writeCompositionStateToProto(layerProto);
     }
 
     for (const sp<Layer>& layer : mDrawingChildren) {
@@ -2108,6 +2122,18 @@
     return layerProto;
 }
 
+void Layer::writeCompositionStateToProto(LayerProto* layerProto) {
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(mFlinger->mStateLock); // Called from the main thread.
+
+    // Only populate for the primary display.
+    if (const auto display = mFlinger->getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()) {
+        const auto compositionType = getCompositionType(*display);
+        layerProto->set_hwc_composition_type(static_cast<HwcCompositionType>(compositionType));
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(getVisibleRegion(display.get()),
+                                       [&]() { return layerProto->mutable_visible_region(); });
+    }
+}
+
 void Layer::writeToProtoDrawingState(LayerProto* layerInfo) {
     const ui::Transform transform = getTransform();
     auto buffer = getExternalTexture();
@@ -2505,7 +2531,20 @@
 compositionengine::OutputLayer* Layer::findOutputLayerForDisplay(
         const DisplayDevice* display) const {
     if (!display) return nullptr;
-    return display->getCompositionDisplay()->getOutputLayerForLayer(getCompositionEngineLayerFE());
+    if (!mFlinger->mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
+        return display->getCompositionDisplay()->getOutputLayerForLayer(
+                getCompositionEngineLayerFE());
+    }
+    sp<LayerFE> layerFE;
+    frontend::LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath path{.id = static_cast<uint32_t>(sequence)};
+    for (auto& [p, layer] : mLayerFEs) {
+        if (p == path) {
+            layerFE = layer;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!layerFE) return nullptr;
+    return display->getCompositionDisplay()->getOutputLayerForLayer(layerFE);
 }
 
 Region Layer::getVisibleRegion(const DisplayDevice* display) const {
@@ -3014,6 +3053,10 @@
                                       mLastClientCompositionFence);
             mLastClientCompositionFence = nullptr;
         }
+    } else {
+        // if we are latching a buffer for the first time then clear the mLastLatchTime since
+        // we don't want to incorrectly classify a frame if we miss the desired present time.
+        updateLastLatchTime(0);
     }
 
     mDrawingState.producerId = bufferData.producerId;
@@ -3033,7 +3076,7 @@
     } else {
         mCallbackHandleAcquireTimeOrFence = mDrawingState.acquireFenceTime->getSignalTime();
     }
-
+    mDrawingState.latchedVsyncId = info.vsyncId;
     mDrawingState.modified = true;
     setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
 
@@ -3043,18 +3086,9 @@
     mDrawingState.desiredPresentTime = desiredPresentTime;
     mDrawingState.isAutoTimestamp = isAutoTimestamp;
 
-    const nsecs_t presentTime = [&] {
-        if (!isAutoTimestamp) return desiredPresentTime;
-
-        const auto prediction =
-                mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(info.vsyncId);
-        if (prediction.has_value()) return prediction->presentTime;
-
-        return static_cast<nsecs_t>(0);
-    }();
-
-    using LayerUpdateType = scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType;
-    mFlinger->mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(this, presentTime, LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    if (mFlinger->mLegacyFrontEndEnabled) {
+        recordLayerHistoryBufferUpdate(getLayerProps());
+    }
 
     setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferTransaction(info, postTime);
 
@@ -3071,6 +3105,32 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+void Layer::setDesiredPresentTime(nsecs_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp) {
+    mDrawingState.desiredPresentTime = desiredPresentTime;
+    mDrawingState.isAutoTimestamp = isAutoTimestamp;
+}
+
+void Layer::recordLayerHistoryBufferUpdate(const scheduler::LayerProps& layerProps) {
+    const nsecs_t presentTime = [&] {
+        if (!mDrawingState.isAutoTimestamp) return mDrawingState.desiredPresentTime;
+
+        const auto prediction = mFlinger->mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(
+                mDrawingState.latchedVsyncId);
+        if (prediction.has_value()) return prediction->presentTime;
+
+        return static_cast<nsecs_t>(0);
+    }();
+    mFlinger->mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(sequence, layerProps, presentTime,
+                                             scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+}
+
+void Layer::recordLayerHistoryAnimationTx(const scheduler::LayerProps& layerProps) {
+    const nsecs_t presentTime =
+            mDrawingState.isAutoTimestamp ? 0 : mDrawingState.desiredPresentTime;
+    mFlinger->mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(sequence, layerProps, presentTime,
+                                             scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::AnimationTX);
+}
+
 bool Layer::setDataspace(ui::Dataspace dataspace) {
     mDrawingState.dataspaceRequested = true;
     if (mDrawingState.dataspace == dataspace) return false;
@@ -3091,6 +3151,14 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+bool Layer::setCachingHint(gui::CachingHint cachingHint) {
+    if (mDrawingState.cachingHint == cachingHint) return false;
+    mDrawingState.cachingHint = cachingHint;
+    mDrawingState.modified = true;
+    setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
+    return true;
+}
+
 bool Layer::setHdrMetadata(const HdrMetadata& hdrMetadata) {
     if (mDrawingState.hdrMetadata == hdrMetadata) return false;
     mDrawingState.hdrMetadata = hdrMetadata;
@@ -3100,6 +3168,7 @@
 }
 
 bool Layer::setSurfaceDamageRegion(const Region& surfaceDamage) {
+    if (mDrawingState.surfaceDamageRegion.hasSameRects(surfaceDamage)) return false;
     mDrawingState.surfaceDamageRegion = surfaceDamage;
     mDrawingState.modified = true;
     setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
@@ -3260,11 +3329,11 @@
             (c.buffer != nullptr || c.bgColorLayer != nullptr);
 }
 
-void Layer::updateTexImage(nsecs_t latchTime) {
+void Layer::updateTexImage(nsecs_t latchTime, bool bgColorOnly) {
     const State& s(getDrawingState());
 
     if (!s.buffer) {
-        if (s.bgColorLayer) {
+        if (bgColorOnly) {
             for (auto& handle : mDrawingState.callbackHandles) {
                 handle->latchTime = latchTime;
             }
@@ -3461,7 +3530,7 @@
     }
 
     if (s.what & layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged) {
-        if (mDrawingState.bgColorLayer || s.bgColorAlpha != 0) {
+        if (mDrawingState.bgColorLayer || s.bgColor.a != 0) {
             ALOGV("%s: false [eBackgroundColorChanged changed]", __func__);
             return false;
         }
@@ -3785,6 +3854,11 @@
 }
 
 bool Layer::latchBuffer(bool& recomputeVisibleRegions, nsecs_t latchTime) {
+    const bool bgColorOnly = mDrawingState.bgColorLayer != nullptr;
+    return latchBufferImpl(recomputeVisibleRegions, latchTime, bgColorOnly);
+}
+
+bool Layer::latchBufferImpl(bool& recomputeVisibleRegions, nsecs_t latchTime, bool bgColorOnly) {
     ATRACE_FORMAT_INSTANT("latchBuffer %s - %" PRIu64, getDebugName(),
                           getDrawingState().frameNumber);
 
@@ -3801,8 +3875,7 @@
         mFlinger->onLayerUpdate();
         return false;
     }
-
-    updateTexImage(latchTime);
+    updateTexImage(latchTime, bgColorOnly);
     if (mDrawingState.buffer == nullptr) {
         return false;
     }
@@ -4006,7 +4079,6 @@
     snapshot->bufferSize = getBufferSize(mDrawingState);
     snapshot->externalTexture = mBufferInfo.mBuffer;
     snapshot->hasReadyFrame = hasReadyFrame();
-    snapshot->isInternalDisplayOverlay = isInternalDisplayOverlay();
     preparePerFrameCompositionState();
 }
 
@@ -4049,7 +4121,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Layer::setTrustedPresentationInfo(TrustedPresentationThresholds const& thresholds,
+bool Layer::setTrustedPresentationInfo(TrustedPresentationThresholds const& thresholds,
                                        TrustedPresentationListener const& listener) {
     bool hadTrustedPresentationListener = hasTrustedPresentationListener();
     mTrustedPresentationListener = listener;
@@ -4060,6 +4132,20 @@
     } else if (hadTrustedPresentationListener && !haveTrustedPresentationListener) {
         mFlinger->mNumTrustedPresentationListeners--;
     }
+
+    // Reset trusted presentation states to ensure we start the time again.
+    mEnteredTrustedPresentationStateTime = -1;
+    mLastReportedTrustedPresentationState = false;
+    mLastComputedTrustedPresentationState = false;
+
+    // If there's a new trusted presentation listener, the code needs to go through the composite
+    // path to ensure it recomutes the current state and invokes the TrustedPresentationListener if
+    // we're already in the requested state.
+    return haveTrustedPresentationListener;
+}
+
+void Layer::updateLastLatchTime(nsecs_t latchTime) {
+    mLastLatchTime = latchTime;
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
index 11cb8b2..f7e1969 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Layer.h
@@ -227,6 +227,8 @@
         bool dimmingEnabled = true;
         float currentSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
         float desiredSdrHdrRatio = 1.f;
+        gui::CachingHint cachingHint = gui::CachingHint::Enabled;
+        int64_t latchedVsyncId = 0;
     };
 
     explicit Layer(const LayerCreationArgs& args);
@@ -296,6 +298,7 @@
     virtual bool isDimmingEnabled() const { return getDrawingState().dimmingEnabled; }
     float getDesiredSdrHdrRatio() const { return getDrawingState().desiredSdrHdrRatio; }
     float getCurrentSdrHdrRatio() const { return getDrawingState().currentSdrHdrRatio; }
+    gui::CachingHint getCachingHint() const { return getDrawingState().cachingHint; }
 
     bool setTransform(uint32_t /*transform*/);
     bool setTransformToDisplayInverse(bool /*transformToDisplayInverse*/);
@@ -303,8 +306,10 @@
                    const BufferData& /* bufferData */, nsecs_t /* postTime */,
                    nsecs_t /*desiredPresentTime*/, bool /*isAutoTimestamp*/,
                    std::optional<nsecs_t> /* dequeueTime */, const FrameTimelineInfo& /*info*/);
+    void setDesiredPresentTime(nsecs_t /*desiredPresentTime*/, bool /*isAutoTimestamp*/);
     bool setDataspace(ui::Dataspace /*dataspace*/);
     bool setExtendedRangeBrightness(float currentBufferRatio, float desiredRatio);
+    bool setCachingHint(gui::CachingHint cachingHint);
     bool setHdrMetadata(const HdrMetadata& /*hdrMetadata*/);
     bool setSurfaceDamageRegion(const Region& /*surfaceDamage*/);
     bool setApi(int32_t /*api*/);
@@ -344,6 +349,7 @@
     void useSurfaceDamage();
     void useEmptyDamage();
     Region getVisibleRegion(const DisplayDevice*) const;
+    void updateLastLatchTime(nsecs_t latchtime);
 
     /*
      * isOpaque - true if this surface is opaque
@@ -424,6 +430,9 @@
      */
     bool latchBuffer(bool& /*recomputeVisibleRegions*/, nsecs_t /*latchTime*/);
 
+    bool latchBufferImpl(bool& /*recomputeVisibleRegions*/, nsecs_t /*latchTime*/,
+                         bool bgColorOnly);
+
     /*
      * Calls latchBuffer if the buffer has a frame queued and then releases the buffer.
      * This is used if the buffer is just latched and releases to free up the buffer
@@ -601,6 +610,7 @@
     bool isRemovedFromCurrentState() const;
 
     LayerProto* writeToProto(LayersProto& layersProto, uint32_t traceFlags);
+    void writeCompositionStateToProto(LayerProto* layerProto);
 
     // Write states that are modified by the main thread. This includes drawing
     // state as well as buffer data. This should be called in the main or tracing
@@ -620,7 +630,7 @@
      * doTransaction - process the transaction. This is a good place to figure
      * out which attributes of the surface have changed.
      */
-    virtual uint32_t doTransaction(uint32_t transactionFlags, nsecs_t currentLatchTime);
+    virtual uint32_t doTransaction(uint32_t transactionFlags);
 
     /*
      * Remove relative z for the layer if its relative parent is not part of the
@@ -754,7 +764,7 @@
     std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame> createSurfaceFrameForBuffer(
             const FrameTimelineInfo& info, nsecs_t queueTime, std::string debugName);
 
-    void setTrustedPresentationInfo(TrustedPresentationThresholds const& thresholds,
+    bool setTrustedPresentationInfo(TrustedPresentationThresholds const& thresholds,
                                     TrustedPresentationListener const& listener);
 
     // Creates a new handle each time, so we only expect
@@ -848,6 +858,20 @@
     void callReleaseBufferCallback(const sp<ITransactionCompletedListener>& listener,
                                    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& buffer, uint64_t framenumber,
                                    const sp<Fence>& releaseFence);
+    bool setFrameRateForLayerTreeLegacy(FrameRate);
+    bool setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate, const scheduler::LayerProps&);
+    void recordLayerHistoryBufferUpdate(const scheduler::LayerProps&);
+    void recordLayerHistoryAnimationTx(const scheduler::LayerProps&);
+    auto getLayerProps() const {
+        return scheduler::LayerProps{
+                .visible = isVisible(),
+                .bounds = getBounds(),
+                .transform = getTransform(),
+                .setFrameRateVote = getFrameRateForLayerTree(),
+                .frameRateSelectionPriority = getFrameRateSelectionPriority(),
+        };
+    };
+    bool hasBuffer() const { return mBufferInfo.mBuffer != nullptr; }
 
 protected:
     // For unit tests
@@ -862,7 +886,7 @@
     void preparePerFrameCompositionState();
     void preparePerFrameBufferCompositionState();
     void preparePerFrameEffectsCompositionState();
-    virtual void commitTransaction(State& stateToCommit, nsecs_t currentLatchTime = 0);
+    virtual void commitTransaction(State& stateToCommit);
     void gatherBufferInfo();
     void onSurfaceFrameCreated(const std::shared_ptr<frametimeline::SurfaceFrame>&);
 
@@ -1016,7 +1040,6 @@
 
     void updateTreeHasFrameRateVote();
     bool propagateFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate parentFrameRate, bool* transactionNeeded);
-    bool setFrameRateForLayerTree(FrameRate);
     void setZOrderRelativeOf(const wp<Layer>& relativeOf);
     bool isTrustedOverlay() const;
     gui::DropInputMode getDropInputMode() const;
@@ -1044,7 +1067,7 @@
 
     bool hasFrameUpdate() const;
 
-    void updateTexImage(nsecs_t latchTime);
+    void updateTexImage(nsecs_t latchTime, bool bgColorOnly = false);
 
     // Crop that applies to the buffer
     Rect computeBufferCrop(const State& s);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h
index 01da019..c23bd31 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerFE.h
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android/gui/CachingHint.h>
 #include <gui/LayerMetadata.h>
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h"
 #include "compositionengine/LayerFE.h"
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
index 0506c47..5c91b91 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.cpp
@@ -247,6 +247,169 @@
     outRegion.right = proto.right();
     outRegion.bottom = proto.bottom();
 }
+
+void LayerProtoHelper::writeHierarchyToProto(
+        LayersProto& outLayersProto, const frontend::LayerHierarchy& root,
+        const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder,
+        const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& legacyLayers, uint32_t traceFlags) {
+    using Variant = frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant;
+    frontend::LayerSnapshot defaultSnapshot;
+
+    LayerProto* layerProto = outLayersProto.add_layers();
+    const frontend::RequestedLayerState& layer = *root.getLayer();
+    frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot = snapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(layer.id);
+
+    if (!snapshot) {
+        defaultSnapshot.uniqueSequence = layer.id;
+        snapshot = &defaultSnapshot;
+    }
+    writeSnapshotToProto(layerProto, layer, *snapshot, traceFlags);
+    for (const auto& [child, variant] : root.mChildren) {
+        if (variant == Variant::Attached || variant == Variant::Detached) {
+            layerProto->add_children(child->getLayer()->id);
+        } else if (variant == Variant::Relative) {
+            layerProto->add_relatives(child->getLayer()->id);
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto parent = root.getParent();
+    if (parent && parent->getLayer()) {
+        layerProto->set_parent(parent->getLayer()->id);
+    } else {
+        layerProto->set_parent(-1);
+    }
+
+    auto relativeParent = root.getRelativeParent();
+    if (relativeParent && relativeParent->getLayer()) {
+        layerProto->set_z_order_relative_of(relativeParent->getLayer()->id);
+    } else {
+        layerProto->set_z_order_relative_of(-1);
+    }
+
+    if (traceFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION) {
+        auto it = legacyLayers.find(layer.id);
+        if (it != legacyLayers.end()) {
+            it->second->writeCompositionStateToProto(layerProto);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& [child, variant] : root.mChildren) {
+        // avoid visiting relative layers twice
+        if (variant == Variant::Detached) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        writeHierarchyToProto(outLayersProto, *child, snapshotBuilder, legacyLayers, traceFlags);
+    }
+}
+
+void LayerProtoHelper::writeSnapshotToProto(LayerProto* layerInfo,
+                                            const frontend::RequestedLayerState& requestedState,
+                                            const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot,
+                                            uint32_t traceFlags) {
+    const ui::Transform transform = snapshot.geomLayerTransform;
+    auto buffer = requestedState.externalTexture;
+    if (buffer != nullptr) {
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(*buffer,
+                                       [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_active_buffer(); });
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeToProtoDeprecated(ui::Transform(requestedState.bufferTransform),
+                                                 layerInfo->mutable_buffer_transform());
+    }
+    layerInfo->set_invalidate(snapshot.contentDirty);
+    layerInfo->set_is_protected(snapshot.hasProtectedContent);
+    layerInfo->set_dataspace(dataspaceDetails(static_cast<android_dataspace>(snapshot.dataspace)));
+    layerInfo->set_curr_frame(requestedState.bufferData->frameNumber);
+    layerInfo->set_requested_corner_radius(requestedState.cornerRadius);
+    layerInfo->set_corner_radius(
+            (snapshot.roundedCorner.radius.x + snapshot.roundedCorner.radius.y) / 2.0);
+    layerInfo->set_background_blur_radius(snapshot.backgroundBlurRadius);
+    layerInfo->set_is_trusted_overlay(snapshot.isTrustedOverlay);
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProtoDeprecated(transform, layerInfo->mutable_transform());
+    LayerProtoHelper::writePositionToProto(transform.tx(), transform.ty(),
+                                           [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_position(); });
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.geomLayerBounds,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_bounds(); });
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.surfaceDamage,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_damage_region(); });
+
+    if (requestedState.hasColorTransform) {
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.colorTransform,
+                                       layerInfo->mutable_color_transform());
+    }
+
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.croppedBufferSize.toFloatRect(),
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_source_bounds(); });
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.transformedBounds,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_screen_bounds(); });
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.roundedCorner.cropRect,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_corner_radius_crop(); });
+    layerInfo->set_shadow_radius(snapshot.shadowRadius);
+
+    layerInfo->set_id(snapshot.uniqueSequence);
+    layerInfo->set_name(requestedState.name);
+    layerInfo->set_type("Layer");
+
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(requestedState.transparentRegion,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_transparent_region(); });
+
+    layerInfo->set_layer_stack(snapshot.outputFilter.layerStack.id);
+    layerInfo->set_z(requestedState.z);
+
+    ui::Transform requestedTransform = requestedState.getTransform(0);
+    LayerProtoHelper::writePositionToProto(requestedTransform.tx(), requestedTransform.ty(), [&]() {
+        return layerInfo->mutable_requested_position();
+    });
+
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(requestedState.crop,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_crop(); });
+
+    layerInfo->set_is_opaque(snapshot.contentOpaque);
+    if (requestedState.externalTexture)
+        layerInfo->set_pixel_format(
+                decodePixelFormat(requestedState.externalTexture->getPixelFormat()));
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.color, [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_color(); });
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(requestedState.color,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_requested_color(); });
+    layerInfo->set_flags(requestedState.flags);
+
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProtoDeprecated(requestedTransform,
+                                             layerInfo->mutable_requested_transform());
+
+    layerInfo->set_is_relative_of(requestedState.isRelativeOf);
+
+    layerInfo->set_owner_uid(requestedState.ownerUid);
+
+    if ((traceFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_INPUT) && snapshot.hasInputInfo()) {
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(snapshot.inputInfo, {},
+                                       [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_input_window_info(); });
+    }
+
+    if (traceFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_EXTRA) {
+        auto protoMap = layerInfo->mutable_metadata();
+        for (const auto& entry : requestedState.metadata.mMap) {
+            (*protoMap)[entry.first] = std::string(entry.second.cbegin(), entry.second.cend());
+        }
+    }
+
+    LayerProtoHelper::writeToProto(requestedState.destinationFrame,
+                                   [&]() { return layerInfo->mutable_destination_frame(); });
+}
+
+google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> LayerProtoHelper::writeDisplayInfoToProto(
+        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos) {
+    google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> displays;
+    displays.Reserve(displayInfos.size());
+    for (const auto& [layerStack, displayInfo] : displayInfos) {
+        auto displayProto = displays.Add();
+        displayProto->set_id(displayInfo.info.displayId);
+        displayProto->set_layer_stack(layerStack.id);
+        displayProto->mutable_size()->set_w(displayInfo.info.logicalWidth);
+        displayProto->mutable_size()->set_h(displayInfo.info.logicalHeight);
+        writeTransformToProto(displayInfo.transform, displayProto->mutable_transform());
+        displayProto->set_is_virtual(displayInfo.isVirtual);
+    }
+    return displays;
+}
+
 } // namespace surfaceflinger
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
index 6ade143..38d73f6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/LayerProtoHelper.h
@@ -58,6 +58,16 @@
     static void readFromProto(const ColorTransformProto& colorTransformProto, mat4& matrix);
     static void writeToProto(const android::BlurRegion region, BlurRegion*);
     static void readFromProto(const BlurRegion& proto, android::BlurRegion& outRegion);
+    static void writeHierarchyToProto(LayersProto& layersProto,
+                                      const frontend::LayerHierarchy& root,
+                                      const frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder& snapshotBuilder,
+                                      const std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>>& mLegacyLayers,
+                                      uint32_t traceFlags);
+    static void writeSnapshotToProto(LayerProto* outProto,
+                                     const frontend::RequestedLayerState& requestedState,
+                                     const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot, uint32_t traceFlags);
+    static google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> writeDisplayInfoToProto(
+            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos);
 };
 
 } // namespace surfaceflinger
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
index 0ade467..9a4261d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 #include <SkBlendMode.h>
 #include <SkRect.h>
 #include <SkSurface.h>
-#include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <gui/SurfaceControl.h>
 
 #undef LOG_TAG
@@ -46,15 +45,6 @@
 constexpr int kBufferWidth = kMaxDigits * kDigitWidth + (kMaxDigits - 1) * kDigitSpace;
 constexpr int kBufferHeight = kDigitHeight;
 
-SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction createTransaction(const sp<SurfaceControl>& surface) {
-    constexpr float kFrameRate = 0.f;
-    constexpr int8_t kCompatibility = ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE;
-    constexpr int8_t kSeamlessness = ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ONLY_IF_SEAMLESS;
-
-    return SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction().setFrameRate(surface, kFrameRate, kCompatibility,
-                                                             kSeamlessness);
-}
-
 } // namespace
 
 SurfaceControlHolder::~SurfaceControlHolder() {
@@ -242,7 +232,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    createTransaction(mSurfaceControl->get())
+    createTransaction()
             .setLayer(mSurfaceControl->get(), INT32_MAX - 2)
             .setTrustedOverlay(mSurfaceControl->get(), true)
             .apply();
@@ -272,14 +262,14 @@
         }
     }();
 
-    createTransaction(mSurfaceControl->get())
-            .setTransform(mSurfaceControl->get(), transform)
-            .apply();
+    createTransaction().setTransform(mSurfaceControl->get(), transform).apply();
 
     BufferCache::const_iterator it =
             mBufferCache.find({displayFps.getIntValue(), renderFps.getIntValue(), transformHint});
     if (it == mBufferCache.end()) {
-        const int minFps = mFpsRange.min.getIntValue();
+        // HWC minFps is not known by the framework in order
+        // to consider lower rates we set minFps to 0.
+        const int minFps = isSetByHwc() ? 0 : mFpsRange.min.getIntValue();
         const int maxFps = mFpsRange.max.getIntValue();
 
         // Clamp to the range. The current displayFps may be outside of this range if the display
@@ -327,7 +317,7 @@
         frame.offsetBy(width >> 1, height >> 4);
     }
 
-    createTransaction(mSurfaceControl->get())
+    createTransaction()
             .setMatrix(mSurfaceControl->get(), frame.getWidth() / static_cast<float>(kBufferWidth),
                        0, 0, frame.getHeight() / static_cast<float>(kBufferHeight))
             .setPosition(mSurfaceControl->get(), frame.left, frame.top)
@@ -335,14 +325,14 @@
 }
 
 void RefreshRateOverlay::setLayerStack(ui::LayerStack stack) {
-    createTransaction(mSurfaceControl->get()).setLayerStack(mSurfaceControl->get(), stack).apply();
+    createTransaction().setLayerStack(mSurfaceControl->get(), stack).apply();
 }
 
 void RefreshRateOverlay::changeRefreshRate(Fps displayFps, Fps renderFps) {
     mDisplayFps = displayFps;
     mRenderFps = renderFps;
     const auto buffer = getOrCreateBuffers(displayFps, renderFps)[mFrame];
-    createTransaction(mSurfaceControl->get()).setBuffer(mSurfaceControl->get(), buffer).apply();
+    createTransaction().setBuffer(mSurfaceControl->get(), buffer).apply();
 }
 
 void RefreshRateOverlay::animate() {
@@ -351,7 +341,23 @@
     const auto& buffers = getOrCreateBuffers(*mDisplayFps, *mRenderFps);
     mFrame = (mFrame + 1) % buffers.size();
     const auto buffer = buffers[mFrame];
-    createTransaction(mSurfaceControl->get()).setBuffer(mSurfaceControl->get(), buffer).apply();
+    createTransaction().setBuffer(mSurfaceControl->get(), buffer).apply();
+}
+
+SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction RefreshRateOverlay::createTransaction() const {
+    constexpr float kFrameRate = 0.f;
+    constexpr int8_t kCompatibility = ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_NO_VOTE;
+    constexpr int8_t kSeamlessness = ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ONLY_IF_SEAMLESS;
+
+    const sp<SurfaceControl>& surface = mSurfaceControl->get();
+
+    SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction transaction;
+    if (isSetByHwc()) {
+        transaction.setFlags(surface, layer_state_t::eLayerIsRefreshRateIndicator,
+                             layer_state_t::eLayerIsRefreshRateIndicator);
+    }
+    transaction.setFrameRate(surface, kFrameRate, kCompatibility, kSeamlessness);
+    return transaction;
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
index b68a88c..0b89b8e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RefreshRateOverlay.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <ftl/flags.h>
 #include <ftl/small_map.h>
+#include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <ui/LayerStack.h>
 #include <ui/Size.h>
 #include <ui/Transform.h>
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@
         Spinner = 1 << 0,
         RenderRate = 1 << 1,
         ShowInMiddle = 1 << 2,
+        SetByHwc = 1 << 3,
     };
 
     RefreshRateOverlay(FpsRange, ftl::Flags<Features>);
@@ -63,6 +65,7 @@
     void setViewport(ui::Size);
     void changeRefreshRate(Fps, Fps);
     void animate();
+    bool isSetByHwc() const { return mFeatures.test(RefreshRateOverlay::Features::SetByHwc); }
 
 private:
     using Buffers = std::vector<sp<GraphicBuffer>>;
@@ -82,6 +85,8 @@
 
     const Buffers& getOrCreateBuffers(Fps, Fps);
 
+    SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction createTransaction() const;
+
     struct Key {
         int displayFps;
         int renderFps;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
index 839500f..327ca3f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/RegionSamplingThread.cpp
@@ -285,46 +285,72 @@
 
     std::unordered_set<sp<IRegionSamplingListener>, SpHash<IRegionSamplingListener>> listeners;
 
-    auto traverseLayers = [&](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
-        bool stopLayerFound = false;
-        auto filterVisitor = [&](Layer* layer) {
-            // We don't want to capture any layers beyond the stop layer
-            if (stopLayerFound) return;
+    auto layerFilterFn = [&](const char* layerName, uint32_t layerId, const Rect& bounds,
+                             const ui::Transform transform, bool& outStopTraversal) -> bool {
+        // Likewise if we just found a stop layer, set the flag and abort
+        for (const auto& [area, stopLayerId, listener] : descriptors) {
+            if (stopLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID && layerId == stopLayerId) {
+                outStopTraversal = true;
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
 
-            // Likewise if we just found a stop layer, set the flag and abort
-            for (const auto& [area, stopLayerId, listener] : descriptors) {
-                if (stopLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID && layer->getSequence() == stopLayerId) {
-                    stopLayerFound = true;
+        // Compute the layer's position on the screen
+        constexpr bool roundOutwards = true;
+        Rect transformed = transform.transform(bounds, roundOutwards);
+
+        // If this layer doesn't intersect with the larger sampledBounds, skip capturing it
+        Rect ignore;
+        if (!transformed.intersect(sampledBounds, &ignore)) return false;
+
+        // If the layer doesn't intersect a sampling area, skip capturing it
+        bool intersectsAnyArea = false;
+        for (const auto& [area, stopLayer, listener] : descriptors) {
+            if (transformed.intersect(area, &ignore)) {
+                intersectsAnyArea = true;
+                listeners.insert(listener);
+            }
+        }
+        if (!intersectsAnyArea) return false;
+
+        ALOGV("Traversing [%s] [%d, %d, %d, %d]", layerName, bounds.left, bounds.top, bounds.right,
+              bounds.bottom);
+
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    std::function<std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>()> getLayerSnapshots;
+    if (mFlinger.mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
+        auto filterFn = [&](const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot,
+                            bool& outStopTraversal) -> bool {
+            const Rect bounds =
+                    frontend::RequestedLayerState::reduce(Rect(snapshot.geomLayerBounds),
+                                                          snapshot.transparentRegionHint);
+            const ui::Transform transform = snapshot.geomLayerTransform;
+            return layerFilterFn(snapshot.name.c_str(), snapshot.path.id, bounds, transform,
+                                 outStopTraversal);
+        };
+        getLayerSnapshots =
+                mFlinger.getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID,
+                                                         filterFn);
+    } else {
+        auto traverseLayers = [&](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
+            bool stopLayerFound = false;
+            auto filterVisitor = [&](Layer* layer) {
+                // We don't want to capture any layers beyond the stop layer
+                if (stopLayerFound) return;
+
+                if (!layerFilterFn(layer->getDebugName(), layer->getSequence(),
+                                   Rect(layer->getBounds()), layer->getTransform(),
+                                   stopLayerFound)) {
                     return;
                 }
-            }
-
-            // Compute the layer's position on the screen
-            const Rect bounds = Rect(layer->getBounds());
-            const ui::Transform transform = layer->getTransform();
-            constexpr bool roundOutwards = true;
-            Rect transformed = transform.transform(bounds, roundOutwards);
-
-            // If this layer doesn't intersect with the larger sampledBounds, skip capturing it
-            Rect ignore;
-            if (!transformed.intersect(sampledBounds, &ignore)) return;
-
-            // If the layer doesn't intersect a sampling area, skip capturing it
-            bool intersectsAnyArea = false;
-            for (const auto& [area, stopLayer, listener] : descriptors) {
-                if (transformed.intersect(area, &ignore)) {
-                    intersectsAnyArea = true;
-                    listeners.insert(listener);
-                }
-            }
-            if (!intersectsAnyArea) return;
-
-            ALOGV("Traversing [%s] [%d, %d, %d, %d]", layer->getDebugName(), bounds.left,
-                  bounds.top, bounds.right, bounds.bottom);
-            visitor(layer);
+                visitor(layer);
+            };
+            mFlinger.traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, filterVisitor);
         };
-        mFlinger.traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, filterVisitor);
-    };
+        getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
+    }
 
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer = nullptr;
     if (mCachedBuffer && mCachedBuffer->getBuffer()->getWidth() == sampledBounds.getWidth() &&
@@ -344,7 +370,6 @@
                                                      renderengine::impl::ExternalTexture::Usage::
                                                              WRITEABLE);
     }
-    auto getLayerSnapshots = RenderArea::fromTraverseLayersLambda(traverseLayers);
 
     constexpr bool kRegionSampling = true;
     constexpr bool kGrayscale = false;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
index eb6d7e4..57661f1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.cpp
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
 
 namespace impl {
 
-EventThread::EventThread(const char* name, scheduler::VsyncSchedule& vsyncSchedule,
+EventThread::EventThread(const char* name, std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> vsyncSchedule,
                          android::frametimeline::TokenManager* tokenManager,
                          ThrottleVsyncCallback throttleVsyncCallback,
                          GetVsyncPeriodFunction getVsyncPeriodFunction,
@@ -248,13 +248,8 @@
         mVsyncTracer(base::StringPrintf("VSYNC-%s", name), 0),
         mWorkDuration(base::StringPrintf("VsyncWorkDuration-%s", name), workDuration),
         mReadyDuration(readyDuration),
-        mVsyncSchedule(vsyncSchedule),
-        mVsyncRegistration(
-                vsyncSchedule.getDispatch(),
-                [this](nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t wakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime) {
-                    onVsync(vsyncTime, wakeupTime, readyTime);
-                },
-                name),
+        mVsyncSchedule(std::move(vsyncSchedule)),
+        mVsyncRegistration(mVsyncSchedule->getDispatch(), createDispatchCallback(), name),
         mTokenManager(tokenManager),
         mThrottleVsyncCallback(std::move(throttleVsyncCallback)),
         mGetVsyncPeriodFunction(std::move(getVsyncPeriodFunction)) {
@@ -375,7 +370,7 @@
     vsyncEventData.frameInterval = frameInterval;
     const auto [presentTime, deadline] = [&]() -> std::pair<nsecs_t, nsecs_t> {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-        const auto vsyncTime = mVsyncSchedule.getTracker().nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
+        const auto vsyncTime = mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(
                 systemTime() + mWorkDuration.get().count() + mReadyDuration.count());
         return {vsyncTime, vsyncTime - mReadyDuration.count()};
     }();
@@ -384,23 +379,13 @@
     return vsyncEventData;
 }
 
-void EventThread::onScreenReleased() {
+void EventThread::enableSyntheticVsync(bool enable) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    if (!mVSyncState || mVSyncState->synthetic) {
+    if (!mVSyncState || mVSyncState->synthetic == enable) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mVSyncState->synthetic = true;
-    mCondition.notify_all();
-}
-
-void EventThread::onScreenAcquired() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    if (!mVSyncState || !mVSyncState->synthetic) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    mVSyncState->synthetic = false;
+    mVSyncState->synthetic = enable;
     mCondition.notify_all();
 }
 
@@ -543,7 +528,7 @@
     const auto throttleVsync = [&] {
         const auto& vsyncData = event.vsync.vsyncData;
         if (connection->frameRate.isValid()) {
-            return !mVsyncSchedule.getTracker()
+            return !mVsyncSchedule->getTracker()
                             .isVSyncInPhase(vsyncData.preferredExpectedPresentationTime(),
                                             connection->frameRate);
         }
@@ -706,6 +691,26 @@
     }
 }
 
+void EventThread::onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> schedule) {
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
+    const bool reschedule = mVsyncRegistration.cancel() == scheduler::CancelResult::Cancelled;
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::move(schedule);
+    mVsyncRegistration =
+            scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration(mVsyncSchedule->getDispatch(),
+                                                 createDispatchCallback(), mThreadName);
+    if (reschedule) {
+        mVsyncRegistration.schedule({.workDuration = mWorkDuration.get().count(),
+                                     .readyDuration = mReadyDuration.count(),
+                                     .earliestVsync = mLastVsyncCallbackTime.ns()});
+    }
+}
+
+scheduler::VSyncDispatch::Callback EventThread::createDispatchCallback() {
+    return [this](nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t wakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime) {
+        onVsync(vsyncTime, wakeupTime, readyTime);
+    };
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
index 347dc4a..87e20a0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/EventThread.h
@@ -106,11 +106,8 @@
     virtual sp<EventThreadConnection> createEventConnection(
             ResyncCallback, EventRegistrationFlags eventRegistration = {}) const = 0;
 
-    // called before the screen is turned off from main thread
-    virtual void onScreenReleased() = 0;
-
-    // called after the screen is turned on from main thread
-    virtual void onScreenAcquired() = 0;
+    // Feed clients with fake VSYNC, e.g. while the display is off.
+    virtual void enableSyntheticVsync(bool) = 0;
 
     virtual void onHotplugReceived(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, bool connected) = 0;
 
@@ -136,6 +133,8 @@
 
     // Retrieves the number of event connections tracked by this EventThread.
     virtual size_t getEventThreadConnectionCount() = 0;
+
+    virtual void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>) = 0;
 };
 
 namespace impl {
@@ -145,8 +144,8 @@
     using ThrottleVsyncCallback = std::function<bool(nsecs_t, uid_t)>;
     using GetVsyncPeriodFunction = std::function<nsecs_t(uid_t)>;
 
-    EventThread(const char* name, scheduler::VsyncSchedule&, frametimeline::TokenManager*,
-                ThrottleVsyncCallback, GetVsyncPeriodFunction,
+    EventThread(const char* name, std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>,
+                frametimeline::TokenManager*, ThrottleVsyncCallback, GetVsyncPeriodFunction,
                 std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration, std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration);
     ~EventThread();
 
@@ -159,11 +158,7 @@
     VsyncEventData getLatestVsyncEventData(
             const sp<EventThreadConnection>& connection) const override;
 
-    // called before the screen is turned off from main thread
-    void onScreenReleased() override;
-
-    // called after the screen is turned on from main thread
-    void onScreenAcquired() override;
+    void enableSyntheticVsync(bool) override;
 
     void onHotplugReceived(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, bool connected) override;
 
@@ -179,6 +174,8 @@
 
     size_t getEventThreadConnectionCount() override;
 
+    void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>) override;
+
 private:
     friend EventThreadTest;
 
@@ -202,11 +199,13 @@
                                nsecs_t timestamp, nsecs_t preferredExpectedPresentationTime,
                                nsecs_t preferredDeadlineTimestamp) const;
 
+    scheduler::VSyncDispatch::Callback createDispatchCallback();
+
     const char* const mThreadName;
     TracedOrdinal<int> mVsyncTracer;
     TracedOrdinal<std::chrono::nanoseconds> mWorkDuration GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     std::chrono::nanoseconds mReadyDuration GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
-    scheduler::VsyncSchedule& mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
     TimePoint mLastVsyncCallbackTime GUARDED_BY(mMutex) = TimePoint::now();
     scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration mVsyncRegistration GUARDED_BY(mMutex);
     frametimeline::TokenManager* const mTokenManager;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
index c4de749..92c2189 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h
@@ -18,12 +18,14 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
+
 #include "Display/DisplayModeRequest.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 struct ISchedulerCallback {
-    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(bool) = 0;
+    virtual void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) = 0;
     virtual void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) = 0;
     virtual void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) = 0;
     virtual void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
index e853833..beaf972 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.cpp
@@ -118,27 +118,17 @@
     }
 }
 
-void LayerHistory::record(Layer* layer, nsecs_t presentTime, nsecs_t now,
-                          LayerUpdateType updateType) {
+void LayerHistory::record(int32_t id, const LayerProps& layerProps, nsecs_t presentTime,
+                          nsecs_t now, LayerUpdateType updateType) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mLock);
-    auto id = layer->getSequence();
-
     auto [found, layerPair] = findLayer(id);
     if (found == LayerStatus::NotFound) {
         // Offscreen layer
-        ALOGV("%s: %s not registered", __func__, layer->getName().c_str());
+        ALOGV("%s: %d not registered", __func__, id);
         return;
     }
 
     const auto& info = layerPair->second;
-    const auto layerProps = LayerInfo::LayerProps{
-            .visible = layer->isVisible(),
-            .bounds = layer->getBounds(),
-            .transform = layer->getTransform(),
-            .setFrameRateVote = layer->getFrameRateForLayerTree(),
-            .frameRateSelectionPriority = layer->getFrameRateSelectionPriority(),
-    };
-
     info->setLastPresentTime(presentTime, now, updateType, mModeChangePending, layerProps);
 
     // Set frame rate to attached choreographer.
@@ -149,7 +139,7 @@
         while (it != range.second) {
             sp<EventThreadConnection> choreographerConnection = it->second.promote();
             if (choreographerConnection) {
-                choreographerConnection->frameRate = layer->getFrameRateForLayerTree().rate;
+                choreographerConnection->frameRate = layerProps.setFrameRateVote.rate;
                 it++;
             } else {
                 it = mAttachedChoreographers.erase(it);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h
index 68e7030..69caf9f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerHistory.h
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 namespace scheduler {
 
 class LayerInfo;
+struct LayerProps;
 
 class LayerHistory {
 public:
@@ -63,7 +64,8 @@
     };
 
     // Marks the layer as active, and records the given state to its history.
-    void record(Layer*, nsecs_t presentTime, nsecs_t now, LayerUpdateType updateType);
+    void record(int32_t id, const LayerProps& props, nsecs_t presentTime, nsecs_t now,
+                LayerUpdateType updateType);
 
     // Updates the default frame rate compatibility which takes effect when the app
     // does not set a preference for refresh rate.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
index 0142ccd..5a90d58 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.cpp
@@ -44,14 +44,17 @@
         mOwnerUid(ownerUid),
         mDefaultVote(defaultVote),
         mLayerVote({defaultVote, Fps()}),
-        mRefreshRateHistory(name) {}
+        mLayerProps(std::make_unique<LayerProps>()),
+        mRefreshRateHistory(name) {
+    ;
+}
 
 void LayerInfo::setLastPresentTime(nsecs_t lastPresentTime, nsecs_t now, LayerUpdateType updateType,
-                                   bool pendingModeChange, LayerProps props) {
+                                   bool pendingModeChange, const LayerProps& props) {
     lastPresentTime = std::max(lastPresentTime, static_cast<nsecs_t>(0));
 
     mLastUpdatedTime = std::max(lastPresentTime, now);
-    mLayerProps = props;
+    *mLayerProps = props;
     switch (updateType) {
         case LayerUpdateType::AnimationTX:
             mLastAnimationTime = std::max(lastPresentTime, now);
@@ -305,6 +308,26 @@
     return mTraceTags.at(type).c_str();
 }
 
+LayerInfo::FrameRate LayerInfo::getSetFrameRateVote() const {
+    return mLayerProps->setFrameRateVote;
+}
+
+bool LayerInfo::isVisible() const {
+    return mLayerProps->visible;
+}
+
+int32_t LayerInfo::getFrameRateSelectionPriority() const {
+    return mLayerProps->frameRateSelectionPriority;
+}
+
+FloatRect LayerInfo::getBounds() const {
+    return mLayerProps->bounds;
+}
+
+ui::Transform LayerInfo::getTransform() const {
+    return mLayerProps->transform;
+}
+
 LayerInfo::RefreshRateHistory::HeuristicTraceTagData
 LayerInfo::RefreshRateHistory::makeHeuristicTraceTagData() const {
     const std::string prefix = "LFPS ";
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
index 93485be..a3523ac 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/LayerInfo.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 namespace scheduler {
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-
+struct LayerProps;
 // Maximum period between presents for a layer to be considered active.
 constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds MAX_ACTIVE_LAYER_PERIOD_NS = 1200ms;
 
@@ -132,19 +132,11 @@
     LayerInfo(const LayerInfo&) = delete;
     LayerInfo& operator=(const LayerInfo&) = delete;
 
-    struct LayerProps {
-        bool visible = false;
-        FloatRect bounds;
-        ui::Transform transform;
-        FrameRate setFrameRateVote;
-        int32_t frameRateSelectionPriority = -1;
-    };
-
     // Records the last requested present time. It also stores information about when
     // the layer was last updated. If the present time is farther in the future than the
     // updated time, the updated time is the present time.
     void setLastPresentTime(nsecs_t lastPresentTime, nsecs_t now, LayerUpdateType updateType,
-                            bool pendingModeChange, LayerProps props);
+                            bool pendingModeChange, const LayerProps& props);
 
     // Sets an explicit layer vote. This usually comes directly from the application via
     // ANativeWindow_setFrameRate API
@@ -168,13 +160,11 @@
     // updated time, the updated time is the present time.
     nsecs_t getLastUpdatedTime() const { return mLastUpdatedTime; }
 
-    FrameRate getSetFrameRateVote() const { return mLayerProps.setFrameRateVote; }
-    bool isVisible() const { return mLayerProps.visible; }
-    int32_t getFrameRateSelectionPriority() const { return mLayerProps.frameRateSelectionPriority; }
-
-    FloatRect getBounds() const { return mLayerProps.bounds; }
-
-    ui::Transform getTransform() const { return mLayerProps.transform; }
+    FrameRate getSetFrameRateVote() const;
+    bool isVisible() const;
+    int32_t getFrameRateSelectionPriority() const;
+    FloatRect getBounds() const;
+    ui::Transform getTransform() const;
 
     // Returns a C string for tracing a vote
     const char* getTraceTag(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType type) const;
@@ -294,7 +284,7 @@
     static constexpr size_t HISTORY_SIZE = RefreshRateHistory::HISTORY_SIZE;
     static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds HISTORY_DURATION = 1s;
 
-    LayerProps mLayerProps;
+    std::unique_ptr<LayerProps> mLayerProps;
 
     RefreshRateHistory mRefreshRateHistory;
 
@@ -304,5 +294,13 @@
     static bool sTraceEnabled;
 };
 
+struct LayerProps {
+    bool visible = false;
+    FloatRect bounds;
+    ui::Transform transform;
+    LayerInfo::FrameRate setFrameRateVote;
+    int32_t frameRateSelectionPriority = -1;
+};
+
 } // namespace scheduler
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
index dec8f59..7457b84 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
@@ -75,19 +75,36 @@
     mHandler->dispatchFrame(vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime);
 }
 
-void MessageQueue::initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch& dispatch,
+void MessageQueue::initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch,
                              frametimeline::TokenManager& tokenManager,
                              std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) {
     std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
     mVsync.workDuration = workDuration;
     mVsync.tokenManager = &tokenManager;
+    onNewVsyncScheduleLocked(std::move(dispatch));
+}
+
+void MessageQueue::onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch) {
+    std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
+    onNewVsyncScheduleLocked(std::move(dispatch));
+}
+
+void MessageQueue::onNewVsyncScheduleLocked(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch> dispatch) {
+    const bool reschedule = mVsync.registration &&
+            mVsync.registration->cancel() == scheduler::CancelResult::Cancelled;
     mVsync.registration = std::make_unique<
-            scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration>(dispatch,
+            scheduler::VSyncCallbackRegistration>(std::move(dispatch),
                                                   std::bind(&MessageQueue::vsyncCallback, this,
                                                             std::placeholders::_1,
                                                             std::placeholders::_2,
                                                             std::placeholders::_3),
                                                   "sf");
+    if (reschedule) {
+        mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
+                mVsync.registration->schedule({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
+                                               .readyDuration = 0,
+                                               .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
+    }
 }
 
 void MessageQueue::destroyVsync() {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
index 0d59337..9c9b2f3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
 public:
     virtual ~MessageQueue() = default;
 
-    virtual void initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch&, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
+    virtual void initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
                            std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
     virtual void destroyVsync() = 0;
     virtual void setDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) = 0;
@@ -106,6 +106,8 @@
 
     void vsyncCallback(nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t targetWakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime);
 
+    void onNewVsyncSchedule(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>) EXCLUDES(mVsync.mutex);
+
 private:
     virtual void onFrameSignal(ICompositor&, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) = 0;
 
@@ -127,10 +129,12 @@
 
     Vsync mVsync;
 
+    void onNewVsyncScheduleLocked(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>) REQUIRES(mVsync.mutex);
+
 public:
     explicit MessageQueue(ICompositor&);
 
-    void initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch&, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
+    void initVsync(std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncDispatch>, frametimeline::TokenManager&,
                    std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
     void destroyVsync() override;
     void setDuration(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration) override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
index f95646c..02e8719 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
     OneShotTimer(std::string name, const Interval& interval, const ResetCallback& resetCallback,
                  const TimeoutCallback& timeoutCallback,
-                 std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
+                 std::unique_ptr<android::Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
     ~OneShotTimer();
 
     Duration interval() const { return mInterval; }
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
     std::thread mThread;
 
     // Clock object for the timer. Mocked in unit tests.
-    std::unique_ptr<Clock> mClock;
+    std::unique_ptr<android::Clock> mClock;
 
     // Semaphore to keep mThread synchronized.
     sem_t mSemaphore;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
index f6fe468..eec7c08 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.cpp
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@
         // significantly faster than the display rate, at it would cause a significant frame drop.
         // It is more appropriate to choose a higher display rate even if
         // a pull-down will be required.
-        constexpr float kMinMultiplier = 0.25f;
+        constexpr float kMinMultiplier = 0.75f;
         if (multiplier >= kMinMultiplier &&
             isFractionalPairOrMultiple(refreshRate, layer.desiredRefreshRate)) {
             return kScoreForFractionalPairs;
@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@
         }
 
         const bool ascending = (refreshRateOrder == RefreshRateOrder::Ascending);
-        const auto id = frameRateMode.modePtr->getId();
+        const auto id = modePtr->getId();
         if (ascending && frameRateMode.fps < *maxRenderRateForMode.get(id)) {
             // TODO(b/266481656): Once this bug is fixed, we can remove this workaround and actually
             //  use a lower frame rate when we want Ascending frame rates.
@@ -970,14 +970,20 @@
         if (ascending) {
             score = 1.0f / score;
         }
+
+        constexpr float kScore = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
         if (preferredDisplayModeOpt) {
             if (*preferredDisplayModeOpt == modePtr->getId()) {
-                constexpr float kScore = std::numeric_limits<float>::max();
                 ranking.emplace_front(ScoredFrameRate{frameRateMode, kScore});
                 return;
             }
             constexpr float kNonPreferredModePenalty = 0.95f;
             score *= kNonPreferredModePenalty;
+        } else if (ascending && id == getMinRefreshRateByPolicyLocked()->getId()) {
+            // TODO(b/266481656): Once this bug is fixed, we can remove this workaround
+            //  and actually use a lower frame rate when we want Ascending frame rates.
+            ranking.emplace_front(ScoredFrameRate{frameRateMode, kScore});
+            return;
         }
 
         ALOGV("%s(%s) %s (%s) scored %.2f", whence, ftl::enum_string(refreshRateOrder).c_str(),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
index 4f5842a..5052e6e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/RefreshRateSelector.h
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include <scheduler/Seamlessness.h>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayMode.h"
-#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 #include "Scheduler/OneShotTimer.h"
 #include "Scheduler/StrongTyping.h"
 #include "ThreadContext.h"
@@ -297,6 +296,8 @@
     RefreshRateSelector(const RefreshRateSelector&) = delete;
     RefreshRateSelector& operator=(const RefreshRateSelector&) = delete;
 
+    const DisplayModes& displayModes() const { return mDisplayModes; }
+
     // Returns whether switching modes (refresh rate or resolution) is possible.
     // TODO(b/158780872): Consider HAL support, and skip frame rate detection if the modes only
     //  differ in resolution. Once Config::FrameRateOverride::Enabled becomes the default,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index dab01ba..6e33272 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
     mTouchTimer.reset();
 
     // Stop idle timer and clear callbacks, as the RefreshRateSelector may outlive the Scheduler.
-    demoteLeaderDisplay();
+    demotePacesetterDisplay();
 }
 
 void Scheduler::startTimers() {
@@ -106,34 +106,43 @@
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setLeaderDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> leaderIdOpt) {
-    demoteLeaderDisplay();
+void Scheduler::setPacesetterDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> pacesetterIdOpt) {
+    demotePacesetterDisplay();
 
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
-    promoteLeaderDisplay(leaderIdOpt);
+    promotePacesetterDisplay(pacesetterIdOpt);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
-    demoteLeaderDisplay();
+    registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                            std::make_shared<VsyncSchedule>(displayId, mFeatures));
+}
+
+void Scheduler::registerDisplayInternal(PhysicalDisplayId displayId,
+                                        RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                                        std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> vsyncSchedule) {
+    demotePacesetterDisplay();
 
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
     mRefreshRateSelectors.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+    mVsyncSchedules.emplace_or_replace(displayId, std::move(vsyncSchedule));
 
-    promoteLeaderDisplay();
+    promotePacesetterDisplay();
 }
 
 void Scheduler::unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
-    demoteLeaderDisplay();
+    demotePacesetterDisplay();
 
     std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
     mRefreshRateSelectors.erase(displayId);
+    mVsyncSchedules.erase(displayId);
 
     // Do not allow removing the final display. Code in the scheduler expects
     // there to be at least one display. (This may be relaxed in the future with
     // headless virtual display.)
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mRefreshRateSelectors.empty(), "Cannot unregister all displays!");
 
-    promoteLeaderDisplay();
+    promotePacesetterDisplay();
 }
 
 void Scheduler::run() {
@@ -154,13 +163,9 @@
     compositor.sample();
 }
 
-void Scheduler::createVsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features) {
-    mVsyncSchedule = std::make_unique<VsyncSchedule>(features);
-}
-
 std::optional<Fps> Scheduler::getFrameRateOverride(uid_t uid) const {
     const bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent =
-            leaderSelectorPtr()->supportsAppFrameRateOverrideByContent();
+            pacesetterSelectorPtr()->supportsAppFrameRateOverrideByContent();
     return mFrameRateOverrideMappings
             .getFrameRateOverrideForUid(uid, supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
 }
@@ -172,11 +177,11 @@
     }
 
     ATRACE_FORMAT("%s uid: %d frameRate: %s", __func__, uid, to_string(*frameRate).c_str());
-    return mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTimestamp.ns(), *frameRate);
+    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTimestamp.ns(), *frameRate);
 }
 
 bool Scheduler::isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint timePoint, const Fps frameRate) const {
-    return mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(timePoint.ns(), frameRate);
+    return getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(timePoint.ns(), frameRate);
 }
 
 impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback Scheduler::makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const {
@@ -187,8 +192,9 @@
 
 impl::EventThread::GetVsyncPeriodFunction Scheduler::makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction() const {
     return [this](uid_t uid) {
-        const Fps refreshRate = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps;
-        const nsecs_t currentPeriod = mVsyncSchedule->period().ns() ?: refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
+        const Fps refreshRate = pacesetterSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps;
+        const nsecs_t currentPeriod =
+                getVsyncSchedule()->period().ns() ?: refreshRate.getPeriodNsecs();
 
         const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
         if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
@@ -208,7 +214,7 @@
                                               std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
                                               std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration) {
     auto eventThread = std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(cycle == Cycle::Render ? "app" : "appSf",
-                                                           *mVsyncSchedule, tokenManager,
+                                                           getVsyncSchedule(), tokenManager,
                                                            makeThrottleVsyncCallback(),
                                                            makeGetVsyncPeriodFunction(),
                                                            workDuration, readyDuration);
@@ -265,29 +271,21 @@
     thread->onHotplugReceived(displayId, connected);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::onScreenAcquired(ConnectionHandle handle) {
+void Scheduler::enableSyntheticVsync(bool enable) {
+    // TODO(b/241285945): Remove connection handles.
+    const ConnectionHandle handle = mAppConnectionHandle;
     android::EventThread* thread;
     {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectionsLock);
         RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
         thread = mConnections[handle].thread.get();
     }
-    thread->onScreenAcquired();
-}
-
-void Scheduler::onScreenReleased(ConnectionHandle handle) {
-    android::EventThread* thread;
-    {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectionsLock);
-        RETURN_IF_INVALID_HANDLE(handle);
-        thread = mConnections[handle].thread.get();
-    }
-    thread->onScreenReleased();
+    thread->enableSyntheticVsync(enable);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle handle, PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
     const bool supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent =
-            leaderSelectorPtr()->supportsAppFrameRateOverrideByContent();
+            pacesetterSelectorPtr()->supportsAppFrameRateOverrideByContent();
 
     std::vector<FrameRateOverride> overrides =
             mFrameRateOverrideMappings.getAllFrameRateOverrides(supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
@@ -328,7 +326,7 @@
     // If the mode is not the current mode, this means that a
     // mode change is in progress. In that case we shouldn't dispatch an event
     // as it will be dispatched when the current mode changes.
-    if (leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode() != mPolicy.modeOpt) {
+    if (pacesetterSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode() != mPolicy.modeOpt) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -393,32 +391,60 @@
     setDuration(config.sfWorkDuration);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::enableHardwareVsync() {
-    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
+void Scheduler::enableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow) {
-    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
+void Scheduler::disableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool disallow) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::resyncToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable, Fps refreshRate) {
-    if (mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(allowToEnable) && refreshRate.isValid()) {
-        mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mSchedulerCallback, refreshRate.getPeriod());
+void Scheduler::resyncAllToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+
+    for (const auto& [id, _] : mRefreshRateSelectors) {
+        resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(id, allowToEnable);
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setRenderRate(Fps renderFrameRate) {
-    const auto mode = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode();
+void Scheduler::resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool allowToEnable,
+                                            std::optional<Fps> refreshRate) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(id);
+    if (schedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(allowToEnable)) {
+        if (!refreshRate) {
+            auto selectorPtr = mRefreshRateSelectors.get(id);
+            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!selectorPtr);
+            refreshRate = selectorPtr->get()->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
+        }
+        if (refreshRate->isValid()) {
+            schedule->startPeriodTransition(mSchedulerCallback, refreshRate->getPeriod(),
+                                            false /* force */);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Scheduler::setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId id, Fps renderFrameRate) {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+
+    auto selectorPtr = mRefreshRateSelectors.get(id);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!selectorPtr);
+    const auto mode = selectorPtr->get()->getActiveMode();
 
     using fps_approx_ops::operator!=;
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(renderFrameRate != mode.fps,
-                        "Mismatch in render frame rates. Selector: %s, Scheduler: %s",
-                        to_string(mode.fps).c_str(), to_string(renderFrameRate).c_str());
+                        "Mismatch in render frame rates. Selector: %s, Scheduler: %s, Display: "
+                        "%" PRIu64,
+                        to_string(mode.fps).c_str(), to_string(renderFrameRate).c_str(), id.value);
 
     ALOGV("%s %s (%s)", __func__, to_string(mode.fps).c_str(),
           to_string(mode.modePtr->getFps()).c_str());
 
-    mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().setRenderRate(renderFrameRate);
+    getVsyncScheduleLocked(id)->getTracker().setRenderRate(renderFrameRate);
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resync() {
@@ -428,24 +454,26 @@
     const nsecs_t last = mLastResyncTime.exchange(now);
 
     if (now - last > kIgnoreDelay) {
-        const auto refreshRate = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
-        resyncToHardwareVsync(false, refreshRate);
+        resyncAllToHardwareVsync(false /* allowToEnable */);
     }
 }
 
-bool Scheduler::addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriodIn) {
+bool Scheduler::addResyncSample(PhysicalDisplayId id, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                                std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriodIn) {
     const auto hwcVsyncPeriod = ftl::Optional(hwcVsyncPeriodIn).transform([](nsecs_t nanos) {
         return Period::fromNs(nanos);
     });
-    return mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mSchedulerCallback, TimePoint::fromNs(timestamp),
-                                           hwcVsyncPeriod);
+    return getVsyncSchedule(id)->addResyncSample(mSchedulerCallback, TimePoint::fromNs(timestamp),
+                                                 hwcVsyncPeriod);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
-    if (mVsyncSchedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence))) {
-        enableHardwareVsync();
+void Scheduler::addPresentFence(PhysicalDisplayId id, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> fence) {
+    auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+    const bool needMoreSignals = schedule->getController().addPresentFence(std::move(fence));
+    if (needMoreSignals) {
+        schedule->enableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback);
     } else {
-        disableHardwareVsync(false);
+        schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, false /* disallow */);
     }
 }
 
@@ -460,10 +488,10 @@
     mLayerHistory.deregisterLayer(layer);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::recordLayerHistory(Layer* layer, nsecs_t presentTime,
+void Scheduler::recordLayerHistory(int32_t id, const LayerProps& layerProps, nsecs_t presentTime,
                                    LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType updateType) {
-    if (leaderSelectorPtr()->canSwitch()) {
-        mLayerHistory.record(layer, presentTime, systemTime(), updateType);
+    if (pacesetterSelectorPtr()->canSwitch()) {
+        mLayerHistory.record(id, layerProps, presentTime, systemTime(), updateType);
     }
 }
 
@@ -477,7 +505,7 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::chooseRefreshRateForContent() {
-    const auto selectorPtr = leaderSelectorPtr();
+    const auto selectorPtr = pacesetterSelectorPtr();
     if (!selectorPtr->canSwitch()) return;
 
     ATRACE_CALL();
@@ -487,22 +515,32 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resetIdleTimer() {
-    leaderSelectorPtr()->resetIdleTimer();
+    pacesetterSelectorPtr()->resetIdleTimer();
 }
 
 void Scheduler::onTouchHint() {
     if (mTouchTimer) {
         mTouchTimer->reset();
-        leaderSelectorPtr()->resetKernelIdleTimer();
+        pacesetterSelectorPtr()->resetKernelIdleTimer();
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::setDisplayPowerMode(hal::PowerMode powerMode) {
-    {
+void Scheduler::setDisplayPowerMode(PhysicalDisplayId id, hal::PowerMode powerMode) {
+    const bool isPacesetter = [this, id]() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mDisplayLock);
+        return id == mPacesetterDisplayId;
+    }();
+    if (isPacesetter) {
+        // TODO (b/255657128): This needs to be handled per display.
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
         mPolicy.displayPowerMode = powerMode;
     }
-    mVsyncSchedule->getController().setDisplayPowerMode(powerMode);
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+        auto vsyncSchedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(id);
+        vsyncSchedule->getController().setDisplayPowerMode(powerMode);
+    }
+    if (!isPacesetter) return;
 
     if (mDisplayPowerTimer) {
         mDisplayPowerTimer->reset();
@@ -513,12 +551,30 @@
     mLayerHistory.clear();
 }
 
+std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> Scheduler::getVsyncSchedule(
+        std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt) const {
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    return getVsyncScheduleLocked(idOpt);
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> Scheduler::getVsyncScheduleLocked(
+        std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt) const {
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+    if (!idOpt) {
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mPacesetterDisplayId, "Missing a pacesetter!");
+        idOpt = mPacesetterDisplayId;
+    }
+    auto scheduleOpt = mVsyncSchedules.get(*idOpt);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!scheduleOpt);
+    return std::const_pointer_cast<const VsyncSchedule>(scheduleOpt->get());
+}
+
 void Scheduler::kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState state) {
     ATRACE_INT("ExpiredKernelIdleTimer", static_cast<int>(state));
 
     // TODO(145561154): cleanup the kernel idle timer implementation and the refresh rate
     // magic number
-    const Fps refreshRate = leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
+    const Fps refreshRate = pacesetterSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
 
     constexpr Fps FPS_THRESHOLD_FOR_KERNEL_TIMER = 65_Hz;
     using namespace fps_approx_ops;
@@ -527,12 +583,17 @@
         // If we're not in performance mode then the kernel timer shouldn't do
         // anything, as the refresh rate during DPU power collapse will be the
         // same.
-        resyncToHardwareVsync(true /* makeAvailable */, refreshRate);
+        resyncAllToHardwareVsync(true /* allowToEnable */);
     } else if (state == TimerState::Expired && refreshRate <= FPS_THRESHOLD_FOR_KERNEL_TIMER) {
         // Disable HW VSYNC if the timer expired, as we don't need it enabled if
         // we're not pushing frames, and if we're in PERFORMANCE mode then we'll
         // need to update the VsyncController model anyway.
-        disableHardwareVsync(false /* makeUnavailable */);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        constexpr bool disallow = false;
+        for (auto& [_, schedule] : mVsyncSchedules) {
+            schedule->disableHardwareVsync(mSchedulerCallback, disallow);
+        }
     }
 
     mSchedulerCallback.kernelTimerChanged(state == TimerState::Expired);
@@ -577,7 +638,7 @@
         {
             std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
             ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-            dumper.dump("leaderDisplayId"sv, mLeaderDisplayId);
+            dumper.dump("pacesetterDisplayId"sv, mPacesetterDisplayId);
         }
         dumper.dump("layerHistory"sv, mLayerHistory.dump());
         dumper.dump("touchTimer"sv, mTouchTimer.transform(&OneShotTimer::interval));
@@ -589,46 +650,72 @@
 }
 
 void Scheduler::dumpVsync(std::string& out) const {
-    mVsyncSchedule->dump(out);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+    ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+    if (mPacesetterDisplayId) {
+        base::StringAppendF(&out, "VsyncSchedule for pacesetter %s:\n",
+                            to_string(*mPacesetterDisplayId).c_str());
+        getVsyncScheduleLocked()->dump(out);
+    }
+    for (auto& [id, vsyncSchedule] : mVsyncSchedules) {
+        if (id == mPacesetterDisplayId) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        base::StringAppendF(&out, "VsyncSchedule for follower %s:\n", to_string(id).c_str());
+        vsyncSchedule->dump(out);
+    }
 }
 
 bool Scheduler::updateFrameRateOverrides(GlobalSignals consideredSignals, Fps displayRefreshRate) {
     if (consideredSignals.idle) return false;
 
     const auto frameRateOverrides =
-            leaderSelectorPtr()->getFrameRateOverrides(mPolicy.contentRequirements,
-                                                       displayRefreshRate, consideredSignals);
+            pacesetterSelectorPtr()->getFrameRateOverrides(mPolicy.contentRequirements,
+                                                           displayRefreshRate, consideredSignals);
 
     // Note that RefreshRateSelector::supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent is checked when querying
     // the FrameRateOverrideMappings rather than here.
     return mFrameRateOverrideMappings.updateFrameRateOverridesByContent(frameRateOverrides);
 }
 
-void Scheduler::promoteLeaderDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> leaderIdOpt) {
-    // TODO(b/241286431): Choose the leader display.
-    mLeaderDisplayId = leaderIdOpt.value_or(mRefreshRateSelectors.begin()->first);
-    ALOGI("Display %s is the leader", to_string(*mLeaderDisplayId).c_str());
+void Scheduler::promotePacesetterDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> pacesetterIdOpt) {
+    // TODO(b/241286431): Choose the pacesetter display.
+    mPacesetterDisplayId = pacesetterIdOpt.value_or(mRefreshRateSelectors.begin()->first);
+    ALOGI("Display %s is the pacesetter", to_string(*mPacesetterDisplayId).c_str());
 
-    if (const auto leaderPtr = leaderSelectorPtrLocked()) {
-        leaderPtr->setIdleTimerCallbacks(
+    auto vsyncSchedule = getVsyncScheduleLocked(*mPacesetterDisplayId);
+    if (const auto pacesetterPtr = pacesetterSelectorPtrLocked()) {
+        pacesetterPtr->setIdleTimerCallbacks(
                 {.platform = {.onReset = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
                               .onExpired = [this] { idleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }},
                  .kernel = {.onReset = [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Reset); },
                             .onExpired =
                                     [this] { kernelIdleTimerCallback(TimerState::Expired); }}});
 
-        leaderPtr->startIdleTimer();
+        pacesetterPtr->startIdleTimer();
+
+        const Fps refreshRate = pacesetterPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getFps();
+        vsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mSchedulerCallback, refreshRate.getPeriod(),
+                                             true /* force */);
+    }
+
+    onNewVsyncSchedule(vsyncSchedule->getDispatch());
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mConnectionsLock);
+        for (auto& [_, connection] : mConnections) {
+            connection.thread->onNewVsyncSchedule(vsyncSchedule);
+        }
     }
 }
 
-void Scheduler::demoteLeaderDisplay() {
+void Scheduler::demotePacesetterDisplay() {
     // No need to lock for reads on kMainThreadContext.
-    if (const auto leaderPtr = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mDisplayLock, leaderSelectorPtrLocked())) {
-        leaderPtr->stopIdleTimer();
-        leaderPtr->clearIdleTimerCallbacks();
+    if (const auto pacesetterPtr = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mDisplayLock, pacesetterSelectorPtrLocked())) {
+        pacesetterPtr->stopIdleTimer();
+        pacesetterPtr->clearIdleTimerCallbacks();
     }
 
-    // Clear state that depends on the leader's RefreshRateSelector.
+    // Clear state that depends on the pacesetter's RefreshRateSelector.
     std::scoped_lock lock(mPolicyLock);
     mPolicy = {};
 }
@@ -657,10 +744,11 @@
 
             modeChoices = chooseDisplayModes();
 
-            // TODO(b/240743786): The leader display's mode must change for any DisplayModeRequest
-            // to go through. Fix this by tracking per-display Scheduler::Policy and timers.
+            // TODO(b/240743786): The pacesetter display's mode must change for any
+            // DisplayModeRequest to go through. Fix this by tracking per-display Scheduler::Policy
+            // and timers.
             std::tie(modeOpt, consideredSignals) =
-                    modeChoices.get(*mLeaderDisplayId)
+                    modeChoices.get(*mPacesetterDisplayId)
                             .transform([](const DisplayModeChoice& choice) {
                                 return std::make_pair(choice.mode, choice.consideredSignals);
                             })
@@ -793,7 +881,7 @@
 FrameRateMode Scheduler::getPreferredDisplayMode() {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mPolicyLock);
     const auto frameRateMode =
-            leaderSelectorPtr()
+            pacesetterSelectorPtr()
                     ->getRankedFrameRates(mPolicy.contentRequirements, makeGlobalSignals())
                     .ranking.front()
                     .frameRateMode;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index a340919..74547d5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@
 
     void startTimers();
 
-    // TODO(b/241285191): Remove this API by promoting leader in onScreen{Acquired,Released}.
-    void setLeaderDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+    // TODO(b/241285191): Remove this API by promoting pacesetter in onScreen{Acquired,Released}.
+    void setPacesetterDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId>) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
             EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
     using RefreshRateSelectorPtr = std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector>;
@@ -114,8 +114,6 @@
 
     void run();
 
-    void createVsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags);
-
     using Impl::initVsync;
 
     using Impl::getScheduledFrameTime;
@@ -157,8 +155,8 @@
     void onHotplugReceived(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId, bool connected);
     void onPrimaryDisplayModeChanged(ConnectionHandle, const FrameRateMode&) EXCLUDES(mPolicyLock);
     void onNonPrimaryDisplayModeChanged(ConnectionHandle, const FrameRateMode&);
-    void onScreenAcquired(ConnectionHandle);
-    void onScreenReleased(ConnectionHandle);
+
+    void enableSyntheticVsync(bool = true) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     void onFrameRateOverridesChanged(ConnectionHandle, PhysicalDisplayId)
             EXCLUDES(mConnectionsLock);
@@ -167,42 +165,62 @@
     void setDuration(ConnectionHandle, std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
                      std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration);
 
-    const VsyncModulator& vsyncModulator() const { return *mVsyncModulator; }
+    VsyncModulator& vsyncModulator() { return *mVsyncModulator; }
 
+    // In some cases, we should only modulate for the pacesetter display. In those
+    // cases, the caller should pass in the relevant display, and the method
+    // will no-op if it's not the pacesetter. Other cases are not specific to a
+    // display.
     template <typename... Args,
               typename Handler = std::optional<VsyncConfig> (VsyncModulator::*)(Args...)>
-    void modulateVsync(Handler handler, Args... args) {
+    void modulateVsync(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> id, Handler handler, Args... args) {
+        if (id) {
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+            ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+            if (id != mPacesetterDisplayId) {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+
         if (const auto config = (*mVsyncModulator.*handler)(args...)) {
-            setVsyncConfig(*config, getLeaderVsyncPeriod());
+            setVsyncConfig(*config, getPacesetterVsyncPeriod());
         }
     }
 
     void setVsyncConfigSet(const VsyncConfigSet&, Period vsyncPeriod);
 
     // Sets the render rate for the scheduler to run at.
-    void setRenderRate(Fps);
+    void setRenderRate(PhysicalDisplayId, Fps);
 
-    void enableHardwareVsync();
-    void disableHardwareVsync(bool disallow);
+    void enableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId);
+    void disableHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId, bool disallow);
 
     // Resyncs the scheduler to hardware vsync.
     // If allowToEnable is true, then hardware vsync will be turned on.
     // Otherwise, if hardware vsync is not already enabled then this method will
     // no-op.
-    void resyncToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable, Fps refreshRate);
+    // If refreshRate is nullopt, use the existing refresh rate of the display.
+    void resyncToHardwareVsync(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool allowToEnable,
+                               std::optional<Fps> refreshRate = std::nullopt)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
+        resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(id, allowToEnable, refreshRate);
+    }
     void resync() EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
     void forceNextResync() { mLastResyncTime = 0; }
 
     // Passes a vsync sample to VsyncController. Returns true if
     // VsyncController detected that the vsync period changed and false
     // otherwise.
-    bool addResyncSample(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod);
-    void addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>);
+    bool addResyncSample(PhysicalDisplayId, nsecs_t timestamp,
+                         std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod);
+    void addPresentFence(PhysicalDisplayId, std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
     // Layers are registered on creation, and unregistered when the weak reference expires.
     void registerLayer(Layer*);
-    void recordLayerHistory(Layer*, nsecs_t presentTime, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType)
-            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    void recordLayerHistory(int32_t id, const LayerProps& layerProps, nsecs_t presentTime,
+                            LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
     void setModeChangePending(bool pending);
     void setDefaultFrameRateCompatibility(Layer*);
     void deregisterLayer(Layer*);
@@ -215,22 +233,28 @@
     // Indicates that touch interaction is taking place.
     void onTouchHint();
 
-    void setDisplayPowerMode(hal::PowerMode powerMode);
+    void setDisplayPowerMode(PhysicalDisplayId, hal::PowerMode powerMode)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    VsyncSchedule& getVsyncSchedule() { return *mVsyncSchedule; }
+    std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> getVsyncSchedule(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
+    std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> getVsyncSchedule(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+        return std::const_pointer_cast<VsyncSchedule>(
+                static_cast<const Scheduler*>(this)->getVsyncSchedule(idOpt));
+    }
 
     // Returns true if a given vsync timestamp is considered valid vsync
     // for a given uid
     bool isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const;
 
-    // Checks if a vsync timestamp is in phase for a frame rate
-    bool isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint timePoint, const Fps frameRate) const;
+    bool isVsyncInPhase(TimePoint expectedVsyncTime, Fps frameRate) const;
 
     void dump(utils::Dumper&) const;
     void dump(ConnectionHandle, std::string&) const;
-    void dumpVsync(std::string&) const;
+    void dumpVsync(std::string&) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
-    // Returns the preferred refresh rate and frame rate for the leader display.
+    // Returns the preferred refresh rate and frame rate for the pacesetter display.
     FrameRateMode getPreferredDisplayMode();
 
     // Notifies the scheduler about a refresh rate timeline change.
@@ -253,12 +277,12 @@
     // Retrieves the overridden refresh rate for a given uid.
     std::optional<Fps> getFrameRateOverride(uid_t) const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
-    Period getLeaderVsyncPeriod() const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
-        return leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps.getPeriod();
+    Period getPacesetterVsyncPeriod() const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+        return pacesetterSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps.getPeriod();
     }
 
-    Fps getLeaderRefreshRate() const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
-        return leaderSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps;
+    Fps getPacesetterRefreshRate() const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+        return pacesetterSelectorPtr()->getActiveMode().fps;
     }
 
     // Returns the framerate of the layer with the given sequence ID
@@ -288,16 +312,24 @@
     void touchTimerCallback(TimerState);
     void displayPowerTimerCallback(TimerState);
 
+    void resyncToHardwareVsyncLocked(PhysicalDisplayId, bool allowToEnable,
+                                     std::optional<Fps> refreshRate = std::nullopt)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mDisplayLock);
+    void resyncAllToHardwareVsync(bool allowToEnable) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
     void setVsyncConfig(const VsyncConfig&, Period vsyncPeriod);
 
-    // Chooses a leader among the registered displays, unless `leaderIdOpt` is specified. The new
-    // `mLeaderDisplayId` is never `std::nullopt`.
-    void promoteLeaderDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> leaderIdOpt = std::nullopt)
+    // Chooses a pacesetter among the registered displays, unless `pacesetterIdOpt` is specified.
+    // The new `mPacesetterDisplayId` is never `std::nullopt`.
+    void promotePacesetterDisplay(std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> pacesetterIdOpt = std::nullopt)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mDisplayLock);
 
-    // Blocks until the leader's idle timer thread exits. `mDisplayLock` must not be locked by the
-    // caller on the main thread to avoid deadlock, since the timer thread locks it before exit.
-    void demoteLeaderDisplay() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock, mPolicyLock);
+    // Blocks until the pacesetter's idle timer thread exits. `mDisplayLock` must not be locked by
+    // the caller on the main thread to avoid deadlock, since the timer thread locks it before exit.
+    void demotePacesetterDisplay() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext) EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock, mPolicyLock);
+
+    void registerDisplayInternal(PhysicalDisplayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr,
+                                 std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext)
+            EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock);
 
     struct Policy;
 
@@ -355,7 +387,6 @@
     std::atomic<nsecs_t> mLastResyncTime = 0;
 
     const FeatureFlags mFeatures;
-    std::unique_ptr<VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
 
     // Shifts the VSYNC phase during certain transactions and refresh rate changes.
     const sp<VsyncModulator> mVsyncModulator;
@@ -380,23 +411,35 @@
     display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr> mRefreshRateSelectors
             GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock) GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mLeaderDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
+    // TODO (b/266715559): Store in the same map as mRefreshRateSelectors.
+    display::PhysicalDisplayMap<PhysicalDisplayId, std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>> mVsyncSchedules
+            GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock) GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
+
+    ftl::Optional<PhysicalDisplayId> mPacesetterDisplayId GUARDED_BY(mDisplayLock)
             GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
 
-    RefreshRateSelectorPtr leaderSelectorPtr() const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
+    RefreshRateSelectorPtr pacesetterSelectorPtr() const EXCLUDES(mDisplayLock) {
         std::scoped_lock lock(mDisplayLock);
-        return leaderSelectorPtrLocked();
+        return pacesetterSelectorPtrLocked();
     }
 
-    RefreshRateSelectorPtr leaderSelectorPtrLocked() const REQUIRES(mDisplayLock) {
+    RefreshRateSelectorPtr pacesetterSelectorPtrLocked() const REQUIRES(mDisplayLock) {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        const RefreshRateSelectorPtr noLeader;
-        return mLeaderDisplayId
-                .and_then([this](PhysicalDisplayId leaderId)
+        const RefreshRateSelectorPtr noPacesetter;
+        return mPacesetterDisplayId
+                .and_then([this](PhysicalDisplayId pacesetterId)
                                   REQUIRES(mDisplayLock, kMainThreadContext) {
-                                      return mRefreshRateSelectors.get(leaderId);
+                                      return mRefreshRateSelectors.get(pacesetterId);
                                   })
-                .value_or(std::cref(noLeader));
+                .value_or(std::cref(noPacesetter));
+    }
+
+    std::shared_ptr<const VsyncSchedule> getVsyncScheduleLocked(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) const REQUIRES(mDisplayLock);
+    std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule> getVsyncScheduleLocked(
+            std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> idOpt = std::nullopt) REQUIRES(mDisplayLock) {
+        return std::const_pointer_cast<VsyncSchedule>(
+                static_cast<const Scheduler*>(this)->getVsyncScheduleLocked(idOpt));
     }
 
     struct Policy {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
index 9520131..77875e3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatch.h
@@ -161,7 +161,8 @@
  */
 class VSyncCallbackRegistration {
 public:
-    VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncDispatch&, VSyncDispatch::Callback, std::string callbackName);
+    VSyncCallbackRegistration(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch>, VSyncDispatch::Callback,
+                              std::string callbackName);
     ~VSyncCallbackRegistration();
 
     VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncCallbackRegistration&&);
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@
     CancelResult cancel();
 
 private:
-    std::reference_wrapper<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken mToken;
     bool mValidToken;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
index 73d52cf..26389eb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.cpp
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@
 }
 
 VSyncDispatchTimerQueue::VSyncDispatchTimerQueue(std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper> tk,
-                                                 VSyncTracker& tracker, nsecs_t timerSlack,
-                                                 nsecs_t minVsyncDistance)
+                                                 VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr tracker,
+                                                 nsecs_t timerSlack, nsecs_t minVsyncDistance)
       : mTimeKeeper(std::move(tk)),
-        mTracker(tracker),
+        mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
         mTimerSlack(timerSlack),
         mMinVsyncDistance(minVsyncDistance) {}
 
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
         }
 
         if (it != skipUpdateIt) {
-            callback->update(mTracker, now);
+            callback->update(*mTracker, now);
         }
         auto const wakeupTime = *callback->wakeupTime();
         if (!min || *min > wakeupTime) {
@@ -365,10 +365,10 @@
     auto const rearmImminent = now > mIntendedWakeupTime;
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(rearmImminent)) {
         callback->addPendingWorkloadUpdate(scheduleTiming);
-        return getExpectedCallbackTime(mTracker, now, scheduleTiming);
+        return getExpectedCallbackTime(*mTracker, now, scheduleTiming);
     }
 
-    const ScheduleResult result = callback->schedule(scheduleTiming, mTracker, now);
+    const ScheduleResult result = callback->schedule(scheduleTiming, *mTracker, now);
     if (!result.has_value()) {
         return {};
     }
@@ -434,15 +434,15 @@
     }
 }
 
-VSyncCallbackRegistration::VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncDispatch& dispatch,
+VSyncCallbackRegistration::VSyncCallbackRegistration(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch,
                                                      VSyncDispatch::Callback callback,
                                                      std::string callbackName)
-      : mDispatch(dispatch),
-        mToken(dispatch.registerCallback(std::move(callback), std::move(callbackName))),
+      : mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
+        mToken(mDispatch->registerCallback(std::move(callback), std::move(callbackName))),
         mValidToken(true) {}
 
 VSyncCallbackRegistration::VSyncCallbackRegistration(VSyncCallbackRegistration&& other)
-      : mDispatch(other.mDispatch),
+      : mDispatch(std::move(other.mDispatch)),
         mToken(std::move(other.mToken)),
         mValidToken(std::move(other.mValidToken)) {
     other.mValidToken = false;
@@ -457,28 +457,28 @@
 }
 
 VSyncCallbackRegistration::~VSyncCallbackRegistration() {
-    if (mValidToken) mDispatch.get().unregisterCallback(mToken);
+    if (mValidToken) mDispatch->unregisterCallback(mToken);
 }
 
 ScheduleResult VSyncCallbackRegistration::schedule(VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming scheduleTiming) {
     if (!mValidToken) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
-    return mDispatch.get().schedule(mToken, scheduleTiming);
+    return mDispatch->schedule(mToken, scheduleTiming);
 }
 
 ScheduleResult VSyncCallbackRegistration::update(VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming scheduleTiming) {
     if (!mValidToken) {
         return std::nullopt;
     }
-    return mDispatch.get().update(mToken, scheduleTiming);
+    return mDispatch->update(mToken, scheduleTiming);
 }
 
 CancelResult VSyncCallbackRegistration::cancel() {
     if (!mValidToken) {
         return CancelResult::Error;
     }
-    return mDispatch.get().cancel(mToken);
+    return mDispatch->cancel(mToken);
 }
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
index c3af136..6499d69 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncDispatchTimerQueue.h
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 
 #include "VSyncDispatch.h"
+#include "VsyncSchedule.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 class TimeKeeper;
-class VSyncTracker;
 
 // VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry is a helper class representing internal state for each entry in
 // VSyncDispatchTimerQueue hoisted to public for unit testing.
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@
     //                                  should be grouped into one wakeup.
     // \param[in] minVsyncDistance      The minimum distance between two vsync estimates before the
     //                                  vsyncs are considered the same vsync event.
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue(std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper>, VSyncTracker&, nsecs_t timerSlack,
-                            nsecs_t minVsyncDistance);
+    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue(std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper>, VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr,
+                            nsecs_t timerSlack, nsecs_t minVsyncDistance);
     ~VSyncDispatchTimerQueue();
 
     CallbackToken registerCallback(Callback, std::string callbackName) final;
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 
     static constexpr nsecs_t kInvalidTime = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
     std::unique_ptr<TimeKeeper> const mTimeKeeper;
-    VSyncTracker& mTracker;
+    VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr mTracker;
     nsecs_t const mTimerSlack;
     nsecs_t const mMinVsyncDistance;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
index de7b338..e969fdc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
+#include <ftl/concat.h>
 #include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <utils/Log.h>
 
@@ -45,9 +46,10 @@
 
 VSyncPredictor::~VSyncPredictor() = default;
 
-VSyncPredictor::VSyncPredictor(nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize,
+VSyncPredictor::VSyncPredictor(PhysicalDisplayId id, nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize,
                                size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction, uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent)
-      : mTraceOn(property_get_bool("debug.sf.vsp_trace", false)),
+      : mId(id),
+        mTraceOn(property_get_bool("debug.sf.vsp_trace", false)),
         kHistorySize(historySize),
         kMinimumSamplesForPrediction(minimumSamplesForPrediction),
         kOutlierTolerancePercent(std::min(outlierTolerancePercent, kMaxPercent)),
@@ -57,12 +59,12 @@
 
 inline void VSyncPredictor::traceInt64If(const char* name, int64_t value) const {
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(mTraceOn)) {
-        ATRACE_INT64(name, value);
+        traceInt64(name, value);
     }
 }
 
 inline void VSyncPredictor::traceInt64(const char* name, int64_t value) const {
-    ATRACE_INT64(name, value);
+    ATRACE_INT64(ftl::Concat(ftl::truncated<14>(name), " ", mId.value).c_str(), value);
 }
 
 inline size_t VSyncPredictor::next(size_t i) const {
@@ -214,8 +216,8 @@
 
     it->second = {anticipatedPeriod, intercept};
 
-    ALOGV("model update ts: %" PRId64 " slope: %" PRId64 " intercept: %" PRId64, timestamp,
-          anticipatedPeriod, intercept);
+    ALOGV("model update ts %" PRIu64 ": %" PRId64 " slope: %" PRId64 " intercept: %" PRId64,
+          mId.value, timestamp, anticipatedPeriod, intercept);
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -331,7 +333,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::setRenderRate(Fps fps) {
-    ALOGV("%s: %s", __func__, to_string(fps).c_str());
+    ALOGV("%s %s: %s", __func__, to_string(mId).c_str(), to_string(fps).c_str());
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     mRenderRate = fps;
 }
@@ -347,7 +349,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncPredictor::setPeriod(nsecs_t period) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %s", __func__, to_string(mId).c_str());
     traceInt64("VSP-setPeriod", period);
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
@@ -376,7 +378,6 @@
         mTimestamps.clear();
         mLastTimestampIndex = 0;
     }
-    mLastVsyncSequence.reset();
 }
 
 bool VSyncPredictor::needsMoreSamples() const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
index cd5d9ef..c01c44d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncPredictor.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 
 #include "VSyncTracker.h"
 
@@ -29,14 +30,15 @@
 class VSyncPredictor : public VSyncTracker {
 public:
     /*
+     * \param [in] PhysicalDisplayid The display this corresponds to.
      * \param [in] idealPeriod  The initial ideal period to use.
      * \param [in] historySize  The internal amount of entries to store in the model.
      * \param [in] minimumSamplesForPrediction The minimum number of samples to collect before
      * predicting. \param [in] outlierTolerancePercent a number 0 to 100 that will be used to filter
      * samples that fall outlierTolerancePercent from an anticipated vsync event.
      */
-    VSyncPredictor(nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize, size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction,
-                   uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent);
+    VSyncPredictor(PhysicalDisplayId, nsecs_t idealPeriod, size_t historySize,
+                   size_t minimumSamplesForPrediction, uint32_t outlierTolerancePercent);
     ~VSyncPredictor();
 
     bool addVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp) final EXCLUDES(mMutex);
@@ -76,6 +78,8 @@
     VSyncPredictor& operator=(VSyncPredictor const&) = delete;
     void clearTimestamps() REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
+    const PhysicalDisplayId mId;
+
     inline void traceInt64If(const char* name, int64_t value) const;
     inline void traceInt64(const char* name, int64_t value) const;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
index b5f212e..2938aa3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <cutils/properties.h>
+#include <ftl/concat.h>
+#include <gui/TraceUtils.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
@@ -39,12 +41,13 @@
     return systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
 }
 
-VSyncReactor::VSyncReactor(std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker,
-                           size_t pendingFenceLimit, bool supportKernelIdleTimer)
-      : mClock(std::move(clock)),
+VSyncReactor::VSyncReactor(PhysicalDisplayId id, std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock,
+                           VSyncTracker& tracker, size_t pendingFenceLimit,
+                           bool supportKernelIdleTimer)
+      : mId(id),
+        mClock(std::move(clock)),
         mTracker(tracker),
         mPendingLimit(pendingFenceLimit),
-        // TODO(adyabr): change mSupportKernelIdleTimer when the active display changes
         mSupportKernelIdleTimer(supportKernelIdleTimer) {}
 
 VSyncReactor::~VSyncReactor() = default;
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncReactor::startPeriodTransitionInternal(nsecs_t newPeriod) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRIu64, __func__, mId.value);
     mPeriodConfirmationInProgress = true;
     mPeriodTransitioningTo = newPeriod;
     mMoreSamplesNeeded = true;
@@ -122,18 +125,18 @@
 }
 
 void VSyncReactor::endPeriodTransition() {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRIu64, __func__, mId.value);
     mPeriodTransitioningTo.reset();
     mPeriodConfirmationInProgress = false;
     mLastHwVsync.reset();
 }
 
-void VSyncReactor::startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period) {
-    ATRACE_INT64("VSR-startPeriodTransition", period);
+void VSyncReactor::startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period, bool force) {
+    ATRACE_INT64(ftl::Concat("VSR-", __func__, " ", mId.value).c_str(), period);
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     mLastHwVsync.reset();
 
-    if (!mSupportKernelIdleTimer && period == mTracker.currentPeriod()) {
+    if (!mSupportKernelIdleTimer && period == mTracker.currentPeriod() && !force) {
         endPeriodTransition();
         setIgnorePresentFencesInternal(false);
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = false;
@@ -181,7 +184,7 @@
 
     std::lock_guard lock(mMutex);
     if (periodConfirmed(timestamp, hwcVsyncPeriod)) {
-        ATRACE_NAME("VSR: period confirmed");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("VSR %" PRIu64 ": period confirmed", mId.value);
         if (mPeriodTransitioningTo) {
             mTracker.setPeriod(*mPeriodTransitioningTo);
             *periodFlushed = true;
@@ -195,12 +198,12 @@
         endPeriodTransition();
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = mTracker.needsMoreSamples();
     } else if (mPeriodConfirmationInProgress) {
-        ATRACE_NAME("VSR: still confirming period");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("VSR %" PRIu64 ": still confirming period", mId.value);
         mLastHwVsync = timestamp;
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = true;
         *periodFlushed = false;
     } else {
-        ATRACE_NAME("VSR: adding sample");
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("VSR %" PRIu64 ": adding sample", mId.value);
         *periodFlushed = false;
         mTracker.addVsyncTimestamp(timestamp);
         mMoreSamplesNeeded = mTracker.needsMoreSamples();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h
index 4501487..f230242 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VSyncReactor.h
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 #include <ui/FenceTime.h>
 
 #include <scheduler/TimeKeeper.h>
@@ -37,14 +38,14 @@
 // TODO (b/145217110): consider renaming.
 class VSyncReactor : public VsyncController {
 public:
-    VSyncReactor(std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker, size_t pendingFenceLimit,
-                 bool supportKernelIdleTimer);
+    VSyncReactor(PhysicalDisplayId, std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock, VSyncTracker& tracker,
+                 size_t pendingFenceLimit, bool supportKernelIdleTimer);
     ~VSyncReactor();
 
     bool addPresentFence(std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>) final;
     void setIgnorePresentFences(bool ignore) final;
 
-    void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period) final;
+    void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period, bool force) final;
 
     bool addHwVsyncTimestamp(nsecs_t timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod,
                              bool* periodFlushed) final;
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@
     bool periodConfirmed(nsecs_t vsync_timestamp, std::optional<nsecs_t> hwcVsyncPeriod)
             REQUIRES(mMutex);
 
+    const PhysicalDisplayId mId;
     std::unique_ptr<Clock> const mClock;
     VSyncTracker& mTracker;
     size_t const mPendingLimit;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h
index 726a420..9177899 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncController.h
@@ -63,8 +63,9 @@
      * itself. The controller will end the period transition internally.
      *
      * \param [in] period   The period that the system is changing into.
+     * \param [in] force    True to recalibrate even if period matches the existing period.
      */
-    virtual void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period) = 0;
+    virtual void startPeriodTransition(nsecs_t period, bool force) = 0;
 
     /*
      * Tells the tracker to stop using present fences to get a vsync signal.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.cpp
index c9af4c2..586357f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.cpp
@@ -187,9 +187,9 @@
     static_cast<void>(updateVsyncConfigLocked());
 }
 
-bool VsyncModulator::isVsyncConfigDefault() const {
+bool VsyncModulator::isVsyncConfigEarly() const {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mMutex);
-    return getNextVsyncConfigType() == VsyncConfigType::Late;
+    return getNextVsyncConfigType() != VsyncConfigType::Late;
 }
 
 } // namespace android::scheduler
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.h
index dc4dafd..be0d334 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncModulator.h
@@ -53,8 +53,12 @@
 
     explicit VsyncModulator(const VsyncConfigSet&, Now = Clock::now);
 
+    bool isVsyncConfigEarly() const EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+
     VsyncConfig getVsyncConfig() const EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
+    void cancelRefreshRateChange() { mRefreshRateChangePending = false; }
+
     [[nodiscard]] VsyncConfig setVsyncConfigSet(const VsyncConfigSet&) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
     // Changes offsets in response to transaction flags or commit.
@@ -72,8 +76,6 @@
 
     [[nodiscard]] VsyncConfigOpt onDisplayRefresh(bool usedGpuComposition);
 
-    [[nodiscard]] bool isVsyncConfigDefault() const;
-
 protected:
     // Called from unit tests as well
     void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>&) override EXCLUDES(mMutex);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index 5245556..84671ae 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
     }
 
 public:
-    explicit PredictedVsyncTracer(VsyncDispatch& dispatch)
-          : mRegistration(dispatch, makeVsyncCallback(), __func__) {
+    explicit PredictedVsyncTracer(std::shared_ptr<VsyncDispatch> dispatch)
+          : mRegistration(std::move(dispatch), makeVsyncCallback(), __func__) {
         schedule();
     }
 
@@ -54,16 +54,19 @@
     VSyncCallbackRegistration mRegistration;
 };
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features)
-      : mTracker(createTracker()),
-        mDispatch(createDispatch(*mTracker)),
-        mController(createController(*mTracker, features)),
+VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, FeatureFlags features)
+      : mId(id),
+        mTracker(createTracker(id)),
+        mDispatch(createDispatch(mTracker)),
+        mController(createController(id, *mTracker, features)),
         mTracer(features.test(Feature::kTracePredictedVsync)
-                        ? std::make_unique<PredictedVsyncTracer>(*mDispatch)
+                        ? std::make_unique<PredictedVsyncTracer>(mDispatch)
                         : nullptr) {}
 
-VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(TrackerPtr tracker, DispatchPtr dispatch, ControllerPtr controller)
-      : mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
+VsyncSchedule::VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId id, TrackerPtr tracker, DispatchPtr dispatch,
+                             ControllerPtr controller)
+      : mId(id),
+        mTracker(std::move(tracker)),
         mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
         mController(std::move(controller)) {}
 
@@ -95,45 +98,46 @@
     mDispatch->dump(out);
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr VsyncSchedule::createTracker() {
+VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr VsyncSchedule::createTracker(PhysicalDisplayId id) {
     // TODO(b/144707443): Tune constants.
     constexpr nsecs_t kInitialPeriod = (60_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
     constexpr size_t kHistorySize = 20;
     constexpr size_t kMinSamplesForPrediction = 6;
     constexpr uint32_t kDiscardOutlierPercent = 20;
 
-    return std::make_unique<VSyncPredictor>(kInitialPeriod, kHistorySize, kMinSamplesForPrediction,
-                                            kDiscardOutlierPercent);
+    return std::make_unique<VSyncPredictor>(id, kInitialPeriod, kHistorySize,
+                                            kMinSamplesForPrediction, kDiscardOutlierPercent);
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::DispatchPtr VsyncSchedule::createDispatch(VsyncTracker& tracker) {
+VsyncSchedule::DispatchPtr VsyncSchedule::createDispatch(TrackerPtr tracker) {
     using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
     // TODO(b/144707443): Tune constants.
     constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kGroupDispatchWithin = 500us;
     constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kSnapToSameVsyncWithin = 3ms;
 
-    return std::make_unique<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+    return std::make_unique<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), std::move(tracker),
                                                      kGroupDispatchWithin.count(),
                                                      kSnapToSameVsyncWithin.count());
 }
 
-VsyncSchedule::ControllerPtr VsyncSchedule::createController(VsyncTracker& tracker,
+VsyncSchedule::ControllerPtr VsyncSchedule::createController(PhysicalDisplayId id,
+                                                             VsyncTracker& tracker,
                                                              FeatureFlags features) {
     // TODO(b/144707443): Tune constants.
     constexpr size_t kMaxPendingFences = 20;
     const bool hasKernelIdleTimer = features.test(Feature::kKernelIdleTimer);
 
-    auto reactor = std::make_unique<VSyncReactor>(std::make_unique<SystemClock>(), tracker,
+    auto reactor = std::make_unique<VSyncReactor>(id, std::make_unique<SystemClock>(), tracker,
                                                   kMaxPendingFences, hasKernelIdleTimer);
 
     reactor->setIgnorePresentFences(!features.test(Feature::kPresentFences));
     return reactor;
 }
 
-void VsyncSchedule::startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback& callback, Period period) {
+void VsyncSchedule::startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback& callback, Period period, bool force) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
-    mController->startPeriodTransition(period.ns());
+    mController->startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), force);
     enableHardwareVsyncLocked(callback);
 }
 
@@ -165,17 +169,23 @@
 void VsyncSchedule::enableHardwareVsyncLocked(ISchedulerCallback& callback) {
     if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Disabled) {
         getTracker().resetModel();
-        callback.setVsyncEnabled(true);
+        callback.setVsyncEnabled(mId, true);
         mHwVsyncState = HwVsyncState::Enabled;
     }
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback& callback, bool disallow) {
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mHwVsyncLock);
-    if (mHwVsyncState == HwVsyncState::Enabled) {
-        callback.setVsyncEnabled(false);
+    switch (mHwVsyncState) {
+        case HwVsyncState::Enabled:
+            callback.setVsyncEnabled(mId, false);
+            [[fallthrough]];
+        case HwVsyncState::Disabled:
+            mHwVsyncState = disallow ? HwVsyncState::Disallowed : HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+            break;
+        case HwVsyncState::Disallowed:
+            break;
     }
-    mHwVsyncState = disallow ? HwVsyncState::Disallowed : HwVsyncState::Disabled;
 }
 
 bool VsyncSchedule::isHardwareVsyncAllowed(bool makeAllowed) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index d88f1d1..763d058 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -20,13 +20,16 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include <ThreadContext.h>
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 #include <ftl/enum.h>
 #include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <scheduler/Features.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
+#include <ui/DisplayId.h>
 
 namespace android {
 class EventThreadTest;
+class VsyncScheduleTest;
 }
 
 namespace android::fuzz {
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@
 // Schedule that synchronizes to hardware VSYNC of a physical display.
 class VsyncSchedule {
 public:
-    explicit VsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags);
+    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, FeatureFlags);
     ~VsyncSchedule();
 
     Period period() const;
@@ -59,7 +62,9 @@
     // enable hardware VSYNCs in order to calibrate.
     //
     // \param [in] period   The period that the system is changing into.
-    void startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback&, Period period);
+    // \param [in] force    True to force a transition even if it is not a
+    //                      change.
+    void startPeriodTransition(ISchedulerCallback&, Period period, bool force);
 
     // Pass a VSYNC sample to VsyncController. Return true if
     // VsyncController detected that the VSYNC period changed. Enable or disable
@@ -72,8 +77,13 @@
     VsyncTracker& getTracker() { return *mTracker; }
     VsyncController& getController() { return *mController; }
 
+    // TODO(b/185535769): Once these are hidden behind the API, they may no
+    // longer need to be shared_ptrs.
+    using DispatchPtr = std::shared_ptr<VsyncDispatch>;
+    using TrackerPtr = std::shared_ptr<VsyncTracker>;
+
     // TODO(b/185535769): Remove once VsyncSchedule owns all registrations.
-    VsyncDispatch& getDispatch() { return *mDispatch; }
+    DispatchPtr getDispatch() { return mDispatch; }
 
     void dump(std::string&) const;
 
@@ -82,7 +92,8 @@
     void enableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
 
     // Disable hardware VSYNCs. If `disallow` is true, future calls to
-    // enableHardwareVsync are ineffective until allowHardwareVsync is called.
+    // enableHardwareVsync are ineffective until isHardwareVsyncAllowed is
+    // called with `makeAllowed` set to true.
     void disableHardwareVsync(ISchedulerCallback&, bool disallow) EXCLUDES(mHwVsyncLock);
 
     // If true, enableHardwareVsync can enable hardware VSYNC (if not already
@@ -93,21 +104,21 @@
 
     bool getPendingHardwareVsyncState() const REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
-private:
-    friend class TestableScheduler;
-    friend class android::EventThreadTest;
-    friend class android::fuzz::SchedulerFuzzer;
-
-    using TrackerPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncTracker>;
-    using DispatchPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncDispatch>;
+protected:
     using ControllerPtr = std::unique_ptr<VsyncController>;
 
     // For tests.
-    VsyncSchedule(TrackerPtr, DispatchPtr, ControllerPtr);
+    VsyncSchedule(PhysicalDisplayId, TrackerPtr, DispatchPtr, ControllerPtr);
 
-    static TrackerPtr createTracker();
-    static DispatchPtr createDispatch(VsyncTracker&);
-    static ControllerPtr createController(VsyncTracker&, FeatureFlags);
+private:
+    friend class TestableScheduler;
+    friend class android::EventThreadTest;
+    friend class android::VsyncScheduleTest;
+    friend class android::fuzz::SchedulerFuzzer;
+
+    static TrackerPtr createTracker(PhysicalDisplayId);
+    static DispatchPtr createDispatch(TrackerPtr);
+    static ControllerPtr createController(PhysicalDisplayId, VsyncTracker&, FeatureFlags);
 
     void enableHardwareVsyncLocked(ISchedulerCallback&) REQUIRES(mHwVsyncLock);
 
@@ -135,6 +146,7 @@
     class PredictedVsyncTracer;
     using TracerPtr = std::unique_ptr<PredictedVsyncTracer>;
 
+    const PhysicalDisplayId mId;
     const TrackerPtr mTracker;
     const DispatchPtr mDispatch;
     const ControllerPtr mController;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 1393eb8..c9d17d5 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <optional>
+#include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@
 #include "FrameTracer/FrameTracer.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerSnapshot.h"
 #include "HdrLayerInfoReporter.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
@@ -292,6 +294,13 @@
             displayHdrCapabilities.getDesiredMinLuminance()};
 }
 
+uint32_t getLayerIdFromSurfaceControl(sp<SurfaceControl> surfaceControl) {
+    if (!surfaceControl) {
+        return UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    }
+    return LayerHandle::getLayerId(surfaceControl->getHandle());
+}
+
 }  // namespace anonymous
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -456,6 +465,7 @@
         android::hardware::details::setTrebleTestingOverride(true);
     }
 
+    // TODO (b/270966065) Update the HWC based refresh rate overlay to support spinner
     mRefreshRateOverlaySpinner = property_get_bool("debug.sf.show_refresh_rate_overlay_spinner", 0);
     mRefreshRateOverlayRenderRate =
             property_get_bool("debug.sf.show_refresh_rate_overlay_render_rate", 0);
@@ -473,9 +483,9 @@
             {.late = base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.send_late_power_session_hint"s, true),
              .early = base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.send_early_power_session_hint"s, false)};
     mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled =
-            base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.enable_layer_lifecycle_manager"s, false);
+            base::GetBoolProperty("persist.debug.sf.enable_layer_lifecycle_manager"s, false);
     mLegacyFrontEndEnabled = !mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled ||
-            base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.enable_legacy_frontend"s, true);
+            base::GetBoolProperty("persist.debug.sf.enable_legacy_frontend"s, false);
 }
 
 LatchUnsignaledConfig SurfaceFlinger::getLatchUnsignaledConfig() {
@@ -496,14 +506,13 @@
     // the window manager died on us. prepare its eulogy.
     mBootFinished = false;
 
-    // Sever the link to inputflinger since it's gone as well.
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule(
-            [this] { mInputFlinger.clear(); }));
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+        // Sever the link to inputflinger since it's gone as well.
+        mInputFlinger.clear();
 
-    // restore initial conditions (default device unblank, etc)
-    initializeDisplays();
+        initializeDisplays();
+    }));
 
-    // restart the boot-animation
     startBootAnim();
 }
 
@@ -872,7 +881,9 @@
     mDrawingState = mCurrentState;
 
     onActiveDisplayChangedLocked(nullptr, *display);
-    initializeDisplays();
+
+    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule(
+            [this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) { initializeDisplays(); }));
 
     mPowerAdvisor->init();
 
@@ -1130,21 +1141,33 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>&, DisplayStatInfo* outStats) {
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::getDisplayStats(const sp<IBinder>& displayToken,
+                                         DisplayStatInfo* outStats) {
     if (!outStats) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
-    const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
-    outStats->vsyncTime = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint::now()).ns();
-    outStats->vsyncPeriod = schedule.period().ns();
+    std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> displayIdOpt;
+    {
+        Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
+        displayIdOpt = getPhysicalDisplayIdLocked(displayToken);
+    }
+
+    if (!displayIdOpt) {
+        ALOGE("%s: Invalid physical display token %p", __func__, displayToken.get());
+        return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
+    }
+    const auto schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(displayIdOpt);
+    outStats->vsyncTime = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint::now()).ns();
+    outStats->vsyncPeriod = schedule->period().ns();
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setDesiredActiveMode(display::DisplayModeRequest&& request, bool force) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId());
+    const auto displayId = request.mode.modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
+    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayId);
     if (!display) {
         ALOGW("%s: display is no longer valid", __func__);
         return;
@@ -1157,23 +1180,25 @@
                                           force)) {
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredActiveModeAction::InitiateDisplayModeSwitch:
             // Set the render rate as setDesiredActiveMode updated it.
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps);
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId,
+                                      display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().fps);
 
             // Schedule a new frame to initiate the display mode switch.
             scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kNone);
 
             // Start receiving vsync samples now, so that we can detect a period
             // switch.
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, mode.modePtr->getFps());
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */,
+                                              mode.modePtr->getFps());
+
             // As we called to set period, we will call to onRefreshRateChangeCompleted once
             // VsyncController model is locked.
-            mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeInitiated);
-
+            mScheduler->modulateVsync(displayId, &VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeInitiated);
             updatePhaseConfiguration(mode.fps);
             mScheduler->setModeChangePending(true);
             break;
         case DisplayDevice::DesiredActiveModeAction::InitiateRenderRateSwitch:
-            mScheduler->setRenderRate(mode.fps);
+            mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, mode.fps);
             updatePhaseConfiguration(mode.fps);
             mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(mode.fps);
             if (display->getPhysicalId() == mActiveDisplayId && emitEvent) {
@@ -1289,11 +1314,14 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::desiredActiveModeChangeDone(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display) {
-    const auto displayFps = display->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getFps();
-    const auto renderFps = display->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->fps;
+    const auto desiredActiveMode = display->getDesiredActiveMode();
+    const auto& modeOpt = desiredActiveMode->modeOpt;
+    const auto displayId = modeOpt->modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
+    const auto displayFps = modeOpt->modePtr->getFps();
+    const auto renderFps = modeOpt->fps;
     clearDesiredActiveModeState(display);
-    mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, displayFps);
-    mScheduler->setRenderRate(renderFps);
+    mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, displayFps);
+    mScheduler->setRenderRate(displayId, renderFps);
     updatePhaseConfiguration(renderFps);
 }
 
@@ -1571,8 +1599,8 @@
     const auto aidlConversionCapability = getHwComposer().getHdrConversionCapabilities();
     for (auto capability : aidlConversionCapability) {
         gui::HdrConversionCapability tempCapability;
-        tempCapability.sourceType = static_cast<int>(capability.sourceType.hdr);
-        tempCapability.outputType = static_cast<int>(capability.outputType->hdr);
+        tempCapability.sourceType = static_cast<int>(capability.sourceType);
+        tempCapability.outputType = static_cast<int>(capability.outputType);
         tempCapability.addsLatency = capability.addsLatency;
         hdrConversionCapabilities->push_back(tempCapability);
     }
@@ -2031,27 +2059,16 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::onComposerHalVsync(hal::HWDisplayId hwcDisplayId, int64_t timestamp,
                                         std::optional<hal::VsyncPeriodNanos> vsyncPeriod) {
-    const std::string tracePeriod = [vsyncPeriod]() {
-        if (ATRACE_ENABLED() && vsyncPeriod) {
-            std::stringstream ss;
-            ss << "(" << *vsyncPeriod << ")";
-            return ss.str();
-        }
-        return std::string();
-    }();
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("onComposerHalVsync%s", tracePeriod.c_str());
+    ATRACE_NAME(vsyncPeriod
+                        ? ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', hwcDisplayId, ' ', *vsyncPeriod, "ns").c_str()
+                        : ftl::Concat(__func__, ' ', hwcDisplayId).c_str());
 
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-
-    if (const auto displayIdOpt = getHwComposer().onVsync(hwcDisplayId, timestamp);
-        displayIdOpt != mActiveDisplayId) {
-        // Ignore VSYNC for invalid/inactive displays.
-        return;
-    }
-
-    const bool periodFlushed = mScheduler->addResyncSample(timestamp, vsyncPeriod);
-    if (periodFlushed) {
-        mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeCompleted);
+    if (const auto displayIdOpt = getHwComposer().onVsync(hwcDisplayId, timestamp)) {
+        if (mScheduler->addResyncSample(*displayIdOpt, timestamp, vsyncPeriod)) {
+            // period flushed
+            mScheduler->modulateVsync(displayIdOpt, &VsyncModulator::onRefreshRateChangeCompleted);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -2092,23 +2109,40 @@
     mScheduler->forceNextResync();
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onRefreshRateChangedDebug(const RefreshRateChangedDebugData&) {
-    // TODO(b/202734676) update refresh rate value on the RefreshRateOverlay
+void SurfaceFlinger::onRefreshRateChangedDebug(const RefreshRateChangedDebugData& data) {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    if (const auto displayId = getHwComposer().toPhysicalDisplayId(data.display); displayId) {
+        const Fps fps = Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(data.vsyncPeriodNanos);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s Fps %d", __func__, fps.getIntValue());
+        static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+            {
+                {
+                    const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(*displayId);
+                    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
+                                   display->updateRefreshRateOverlayRate(fps,
+                                                                         display->getActiveMode()
+                                                                                 .fps,
+                                                                         /* setByHwc */ true));
+                }
+            }
+        }));
+    }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::setVsyncEnabled(bool enabled) {
-    ATRACE_CALL();
+void SurfaceFlinger::setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
+    const char* const whence = __func__;
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s (%d) for %" PRIu64, whence, enabled, id.value);
 
     // On main thread to avoid race conditions with display power state.
     static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule([=]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
         {
             ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-            mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().setPendingHardwareVsyncState(enabled);
+            mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(id)->setPendingHardwareVsyncState(enabled);
         }
 
-        if (const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
-            display && display->isPoweredOn()) {
-            setHWCVsyncEnabled(display->getPhysicalId(), enabled);
+        ATRACE_FORMAT("%s (%d) for %" PRIu64 " (main thread)", whence, enabled, id.value);
+        if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id); display && display->isPoweredOn()) {
+            setHWCVsyncEnabled(id, enabled);
         }
     }));
 }
@@ -2135,13 +2169,13 @@
 TimePoint SurfaceFlinger::calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint frameTime) const {
     const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
 
-    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(frameTime);
+    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(frameTime);
     if (mScheduler->vsyncModulator().getVsyncConfig().sfOffset > 0) {
         return vsyncDeadline;
     }
 
     // Inflate the expected present time if we're targeting the next vsync.
-    return vsyncDeadline + schedule.period();
+    return vsyncDeadline + schedule->period();
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::configure() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
@@ -2151,7 +2185,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::updateLayerSnapshotsLegacy(VsyncId vsyncId, LifecycleUpdate& update,
+bool SurfaceFlinger::updateLayerSnapshotsLegacy(VsyncId vsyncId, frontend::Update& update,
                                                 bool transactionsFlushed,
                                                 bool& outTransactionsAreEmpty) {
     bool needsTraversal = false;
@@ -2171,7 +2205,39 @@
     return mustComposite;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::updateLayerSnapshots(VsyncId vsyncId, LifecycleUpdate& update,
+void SurfaceFlinger::updateLayerHistory(const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot) {
+    using Changes = frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes;
+    if (snapshot.path.isClone() ||
+        !snapshot.changes.any(Changes::FrameRate | Changes::Buffer | Changes::Animation)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const auto layerProps = scheduler::LayerProps{
+            .visible = snapshot.isVisible,
+            .bounds = snapshot.geomLayerBounds,
+            .transform = snapshot.geomLayerTransform,
+            .setFrameRateVote = snapshot.frameRate,
+            .frameRateSelectionPriority = snapshot.frameRateSelectionPriority,
+    };
+
+    auto it = mLegacyLayers.find(snapshot.sequence);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mLegacyLayers.end(), "Couldnt find layer object for %s",
+                        snapshot.getDebugString().c_str());
+
+    if (snapshot.changes.test(Changes::Animation)) {
+        it->second->recordLayerHistoryAnimationTx(layerProps);
+    }
+
+    if (snapshot.changes.test(Changes::FrameRate)) {
+        it->second->setFrameRateForLayerTree(snapshot.frameRate, layerProps);
+    }
+
+    if (snapshot.changes.test(Changes::Buffer)) {
+        it->second->recordLayerHistoryBufferUpdate(layerProps);
+    }
+}
+
+bool SurfaceFlinger::updateLayerSnapshots(VsyncId vsyncId, frontend::Update& update,
                                           bool transactionsFlushed, bool& outTransactionsAreEmpty) {
     using Changes = frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes;
     ATRACE_NAME("updateLayerSnapshots");
@@ -2192,23 +2258,27 @@
                                       mLayerLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
     }
 
-    applyAndCommitDisplayTransactionStates(update.transactions);
+    bool mustComposite = false;
+    mustComposite |= applyAndCommitDisplayTransactionStates(update.transactions);
 
     {
         ATRACE_NAME("LayerSnapshotBuilder:update");
-        frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
-                                                  .layerLifecycleManager = mLayerLifecycleManager,
-                                                  .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
-                                                  .displayChanges = mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged,
-                                                  .globalShadowSettings =
-                                                          mDrawingState.globalShadowSettings,
-                                                  .supportsBlur = mSupportsBlur,
-                                                  .forceFullDamage = mForceFullDamage};
+        frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args
+                args{.root = mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
+                     .layerLifecycleManager = mLayerLifecycleManager,
+                     .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                     .displayChanges = mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged,
+                     .globalShadowSettings = mDrawingState.globalShadowSettings,
+                     .supportsBlur = mSupportsBlur,
+                     .forceFullDamage = mForceFullDamage,
+                     .supportedLayerGenericMetadata =
+                             getHwComposer().getSupportedLayerGenericMetadata(),
+                     .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = getGenericLayerMetadataKeyMap()};
         mLayerSnapshotBuilder.update(args);
     }
 
     if (mLayerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().any(Changes::Geometry | Changes::Input |
-                                                      Changes::Hierarchy)) {
+                                                      Changes::Hierarchy | Changes::Visibility)) {
         mUpdateInputInfo = true;
     }
     if (mLayerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().any(Changes::VisibleRegion | Changes::Hierarchy |
@@ -2216,23 +2286,38 @@
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
     }
     outTransactionsAreEmpty = mLayerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().get() == 0;
-    const bool mustComposite = mLayerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().get() != 0;
-    {
-        ATRACE_NAME("LLM:commitChanges");
-        mLayerLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    }
+    mustComposite |= mLayerLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().get() != 0;
 
+    bool newDataLatched = false;
     if (!mLegacyFrontEndEnabled) {
         ATRACE_NAME("DisplayCallbackAndStatsUpdates");
         applyTransactions(update.transactions, vsyncId);
+        const nsecs_t latchTime = systemTime();
+        bool unused = false;
 
-        bool newDataLatched = false;
-        for (auto& snapshot : mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots()) {
-            if (!snapshot->changes.test(Changes::Buffer)) continue;
-            auto it = mLegacyLayers.find(snapshot->sequence);
+        for (auto& layer : mLayerLifecycleManager.getLayers()) {
+            if (layer->changes.test(frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes::Created) &&
+                layer->bgColorLayer) {
+                sp<Layer> bgColorLayer = getFactory().createEffectLayer(
+                        LayerCreationArgs(this, nullptr, layer->name,
+                                          ISurfaceComposerClient::eFXSurfaceEffect, LayerMetadata(),
+                                          std::make_optional(layer->parentId), true));
+                mLegacyLayers[bgColorLayer->sequence] = bgColorLayer;
+            }
+            if (!layer->hasReadyFrame()) continue;
+
+            auto it = mLegacyLayers.find(layer->id);
             LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mLegacyLayers.end(), "Couldnt find layer object for %s",
-                                snapshot->getDebugString().c_str());
+                                layer->getDebugString().c_str());
+            const bool bgColorOnly =
+                    !layer->externalTexture && (layer->bgColorLayerId != UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+            it->second->latchBufferImpl(unused, latchTime, bgColorOnly);
             mLayersWithQueuedFrames.emplace(it->second);
+        }
+
+        for (auto& snapshot : mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots()) {
+            updateLayerHistory(*snapshot);
+            if (!snapshot->hasReadyFrame) continue;
             newDataLatched = true;
             if (!snapshot->isVisible) break;
 
@@ -2245,13 +2330,20 @@
             mLegacyLayers.erase(destroyedLayer->id);
         }
 
+        {
+            ATRACE_NAME("LLM:commitChanges");
+            mLayerLifecycleManager.commitChanges();
+        }
+
+        commitTransactions();
+
         // enter boot animation on first buffer latch
         if (CC_UNLIKELY(mBootStage == BootStage::BOOTLOADER && newDataLatched)) {
             ALOGI("Enter boot animation");
             mBootStage = BootStage::BOOTANIMATION;
         }
-        commitTransactions();
     }
+    mustComposite |= (getTransactionFlags() & ~eTransactionFlushNeeded) || newDataLatched;
     return mustComposite;
 }
 
@@ -2272,7 +2364,7 @@
                   ticks<std::milli, float>(mExpectedPresentTime - TimePoint::now()),
                   mExpectedPresentTime == expectedVsyncTime ? "" : " (adjusted)");
 
-    const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
+    const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period();
     const FenceTimePtr& previousPresentFence = getPreviousPresentFence(frameTime, vsyncPeriod);
 
     // When backpressure propagation is enabled, we want to give a small grace period of 1ms
@@ -2395,9 +2487,14 @@
                                     Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(vsyncPeriod.ns()));
 
         const bool flushTransactions = clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
-        LifecycleUpdate updates;
+        frontend::Update updates;
         if (flushTransactions) {
             updates = flushLifecycleUpdates();
+            if (mTransactionTracing) {
+                mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns(),
+                                                              updates, mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                                                              mFrontEndDisplayInfosChanged);
+            }
         }
         bool transactionsAreEmpty;
         if (mLegacyFrontEndEnabled) {
@@ -2439,7 +2536,7 @@
 
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && !mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and tracing should only be enabled for debugging.
-        mLayerTracing.notify(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
+        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
     }
     mLastCommittedVsyncId = vsyncId;
 
@@ -2522,7 +2619,7 @@
         refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::milliseconds(mDebugFlashDelay);
     }
 
-    const auto prevVsyncTime = mExpectedPresentTime - mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
+    const auto prevVsyncTime = mExpectedPresentTime - mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period();
     const auto hwcMinWorkDuration = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs().hwcMinWorkDuration;
 
     refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime = prevVsyncTime - hwcMinWorkDuration;
@@ -2607,12 +2704,12 @@
     // TODO(b/160583065): Enable skip validation when SF caches all client composition layers.
     const bool hasGpuUseOrReuse =
             mCompositionCoverage.any(CompositionCoverage::Gpu | CompositionCoverage::GpuReuse);
-    mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onDisplayRefresh, hasGpuUseOrReuse);
+    mScheduler->modulateVsync({}, &VsyncModulator::onDisplayRefresh, hasGpuUseOrReuse);
 
     mLayersWithQueuedFrames.clear();
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and should only be used for debugging.
-        mLayerTracing.notify(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
+        addToLayerTracing(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
     }
 
     if (mVisibleRegionsDirty) mHdrLayerInfoChanged = true;
@@ -2751,9 +2848,9 @@
             ? mPresentLatencyTracker.trackPendingFrame(compositeTime, presentFenceTime)
             : Duration::zero();
 
-    const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
-    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(presentTime);
-    const Period vsyncPeriod = schedule.period();
+    const auto schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
+    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule->vsyncDeadlineAfter(presentTime);
+    const Period vsyncPeriod = schedule->period();
     const nsecs_t vsyncPhase = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs().late.sfOffset;
 
     const CompositorTiming compositorTiming(vsyncDeadline.ns(), vsyncPeriod.ns(), vsyncPhase,
@@ -2802,7 +2899,12 @@
                         const auto* outputLayer =
                             compositionDisplay->getOutputLayerForLayer(layerFe);
                         if (outputLayer) {
-                            info.mergeDesiredRatio(snapshot.desiredSdrHdrRatio);
+                            // TODO(b/267350616): Rename SdrHdrRatio -> HdrSdrRatio
+                            // everywhere
+                            const float desiredHdrSdrRatio = snapshot.desiredSdrHdrRatio <= 1.f
+                                    ? std::numeric_limits<float>::infinity()
+                                    : snapshot.desiredSdrHdrRatio;
+                            info.mergeDesiredRatio(desiredHdrSdrRatio);
                             info.numberOfHdrLayers++;
                             const auto displayFrame = outputLayer->getState().displayFrame;
                             const int32_t area = displayFrame.width() * displayFrame.height();
@@ -2828,15 +2930,19 @@
     mTimeStats->incrementTotalFrames();
     mTimeStats->setPresentFenceGlobal(presentFenceTime);
 
-    const bool isInternalDisplay = defaultDisplay &&
-            FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mPhysicalDisplays)
-                    .get(defaultDisplay->getPhysicalId())
-                    .transform(&PhysicalDisplay::isInternal)
-                    .value_or(false);
-
-    if (isInternalDisplay && defaultDisplay && defaultDisplay->getPowerMode() == hal::PowerMode::ON &&
-        presentFenceTime->isValid()) {
-        mScheduler->addPresentFence(std::move(presentFenceTime));
+    {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mStateLock);
+        for (const auto& [id, physicalDisplay] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+            if (auto displayDevice = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id);
+                displayDevice && displayDevice->isPoweredOn() && physicalDisplay.isInternal()) {
+                auto presentFenceTimeI = defaultDisplay && defaultDisplay->getPhysicalId() == id
+                        ? std::move(presentFenceTime)
+                        : std::make_shared<FenceTime>(getHwComposer().getPresentFence(id));
+                if (presentFenceTimeI->isValid()) {
+                    mScheduler->addPresentFence(id, std::move(presentFenceTimeI));
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     const bool isDisplayConnected =
@@ -2844,7 +2950,7 @@
 
     if (!hasSyncFramework) {
         if (isDisplayConnected && defaultDisplay->isPoweredOn()) {
-            mScheduler->enableHardwareVsync();
+            mScheduler->enableHardwareVsync(defaultDisplay->getPhysicalId());
         }
     }
 
@@ -2887,14 +2993,19 @@
         }
 
         // We avoid any reverse traversal upwards so this shouldn't be too expensive
-        mDrawingState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
+        traverseLegacyLayers([&](Layer* layer) {
             if (!layer->hasTrustedPresentationListener()) {
                 return;
             }
-            const std::optional<const DisplayDevice*> displayOpt =
-                    layerStackToDisplay.get(layer->getLayerSnapshot()->outputFilter.layerStack);
+            const frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot = (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled)
+                    ? mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(layer->sequence)
+                    : layer->getLayerSnapshot();
+            std::optional<const DisplayDevice*> displayOpt = std::nullopt;
+            if (snapshot) {
+                displayOpt = layerStackToDisplay.get(snapshot->outputFilter.layerStack);
+            }
             const DisplayDevice* display = displayOpt.value_or(nullptr);
-            layer->updateTrustedPresentationState(display, layer->getLayerSnapshot(),
+            layer->updateTrustedPresentationState(display, snapshot,
                                                   nanoseconds_to_milliseconds(callTime), false);
         });
     }
@@ -2955,7 +3066,7 @@
     // so we can call commitTransactionsLocked unconditionally.
     // We clear the flags with mStateLock held to guarantee that
     // mCurrentState won't change until the transaction is committed.
-    mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::onTransactionCommit);
+    mScheduler->modulateVsync({}, &VsyncModulator::onTransactionCommit);
     commitTransactionsLocked(clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionMask));
 
     mDebugInTransaction = 0;
@@ -3327,7 +3438,7 @@
     }
 
     if (display->isVirtual()) {
-        display->adjustRefreshRate(mScheduler->getLeaderRefreshRate());
+        display->adjustRefreshRate(mScheduler->getPacesetterRefreshRate());
     }
 
     mDisplays.try_emplace(displayToken, std::move(display));
@@ -3396,7 +3507,7 @@
 
             // TODO(b/175678251) Call a listener instead.
             if (currentState.physical->hwcDisplayId == getHwComposer().getPrimaryHwcDisplayId()) {
-                updateActiveDisplayVsyncLocked(*display);
+                resetPhaseConfiguration(display->getActiveMode().fps);
             }
         }
         return;
@@ -3430,9 +3541,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::updateActiveDisplayVsyncLocked(const DisplayDevice& activeDisplay) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::resetPhaseConfiguration(Fps refreshRate) {
+    // Cancel the pending refresh rate change, if any, before updating the phase configuration.
+    mScheduler->vsyncModulator().cancelRefreshRateChange();
+
     mVsyncConfiguration->reset();
-    const Fps refreshRate = activeDisplay.getActiveMode().fps;
     updatePhaseConfiguration(refreshRate);
     mRefreshRateStats->setRefreshRate(refreshRate);
 }
@@ -3578,6 +3691,10 @@
         });
     }
 
+    if (transactionFlags & eInputInfoUpdateNeeded) {
+        mUpdateInputInfo = true;
+    }
+
     doCommitTransactions();
 }
 
@@ -3781,10 +3898,9 @@
     mScheduler = std::make_unique<Scheduler>(static_cast<ICompositor&>(*this),
                                              static_cast<ISchedulerCallback&>(*this), features,
                                              std::move(modulatorPtr));
-    mScheduler->createVsyncSchedule(features);
     mScheduler->registerDisplay(display->getPhysicalId(), display->holdRefreshRateSelector());
 
-    setVsyncEnabled(false);
+    setVsyncEnabled(display->getPhysicalId(), false);
     mScheduler->startTimers();
 
     const auto configs = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs();
@@ -3800,7 +3916,7 @@
                                           /* workDuration */ activeRefreshRate.getPeriod(),
                                           /* readyDuration */ configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
 
-    mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().getDispatch(),
+    mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(),
                           *mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager(), configs.late.sfWorkDuration);
 
     mRegionSamplingThread =
@@ -3865,7 +3981,7 @@
     for (Layer* offscreenLayer : mOffscreenLayers) {
         offscreenLayer->traverse(LayerVector::StateSet::Drawing, [](Layer* layer) {
             if (layer->clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded)) {
-                layer->doTransaction(0, 0);
+                layer->doTransaction(0);
                 layer->commitChildList();
             }
         });
@@ -3901,7 +4017,7 @@
     // second frame. But layer 0's second frame could be waiting on display.
     mDrawingState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
         if (layer->clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded) || mForceTransactionDisplayChange) {
-            const uint32_t flags = layer->doTransaction(0, latchTime);
+            const uint32_t flags = layer->doTransaction(0);
             if (flags & Layer::eVisibleRegion) {
                 mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
             }
@@ -3912,6 +4028,14 @@
             mLayersWithQueuedFrames.emplace(sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer));
         } else {
             layer->useEmptyDamage();
+            if (!layer->hasBuffer()) {
+                // The last latch time is used to classify a missed frame as buffer stuffing
+                // instead of a missed frame. This is used to identify scenarios where we
+                // could not latch a buffer or apply a transaction due to backpressure.
+                // We only update the latch time for buffer less layers here, the latch time
+                // is updated for buffer layers when the buffer is latched.
+                layer->updateLastLatchTime(latchTime);
+            }
         }
     });
     mForceTransactionDisplayChange = false;
@@ -3961,7 +4085,7 @@
     return !mLayersWithQueuedFrames.empty() && newDataLatched;
 }
 
-status_t SurfaceFlinger::addClientLayer(const LayerCreationArgs& args, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
+status_t SurfaceFlinger::addClientLayer(LayerCreationArgs& args, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
                                         const sp<Layer>& layer, const wp<Layer>& parent,
                                         uint32_t* outTransformHint) {
     if (mNumLayers >= MAX_LAYERS) {
@@ -3991,11 +4115,15 @@
     if (outTransformHint) {
         *outTransformHint = mActiveDisplayTransformHint;
     }
-
+    args.parentId = LayerHandle::getLayerId(args.parentHandle.promote());
+    args.layerIdToMirror = LayerHandle::getLayerId(args.mirrorLayerHandle.promote());
     {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mCreatedLayersLock);
         mCreatedLayers.emplace_back(layer, parent, args.addToRoot);
         mNewLayers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(args));
+        args.mirrorLayerHandle.clear();
+        args.parentHandle.clear();
+        mNewLayerArgs.emplace_back(std::move(args));
     }
 
     setTransactionFlags(eTransactionNeeded);
@@ -4014,11 +4142,12 @@
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setTransactionFlags(uint32_t mask, TransactionSchedule schedule,
                                          const sp<IBinder>& applyToken, FrameHint frameHint) {
-    mScheduler->modulateVsync(&VsyncModulator::setTransactionSchedule, schedule, applyToken);
+    mScheduler->modulateVsync({}, &VsyncModulator::setTransactionSchedule, schedule, applyToken);
     uint32_t transactionFlags = mTransactionFlags.fetch_or(mask);
     ATRACE_INT("mTransactionFlags", transactionFlags);
 
     if (const bool scheduled = transactionFlags & mask; !scheduled) {
+        mScheduler->resync();
         scheduleCommit(frameHint);
     } else if (frameHint == FrameHint::kActive) {
         // Even if the next frame is already scheduled, we should reset the idle timer
@@ -4062,7 +4191,12 @@
         const TransactionHandler::TransactionFlushState& flushState) {
     using TransactionReadiness = TransactionHandler::TransactionReadiness;
     auto ready = TransactionReadiness::Ready;
-    flushState.transaction->traverseStatesWithBuffersWhileTrue([&](const layer_state_t& s) -> bool {
+    flushState.transaction->traverseStatesWithBuffersWhileTrue([&](const layer_state_t& s,
+                                                                   const std::shared_ptr<
+                                                                           renderengine::
+                                                                                   ExternalTexture>&
+                                                                           externalTexture)
+                                                                       -> bool {
         sp<Layer> layer = LayerHandle::getLayer(s.surface);
         const auto& transaction = *flushState.transaction;
         // check for barrier frames
@@ -4072,7 +4206,8 @@
             // don't wait on the barrier since we know that's stale information.
             if (layer->getDrawingState().producerId > s.bufferData->producerId) {
                 layer->callReleaseBufferCallback(s.bufferData->releaseBufferListener,
-                                                 s.bufferData->buffer, s.bufferData->frameNumber,
+                                                 externalTexture->getBuffer(),
+                                                 s.bufferData->frameNumber,
                                                  s.bufferData->acquireFence);
                 // Delete the entire state at this point and not just release the buffer because
                 // everything associated with the Layer in this Transaction is now out of date.
@@ -4155,7 +4290,7 @@
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::applyTransactions(std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions,
                                        VsyncId vsyncId) {
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
     return applyTransactionsLocked(transactions, vsyncId);
 }
 
@@ -4174,10 +4309,6 @@
                                       transaction.listenerCallbacks, transaction.originPid,
                                       transaction.originUid, transaction.id);
     }
-
-    if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(transactions, vsyncId.value);
-    }
     return needsTraversal;
 }
 
@@ -4201,7 +4332,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    const Duration earlyLatchVsyncThreshold = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period() / 2;
+    const Duration earlyLatchVsyncThreshold = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->period() / 2;
 
     return predictedPresentTime >= expectedPresentTime &&
             predictedPresentTime - expectedPresentTime >= earlyLatchVsyncThreshold;
@@ -4236,9 +4367,8 @@
         // We don't want to latch unsignaled if are in early / client composition
         // as it leads to jank due to RenderEngine waiting for unsignaled buffer
         // or window animations being slow.
-        const auto isDefaultVsyncConfig = mScheduler->vsyncModulator().isVsyncConfigDefault();
-        if (!isDefaultVsyncConfig) {
-            ALOGV("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer; !isDefaultVsyncConfig)",
+        if (mScheduler->vsyncModulator().isVsyncConfigEarly()) {
+            ALOGV("%s: false (LatchUnsignaledConfig::AutoSingleLayer; isVsyncConfigEarly)",
                   __func__);
             return false;
         }
@@ -4317,6 +4447,21 @@
                                                      layerName.c_str(), transactionId);
             mBufferCountTracker.increment(resolvedState.state.surface->localBinder());
         }
+        resolvedState.layerId = LayerHandle::getLayerId(resolvedState.state.surface);
+        if (resolvedState.state.what & layer_state_t::eReparent) {
+            resolvedState.parentId =
+                    getLayerIdFromSurfaceControl(resolvedState.state.parentSurfaceControlForChild);
+        }
+        if (resolvedState.state.what & layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged) {
+            resolvedState.relativeParentId =
+                    getLayerIdFromSurfaceControl(resolvedState.state.relativeLayerSurfaceControl);
+        }
+        if (resolvedState.state.what & layer_state_t::eInputInfoChanged) {
+            wp<IBinder>& touchableRegionCropHandle =
+                    resolvedState.state.windowInfoHandle->editInfo()->touchableRegionCropHandle;
+            resolvedState.touchCropId =
+                    LayerHandle::getLayerId(touchableRegionCropHandle.promote());
+        }
     }
 
     TransactionState state{frameTimelineInfo,
@@ -4391,10 +4536,14 @@
         }
         if ((flags & eAnimation) && resolvedState.state.surface) {
             if (const auto layer = LayerHandle::getLayer(resolvedState.state.surface)) {
-                using LayerUpdateType = scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType;
-                mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(),
-                                               isAutoTimestamp ? 0 : desiredPresentTime,
-                                               LayerUpdateType::AnimationTX);
+                const auto layerProps = scheduler::LayerProps{
+                        .visible = layer->isVisible(),
+                        .bounds = layer->getBounds(),
+                        .transform = layer->getTransform(),
+                        .setFrameRateVote = layer->getFrameRateForLayerTree(),
+                        .frameRateSelectionPriority = layer->getFrameRateSelectionPriority(),
+                };
+                layer->recordLayerHistoryAnimationTx(layerProps);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -4437,7 +4586,7 @@
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::applyAndCommitDisplayTransactionStates(
         std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions) {
-    Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
+    Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
     bool needsTraversal = false;
     uint32_t transactionFlags = 0;
     for (auto& transaction : transactions) {
@@ -4466,6 +4615,7 @@
         for (const auto& [_, display] : mDisplays) {
             mFrontEndDisplayInfos.try_emplace(display->getLayerStack(), display->getFrontEndInfo());
         }
+        needsTraversal = true;
     }
 
     return needsTraversal;
@@ -4645,7 +4795,7 @@
         }
     }
     if (what & layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged) {
-        if (layer->setBackgroundColor(s.color.rgb, s.bgColorAlpha, s.bgColorDataspace)) {
+        if (layer->setBackgroundColor(s.bgColor.rgb, s.bgColor.a, s.bgColorDataspace)) {
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
     }
@@ -4785,6 +4935,11 @@
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
     }
+    if (what & layer_state_t::eCachingHintChanged) {
+        if (layer->setCachingHint(s.cachingHint)) {
+            flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+        }
+    }
     if (what & layer_state_t::eHdrMetadataChanged) {
         if (layer->setHdrMetadata(s.hdrMetadata)) flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
     }
@@ -4849,9 +5004,15 @@
         layer->setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferlessTransaction(frameTimelineInfo, postTime);
     }
 
+    if ((what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) == 0) {
+        layer->setDesiredPresentTime(desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp);
+    }
+
     if (what & layer_state_t::eTrustedPresentationInfoChanged) {
-        layer->setTrustedPresentationInfo(s.trustedPresentationThresholds,
-                                          s.trustedPresentationListener);
+        if (layer->setTrustedPresentationInfo(s.trustedPresentationThresholds,
+                                              s.trustedPresentationListener)) {
+            flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+        }
     }
 
     if (what & layer_state_t::eFlushJankData) {
@@ -4883,8 +5044,6 @@
                                                       uint64_t transactionId) {
     layer_state_t& s = composerState.state;
     s.sanitize(permissions);
-    const nsecs_t latchTime = systemTime();
-    bool unused;
 
     std::vector<ListenerCallbacks> filteredListeners;
     for (auto& listener : s.listeners) {
@@ -4937,6 +5096,12 @@
                     sp<CallbackHandle>::make(listener, callbackIds, s.surface));
         }
     }
+    // TODO(b/238781169) remove after screenshot refactor, currently screenshots
+    // requires to read drawing state from binder thread. So we need to fix that
+    // before removing this.
+    if (what & layer_state_t::eCropChanged) {
+        if (layer->setCrop(s.crop)) flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+    }
     if (what & layer_state_t::eSidebandStreamChanged) {
         if (layer->setSidebandStream(s.sidebandStream)) flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
     }
@@ -4944,7 +5109,6 @@
         if (layer->setBuffer(composerState.externalTexture, *s.bufferData, postTime,
                              desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp, dequeueBufferTimestamp,
                              frameTimelineInfo)) {
-            layer->latchBuffer(unused, latchTime);
             flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
         }
         mLayersWithQueuedFrames.emplace(layer);
@@ -4952,16 +5116,23 @@
         layer->setFrameTimelineVsyncForBufferlessTransaction(frameTimelineInfo, postTime);
     }
 
-    if (what & layer_state_t::eTrustedPresentationInfoChanged) {
-        layer->setTrustedPresentationInfo(s.trustedPresentationThresholds,
-                                          s.trustedPresentationListener);
+    if ((what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) == 0) {
+        layer->setDesiredPresentTime(desiredPresentTime, isAutoTimestamp);
     }
 
-    const auto& snapshot = mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(layer->getSequence());
+    if (what & layer_state_t::eTrustedPresentationInfoChanged) {
+        if (layer->setTrustedPresentationInfo(s.trustedPresentationThresholds,
+                                              s.trustedPresentationListener)) {
+            flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const auto& requestedLayerState = mLayerLifecycleManager.getLayerFromId(layer->getSequence());
     bool willPresentCurrentTransaction =
-            snapshot && (snapshot->hasReadyFrame || snapshot->sidebandStreamHasFrame);
+            requestedLayerState && requestedLayerState->hasReadyFrame();
     if (layer->setTransactionCompletedListeners(callbackHandles, willPresentCurrentTransaction))
         flags |= eTraversalNeeded;
+
     return flags;
 }
 
@@ -4979,7 +5150,7 @@
 
     sp<Layer> mirrorLayer;
     sp<Layer> mirrorFrom;
-    LayerCreationArgs mirrorArgs(args);
+    LayerCreationArgs mirrorArgs = LayerCreationArgs::fromOtherArgs(args);
     {
         Mutex::Autolock _l(mStateLock);
         mirrorFrom = LayerHandle::getLayer(mirrorFromHandle);
@@ -4999,11 +5170,6 @@
 
     outResult.layerId = mirrorLayer->sequence;
     outResult.layerName = String16(mirrorLayer->getDebugName());
-    if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->onMirrorLayerAdded(outResult.handle->localBinder(),
-                                                mirrorLayer->sequence, args.name,
-                                                mirrorFrom->sequence);
-    }
     return addClientLayer(mirrorArgs, outResult.handle, mirrorLayer /* layer */,
                           nullptr /* parent */, nullptr /* outTransformHint */);
 }
@@ -5030,7 +5196,7 @@
         }
 
         layerStack = display->getLayerStack();
-        LayerCreationArgs mirrorArgs(args);
+        LayerCreationArgs mirrorArgs = LayerCreationArgs::fromOtherArgs(args);
         mirrorArgs.flags |= ISurfaceComposerClient::eNoColorFill;
         mirrorArgs.addToRoot = true;
         mirrorArgs.layerStackToMirror = layerStack;
@@ -5045,12 +5211,7 @@
         return result;
     }
 
-    if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->onLayerAdded(outResult.handle->localBinder(), outResult.layerId,
-                                          args.name, args.flags, -1 /* parentId */);
-    }
-
-    {
+    if (mLegacyFrontEndEnabled) {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMirrorDisplayLock);
         mMirrorDisplays.emplace_back(layerStack, outResult.handle, args.client);
     }
@@ -5097,12 +5258,6 @@
         args.addToRoot = false;
     }
 
-    const int parentId = parent ? parent->getSequence() : -1;
-    if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->onLayerAdded(outResult.handle->localBinder(), layer->sequence,
-                                          args.name, args.flags, parentId);
-    }
-
     uint32_t outTransformHint;
     result = addClientLayer(args, outResult.handle, layer, parent, &outTransformHint);
     if (result != NO_ERROR) {
@@ -5146,22 +5301,29 @@
     markLayerPendingRemovalLocked(layer);
     mBufferCountTracker.remove(handle);
     layer.clear();
-    if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->onHandleRemoved(handle);
-    }
 
     setTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::onInitializeDisplays() {
-    const auto display = getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked();
+void SurfaceFlinger::initializeDisplays() {
+    const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
     if (!display) return;
 
     const sp<IBinder> token = display->getDisplayToken().promote();
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(token == nullptr);
 
+    TransactionState state;
+    state.inputWindowCommands = mInputWindowCommands;
+    const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
+    state.desiredPresentTime = now;
+    state.postTime = now;
+    state.permissions = layer_state_t::ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER;
+    state.originPid = mPid;
+    state.originUid = static_cast<int>(getuid());
+    const uint64_t transactionId = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mPid) << 32) | mUniqueTransactionId++;
+    state.id = transactionId;
+
     // reset screen orientation and use primary layer stack
-    std::vector<ResolvedComposerState> state;
     Vector<DisplayState> displays;
     DisplayState d;
     d.what = DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged |
@@ -5173,24 +5335,21 @@
     d.layerStackSpaceRect.makeInvalid();
     d.width = 0;
     d.height = 0;
-    displays.add(d);
+    state.displays.add(d);
 
-    nsecs_t now = systemTime();
+    std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+    transactions.emplace_back(state);
 
-    int64_t transactionId = (((int64_t)mPid) << 32) | mUniqueTransactionId++;
-    // It should be on the main thread, apply it directly.
-    applyTransactionState(FrameTimelineInfo{}, state, displays, 0, mInputWindowCommands,
-                          /* desiredPresentTime */ now, true, {}, /* postTime */ now, true, false,
-                          {}, mPid, getuid(), transactionId);
+    if (mLegacyFrontEndEnabled) {
+        applyTransactions(transactions, VsyncId{0});
+    } else {
+        applyAndCommitDisplayTransactionStates(transactions);
+    }
 
-    setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
-}
-
-void SurfaceFlinger::initializeDisplays() {
-    // Async since we may be called from the main thread.
-    static_cast<void>(mScheduler->schedule(
-            [this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock)
-                    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) { onInitializeDisplays(); }));
+    {
+        ftl::FakeGuard guard(mStateLock);
+        setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
+    }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, hal::PowerMode mode) {
@@ -5207,7 +5366,6 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    const bool isActiveDisplay = displayId == mActiveDisplayId;
     const bool isInternalDisplay = mPhysicalDisplays.get(displayId)
                                            .transform(&PhysicalDisplay::isInternal)
                                            .value_or(false);
@@ -5244,11 +5402,12 @@
             ALOGW("Couldn't set SCHED_FIFO on display on: %s\n", strerror(errno));
         }
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
-        if (isActiveDisplay && mode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+        if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId && mode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
             setHWCVsyncEnabled(displayId,
-                               mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
-            mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mAppConnectionHandle);
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, refreshRate);
+                               mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule(displayId)
+                                       ->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+            mScheduler->enableSyntheticVsync(false);
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, refreshRate);
         }
 
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
@@ -5261,9 +5420,9 @@
         if (SurfaceFlinger::setSchedAttr(false) != NO_ERROR) {
             ALOGW("Couldn't set uclamp.min on display off: %s\n", strerror(errno));
         }
-        if (isActiveDisplay && *currentModeOpt != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
-            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(true);
-            mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mAppConnectionHandle);
+        if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId && *currentModeOpt != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(displayId, true);
+            mScheduler->enableSyntheticVsync();
         }
 
         // Make sure HWVsync is disabled before turning off the display
@@ -5275,18 +5434,18 @@
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
         // Update display while dozing
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
-        if (isActiveDisplay && *currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
+        if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId && *currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
             ALOGI("Force repainting for DOZE_SUSPEND -> DOZE or ON.");
             mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
             scheduleRepaint();
-            mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mAppConnectionHandle);
-            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(true, refreshRate);
+            mScheduler->enableSyntheticVsync(false);
+            mScheduler->resyncToHardwareVsync(displayId, true /* allowToEnable */, refreshRate);
         }
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND) {
         // Leave display going to doze
-        if (isActiveDisplay) {
-            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(true);
-            mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mAppConnectionHandle);
+        if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
+            mScheduler->disableHardwareVsync(displayId, true);
+            mScheduler->enableSyntheticVsync();
         }
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
     } else {
@@ -5294,10 +5453,10 @@
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
     }
 
-    if (isActiveDisplay) {
+    if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
         mTimeStats->setPowerMode(mode);
         mRefreshRateStats->setPowerMode(mode);
-        mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(mode);
+        mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(displayId, mode);
     }
 
     ALOGD("Finished setting power mode %d on display %s", mode, to_string(displayId).c_str());
@@ -5392,7 +5551,8 @@
             LayersTraceProto* layersTrace = traceFileProto.add_entry();
             LayersProto layersProto = dumpProtoFromMainThread();
             layersTrace->mutable_layers()->Swap(&layersProto);
-            dumpDisplayProto(*layersTrace);
+            auto displayProtos = dumpDisplayProto();
+            layersTrace->mutable_displays()->Swap(&displayProtos);
 
             if (asProto) {
                 result.append(traceFileProto.SerializeAsString());
@@ -5620,20 +5780,34 @@
         }
     }
 
-    LayersProto layersProto;
-    for (const sp<Layer>& layer : mDrawingState.layersSortedByZ) {
-        if (stackIdsToSkip.find(layer->getLayerStack().id) != stackIdsToSkip.end()) {
-            continue;
+    if (mLegacyFrontEndEnabled) {
+        LayersProto layersProto;
+        for (const sp<Layer>& layer : mDrawingState.layersSortedByZ) {
+            if (stackIdsToSkip.find(layer->getLayerStack().id) != stackIdsToSkip.end()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            layer->writeToProto(layersProto, traceFlags);
         }
-        layer->writeToProto(layersProto, traceFlags);
+        return layersProto;
     }
 
+    const frontend::LayerHierarchy& root = mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy();
+    LayersProto layersProto;
+    for (auto& [child, variant] : root.mChildren) {
+        if (variant != frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant::Attached ||
+            stackIdsToSkip.find(child->getLayer()->layerStack.id) != stackIdsToSkip.end()) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        LayerProtoHelper::writeHierarchyToProto(layersProto, *child, mLayerSnapshotBuilder,
+                                                mLegacyLayers, traceFlags);
+    }
     return layersProto;
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::dumpDisplayProto(LayersTraceProto& layersTraceProto) const {
+google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> SurfaceFlinger::dumpDisplayProto() const {
+    google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> displays;
     for (const auto& [_, display] : FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mDisplays)) {
-        DisplayProto* displayProto = layersTraceProto.add_displays();
+        DisplayProto* displayProto = displays.Add();
         displayProto->set_id(display->getId().value);
         displayProto->set_name(display->getDisplayName());
         displayProto->set_layer_stack(display->getLayerStack().id);
@@ -5646,6 +5820,7 @@
                                                 displayProto->mutable_transform());
         displayProto->set_is_virtual(display->isVirtual());
     }
+    return displays;
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::dumpHwc(std::string& result) const {
@@ -6176,9 +6351,10 @@
                         int64_t startingTime =
                                 (fixedStartingTime) ? fixedStartingTime : systemTime();
                         mScheduler
-                                ->schedule([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
-                                    mLayerTracing.notify(true /* visibleRegionDirty */,
-                                                         startingTime, mLastCommittedVsyncId.value);
+                                ->schedule([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(
+                                                   kMainThreadContext) {
+                                    addToLayerTracing(true /* visibleRegionDirty */, startingTime,
+                                                      mLastCommittedVsyncId.value);
                                 })
                                 .wait();
                     }
@@ -6709,7 +6885,8 @@
 
     GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots;
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
-        getLayerSnapshots = getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, args.uid);
+        getLayerSnapshots =
+                getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, args.uid, /*snapshotFilterFn=*/nullptr);
     } else {
         auto traverseLayers = [this, args, layerStack](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
             traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, args.uid, visitor);
@@ -6751,7 +6928,8 @@
 
     GetLayerSnapshotsFunction getLayerSnapshots;
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
-        getLayerSnapshots = getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID);
+        getLayerSnapshots = getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID,
+                                                            /*snapshotFilterFn=*/nullptr);
     } else {
         auto traverseLayers = [this, layerStack](const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) {
             traverseLayersInLayerStack(layerStack, CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID, visitor);
@@ -6919,7 +7097,7 @@
                                     ->schedule([=]() {
                                         bool protectedLayerFound = false;
                                         auto layers = getLayerSnapshots();
-                                        for (auto& [layer, layerFe] : layers) {
+                                        for (auto& [_, layerFe] : layers) {
                                             protectedLayerFound |=
                                                     (layerFe->mSnapshot->isVisible &&
                                                      layerFe->mSnapshot->hasProtectedContent);
@@ -7014,12 +7192,14 @@
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     auto layers = getLayerSnapshots();
-    for (auto& [layer, layerFE] : layers) {
+    for (auto& [_, layerFE] : layers) {
         frontend::LayerSnapshot* snapshot = layerFE->mSnapshot.get();
         captureResults.capturedSecureLayers |= (snapshot->isVisible && snapshot->isSecure);
         captureResults.capturedHdrLayers |= isHdrLayer(*snapshot);
         layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform =
                 renderArea->getTransform() * layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform;
+        layerFE->mSnapshot->geomInverseLayerTransform =
+                layerFE->mSnapshot->geomLayerTransform.inverse();
     }
 
     // We allow the system server to take screenshots of secure layers for
@@ -7130,6 +7310,16 @@
     return presentFuture;
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::traverseLegacyLayers(const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) const {
+    if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
+        for (auto& layer : mLegacyLayers) {
+            visitor(layer.second.get());
+        }
+    } else {
+        mDrawingState.traverse(visitor);
+    }
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::State::traverse(const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) const {
@@ -7418,10 +7608,20 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::enableRefreshRateOverlay(bool enable) {
+    bool setByHwc = getHwComposer().hasCapability(Capability::REFRESH_RATE_CHANGED_CALLBACK_DEBUG);
     for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
         if (display.snapshot().connectionType() == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal) {
+            if (setByHwc) {
+                const auto status =
+                        getHwComposer().setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled(id, enable);
+                if (status != NO_ERROR) {
+                    ALOGE("Error updating the refresh rate changed callback debug enabled");
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
             if (const auto device = getDisplayDeviceLocked(id)) {
-                device->enableRefreshRateOverlay(enable, mRefreshRateOverlaySpinner,
+                device->enableRefreshRateOverlay(enable, setByHwc, mRefreshRateOverlaySpinner,
                                                  mRefreshRateOverlayRenderRate,
                                                  mRefreshRateOverlayShowInMiddle);
             }
@@ -7517,10 +7717,6 @@
     if (hintDisplay) {
         layer->updateTransformHint(hintDisplay->getTransformHint());
     }
-
-    if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->onLayerAddedToDrawingState(layer->getSequence(), vsyncId.value);
-    }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::sample() {
@@ -7540,31 +7736,38 @@
                                                   const DisplayDevice& activeDisplay) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
+    // For the first display activated during boot, there is no need to force setDesiredActiveMode,
+    // because DM is about to send its policy via setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs.
+    bool forceApplyPolicy = false;
+
     if (inactiveDisplayPtr) {
         inactiveDisplayPtr->getCompositionDisplay()->setLayerCachingTexturePoolEnabled(false);
+        forceApplyPolicy = true;
     }
 
     mActiveDisplayId = activeDisplay.getPhysicalId();
     activeDisplay.getCompositionDisplay()->setLayerCachingTexturePoolEnabled(true);
 
-    updateActiveDisplayVsyncLocked(activeDisplay);
+    resetPhaseConfiguration(activeDisplay.getActiveMode().fps);
+
     mScheduler->setModeChangePending(false);
-    mScheduler->setLeaderDisplay(mActiveDisplayId);
+    mScheduler->setPacesetterDisplay(mActiveDisplayId);
 
     onActiveDisplaySizeChanged(activeDisplay);
     mActiveDisplayTransformHint = activeDisplay.getTransformHint();
 
-    // The policy of the new active/leader display may have changed while it was inactive. In that
-    // case, its preferred mode has not been propagated to HWC (via setDesiredActiveMode). In either
-    // case, the Scheduler's cachedModeChangedParams must be initialized to the newly active mode,
-    // and the kernel idle timer of the newly active display must be toggled.
-    constexpr bool kForce = true;
-    applyRefreshRateSelectorPolicy(mActiveDisplayId, activeDisplay.refreshRateSelector(), kForce);
+    // The policy of the new active/pacesetter display may have changed while it was inactive. In
+    // that case, its preferred mode has not been propagated to HWC (via setDesiredActiveMode). In
+    // either case, the Scheduler's cachedModeChangedParams must be initialized to the newly active
+    // mode, and the kernel idle timer of the newly active display must be toggled.
+    applyRefreshRateSelectorPolicy(mActiveDisplayId, activeDisplay.refreshRateSelector(),
+                                   forceApplyPolicy);
 }
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::addWindowInfosListener(
-        const sp<IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) const {
+        const sp<IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) {
     mWindowInfosListenerInvoker->addWindowInfosListener(windowInfosListener);
+    setTransactionFlags(eInputInfoUpdateNeeded);
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -7654,10 +7857,6 @@
             sp<Layer> childMirror;
             createEffectLayer(mirrorArgs, &unused, &childMirror);
             childMirror->setClonedChild(layer->createClone());
-            if (mTransactionTracing) {
-                mTransactionTracing->onLayerAddedToDrawingState(childMirror->getSequence(),
-                                                                vsyncId.value);
-            }
             childMirror->reparent(mirrorDisplay.rootHandle);
         }
     }
@@ -7725,6 +7924,7 @@
         compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs, bool cursorOnly, int64_t vsyncId) {
     std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>> layers;
     if (mLayerLifecycleManagerEnabled) {
+        nsecs_t currentTime = systemTime();
         mLayerSnapshotBuilder.forEachVisibleSnapshot(
                 [&](std::unique_ptr<frontend::LayerSnapshot>& snapshot) {
                     if (cursorOnly &&
@@ -7743,6 +7943,7 @@
                                         snapshot->getDebugString().c_str());
                     auto& legacyLayer = it->second;
                     sp<LayerFE> layerFE = legacyLayer->getCompositionEngineLayerFE(snapshot->path);
+                    snapshot->fps = getLayerFramerate(currentTime, snapshot->sequence);
                     layerFE->mSnapshot = std::move(snapshot);
                     refreshArgs.layers.push_back(layerFE);
                     layers.emplace_back(legacyLayer.get(), layerFE.get());
@@ -7767,29 +7968,40 @@
 }
 
 std::function<std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>()>
-SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(std::optional<ui::LayerStack> layerStack,
-                                                uint32_t uid) {
-    return [this, layerStack, uid]() {
+SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(
+        std::optional<ui::LayerStack> layerStack, uint32_t uid,
+        std::function<bool(const frontend::LayerSnapshot&, bool& outStopTraversal)>
+                snapshotFilterFn) {
+    return [&, layerStack, uid]() {
         std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>> layers;
-        for (auto& snapshot : mLayerSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots()) {
-            if (layerStack && snapshot->outputFilter.layerStack != *layerStack) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (uid != CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID && snapshot->inputInfo.ownerUid != uid) {
-                continue;
-            }
-            if (!snapshot->isVisible || !snapshot->hasSomethingToDraw()) {
-                continue;
-            }
+        bool stopTraversal = false;
+        mLayerSnapshotBuilder.forEachVisibleSnapshot(
+                [&](std::unique_ptr<frontend::LayerSnapshot>& snapshot) {
+                    if (stopTraversal) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (layerStack && snapshot->outputFilter.layerStack != *layerStack) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (uid != CaptureArgs::UNSET_UID && snapshot->inputInfo.ownerUid != uid) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (!snapshot->hasSomethingToDraw()) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    if (snapshotFilterFn && !snapshotFilterFn(*snapshot, stopTraversal)) {
+                        return;
+                    }
 
-            auto it = mLegacyLayers.find(snapshot->sequence);
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mLegacyLayers.end(), "Couldnt find layer object for %s",
-                                snapshot->getDebugString().c_str());
-            auto& legacyLayer = it->second;
-            sp<LayerFE> layerFE = getFactory().createLayerFE(legacyLayer->getName());
-            layerFE->mSnapshot = std::make_unique<frontend::LayerSnapshot>(*snapshot);
-            layers.emplace_back(legacyLayer.get(), std::move(layerFE));
-        }
+                    auto it = mLegacyLayers.find(snapshot->sequence);
+                    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mLegacyLayers.end(),
+                                        "Couldnt find layer object for %s",
+                                        snapshot->getDebugString().c_str());
+                    Layer* legacyLayer = (it == mLegacyLayers.end()) ? nullptr : it->second.get();
+                    sp<LayerFE> layerFE = getFactory().createLayerFE(snapshot->name);
+                    layerFE->mSnapshot = std::make_unique<frontend::LayerSnapshot>(*snapshot);
+                    layers.emplace_back(legacyLayer, std::move(layerFE));
+                });
 
         return layers;
     };
@@ -7799,21 +8011,27 @@
 SurfaceFlinger::getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(uint32_t rootLayerId, uint32_t uid,
                                                 std::unordered_set<uint32_t> excludeLayerIds,
                                                 bool childrenOnly, const FloatRect& parentCrop) {
-    return [this, excludeLayerIds = std::move(excludeLayerIds), uid, rootLayerId, childrenOnly,
+    return [&, rootLayerId, uid, excludeLayerIds = std::move(excludeLayerIds), childrenOnly,
             parentCrop]() {
+        auto root = mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getPartialHierarchy(rootLayerId, childrenOnly);
         frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args
-                args{.root = mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getPartialHierarchy(rootLayerId, childrenOnly),
+                args{.root = root,
                      .layerLifecycleManager = mLayerLifecycleManager,
+                     .forceUpdate = frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder::ForceUpdateFlags::HIERARCHY,
                      .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
                      .displayChanges = true,
                      .globalShadowSettings = mDrawingState.globalShadowSettings,
                      .supportsBlur = mSupportsBlur,
                      .forceFullDamage = mForceFullDamage,
                      .parentCrop = {parentCrop},
-                     .excludeLayerIds = std::move(excludeLayerIds)};
+                     .excludeLayerIds = std::move(excludeLayerIds),
+                     .supportedLayerGenericMetadata =
+                             getHwComposer().getSupportedLayerGenericMetadata(),
+                     .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = getGenericLayerMetadataKeyMap()};
         mLayerSnapshotBuilder.update(args);
 
-        auto getLayerSnapshotsFn = getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots({}, uid);
+        auto getLayerSnapshotsFn =
+                getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots({}, uid, /*snapshotFilterFn=*/nullptr);
         std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>> layers = getLayerSnapshotsFn();
         args.root = mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy();
         args.parentCrop.reset();
@@ -7823,8 +8041,8 @@
     };
 }
 
-SurfaceFlinger::LifecycleUpdate SurfaceFlinger::flushLifecycleUpdates() {
-    LifecycleUpdate update;
+frontend::Update SurfaceFlinger::flushLifecycleUpdates() {
+    frontend::Update update;
     ATRACE_NAME("TransactionHandler:flushTransactions");
     // Locking:
     // 1. to prevent onHandleDestroyed from being called while the state lock is held,
@@ -7841,12 +8059,28 @@
         mCreatedLayers.clear();
         update.newLayers = std::move(mNewLayers);
         mNewLayers.clear();
+        update.layerCreationArgs = std::move(mNewLayerArgs);
+        mNewLayerArgs.clear();
         update.destroyedHandles = std::move(mDestroyedHandles);
         mDestroyedHandles.clear();
     }
     return update;
 }
 
+void SurfaceFlinger::addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId) {
+    const uint32_t tracingFlags = mLayerTracing.getFlags();
+    LayersProto layers(dumpDrawingStateProto(tracingFlags));
+    if (tracingFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_EXTRA) {
+        dumpOffscreenLayersProto(layers);
+    }
+    std::string hwcDump;
+    if (tracingFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_HWC) {
+        dumpHwc(hwcDump);
+    }
+    auto displays = dumpDisplayProto();
+    mLayerTracing.notify(visibleRegionDirty, time, vsyncId, &layers, std::move(hwcDump), &displays);
+}
+
 // gui::ISurfaceComposer
 
 binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::bootFinished() {
@@ -8556,8 +8790,12 @@
 binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::addWindowInfosListener(
         const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) {
     status_t status;
+    const int pid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid();
     const int uid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
-    if (uid == AID_SYSTEM || uid == AID_GRAPHICS) {
+    // TODO(b/270566761) update permissions check so that only system_server and shell can add
+    // WindowInfosListeners
+    if (uid == AID_SYSTEM || uid == AID_GRAPHICS ||
+        checkPermission(sAccessSurfaceFlinger, pid, uid)) {
         status = mFlinger->addWindowInfosListener(windowInfosListener);
     } else {
         status = PERMISSION_DENIED;
@@ -8568,8 +8806,10 @@
 binder::Status SurfaceComposerAIDL::removeWindowInfosListener(
         const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) {
     status_t status;
+    const int pid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid();
     const int uid = IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid();
-    if (uid == AID_SYSTEM || uid == AID_GRAPHICS) {
+    if (uid == AID_SYSTEM || uid == AID_GRAPHICS ||
+        checkPermission(sAccessSurfaceFlinger, pid, uid)) {
         status = mFlinger->removeWindowInfosListener(windowInfosListener);
     } else {
         status = PERMISSION_DENIED;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index b41f414..42d5db7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -162,7 +162,8 @@
     eDisplayTransactionNeeded = 0x04,
     eTransformHintUpdateNeeded = 0x08,
     eTransactionFlushNeeded = 0x10,
-    eTransactionMask = 0x1f,
+    eInputInfoUpdateNeeded = 0x20,
+    eTransactionMask = 0x3f,
 };
 
 // Latch Unsignaled buffer behaviours
@@ -454,26 +455,6 @@
         FINISHED,
     };
 
-    struct LayerCreatedState {
-        LayerCreatedState(const wp<Layer>& layer, const wp<Layer>& parent, bool addToRoot)
-              : layer(layer), initialParent(parent), addToRoot(addToRoot) {}
-        wp<Layer> layer;
-        // Indicates the initial parent of the created layer, only used for creating layer in
-        // SurfaceFlinger. If nullptr, it may add the created layer into the current root layers.
-        wp<Layer> initialParent;
-        // Indicates whether the layer getting created should be added at root if there's no parent
-        // and has permission ACCESS_SURFACE_FLINGER. If set to false and no parent, the layer will
-        // be added offscreen.
-        bool addToRoot;
-    };
-
-    struct LifecycleUpdate {
-        std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
-        std::vector<LayerCreatedState> layerCreatedStates;
-        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> newLayers;
-        std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedHandles;
-    };
-
     template <typename F, std::enable_if_t<!std::is_member_function_pointer_v<F>>* = nullptr>
     static Dumper dumper(F&& dump) {
         using namespace std::placeholders;
@@ -618,7 +599,7 @@
 
     status_t getMaxAcquiredBufferCount(int* buffers) const;
 
-    status_t addWindowInfosListener(const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) const;
+    status_t addWindowInfosListener(const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener);
     status_t removeWindowInfosListener(
             const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>& windowInfosListener) const;
 
@@ -646,7 +627,7 @@
 
     // Toggles hardware VSYNC by calling into HWC.
     // TODO(b/241286146): Rename for self-explanatory API.
-    void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override;
+    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override;
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override;
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool expired) override;
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override;
@@ -720,12 +701,13 @@
             int64_t vsyncId);
     void moveSnapshotsFromCompositionArgs(compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs& refreshArgs,
                                           std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, LayerFE*>>& layers);
-    bool updateLayerSnapshotsLegacy(VsyncId vsyncId, LifecycleUpdate& update,
+    bool updateLayerSnapshotsLegacy(VsyncId vsyncId, frontend::Update& update,
                                     bool transactionsFlushed, bool& out)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-    bool updateLayerSnapshots(VsyncId vsyncId, LifecycleUpdate& update, bool transactionsFlushed,
+    bool updateLayerSnapshots(VsyncId vsyncId, frontend::Update& update, bool transactionsFlushed,
                               bool& out) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
-    LifecycleUpdate flushLifecycleUpdates() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+    void updateLayerHistory(const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot);
+    frontend::Update flushLifecycleUpdates() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     void updateInputFlinger();
     void persistDisplayBrightness(bool needsComposite) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
@@ -735,6 +717,8 @@
     void updateCursorAsync();
 
     void initScheduler(const sp<const DisplayDevice>&) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext, mStateLock);
+
+    void resetPhaseConfiguration(Fps) REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
     void updatePhaseConfiguration(Fps) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     /*
@@ -816,7 +800,7 @@
     void markLayerPendingRemovalLocked(const sp<Layer>& layer);
 
     // add a layer to SurfaceFlinger
-    status_t addClientLayer(const LayerCreationArgs& args, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
+    status_t addClientLayer(LayerCreationArgs& args, const sp<IBinder>& handle,
                             const sp<Layer>& layer, const wp<Layer>& parentLayer,
                             uint32_t* outTransformHint);
 
@@ -853,8 +837,7 @@
      */
 
     // Called during boot, and restart after system_server death.
-    void initializeDisplays();
-    void onInitializeDisplays() REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
+    void initializeDisplays() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) const
             REQUIRES(mStateLock) {
@@ -1083,7 +1066,9 @@
     LayersProto dumpDrawingStateProto(uint32_t traceFlags) const;
     void dumpOffscreenLayersProto(LayersProto& layersProto,
                                   uint32_t traceFlags = LayerTracing::TRACE_ALL) const;
-    void dumpDisplayProto(LayersTraceProto& layersTraceProto) const;
+    google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto> dumpDisplayProto() const;
+    void addToLayerTracing(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     // Dumps state from HW Composer
     void dumpHwc(std::string& result) const;
@@ -1119,20 +1104,26 @@
                                                std::chrono::nanoseconds presentLatency);
     int getMaxAcquiredBufferCountForRefreshRate(Fps refreshRate) const;
 
-    void updateActiveDisplayVsyncLocked(const DisplayDevice& activeDisplay)
-            REQUIRES(mStateLock, kMainThreadContext);
-
     bool isHdrLayer(const frontend::LayerSnapshot& snapshot) const;
 
     ui::Rotation getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(DisplayId, bool isPrimary) const
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    void traverseLegacyLayers(const LayerVector::Visitor& visitor) const;
 
     sp<StartPropertySetThread> mStartPropertySetThread;
     surfaceflinger::Factory& mFactory;
     pid_t mPid;
     std::future<void> mRenderEnginePrimeCacheFuture;
 
-    // access must be protected by mStateLock
+    // mStateLock has conventions related to the current thread, because only
+    // the main thread should modify variables protected by mStateLock.
+    // - read access from a non-main thread must lock mStateLock, since the main
+    // thread may modify these variables.
+    // - write access from a non-main thread is not permitted.
+    // - read access from the main thread can use an ftl::FakeGuard, since other
+    // threads must not modify these variables.
+    // - write access from the main thread must lock mStateLock, since another
+    // thread may be reading these variables.
     mutable Mutex mStateLock;
     State mCurrentState{LayerVector::StateSet::Current};
     std::atomic<int32_t> mTransactionFlags = 0;
@@ -1231,7 +1222,7 @@
     bool mLayerCachingEnabled = false;
     bool mBackpressureGpuComposition = false;
 
-    LayerTracing mLayerTracing{*this};
+    LayerTracing mLayerTracing;
     bool mLayerTracingEnabled = false;
 
     std::optional<TransactionTracing> mTransactionTracing;
@@ -1386,7 +1377,9 @@
                 [](const auto& display) { return display.isRefreshRateOverlayEnabled(); });
     }
     std::function<std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>()> getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(
-            std::optional<ui::LayerStack> layerStack, uint32_t uid);
+            std::optional<ui::LayerStack> layerStack, uint32_t uid,
+            std::function<bool(const frontend::LayerSnapshot&, bool& outStopTraversal)>
+                    snapshotFilterFn);
     std::function<std::vector<std::pair<Layer*, sp<LayerFE>>>()> getLayerSnapshotsForScreenshots(
             uint32_t rootLayerId, uint32_t uid, std::unordered_set<uint32_t> excludeLayerIds,
             bool childrenOnly, const FloatRect& parentCrop);
@@ -1411,6 +1404,7 @@
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> mDestroyedHandles;
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> mNewLayers;
+    std::vector<LayerCreationArgs> mNewLayerArgs;
     // These classes do not store any client state but help with managing transaction callbacks
     // and stats.
     std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<Layer>> mLegacyLayers;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp
index 566d553..2918f7c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.cpp
@@ -29,9 +29,8 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-LayerTracing::LayerTracing(SurfaceFlinger& flinger) : mFlinger(flinger) {
-    mBuffer = std::make_unique<RingBuffer<LayersTraceFileProto, LayersTraceProto>>();
-}
+LayerTracing::LayerTracing()
+      : mBuffer(std::make_unique<RingBuffer<LayersTraceFileProto, LayersTraceProto>>()) {}
 
 LayerTracing::~LayerTracing() = default;
 
@@ -84,8 +83,11 @@
 bool LayerTracing::flagIsSet(uint32_t flags) const {
     return (mFlags & flags) == flags;
 }
+uint32_t LayerTracing::getFlags() const {
+    return mFlags;
+}
 
-LayersTraceFileProto LayerTracing::createTraceFileProto() const {
+LayersTraceFileProto LayerTracing::createTraceFileProto() {
     LayersTraceFileProto fileProto;
     fileProto.set_magic_number(uint64_t(LayersTraceFileProto_MagicNumber_MAGIC_NUMBER_H) << 32 |
                                LayersTraceFileProto_MagicNumber_MAGIC_NUMBER_L);
@@ -101,7 +103,9 @@
     mBuffer->dump(result);
 }
 
-void LayerTracing::notify(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId) {
+void LayerTracing::notify(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId,
+                          LayersProto* layers, std::string hwcDump,
+                          google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto>* displays) {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
     if (!mEnabled) {
         return;
@@ -116,22 +120,15 @@
     entry.set_elapsed_realtime_nanos(time);
     const char* where = visibleRegionDirty ? "visibleRegionsDirty" : "bufferLatched";
     entry.set_where(where);
-    LayersProto layers(mFlinger.dumpDrawingStateProto(mFlags));
-
-    if (flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_EXTRA)) {
-        mFlinger.dumpOffscreenLayersProto(layers);
-    }
-    entry.mutable_layers()->Swap(&layers);
+    entry.mutable_layers()->Swap(layers);
 
     if (flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_HWC)) {
-        std::string hwcDump;
-        mFlinger.dumpHwc(hwcDump);
         entry.set_hwc_blob(hwcDump);
     }
     if (!flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         entry.set_excludes_composition_state(true);
     }
-    mFlinger.dumpDisplayProto(entry);
+    entry.mutable_displays()->Swap(displays);
     entry.set_vsync_id(vsyncId);
     mBuffer->emplace(std::move(entry));
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
index b32001c..11bb9f4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/LayerTracing.h
@@ -40,14 +40,15 @@
  */
 class LayerTracing {
 public:
-    LayerTracing(SurfaceFlinger& flinger);
+    LayerTracing();
     ~LayerTracing();
     bool enable();
     bool disable(std::string filename = FILE_NAME);
     bool isEnabled() const;
     status_t writeToFile();
-    LayersTraceFileProto createTraceFileProto() const;
-    void notify(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId);
+    static LayersTraceFileProto createTraceFileProto();
+    void notify(bool visibleRegionDirty, int64_t time, int64_t vsyncId, LayersProto* layers,
+                std::string hwcDump, google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<DisplayProto>* displays);
 
     enum : uint32_t {
         TRACE_INPUT = 1 << 1,
@@ -60,13 +61,12 @@
     };
     void setTraceFlags(uint32_t flags);
     bool flagIsSet(uint32_t flags) const;
+    uint32_t getFlags() const;
     void setBufferSize(size_t bufferSizeInBytes);
     void dump(std::string&) const;
 
 private:
     static constexpr auto FILE_NAME = "/data/misc/wmtrace/layers_trace.winscope";
-
-    SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
     uint32_t mFlags = TRACE_INPUT;
     mutable std::mutex mTraceLock;
     bool mEnabled GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock) = false;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
index 2f46487..8fd6538 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.cpp
@@ -18,11 +18,40 @@
 #include <ui/Fence.h>
 #include <ui/Rect.h>
 
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "LayerProtoHelper.h"
 #include "TransactionProtoParser.h"
+#include "TransactionState.h"
+#include "gui/LayerState.h"
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger {
 
+class FakeExternalTexture : public renderengine::ExternalTexture {
+    const sp<GraphicBuffer> mEmptyBuffer =
+            sp<GraphicBuffer>::make(1u, 1u, PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888,
+                                    GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_WRITE_OFTEN | GRALLOC_USAGE_SW_READ_OFTEN);
+    uint32_t mWidth;
+    uint32_t mHeight;
+    uint64_t mId;
+    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
+    uint64_t mUsage;
+
+public:
+    FakeExternalTexture(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t id, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
+                        uint64_t usage)
+          : mWidth(width), mHeight(height), mId(id), mPixelFormat(pixelFormat), mUsage(usage) {}
+    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mEmptyBuffer; }
+    bool hasSameBuffer(const renderengine::ExternalTexture& other) const override {
+        return getId() == other.getId();
+    }
+    uint32_t getWidth() const override { return mWidth; }
+    uint32_t getHeight() const override { return mHeight; }
+    uint64_t getId() const override { return mId; }
+    PixelFormat getPixelFormat() const override { return mPixelFormat; }
+    uint64_t getUsage() const override { return mUsage; }
+    ~FakeExternalTexture() = default;
+};
+
 proto::TransactionState TransactionProtoParser::toProto(const TransactionState& t) {
     proto::TransactionState proto;
     proto.set_pid(t.originPid);
@@ -34,7 +63,7 @@
 
     proto.mutable_layer_changes()->Reserve(static_cast<int32_t>(t.states.size()));
     for (auto& layerState : t.states) {
-        proto.mutable_layer_changes()->Add(std::move(toProto(layerState.state)));
+        proto.mutable_layer_changes()->Add(std::move(toProto(layerState)));
     }
 
     proto.mutable_display_changes()->Reserve(static_cast<int32_t>(t.displays.size()));
@@ -45,40 +74,22 @@
 }
 
 proto::TransactionState TransactionProtoParser::toProto(
-        const std::map<int32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState>& states) {
+        const std::map<uint32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState>& states) {
     proto::TransactionState proto;
     proto.mutable_layer_changes()->Reserve(static_cast<int32_t>(states.size()));
     for (auto& [layerId, state] : states) {
         proto::LayerState layerProto = toProto(state);
-        if (layerProto.has_buffer_data()) {
-            proto::LayerState_BufferData* bufferProto = layerProto.mutable_buffer_data();
-            bufferProto->set_buffer_id(state.bufferId);
-            bufferProto->set_width(state.bufferWidth);
-            bufferProto->set_height(state.bufferHeight);
-            bufferProto->set_pixel_format(
-                    static_cast<proto::LayerState_BufferData_PixelFormat>(state.pixelFormat));
-            bufferProto->set_usage(state.bufferUsage);
-        }
         layerProto.set_has_sideband_stream(state.hasSidebandStream);
-        layerProto.set_layer_id(state.layerId);
-        layerProto.set_parent_id(state.parentId);
-        layerProto.set_relative_parent_id(state.relativeParentId);
-        if (layerProto.has_window_info_handle()) {
-            layerProto.mutable_window_info_handle()->set_crop_layer_id(state.inputCropId);
-        }
         proto.mutable_layer_changes()->Add(std::move(layerProto));
     }
     return proto;
 }
 
-proto::LayerState TransactionProtoParser::toProto(const layer_state_t& layer) {
+proto::LayerState TransactionProtoParser::toProto(
+        const ResolvedComposerState& resolvedComposerState) {
     proto::LayerState proto;
-    if (layer.surface) {
-        proto.set_layer_id(mMapper->getLayerId(layer.surface));
-    } else {
-        proto.set_layer_id(layer.layerId);
-    }
-
+    auto& layer = resolvedComposerState.state;
+    proto.set_layer_id(resolvedComposerState.layerId);
     proto.set_what(layer.what);
 
     if (layer.what & layer_state_t::ePositionChanged) {
@@ -134,27 +145,13 @@
     }
     if (layer.what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) {
         proto::LayerState_BufferData* bufferProto = proto.mutable_buffer_data();
-        if (layer.bufferData->hasBuffer()) {
-            bufferProto->set_buffer_id(layer.bufferData->getId());
-            bufferProto->set_width(layer.bufferData->getWidth());
-            bufferProto->set_height(layer.bufferData->getHeight());
+        if (resolvedComposerState.externalTexture) {
+            bufferProto->set_buffer_id(resolvedComposerState.externalTexture->getId());
+            bufferProto->set_width(resolvedComposerState.externalTexture->getWidth());
+            bufferProto->set_height(resolvedComposerState.externalTexture->getHeight());
             bufferProto->set_pixel_format(static_cast<proto::LayerState_BufferData_PixelFormat>(
-                    layer.bufferData->getPixelFormat()));
-            bufferProto->set_usage(layer.bufferData->getUsage());
-        } else {
-            uint64_t bufferId;
-            uint32_t width;
-            uint32_t height;
-            int32_t pixelFormat;
-            uint64_t usage;
-            mMapper->getGraphicBufferPropertiesFromCache(layer.bufferData->cachedBuffer, &bufferId,
-                                                         &width, &height, &pixelFormat, &usage);
-            bufferProto->set_buffer_id(bufferId);
-            bufferProto->set_width(width);
-            bufferProto->set_height(height);
-            bufferProto->set_pixel_format(
-                    static_cast<proto::LayerState_BufferData_PixelFormat>(pixelFormat));
-            bufferProto->set_usage(usage);
+                    resolvedComposerState.externalTexture->getPixelFormat()));
+            bufferProto->set_usage(resolvedComposerState.externalTexture->getUsage());
         }
         bufferProto->set_frame_number(layer.bufferData->frameNumber);
         bufferProto->set_flags(layer.bufferData->flags.get());
@@ -178,16 +175,10 @@
     }
 
     if (layer.what & layer_state_t::eReparent) {
-        int64_t layerId = layer.parentSurfaceControlForChild
-                ? mMapper->getLayerId(layer.parentSurfaceControlForChild->getHandle())
-                : -1;
-        proto.set_parent_id(layerId);
+        proto.set_parent_id(resolvedComposerState.parentId);
     }
     if (layer.what & layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged) {
-        int64_t layerId = layer.relativeLayerSurfaceControl
-                ? mMapper->getLayerId(layer.relativeLayerSurfaceControl->getHandle())
-                : -1;
-        proto.set_relative_parent_id(layerId);
+        proto.set_relative_parent_id(resolvedComposerState.relativeParentId);
         proto.set_z(layer.z);
     }
 
@@ -206,7 +197,7 @@
             windowInfoProto->set_has_wallpaper(inputInfo->inputConfig.test(
                     gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::DUPLICATE_TOUCH_TO_WALLPAPER));
             windowInfoProto->set_global_scale_factor(inputInfo->globalScaleFactor);
-            proto::LayerState_Transform* transformProto = windowInfoProto->mutable_transform();
+            proto::Transform* transformProto = windowInfoProto->mutable_transform();
             transformProto->set_dsdx(inputInfo->transform.dsdx());
             transformProto->set_dtdx(inputInfo->transform.dtdx());
             transformProto->set_dtdy(inputInfo->transform.dtdy());
@@ -215,17 +206,16 @@
             transformProto->set_ty(inputInfo->transform.ty());
             windowInfoProto->set_replace_touchable_region_with_crop(
                     inputInfo->replaceTouchableRegionWithCrop);
-            windowInfoProto->set_crop_layer_id(
-                    mMapper->getLayerId(inputInfo->touchableRegionCropHandle.promote()));
+            windowInfoProto->set_crop_layer_id(resolvedComposerState.touchCropId);
         }
     }
     if (layer.what & layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged) {
-        proto.set_bg_color_alpha(layer.bgColorAlpha);
+        proto.set_bg_color_alpha(layer.bgColor.a);
         proto.set_bg_color_dataspace(static_cast<int32_t>(layer.bgColorDataspace));
         proto::LayerState_Color3* colorProto = proto.mutable_color();
-        colorProto->set_r(layer.color.r);
-        colorProto->set_g(layer.color.g);
-        colorProto->set_b(layer.color.b);
+        colorProto->set_r(layer.bgColor.r);
+        colorProto->set_g(layer.bgColor.g);
+        colorProto->set_b(layer.bgColor.b);
     }
     if (layer.what & layer_state_t::eColorSpaceAgnosticChanged) {
         proto.set_color_space_agnostic(layer.colorSpaceAgnostic);
@@ -288,13 +278,15 @@
     return proto;
 }
 
-proto::LayerCreationArgs TransactionProtoParser::toProto(const TracingLayerCreationArgs& args) {
+proto::LayerCreationArgs TransactionProtoParser::toProto(const LayerCreationArgs& args) {
     proto::LayerCreationArgs proto;
-    proto.set_layer_id(args.layerId);
+    proto.set_layer_id(args.sequence);
     proto.set_name(args.name);
     proto.set_flags(args.flags);
     proto.set_parent_id(args.parentId);
-    proto.set_mirror_from_id(args.mirrorFromId);
+    proto.set_mirror_from_id(args.layerIdToMirror);
+    proto.set_add_to_root(args.addToRoot);
+    proto.set_layer_stack_to_mirror(args.layerStackToMirror.id);
     return proto;
 }
 
@@ -312,7 +304,7 @@
     for (int i = 0; i < layerCount; i++) {
         ResolvedComposerState s;
         s.state.what = 0;
-        fromProto(proto.layer_changes(i), s.state);
+        fromProto(proto.layer_changes(i), s);
         t.states.emplace_back(s);
     }
 
@@ -325,46 +317,47 @@
 }
 
 void TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(const proto::LayerCreationArgs& proto,
-                                       TracingLayerCreationArgs& outArgs) {
-    outArgs.layerId = proto.layer_id();
+                                       LayerCreationArgs& outArgs) {
+    outArgs.sequence = proto.layer_id();
+
     outArgs.name = proto.name();
     outArgs.flags = proto.flags();
     outArgs.parentId = proto.parent_id();
-    outArgs.mirrorFromId = proto.mirror_from_id();
+    outArgs.layerIdToMirror = proto.mirror_from_id();
+    outArgs.addToRoot = proto.add_to_root();
+    outArgs.layerStackToMirror.id = proto.layer_stack_to_mirror();
 }
 
 void TransactionProtoParser::mergeFromProto(const proto::LayerState& proto,
                                             TracingLayerState& outState) {
-    layer_state_t state;
-    fromProto(proto, state);
-    outState.merge(state);
+    ResolvedComposerState resolvedComposerState;
+    fromProto(proto, resolvedComposerState);
+    layer_state_t& state = resolvedComposerState.state;
+    outState.state.merge(state);
+    outState.layerId = resolvedComposerState.layerId;
 
     if (state.what & layer_state_t::eReparent) {
-        outState.parentId = static_cast<int32_t>(proto.parent_id());
+        outState.parentId = resolvedComposerState.parentId;
     }
     if (state.what & layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged) {
-        outState.relativeParentId = static_cast<int32_t>(proto.relative_parent_id());
+        outState.relativeParentId = resolvedComposerState.relativeParentId;
     }
     if (state.what & layer_state_t::eInputInfoChanged) {
-        outState.inputCropId = static_cast<int32_t>(proto.window_info_handle().crop_layer_id());
+        outState.touchCropId = resolvedComposerState.touchCropId;
     }
     if (state.what & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) {
-        const proto::LayerState_BufferData& bufferProto = proto.buffer_data();
-        outState.bufferId = bufferProto.buffer_id();
-        outState.bufferWidth = bufferProto.width();
-        outState.bufferHeight = bufferProto.height();
-        outState.pixelFormat = bufferProto.pixel_format();
-        outState.bufferUsage = bufferProto.usage();
+        outState.externalTexture = resolvedComposerState.externalTexture;
     }
     if (state.what & layer_state_t::eSidebandStreamChanged) {
         outState.hasSidebandStream = proto.has_sideband_stream();
     }
 }
 
-void TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(const proto::LayerState& proto, layer_state_t& layer) {
-    layer.layerId = (int32_t)proto.layer_id();
+void TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(const proto::LayerState& proto,
+                                       ResolvedComposerState& resolvedComposerState) {
+    auto& layer = resolvedComposerState.state;
+    resolvedComposerState.layerId = proto.layer_id();
     layer.what |= proto.what();
-    layer.surface = mMapper->getLayerHandle(layer.layerId);
 
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::ePositionChanged) {
         layer.x = proto.x();
@@ -419,9 +412,15 @@
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::eBufferChanged) {
         const proto::LayerState_BufferData& bufferProto = proto.buffer_data();
         layer.bufferData =
-                std::move(mMapper->getGraphicData(bufferProto.buffer_id(), bufferProto.width(),
-                                                  bufferProto.height(), bufferProto.pixel_format(),
-                                                  bufferProto.usage()));
+                std::make_shared<fake::BufferData>(bufferProto.buffer_id(), bufferProto.width(),
+                                                   bufferProto.height(), bufferProto.pixel_format(),
+                                                   bufferProto.usage());
+        resolvedComposerState.externalTexture =
+                std::make_shared<FakeExternalTexture>(layer.bufferData->getWidth(),
+                                                      layer.bufferData->getHeight(),
+                                                      layer.bufferData->getId(),
+                                                      layer.bufferData->getPixelFormat(),
+                                                      layer.bufferData->getUsage());
         layer.bufferData->frameNumber = bufferProto.frame_number();
         layer.bufferData->flags = ftl::Flags<BufferData::BufferDataChange>(bufferProto.flags());
         layer.bufferData->cachedBuffer.id = bufferProto.cached_buffer_id();
@@ -445,26 +444,10 @@
     }
 
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::eReparent) {
-        int64_t layerId = proto.parent_id();
-        if (layerId == -1) {
-            layer.parentSurfaceControlForChild = nullptr;
-        } else {
-            layer.parentSurfaceControlForChild =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(),
-                                             mMapper->getLayerHandle(static_cast<int32_t>(layerId)),
-                                             static_cast<int32_t>(layerId), "");
-        }
+        resolvedComposerState.parentId = proto.parent_id();
     }
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged) {
-        int64_t layerId = proto.relative_parent_id();
-        if (layerId == -1) {
-            layer.relativeLayerSurfaceControl = nullptr;
-        } else {
-            layer.relativeLayerSurfaceControl =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(),
-                                             mMapper->getLayerHandle(static_cast<int32_t>(layerId)),
-                                             static_cast<int32_t>(layerId), "");
-        }
+        resolvedComposerState.relativeParentId = proto.relative_parent_id();
         layer.z = proto.z();
     }
 
@@ -484,29 +467,23 @@
         inputInfo.setInputConfig(gui::WindowInfo::InputConfig::DUPLICATE_TOUCH_TO_WALLPAPER,
                                  windowInfoProto.has_wallpaper());
         inputInfo.globalScaleFactor = windowInfoProto.global_scale_factor();
-        const proto::LayerState_Transform& transformProto = windowInfoProto.transform();
+        const proto::Transform& transformProto = windowInfoProto.transform();
         inputInfo.transform.set(transformProto.dsdx(), transformProto.dtdx(), transformProto.dtdy(),
                                 transformProto.dsdy());
         inputInfo.transform.set(transformProto.tx(), transformProto.ty());
         inputInfo.replaceTouchableRegionWithCrop =
                 windowInfoProto.replace_touchable_region_with_crop();
-        int64_t layerId = windowInfoProto.crop_layer_id();
-        if (layerId != -1) {
-            inputInfo.touchableRegionCropHandle =
-                    mMapper->getLayerHandle(static_cast<int32_t>(layerId));
-        } else {
-            inputInfo.touchableRegionCropHandle = wp<IBinder>();
-        }
+        resolvedComposerState.touchCropId = windowInfoProto.crop_layer_id();
 
         layer.windowInfoHandle = sp<gui::WindowInfoHandle>::make(inputInfo);
     }
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged) {
-        layer.bgColorAlpha = proto.bg_color_alpha();
+        layer.bgColor.a = proto.bg_color_alpha();
         layer.bgColorDataspace = static_cast<ui::Dataspace>(proto.bg_color_dataspace());
         const proto::LayerState_Color3& colorProto = proto.color();
-        layer.color.r = colorProto.r();
-        layer.color.g = colorProto.g();
-        layer.color.b = colorProto.b();
+        layer.bgColor.r = colorProto.r();
+        layer.bgColor.g = colorProto.g();
+        layer.bgColor.b = colorProto.b();
     }
     if (proto.what() & layer_state_t::eColorSpaceAgnosticChanged) {
         layer.colorSpaceAgnostic = proto.color_space_agnostic();
@@ -568,4 +545,62 @@
     return display;
 }
 
+void asProto(proto::Transform* proto, const ui::Transform& transform) {
+    proto->set_dsdx(transform.dsdx());
+    proto->set_dtdx(transform.dtdx());
+    proto->set_dtdy(transform.dtdy());
+    proto->set_dsdy(transform.dsdy());
+    proto->set_tx(transform.tx());
+    proto->set_ty(transform.ty());
+}
+
+proto::DisplayInfo TransactionProtoParser::toProto(const frontend::DisplayInfo& displayInfo,
+                                                   uint32_t layerStack) {
+    proto::DisplayInfo proto;
+    proto.set_layer_stack(layerStack);
+    proto.set_display_id(displayInfo.info.displayId);
+    proto.set_logical_width(displayInfo.info.logicalWidth);
+    proto.set_logical_height(displayInfo.info.logicalHeight);
+    asProto(proto.mutable_transform_inverse(), displayInfo.info.transform);
+    asProto(proto.mutable_transform(), displayInfo.transform);
+    proto.set_receives_input(displayInfo.receivesInput);
+    proto.set_is_secure(displayInfo.isSecure);
+    proto.set_is_primary(displayInfo.isPrimary);
+    proto.set_is_virtual(displayInfo.isVirtual);
+    proto.set_rotation_flags((int)displayInfo.rotationFlags);
+    proto.set_transform_hint((int)displayInfo.transformHint);
+    return proto;
+}
+
+void fromProto2(ui::Transform& outTransform, const proto::Transform& proto) {
+    outTransform.set(proto.dsdx(), proto.dtdx(), proto.dtdy(), proto.dsdy());
+    outTransform.set(proto.tx(), proto.ty());
+}
+
+frontend::DisplayInfo TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(const proto::DisplayInfo& proto) {
+    frontend::DisplayInfo displayInfo;
+    displayInfo.info.displayId = proto.display_id();
+    displayInfo.info.logicalWidth = proto.logical_width();
+    displayInfo.info.logicalHeight = proto.logical_height();
+    fromProto2(displayInfo.info.transform, proto.transform_inverse());
+    fromProto2(displayInfo.transform, proto.transform());
+    displayInfo.receivesInput = proto.receives_input();
+    displayInfo.isSecure = proto.is_secure();
+    displayInfo.isPrimary = proto.is_primary();
+    displayInfo.isPrimary = proto.is_virtual();
+    displayInfo.rotationFlags = (ui::Transform::RotationFlags)proto.rotation_flags();
+    displayInfo.transformHint = (ui::Transform::RotationFlags)proto.transform_hint();
+    return displayInfo;
+}
+
+void TransactionProtoParser::fromProto(
+        const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>& proto,
+        display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> outDisplayInfos) {
+    outDisplayInfos.clear();
+    for (const proto::DisplayInfo& displayInfo : proto) {
+        outDisplayInfos.emplace_or_replace(ui::LayerStack::fromValue(displayInfo.layer_stack()),
+                                           fromProto(displayInfo));
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
index 2232bb9..50944fc 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h
@@ -18,30 +18,17 @@
 #include <gui/fake/BufferData.h>
 #include <layerproto/TransactionProto.h>
 #include <utils/RefBase.h>
+#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
 
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "TransactionState.h"
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger {
 
-struct TracingLayerCreationArgs {
-    int32_t layerId;
-    std::string name;
-    uint32_t flags = 0;
-    int32_t parentId = -1;
-    int32_t mirrorFromId = -1;
-};
-
-struct TracingLayerState : layer_state_t {
-    uint64_t bufferId;
-    uint32_t bufferHeight;
-    uint32_t bufferWidth;
-    int32_t pixelFormat;
-    uint64_t bufferUsage;
+struct TracingLayerState : ResolvedComposerState {
     bool hasSidebandStream;
-    int32_t parentId;
-    int32_t relativeParentId;
-    int32_t inputCropId;
-    TracingLayerCreationArgs args;
+    LayerCreationArgs args;
 };
 
 class TransactionProtoParser {
@@ -51,40 +38,30 @@
     class FlingerDataMapper {
     public:
         virtual ~FlingerDataMapper() = default;
-        virtual sp<IBinder> getLayerHandle(int32_t /* layerId */) const { return nullptr; }
-        virtual int64_t getLayerId(const sp<IBinder>& /* layerHandle */) const { return -1; }
-        virtual int64_t getLayerId(BBinder* /* layerHandle */) const { return -1; }
         virtual sp<IBinder> getDisplayHandle(int32_t /* displayId */) const { return nullptr; }
         virtual int32_t getDisplayId(const sp<IBinder>& /* displayHandle */) const { return -1; }
-        virtual std::shared_ptr<BufferData> getGraphicData(uint64_t bufferId, uint32_t width,
-                                                           uint32_t height, int32_t pixelFormat,
-                                                           uint64_t usage) const {
-            return std::make_shared<fake::BufferData>(bufferId, width, height, pixelFormat, usage);
-        }
-        virtual void getGraphicBufferPropertiesFromCache(client_cache_t /* cachedBuffer */,
-                                                         uint64_t* /* outBufferId */,
-                                                         uint32_t* /* outWidth */,
-                                                         uint32_t* /* outHeight */,
-                                                         int32_t* /* outPixelFormat */,
-                                                         uint64_t* /* outUsage */) const {}
     };
 
     TransactionProtoParser(std::unique_ptr<FlingerDataMapper> provider)
           : mMapper(std::move(provider)) {}
 
     proto::TransactionState toProto(const TransactionState&);
-    proto::TransactionState toProto(const std::map<int32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState>&);
-    proto::LayerCreationArgs toProto(const TracingLayerCreationArgs& args);
+    proto::TransactionState toProto(const std::map<uint32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState>&);
+    proto::LayerCreationArgs toProto(const LayerCreationArgs& args);
+    proto::LayerState toProto(const ResolvedComposerState&);
+    proto::DisplayInfo toProto(const frontend::DisplayInfo&, uint32_t layerStack);
 
     TransactionState fromProto(const proto::TransactionState&);
     void mergeFromProto(const proto::LayerState&, TracingLayerState& outState);
-    void fromProto(const proto::LayerCreationArgs&, TracingLayerCreationArgs& outArgs);
+    void fromProto(const proto::LayerCreationArgs&, LayerCreationArgs& outArgs);
     std::unique_ptr<FlingerDataMapper> mMapper;
+    frontend::DisplayInfo fromProto(const proto::DisplayInfo&);
+    void fromProto(const google::protobuf::RepeatedPtrField<proto::DisplayInfo>&,
+                   display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> outDisplayInfos);
 
 private:
-    proto::LayerState toProto(const layer_state_t&);
     proto::DisplayState toProto(const DisplayState&);
-    void fromProto(const proto::LayerState&, layer_state_t& out);
+    void fromProto(const proto::LayerState&, ResolvedComposerState& out);
     DisplayState fromProto(const proto::DisplayState&);
 
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
index cb5320b..26ed878 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.cpp
@@ -23,75 +23,14 @@
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
-#include "ClientCache.h"
+#include "Client.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "TransactionTracing.h"
-#include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
-// Keeps the binder address as the layer id so we can avoid holding the tracing lock in the
-// binder thread.
-class FlatDataMapper : public TransactionProtoParser::FlingerDataMapper {
-public:
-    virtual int64_t getLayerId(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle) const {
-        if (layerHandle == nullptr) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-
-        return reinterpret_cast<int64_t>(layerHandle->localBinder());
-    }
-
-    void getGraphicBufferPropertiesFromCache(client_cache_t cachedBuffer, uint64_t* outBufferId,
-                                             uint32_t* outWidth, uint32_t* outHeight,
-                                             int32_t* outPixelFormat,
-                                             uint64_t* outUsage) const override {
-        std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> buffer =
-                ClientCache::getInstance().get(cachedBuffer);
-        if (!buffer || !buffer->getBuffer()) {
-            *outBufferId = 0;
-            *outWidth = 0;
-            *outHeight = 0;
-            *outPixelFormat = 0;
-            *outUsage = 0;
-            return;
-        }
-
-        *outBufferId = buffer->getId();
-        *outWidth = buffer->getWidth();
-        *outHeight = buffer->getHeight();
-        *outPixelFormat = buffer->getPixelFormat();
-        *outUsage = buffer->getUsage();
-        return;
-    }
-};
-
-class FlingerDataMapper : public FlatDataMapper {
-    std::unordered_map<BBinder* /* layerHandle */, int32_t /* layerId */>& mLayerHandles;
-
-public:
-    FlingerDataMapper(std::unordered_map<BBinder* /* handle */, int32_t /* id */>& layerHandles)
-          : mLayerHandles(layerHandles) {}
-
-    int64_t getLayerId(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle) const override {
-        if (layerHandle == nullptr) {
-            return -1;
-        }
-        return getLayerId(layerHandle->localBinder());
-    }
-
-    int64_t getLayerId(BBinder* localBinder) const {
-        auto it = mLayerHandles.find(localBinder);
-        if (it == mLayerHandles.end()) {
-            ALOGW("Could not find layer handle %p", localBinder);
-            return -1;
-        }
-        return it->second;
-    }
-};
-
 TransactionTracing::TransactionTracing()
-      : mProtoParser(std::make_unique<FlingerDataMapper>(mLayerHandles)),
-        mLockfreeProtoParser(std::make_unique<FlatDataMapper>()) {
+      : mProtoParser(std::make_unique<TransactionProtoParser::FlingerDataMapper>()) {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
 
     mBuffer.setSize(mBufferSizeInBytes);
@@ -137,84 +76,77 @@
     auto timeOffsetNs = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_REALTIME) -
                                                    systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC));
     proto.set_real_to_elapsed_time_offset_nanos(timeOffsetNs);
+    proto.set_version(TRACING_VERSION);
     return proto;
 }
 
 void TransactionTracing::dump(std::string& result) const {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
-    base::StringAppendF(&result,
-                        "  queued transactions=%zu created layers=%zu handles=%zu states=%zu\n",
-                        mQueuedTransactions.size(), mCreatedLayers.size(), mLayerHandles.size(),
-                        mStartingStates.size());
+    base::StringAppendF(&result, "  queued transactions=%zu created layers=%zu states=%zu\n",
+                        mQueuedTransactions.size(), mCreatedLayers.size(), mStartingStates.size());
     mBuffer.dump(result);
 }
 
 void TransactionTracing::addQueuedTransaction(const TransactionState& transaction) {
-    proto::TransactionState* state =
-            new proto::TransactionState(mLockfreeProtoParser.toProto(transaction));
+    proto::TransactionState* state = new proto::TransactionState(mProtoParser.toProto(transaction));
     mTransactionQueue.push(state);
 }
 
-TransactionTracing::CommittedTransactions&
-TransactionTracing::findOrCreateCommittedTransactionRecord(int64_t vsyncId) {
-    for (auto& pendingTransaction : mPendingTransactions) {
-        if (pendingTransaction.vsyncId == vsyncId) {
-            return pendingTransaction;
-        }
+void TransactionTracing::addCommittedTransactions(
+        int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& newUpdate,
+        const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
+        bool displayInfoChanged) {
+    CommittedUpdates update;
+    update.vsyncId = vsyncId;
+    update.timestamp = commitTime;
+    update.transactionIds.reserve(newUpdate.transactions.size());
+    for (const auto& transaction : newUpdate.transactions) {
+        update.transactionIds.emplace_back(transaction.id);
     }
-
-    CommittedTransactions committedTransactions;
-    committedTransactions.vsyncId = vsyncId;
-    committedTransactions.timestamp = systemTime();
-    mPendingTransactions.emplace_back(committedTransactions);
-    return mPendingTransactions.back();
-}
-
-void TransactionTracing::onLayerAddedToDrawingState(int layerId, int64_t vsyncId) {
-    CommittedTransactions& committedTransactions = findOrCreateCommittedTransactionRecord(vsyncId);
-    committedTransactions.createdLayerIds.emplace_back(layerId);
-}
-
-void TransactionTracing::addCommittedTransactions(std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions,
-                                                  int64_t vsyncId) {
-    CommittedTransactions& committedTransactions = findOrCreateCommittedTransactionRecord(vsyncId);
-    committedTransactions.transactionIds.reserve(transactions.size());
-    for (const auto& transaction : transactions) {
-        committedTransactions.transactionIds.emplace_back(transaction.id);
+    update.displayInfoChanged = displayInfoChanged;
+    if (displayInfoChanged) {
+        update.displayInfos = displayInfos;
     }
+    update.createdLayers = std::move(newUpdate.layerCreationArgs);
+    newUpdate.layerCreationArgs.clear();
+    update.destroyedLayerHandles.reserve(newUpdate.destroyedHandles.size());
+    for (uint32_t handle : newUpdate.destroyedHandles) {
+        update.destroyedLayerHandles.push_back(handle);
+    }
+    mPendingUpdates.emplace_back(update);
     tryPushToTracingThread();
 }
 
 void TransactionTracing::loop() {
     while (true) {
-        std::vector<CommittedTransactions> committedTransactions;
-        std::vector<int32_t> removedLayers;
+        std::vector<CommittedUpdates> committedUpdates;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedLayers;
         {
             std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMainThreadLock);
             base::ScopedLockAssertion assumeLocked(mMainThreadLock);
             mTransactionsAvailableCv.wait(lock, [&]() REQUIRES(mMainThreadLock) {
-                return mDone || !mCommittedTransactions.empty();
+                return mDone || !mUpdates.empty();
             });
             if (mDone) {
-                mCommittedTransactions.clear();
-                mRemovedLayers.clear();
+                mUpdates.clear();
+                mDestroyedLayers.clear();
                 break;
             }
 
-            removedLayers = std::move(mRemovedLayers);
-            mRemovedLayers.clear();
-            committedTransactions = std::move(mCommittedTransactions);
-            mCommittedTransactions.clear();
+            destroyedLayers = std::move(mDestroyedLayers);
+            mDestroyedLayers.clear();
+            committedUpdates = std::move(mUpdates);
+            mUpdates.clear();
         } // unlock mMainThreadLock
 
-        if (!committedTransactions.empty() || !removedLayers.empty()) {
-            addEntry(committedTransactions, removedLayers);
+        if (!committedUpdates.empty() || !destroyedLayers.empty()) {
+            addEntry(committedUpdates, destroyedLayers);
         }
     }
 }
 
-void TransactionTracing::addEntry(const std::vector<CommittedTransactions>& committedTransactions,
-                                  const std::vector<int32_t>& removedLayers) {
+void TransactionTracing::addEntry(const std::vector<CommittedUpdates>& committedUpdates,
+                                  const std::vector<uint32_t>& destroyedLayers) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
     std::vector<std::string> removedEntries;
@@ -222,59 +154,27 @@
 
     while (auto incomingTransaction = mTransactionQueue.pop()) {
         auto transaction = *incomingTransaction;
-        int32_t layerCount = transaction.layer_changes_size();
-        for (int i = 0; i < layerCount; i++) {
-            auto layer = transaction.mutable_layer_changes(i);
-            layer->set_layer_id(
-                mProtoParser.mMapper->getLayerId(reinterpret_cast<BBinder*>(layer->layer_id())));
-            if ((layer->what() & layer_state_t::eReparent) && layer->parent_id() != -1) {
-                layer->set_parent_id(
-                    mProtoParser.mMapper->getLayerId(reinterpret_cast<BBinder*>(
-                        layer->parent_id())));
-            }
-
-            if ((layer->what() & layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged) &&
-                layer->relative_parent_id() != -1) {
-                layer->set_relative_parent_id(
-                    mProtoParser.mMapper->getLayerId(reinterpret_cast<BBinder*>(
-                        layer->relative_parent_id())));
-            }
-
-            if (layer->has_window_info_handle() &&
-                layer->window_info_handle().crop_layer_id() != -1) {
-                auto input = layer->mutable_window_info_handle();
-                input->set_crop_layer_id(
-                        mProtoParser.mMapper->getLayerId(reinterpret_cast<BBinder*>(
-                            input->crop_layer_id())));
-            }
-        }
         mQueuedTransactions[incomingTransaction->transaction_id()] = transaction;
         delete incomingTransaction;
     }
-    for (const CommittedTransactions& entry : committedTransactions) {
-        entryProto.set_elapsed_realtime_nanos(entry.timestamp);
-        entryProto.set_vsync_id(entry.vsyncId);
+    for (const CommittedUpdates& update : committedUpdates) {
+        entryProto.set_elapsed_realtime_nanos(update.timestamp);
+        entryProto.set_vsync_id(update.vsyncId);
         entryProto.mutable_added_layers()->Reserve(
-                static_cast<int32_t>(entry.createdLayerIds.size()));
+                static_cast<int32_t>(update.createdLayers.size()));
 
-        for (const int32_t& id : entry.createdLayerIds) {
-            auto it = mCreatedLayers.find(id);
-            if (it != mCreatedLayers.end()) {
-                entryProto.mutable_added_layers()->Add(std::move(it->second));
-                mCreatedLayers.erase(it);
-            } else {
-                ALOGW("Could not created layer with id %d", id);
-            }
+        for (const auto& args : update.createdLayers) {
+            entryProto.mutable_added_layers()->Add(std::move(mProtoParser.toProto(args)));
         }
 
-        entryProto.mutable_removed_layers()->Reserve(static_cast<int32_t>(removedLayers.size()));
-        for (auto& removedLayer : removedLayers) {
-            entryProto.mutable_removed_layers()->Add(removedLayer);
-            mCreatedLayers.erase(removedLayer);
+        entryProto.mutable_destroyed_layers()->Reserve(
+                static_cast<int32_t>(destroyedLayers.size()));
+        for (auto& destroyedLayer : destroyedLayers) {
+            entryProto.mutable_destroyed_layers()->Add(destroyedLayer);
         }
         entryProto.mutable_transactions()->Reserve(
-                static_cast<int32_t>(entry.transactionIds.size()));
-        for (const uint64_t& id : entry.transactionIds) {
+                static_cast<int32_t>(update.transactionIds.size()));
+        for (const uint64_t& id : update.transactionIds) {
             auto it = mQueuedTransactions.find(id);
             if (it != mQueuedTransactions.end()) {
                 entryProto.mutable_transactions()->Add(std::move(it->second));
@@ -284,13 +184,21 @@
             }
         }
 
-        entryProto.mutable_removed_layer_handles()->Reserve(
-                static_cast<int32_t>(mRemovedLayerHandles.size()));
-        for (auto& [handle, layerId] : mRemovedLayerHandles) {
-            entryProto.mutable_removed_layer_handles()->Add(layerId);
-            mLayerHandles.erase(handle);
+        entryProto.mutable_destroyed_layer_handles()->Reserve(
+                static_cast<int32_t>(update.destroyedLayerHandles.size()));
+        for (auto layerId : update.destroyedLayerHandles) {
+            entryProto.mutable_destroyed_layer_handles()->Add(layerId);
         }
-        mRemovedLayerHandles.clear();
+
+        entryProto.set_displays_changed(update.displayInfoChanged);
+        if (update.displayInfoChanged) {
+            entryProto.mutable_displays()->Reserve(
+                    static_cast<int32_t>(update.displayInfos.size()));
+            for (auto& [layerStack, displayInfo] : update.displayInfos) {
+                entryProto.mutable_displays()->Add(
+                        std::move(mProtoParser.toProto(displayInfo, layerStack.id)));
+            }
+        }
 
         std::string serializedProto;
         entryProto.SerializeToString(&serializedProto);
@@ -311,7 +219,7 @@
 }
 
 void TransactionTracing::flush(int64_t vsyncId) {
-    while (!mPendingTransactions.empty() || !mPendingRemovedLayers.empty()) {
+    while (!mPendingUpdates.empty() || !mPendingDestroyedLayers.empty()) {
         tryPushToTracingThread();
     }
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mTraceLock);
@@ -325,54 +233,21 @@
     });
 }
 
-void TransactionTracing::onLayerAdded(BBinder* layerHandle, int layerId, const std::string& name,
-                                      uint32_t flags, int parentId) {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
-    TracingLayerCreationArgs args{layerId, name, flags, parentId, -1 /* mirrorFromId */};
-    if (mLayerHandles.find(layerHandle) != mLayerHandles.end()) {
-        ALOGW("Duplicate handles found. %p", layerHandle);
-    }
-    mLayerHandles[layerHandle] = layerId;
-    mCreatedLayers[layerId] = mProtoParser.toProto(args);
-}
-
-void TransactionTracing::onMirrorLayerAdded(BBinder* layerHandle, int layerId,
-                                            const std::string& name, int mirrorFromId) {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
-    TracingLayerCreationArgs args{layerId, name, 0 /* flags */, -1 /* parentId */, mirrorFromId};
-    if (mLayerHandles.find(layerHandle) != mLayerHandles.end()) {
-        ALOGW("Duplicate handles found. %p", layerHandle);
-    }
-    mLayerHandles[layerHandle] = layerId;
-    mCreatedLayers[layerId] = mProtoParser.toProto(args);
-}
-
 void TransactionTracing::onLayerRemoved(int32_t layerId) {
-    mPendingRemovedLayers.emplace_back(layerId);
+    mPendingDestroyedLayers.emplace_back(layerId);
     tryPushToTracingThread();
 }
 
-void TransactionTracing::onHandleRemoved(BBinder* layerHandle) {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mTraceLock);
-    auto it = mLayerHandles.find(layerHandle);
-    if (it == mLayerHandles.end()) {
-        ALOGW("handle not found. %p", layerHandle);
-        return;
-    }
-    mRemovedLayerHandles.emplace_back(layerHandle, it->second);
-}
-
 void TransactionTracing::tryPushToTracingThread() {
     // Try to acquire the lock from main thread.
     if (mMainThreadLock.try_lock()) {
         // We got the lock! Collect any pending transactions and continue.
-        mCommittedTransactions.insert(mCommittedTransactions.end(),
-                                      std::make_move_iterator(mPendingTransactions.begin()),
-                                      std::make_move_iterator(mPendingTransactions.end()));
-        mPendingTransactions.clear();
-        mRemovedLayers.insert(mRemovedLayers.end(), mPendingRemovedLayers.begin(),
-                              mPendingRemovedLayers.end());
-        mPendingRemovedLayers.clear();
+        mUpdates.insert(mUpdates.end(), std::make_move_iterator(mPendingUpdates.begin()),
+                        std::make_move_iterator(mPendingUpdates.end()));
+        mPendingUpdates.clear();
+        mDestroyedLayers.insert(mDestroyedLayers.end(), mPendingDestroyedLayers.begin(),
+                                mPendingDestroyedLayers.end());
+        mPendingDestroyedLayers.clear();
         mTransactionsAvailableCv.notify_one();
         mMainThreadLock.unlock();
     } else {
@@ -394,24 +269,28 @@
     // Merge layer states to starting transaction state.
     for (const proto::TransactionState& transaction : removedEntry.transactions()) {
         for (const proto::LayerState& layerState : transaction.layer_changes()) {
-            auto it = mStartingStates.find((int32_t)layerState.layer_id());
+            auto it = mStartingStates.find(layerState.layer_id());
             if (it == mStartingStates.end()) {
-                ALOGW("Could not find layer id %d", (int32_t)layerState.layer_id());
+                ALOGW("Could not find layer id %d", layerState.layer_id());
                 continue;
             }
             mProtoParser.mergeFromProto(layerState, it->second);
         }
     }
 
-    for (const int32_t removedLayerHandleId : removedEntry.removed_layer_handles()) {
-        mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart.insert(removedLayerHandleId);
+    for (const uint32_t destroyedLayerHandleId : removedEntry.destroyed_layer_handles()) {
+        mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart.insert(destroyedLayerHandleId);
     }
 
     // Clean up stale starting states since the layer has been removed and the buffer does not
     // contain any references to the layer.
-    for (const int32_t removedLayerId : removedEntry.removed_layers()) {
-        mStartingStates.erase(removedLayerId);
-        mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart.erase(removedLayerId);
+    for (const uint32_t destroyedLayerId : removedEntry.destroyed_layers()) {
+        mStartingStates.erase(destroyedLayerId);
+        mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart.erase(destroyedLayerId);
+    }
+
+    if (removedEntry.displays_changed()) {
+        mProtoParser.fromProto(removedEntry.displays(), mStartingDisplayInfos);
     }
 }
 
@@ -434,10 +313,15 @@
     transactionProto.set_post_time(mStartingTimestamp);
     entryProto->mutable_transactions()->Add(std::move(transactionProto));
 
-    entryProto->mutable_removed_layer_handles()->Reserve(
+    entryProto->mutable_destroyed_layer_handles()->Reserve(
             static_cast<int32_t>(mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart.size()));
-    for (const int32_t removedLayerHandleId : mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart) {
-        entryProto->mutable_removed_layer_handles()->Add(removedLayerHandleId);
+    for (const uint32_t destroyedLayerHandleId : mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart) {
+        entryProto->mutable_destroyed_layer_handles()->Add(destroyedLayerHandleId);
+    }
+
+    entryProto->mutable_displays()->Reserve(static_cast<int32_t>(mStartingDisplayInfos.size()));
+    for (auto& [layerStack, displayInfo] : mStartingDisplayInfos) {
+        entryProto->mutable_displays()->Add(mProtoParser.toProto(displayInfo, layerStack.id));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
index ae01d3c..f27e7a9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/TransactionTracing.h
@@ -25,8 +25,12 @@
 #include <mutex>
 #include <thread>
 
-#include "RingBuffer.h"
+#include "Display/DisplayMap.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/DisplayInfo.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/Update.h"
 #include "LocklessStack.h"
+#include "RingBuffer.h"
 #include "TransactionProtoParser.h"
 
 using namespace android::surfaceflinger;
@@ -55,22 +59,22 @@
     ~TransactionTracing();
 
     void addQueuedTransaction(const TransactionState&);
-    void addCommittedTransactions(std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions, int64_t vsyncId);
+    void addCommittedTransactions(
+            int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t commitTime, frontend::Update& update,
+            const display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo>& displayInfos,
+            bool displayInfoChanged);
     status_t writeToFile(std::string filename = FILE_NAME);
     void setBufferSize(size_t bufferSizeInBytes);
-    void onLayerAdded(BBinder* layerHandle, int layerId, const std::string& name, uint32_t flags,
-                      int parentId);
-    void onMirrorLayerAdded(BBinder* layerHandle, int layerId, const std::string& name,
-                            int mirrorFromId);
     void onLayerRemoved(int layerId);
-    void onHandleRemoved(BBinder* layerHandle);
-    void onLayerAddedToDrawingState(int layerId, int64_t vsyncId);
     void dump(std::string&) const;
     static constexpr auto CONTINUOUS_TRACING_BUFFER_SIZE = 512 * 1024;
     static constexpr auto ACTIVE_TRACING_BUFFER_SIZE = 100 * 1024 * 1024;
+    // version 1 - switching to support new frontend
+    static constexpr auto TRACING_VERSION = 1;
 
 private:
     friend class TransactionTracingTest;
+    friend class SurfaceFlinger;
 
     static constexpr auto FILE_NAME = "/data/misc/wmtrace/transactions_trace.winscope";
 
@@ -83,16 +87,12 @@
     LocklessStack<proto::TransactionState> mTransactionQueue;
     nsecs_t mStartingTimestamp GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
     std::unordered_map<int, proto::LayerCreationArgs> mCreatedLayers GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    std::unordered_map<BBinder* /* layerHandle */, int32_t /* layerId */> mLayerHandles
+    std::map<uint32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState> mStartingStates GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
+    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> mStartingDisplayInfos
             GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    std::vector<std::pair<BBinder* /* layerHandle */, int32_t /* layerId */>> mRemovedLayerHandles
-            GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    std::map<int32_t /* layerId */, TracingLayerState> mStartingStates GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    std::set<int32_t /* layerId */> mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    TransactionProtoParser mProtoParser GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
-    // Parses the transaction to proto without holding any tracing locks so we can generate proto
-    // in the binder thread without any contention.
-    TransactionProtoParser mLockfreeProtoParser;
+
+    std::set<uint32_t /* layerId */> mRemovedLayerHandlesAtStart GUARDED_BY(mTraceLock);
+    TransactionProtoParser mProtoParser;
 
     // We do not want main thread to block so main thread will try to acquire mMainThreadLock,
     // otherwise will push data to temporary container.
@@ -101,27 +101,29 @@
     bool mDone GUARDED_BY(mMainThreadLock) = false;
     std::condition_variable mTransactionsAvailableCv;
     std::condition_variable mTransactionsAddedToBufferCv;
-    struct CommittedTransactions {
+    struct CommittedUpdates {
         std::vector<uint64_t> transactionIds;
-        std::vector<int32_t> createdLayerIds;
+        std::vector<LayerCreationArgs> createdLayers;
+        std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedLayerHandles;
+        bool displayInfoChanged;
+        display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
         int64_t vsyncId;
         int64_t timestamp;
     };
-    std::vector<CommittedTransactions> mCommittedTransactions GUARDED_BY(mMainThreadLock);
-    std::vector<CommittedTransactions> mPendingTransactions; // only accessed by main thread
+    std::vector<CommittedUpdates> mUpdates GUARDED_BY(mMainThreadLock);
+    std::vector<CommittedUpdates> mPendingUpdates; // only accessed by main thread
 
-    std::vector<int32_t /* layerId */> mRemovedLayers GUARDED_BY(mMainThreadLock);
-    std::vector<int32_t /* layerId */> mPendingRemovedLayers; // only accessed by main thread
+    std::vector<uint32_t /* layerId */> mDestroyedLayers GUARDED_BY(mMainThreadLock);
+    std::vector<uint32_t /* layerId */> mPendingDestroyedLayers; // only accessed by main thread
 
     proto::TransactionTraceFile createTraceFileProto() const;
     void loop();
-    void addEntry(const std::vector<CommittedTransactions>& committedTransactions,
-                  const std::vector<int32_t>& removedLayers) EXCLUDES(mTraceLock);
+    void addEntry(const std::vector<CommittedUpdates>& committedTransactions,
+                  const std::vector<uint32_t>& removedLayers) EXCLUDES(mTraceLock);
     int32_t getLayerIdLocked(const sp<IBinder>& layerHandle) REQUIRES(mTraceLock);
     void tryPushToTracingThread() EXCLUDES(mMainThreadLock);
     void addStartingStateToProtoLocked(proto::TransactionTraceFile& proto) REQUIRES(mTraceLock);
     void updateStartingStateLocked(const proto::TransactionTraceEntry& entry) REQUIRES(mTraceLock);
-    CommittedTransactions& findOrCreateCommittedTransactionRecord(int64_t vsyncId);
     // TEST
     // Wait until all the committed transactions for the specified vsync id are added to the buffer.
     void flush(int64_t vsyncId) EXCLUDES(mMainThreadLock);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
index ab98dbf..0a7101c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
@@ -14,175 +14,31 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/RequestedLayerState.h"
+#include "Tracing/LayerTracing.h"
+#include "TransactionState.h"
+#include "cutils/properties.h"
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LayerTraceGenerator"
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
-#include <TestableSurfaceFlinger.h>
 #include <Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h>
-#include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
-#include <gmock/gmock.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
-#include <mock/MockEventThread.h>
 #include <renderengine/ExternalTexture.h>
-#include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 #include <utils/String16.h>
+#include <filesystem>
+#include <fstream>
 #include <string>
+#include "LayerProtoHelper.h"
 
 #include "LayerTraceGenerator.h"
 
 namespace android {
-
-class Factory final : public surfaceflinger::Factory {
-public:
-    ~Factory() = default;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<HWComposer> createHWComposer(const std::string&) override { return nullptr; }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncConfiguration> createVsyncConfiguration(
-            Fps /*currentRefreshRate*/) override {
-        return std::make_unique<scheduler::FakePhaseOffsets>();
-    }
-
-    sp<StartPropertySetThread> createStartPropertySetThread(
-            bool /* timestampPropertyValue */) override {
-        return sp<StartPropertySetThread>();
-    }
-
-    sp<DisplayDevice> createDisplayDevice(DisplayDeviceCreationArgs& /* creationArgs */) override {
-        return sp<DisplayDevice>();
-    }
-
-    sp<GraphicBuffer> createGraphicBuffer(uint32_t /* width */, uint32_t /* height */,
-                                          PixelFormat /* format */, uint32_t /* layerCount */,
-                                          uint64_t /* usage */,
-                                          std::string /* requestorName */) override {
-        return sp<GraphicBuffer>();
-    }
-
-    void createBufferQueue(sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>* /* outProducer */,
-                           sp<IGraphicBufferConsumer>* /* outConsumer */,
-                           bool /* consumerIsSurfaceFlinger */) override {}
-
-    std::unique_ptr<surfaceflinger::NativeWindowSurface> createNativeWindowSurface(
-            const sp<IGraphicBufferProducer>& /* producer */) override {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::CompositionEngine> createCompositionEngine() override {
-        return compositionengine::impl::createCompositionEngine();
-    }
-
-    sp<Layer> createBufferStateLayer(const LayerCreationArgs& args) {
-        return sp<Layer>::make(args);
-    }
-
-    sp<Layer> createEffectLayer(const LayerCreationArgs& args) { return sp<Layer>::make(args); }
-
-    sp<LayerFE> createLayerFE(const std::string& layerName) { return sp<LayerFE>::make(layerName); }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<FrameTracer> createFrameTracer() override {
-        return std::make_unique<testing::NiceMock<mock::FrameTracer>>();
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<frametimeline::FrameTimeline> createFrameTimeline(
-            std::shared_ptr<TimeStats> timeStats, pid_t surfaceFlingerPid = 0) override {
-        return std::make_unique<testing::NiceMock<mock::FrameTimeline>>(timeStats,
-                                                                        surfaceFlingerPid);
-    }
-};
-
-class FakeExternalTexture : public renderengine::ExternalTexture {
-    const sp<GraphicBuffer> mNullBuffer = nullptr;
-    uint32_t mWidth;
-    uint32_t mHeight;
-    uint64_t mId;
-    PixelFormat mPixelFormat;
-    uint64_t mUsage;
-
-public:
-    FakeExternalTexture(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint64_t id, PixelFormat pixelFormat,
-                        uint64_t usage)
-          : mWidth(width), mHeight(height), mId(id), mPixelFormat(pixelFormat), mUsage(usage) {}
-    const sp<GraphicBuffer>& getBuffer() const { return mNullBuffer; }
-    bool hasSameBuffer(const renderengine::ExternalTexture& other) const override {
-        return getId() == other.getId();
-    }
-    uint32_t getWidth() const override { return mWidth; }
-    uint32_t getHeight() const override { return mHeight; }
-    uint64_t getId() const override { return mId; }
-    PixelFormat getPixelFormat() const override { return mPixelFormat; }
-    uint64_t getUsage() const override { return mUsage; }
-    ~FakeExternalTexture() = default;
-};
-
-class MockSurfaceFlinger : public SurfaceFlinger {
-public:
-    MockSurfaceFlinger(Factory& factory)
-          : SurfaceFlinger(factory, SurfaceFlinger::SkipInitialization) {}
-    std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> getExternalTextureFromBufferData(
-            BufferData& bufferData, const char* /* layerName */,
-            uint64_t /* transactionId */) override {
-        return std::make_shared<FakeExternalTexture>(bufferData.getWidth(), bufferData.getHeight(),
-                                                     bufferData.getId(),
-                                                     bufferData.getPixelFormat(),
-                                                     bufferData.getUsage());
-    };
-
-    // b/220017192 migrate from transact codes to ISurfaceComposer apis
-    void setLayerTracingFlags(int32_t flags) {
-        Parcel data;
-        Parcel reply;
-        data.writeInterfaceToken(String16("android.ui.ISurfaceComposer"));
-        data.writeInt32(flags);
-        transact(1033, data, &reply, 0 /* flags */);
-    }
-
-    void setLayerTraceSize(int32_t sizeInKb) {
-        Parcel data;
-        Parcel reply;
-        data.writeInterfaceToken(String16("android.ui.ISurfaceComposer"));
-        data.writeInt32(sizeInKb);
-        transact(1029, data, &reply, 0 /* flags */);
-    }
-
-    void startLayerTracing(int64_t traceStartTime) {
-        Parcel data;
-        Parcel reply;
-        data.writeInterfaceToken(String16("android.ui.ISurfaceComposer"));
-        data.writeInt32(1);
-        data.writeInt64(traceStartTime);
-        transact(1025, data, &reply, 0 /* flags */);
-    }
-
-    void stopLayerTracing(const char* tracePath) {
-        Parcel data;
-        Parcel reply;
-        data.writeInterfaceToken(String16("android.ui.ISurfaceComposer"));
-        data.writeInt32(2);
-        data.writeCString(tracePath);
-        transact(1025, data, &reply, 0 /* flags */);
-    }
-};
-
-class TraceGenFlingerDataMapper : public TransactionProtoParser::FlingerDataMapper {
-public:
-    std::unordered_map<int32_t /*layerId*/, sp<IBinder> /* handle */> mLayerHandles;
-    sp<IBinder> getLayerHandle(int32_t layerId) const override {
-        if (layerId == -1) {
-            ALOGE("Error: Called with layer=%d", layerId);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        auto it = mLayerHandles.find(layerId);
-        if (it == mLayerHandles.end()) {
-            ALOGE("Error: Could not find handle for layer=%d", layerId);
-            return nullptr;
-        }
-        return it->second;
-    }
-};
+using namespace ftl::flag_operators;
 
 bool LayerTraceGenerator::generate(const proto::TransactionTraceFile& traceFile,
                                    const char* outputLayersTracePath) {
@@ -191,91 +47,122 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    Factory mFactory;
-    sp<MockSurfaceFlinger> flinger = sp<MockSurfaceFlinger>::make(mFactory);
-    TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger(flinger);
-    mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(
-            std::make_unique<testing::NiceMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine>>());
-    mock::VsyncController* mVsyncController = new testing::NiceMock<mock::VsyncController>();
-    mock::VSyncTracker* mVSyncTracker = new testing::NiceMock<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-    mock::EventThread* mEventThread = new testing::NiceMock<mock::EventThread>();
-    mock::EventThread* mSFEventThread = new testing::NiceMock<mock::EventThread>();
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController>(mVsyncController),
-                            std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker>(mVSyncTracker),
-                            std::unique_ptr<EventThread>(mEventThread),
-                            std::unique_ptr<EventThread>(mSFEventThread),
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::kOneDisplayMode, true /* useNiceMock */);
+    TransactionProtoParser parser(std::make_unique<TransactionProtoParser::FlingerDataMapper>());
 
-    Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = new testing::NiceMock<Hwc2::mock::Composer>();
-    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
-    mFlinger.mutableMaxRenderTargetSize() = 16384;
+    // frontend
+    frontend::LayerLifecycleManager lifecycleManager;
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder{{}};
+    frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder snapshotBuilder;
+    display::DisplayMap<ui::LayerStack, frontend::DisplayInfo> displayInfos;
 
-    flinger->setLayerTracingFlags(LayerTracing::TRACE_INPUT | LayerTracing::TRACE_BUFFERS);
-    flinger->setLayerTraceSize(512 * 1024); // 512MB buffer size
-    flinger->startLayerTracing(traceFile.entry(0).elapsed_realtime_nanos());
-    std::unique_ptr<TraceGenFlingerDataMapper> mapper =
-            std::make_unique<TraceGenFlingerDataMapper>();
-    TraceGenFlingerDataMapper* dataMapper = mapper.get();
-    TransactionProtoParser parser(std::move(mapper));
+    renderengine::ShadowSettings globalShadowSettings{.ambientColor = {1, 1, 1, 1}};
+    char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
+    property_get("ro.surface_flinger.supports_background_blur", value, "0");
+    bool supportsBlur = atoi(value);
+
+    LayerTracing layerTracing;
+    layerTracing.setTraceFlags(LayerTracing::TRACE_INPUT | LayerTracing::TRACE_BUFFERS);
+    layerTracing.setBufferSize(512 * 1024 * 1024); // 512MB buffer size
+    layerTracing.enable();
 
     ALOGD("Generating %d transactions...", traceFile.entry_size());
     for (int i = 0; i < traceFile.entry_size(); i++) {
+        // parse proto
         proto::TransactionTraceEntry entry = traceFile.entry(i);
         ALOGV("    Entry %04d/%04d for time=%" PRId64 " vsyncid=%" PRId64
               " layers +%d -%d handles -%d transactions=%d",
               i, traceFile.entry_size(), entry.elapsed_realtime_nanos(), entry.vsync_id(),
-              entry.added_layers_size(), entry.removed_layers_size(),
-              entry.removed_layer_handles_size(), entry.transactions_size());
+              entry.added_layers_size(), entry.destroyed_layers_size(),
+              entry.destroyed_layer_handles_size(), entry.transactions_size());
 
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> addedLayers;
+        addedLayers.reserve((size_t)entry.added_layers_size());
         for (int j = 0; j < entry.added_layers_size(); j++) {
-            // create layers
-            TracingLayerCreationArgs tracingArgs;
-            parser.fromProto(entry.added_layers(j), tracingArgs);
-
-            gui::CreateSurfaceResult outResult;
-            LayerCreationArgs args(mFlinger.flinger(), nullptr /* client */, tracingArgs.name,
-                                   tracingArgs.flags, LayerMetadata(),
-                                   std::make_optional<int32_t>(tracingArgs.layerId));
-
-            if (tracingArgs.mirrorFromId == -1) {
-                sp<IBinder> parentHandle = nullptr;
-                if ((tracingArgs.parentId != -1) &&
-                    (dataMapper->mLayerHandles.find(tracingArgs.parentId) ==
-                     dataMapper->mLayerHandles.end())) {
-                    args.addToRoot = false;
-                } else if (tracingArgs.parentId != -1) {
-                    parentHandle = dataMapper->getLayerHandle(tracingArgs.parentId);
-                }
-                mFlinger.createLayer(args, parentHandle, outResult);
-            } else {
-                sp<IBinder> mirrorFromHandle = dataMapper->getLayerHandle(tracingArgs.mirrorFromId);
-                mFlinger.mirrorLayer(args, mirrorFromHandle, outResult);
-            }
-            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(outResult.layerId != tracingArgs.layerId,
-                                "Could not create layer expected:%d actual:%d", tracingArgs.layerId,
-                                outResult.layerId);
-            dataMapper->mLayerHandles[tracingArgs.layerId] = outResult.handle;
+            LayerCreationArgs args;
+            parser.fromProto(entry.added_layers(j), args);
+            addedLayers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(args));
         }
 
+        std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+        transactions.reserve((size_t)entry.transactions_size());
         for (int j = 0; j < entry.transactions_size(); j++) {
             // apply transactions
             TransactionState transaction = parser.fromProto(entry.transactions(j));
-            mFlinger.setTransactionStateInternal(transaction);
+            transactions.emplace_back(std::move(transaction));
         }
 
-        const auto frameTime = TimePoint::fromNs(entry.elapsed_realtime_nanos());
-        const auto vsyncId = VsyncId{entry.vsync_id()};
-        mFlinger.commit(frameTime, vsyncId);
-
-        for (int j = 0; j < entry.removed_layer_handles_size(); j++) {
-            dataMapper->mLayerHandles.erase(entry.removed_layer_handles(j));
+        std::vector<uint32_t> destroyedHandles;
+        destroyedHandles.reserve((size_t)entry.destroyed_layer_handles_size());
+        for (int j = 0; j < entry.destroyed_layer_handles_size(); j++) {
+            destroyedHandles.push_back(entry.destroyed_layer_handles(j));
         }
+
+        bool displayChanged = entry.displays_changed();
+        if (displayChanged) {
+            parser.fromProto(entry.displays(), displayInfos);
+        }
+
+        // apply updates
+        lifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(addedLayers));
+        lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
+        lifecycleManager.onHandlesDestroyed(destroyedHandles, /*ignoreUnknownHandles=*/true);
+
+        if (lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(
+                    frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy)) {
+            hierarchyBuilder.update(lifecycleManager.getLayers(),
+                                    lifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
+        }
+
+        frontend::LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
+                                                  .layerLifecycleManager = lifecycleManager,
+                                                  .displays = displayInfos,
+                                                  .displayChanges = displayChanged,
+                                                  .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
+                                                  .supportsBlur = supportsBlur,
+                                                  .forceFullDamage = false,
+                                                  .supportedLayerGenericMetadata = {},
+                                                  .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = {}};
+        snapshotBuilder.update(args);
+
+        bool visibleRegionsDirty = lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().any(
+                frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes::VisibleRegion |
+                frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy |
+                frontend::RequestedLayerState::Changes::Visibility);
+
+        ALOGV("    layers:%04zu snapshots:%04zu changes:%s", lifecycleManager.getLayers().size(),
+              snapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size(),
+              lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().string().c_str());
+
+        lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
+        // write layers trace
+        auto tracingFlags = LayerTracing::TRACE_INPUT | LayerTracing::TRACE_BUFFERS;
+        std::unordered_set<uint64_t> stackIdsToSkip;
+        if ((tracingFlags & LayerTracing::TRACE_VIRTUAL_DISPLAYS) == 0) {
+            for (const auto& displayInfo : displayInfos) {
+                if (displayInfo.second.isVirtual) {
+                    stackIdsToSkip.insert(displayInfo.first.id);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        const frontend::LayerHierarchy& root = hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy();
+
+        LayersProto layersProto;
+        for (auto& [child, variant] : root.mChildren) {
+            if (variant != frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant::Attached ||
+                stackIdsToSkip.find(child->getLayer()->layerStack.id) != stackIdsToSkip.end()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            LayerProtoHelper::writeHierarchyToProto(layersProto, *child, snapshotBuilder, {},
+                                                    tracingFlags);
+        }
+
+        auto displayProtos = LayerProtoHelper::writeDisplayInfoToProto(displayInfos);
+        layerTracing.notify(visibleRegionsDirty, entry.elapsed_realtime_nanos(), entry.vsync_id(),
+                            &layersProto, {}, &displayProtos);
     }
-
-    flinger->stopLayerTracing(outputLayersTracePath);
+    layerTracing.disable(outputLayersTracePath);
     ALOGD("End of generating trace file. File written to %s", outputLayersTracePath);
-    dataMapper->mLayerHandles.clear();
     return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/main.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/main.cpp
index 9f9ae48..c440c19 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/main.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/main.cpp
@@ -53,9 +53,6 @@
     ALOGD("Generating %s...", outputLayersTracePath);
     std::cout << "Generating " << outputLayersTracePath << "\n";
 
-    // sink any log spam from the stubbed surfaceflinger
-    __android_log_set_logger([](const struct __android_log_message* /* log_message */) {});
-
     if (!LayerTraceGenerator().generate(transactionTraceFile, outputLayersTracePath)) {
         std::cout << "Error: Failed to generate layers trace " << outputLayersTracePath;
         return -1;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/run.sh b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/run.sh
index baa93f1..307a4d8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/run.sh
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/run.sh
@@ -5,7 +5,15 @@
 # Build, push and run layertracegenerator
 $ANDROID_BUILD_TOP/build/soong/soong_ui.bash --make-mode layertracegenerator
 adb wait-for-device && adb push $OUT/system/bin/layertracegenerator /data/layertracegenerator
-echo "Writing transaction trace to file"
-adb shell service call SurfaceFlinger 1041 i32 0
-adb shell /data/layertracegenerator
+
+if [ -z "$1" ]
+  then
+    echo "Writing transaction trace to file"
+    adb shell service call SurfaceFlinger 1041 i32 0
+    adb shell /data/layertracegenerator
+  else
+    echo "Pushing transaction trace to device"
+    adb push $1 /data/transaction_trace.winscope
+    adb shell /data/layertracegenerator /data/transaction_trace.winscope
+fi
 adb pull /data/misc/wmtrace/layers_trace.winscope
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h
index 6c5a8b2..2daea25 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/TransactionState.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <vector>
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "renderengine/ExternalTexture.h"
 
 #include <gui/LayerState.h>
@@ -39,6 +40,10 @@
     ResolvedComposerState() = default;
     ResolvedComposerState(ComposerState&& source) { state = std::move(source.state); }
     std::shared_ptr<renderengine::ExternalTexture> externalTexture;
+    uint32_t layerId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    uint32_t parentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    uint32_t relativeParentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+    uint32_t touchCropId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
 };
 
 struct TransactionState {
@@ -85,7 +90,7 @@
         for (auto state = states.begin(); state != states.end();) {
             if (state->state.hasBufferChanges() && state->state.hasValidBuffer() &&
                 state->state.surface) {
-                int result = visitor(state->state);
+                int result = visitor(state->state, state->externalTexture);
                 if (result == STOP_TRAVERSAL) return;
                 if (result == DELETE_AND_CONTINUE_TRAVERSAL) {
                     state = states.erase(state);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
index a1313e3..292083b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include <ftl/small_vector.h>
 #include <gui/ISurfaceComposer.h>
 
-#include "SurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h"
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
index a1d66a1..d60a9c4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/WindowInfosListenerInvoker.h
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <unordered_set>
+
 #include <android/gui/BnWindowInfosReportedListener.h>
 #include <android/gui/IWindowInfosListener.h>
 #include <android/gui/IWindowInfosReportedListener.h>
@@ -49,8 +51,6 @@
     static constexpr size_t kStaticCapacity = 3;
     ftl::SmallMap<wp<IBinder>, const sp<gui::IWindowInfosListener>, kStaticCapacity>
             mWindowInfosListeners GUARDED_BY(mListenersMutex);
-
-    sp<gui::IWindowInfosReportedListener> mWindowInfosReportedListener;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index 609fd33..6074bb7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -226,19 +226,19 @@
     TestableScheduler(const std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>& selectorPtr,
                       sp<VsyncModulator> modulatorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : TestableScheduler(std::make_unique<android::mock::VsyncController>(),
-                              std::make_unique<android::mock::VSyncTracker>(), selectorPtr,
+                              std::make_shared<android::mock::VSyncTracker>(), selectorPtr,
                               std::move(modulatorPtr), callback) {}
 
     TestableScheduler(std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
-                      std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker,
+                      VsyncSchedule::TrackerPtr tracker,
                       std::shared_ptr<RefreshRateSelector> selectorPtr,
                       sp<VsyncModulator> modulatorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : Scheduler(*this, callback, Feature::kContentDetection, std::move(modulatorPtr)) {
-        mVsyncSchedule = std::unique_ptr<VsyncSchedule>(
-                new VsyncSchedule(std::move(tracker), nullptr, std::move(controller)));
-
         const auto displayId = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
-        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+        registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                                std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>(
+                                        new VsyncSchedule(displayId, std::move(tracker), nullptr,
+                                                          std::move(controller))));
     }
 
     ConnectionHandle createConnection(std::unique_ptr<EventThread> eventThread) {
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
 
     auto &mutableLayerHistory() { return mLayerHistory; }
 
-    auto refreshRateSelector() { return leaderSelectorPtr(); }
+    auto refreshRateSelector() { return pacesetterSelectorPtr(); }
 
     void replaceTouchTimer(int64_t millis) {
         if (mTouchTimer) {
@@ -402,9 +402,8 @@
     SurfaceFlinger *flinger() { return mFlinger.get(); }
     scheduler::TestableScheduler *scheduler() { return mScheduler; }
 
-    // Allow reading display state without locking, as if called on the SF main thread.
-    auto onInitializeDisplays() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
-        return mFlinger->onInitializeDisplays();
+    void initializeDisplays() {
+        FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger->initializeDisplays());
     }
 
     void setGlobalShadowSettings(FuzzedDataProvider *fdp) {
@@ -453,8 +452,7 @@
 
         LayersProto layersProto = mFlinger->dumpDrawingStateProto(fdp->ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>());
         mFlinger->dumpOffscreenLayersProto(layersProto);
-        LayersTraceProto layersTraceProto{};
-        mFlinger->dumpDisplayProto(layersTraceProto);
+        mFlinger->dumpDisplayProto();
 
         result = fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString().c_str();
         mFlinger->dumpHwc(result);
@@ -542,7 +540,7 @@
                 mFlinger->createDisplay(String8(fdp->ConsumeRandomLengthString().c_str()),
                                         fdp->ConsumeBool());
 
-        onInitializeDisplays();
+        initializeDisplays();
         mFlinger->getPhysicalDisplayToken(physicalDisplayId);
 
         mFlinger->mStartPropertySetThread =
@@ -647,10 +645,10 @@
 
     // The ISchedulerCallback argument can be nullptr for a no-op implementation.
     void setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController> vsyncController,
-                        std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
+                        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> appEventThread,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> sfEventThread,
-                        scheduler::ISchedulerCallback *callback = nullptr,
+                        scheduler::ISchedulerCallback* callback = nullptr,
                         bool hasMultipleModes = false) {
         constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
         DisplayModes modes = makeModes(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz));
@@ -789,7 +787,7 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override {}
+    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index 61fb29a..f17d2e1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
 
 constexpr uint16_t kRandomStringLength = 256;
 constexpr std::chrono::duration kSyncPeriod(16ms);
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
 
 template <typename T>
 void dump(T* component, FuzzedDataProvider* fdp) {
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
 
     FuzzedDataProvider mFdp;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
 };
 
 PhysicalDisplayId SchedulerFuzzer::getPhysicalDisplayId() {
@@ -90,12 +91,13 @@
 }
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzEventThread() {
-    mVsyncSchedule = std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
-            new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
-                                         std::make_unique<mock::VSyncDispatch>(), nullptr));
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
+            new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(getPhysicalDisplayId(),
+                                         std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
+                                         std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>(), nullptr));
     const auto getVsyncPeriod = [](uid_t /* uid */) { return kSyncPeriod.count(); };
     std::unique_ptr<android::impl::EventThread> thread = std::make_unique<
-            android::impl::EventThread>("fuzzer", *mVsyncSchedule, nullptr, nullptr, getVsyncPeriod,
+            android::impl::EventThread>("fuzzer", mVsyncSchedule, nullptr, nullptr, getVsyncPeriod,
                                         (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>(),
                                         (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
 
@@ -109,8 +111,7 @@
     thread->setDuration((std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>(),
                         (std::chrono::nanoseconds)mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint64_t>());
     thread->registerDisplayEventConnection(connection);
-    thread->onScreenAcquired();
-    thread->onScreenReleased();
+    thread->enableSyntheticVsync(mFdp.ConsumeBool());
     dump<android::impl::EventThread>(thread.get(), &mFdp);
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@
 }
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzVSyncDispatchTimerQueue() {
-    FuzzImplVSyncTracker stubTracker{mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()};
+    auto stubTracker = std::make_shared<FuzzImplVSyncTracker>(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
     scheduler::VSyncDispatchTimerQueue
             mDispatch{std::make_unique<scheduler::ControllableClock>(), stubTracker,
                       mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*dispatchGroupThreshold*/,
@@ -145,17 +146,17 @@
     scheduler::VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "fuzz", [](auto, auto, auto) {},
             mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*vSyncMoveThreshold*/);
-    entry.update(stubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*stubTracker, 0);
     entry.schedule({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
-                   stubTracker, 0);
+                   *stubTracker, 0);
     entry.disarm();
     entry.ensureNotRunning();
     entry.schedule({.workDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .readyDuration = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(),
                     .earliestVsync = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>()},
-                   stubTracker, 0);
+                   *stubTracker, 0);
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     auto const ready = entry.readyTime();
     entry.callback(entry.executing(), *wakeup, *ready);
@@ -169,7 +170,8 @@
     uint16_t now = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
     uint16_t historySize = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, UINT16_MAX);
     uint16_t minimumSamplesForPrediction = mFdp.ConsumeIntegralInRange<uint16_t>(1, UINT16_MAX);
-    scheduler::VSyncPredictor tracker{mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>() /*period*/, historySize,
+    scheduler::VSyncPredictor tracker{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                      mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>() /*period*/, historySize,
                                       minimumSamplesForPrediction,
                                       mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>() /*outlierTolerancePercent*/};
     uint16_t period = mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint16_t>();
@@ -218,9 +220,9 @@
     sp<FuzzImplLayer> layer2 = sp<FuzzImplLayer>::make(flinger.flinger());
 
     for (int i = 0; i < historySize; ++i) {
-        historyV1.record(layer1.get(), time1, time1,
+        historyV1.record(layer1->getSequence(), layer1->getLayerProps(), time1, time1,
                          scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
-        historyV1.record(layer2.get(), time2, time2,
+        historyV1.record(layer2->getSequence(), layer2->getLayerProps(), time2, time2,
                          scheduler::LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time1 += mFdp.PickValueInArray(kVsyncPeriods);
         time2 += mFdp.PickValueInArray(kVsyncPeriods);
@@ -242,13 +244,15 @@
 
 void SchedulerFuzzer::fuzzVSyncReactor() {
     std::shared_ptr<FuzzImplVSyncTracker> vSyncTracker = std::make_shared<FuzzImplVSyncTracker>();
-    scheduler::VSyncReactor reactor(std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(
+    scheduler::VSyncReactor reactor(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                    std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(
                                             std::make_shared<FuzzImplClock>()),
                                     *vSyncTracker, mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint8_t>() /*pendingLimit*/,
                                     false);
 
-    reactor.startPeriodTransition(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
-    bool periodFlushed = mFdp.ConsumeBool();
+    reactor.startPeriodTransition(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(), mFdp.ConsumeBool());
+    bool periodFlushed = false; // Value does not matter, since this is an out
+                                // param from addHwVsyncTimestamp.
     reactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed);
     reactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>() /*newPeriod*/, std::nullopt,
                                 &periodFlushed);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/transactions.proto b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/transactions.proto
index 4c6a9cf..2c4eb10 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/transactions.proto
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/layerproto/transactions.proto
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
     /* offset between real-time clock and elapsed time clock in nanoseconds.
        Calculated as: systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_REALTIME) - systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC) */
     fixed64 real_to_elapsed_time_offset_nanos = 3;
+    uint32 version = 4;
 }
 
 message TransactionTraceEntry {
@@ -47,18 +48,47 @@
     int64 vsync_id = 2;
     repeated TransactionState transactions = 3;
     repeated LayerCreationArgs added_layers = 4;
-    repeated int32 removed_layers = 5;
+    repeated uint32 destroyed_layers = 5;
     repeated DisplayState added_displays = 6;
     repeated int32 removed_displays = 7;
-    repeated int32 removed_layer_handles = 8;
+    repeated uint32 destroyed_layer_handles = 8;
+    bool displays_changed = 9;
+    repeated DisplayInfo displays = 10;
+}
+
+message DisplayInfo {
+    uint32 layer_stack = 1;
+    int32 display_id = 2;
+    int32 logical_width = 3;
+    int32 logical_height = 4;
+    Transform transform_inverse = 5;
+    Transform transform = 6;
+    bool receives_input = 7;
+    bool is_secure = 8;
+    bool is_primary = 9;
+    bool is_virtual = 10;
+    int32 rotation_flags = 11;
+    int32 transform_hint = 12;
+
 }
 
 message LayerCreationArgs {
-    int32 layer_id = 1;
+    uint32 layer_id = 1;
     string name = 2;
     uint32 flags = 3;
-    int32 parent_id = 4;
-    int32 mirror_from_id = 5;
+    uint32 parent_id = 4;
+    uint32 mirror_from_id = 5;
+    bool add_to_root = 6;
+    uint32 layer_stack_to_mirror = 7;
+}
+
+message Transform {
+    float dsdx = 1;
+    float dtdx = 2;
+    float dtdy = 3;
+    float dsdy = 4;
+    float tx = 5;
+    float ty = 6;
 }
 
 message TransactionState {
@@ -74,7 +104,7 @@
 
 // Keep insync with layer_state_t
 message LayerState {
-    int64 layer_id = 1;
+    uint32 layer_id = 1;
     // Changes are split into ChangesLsb and ChangesMsb. First 32 bits are in ChangesLsb
     // and the next 32 bits are in ChangesMsb. This is needed because enums have to be
     // 32 bits and there's no nice way to put 64bit constants into .proto files.
@@ -164,8 +194,8 @@
     Matrix22 matrix = 11;
     float corner_radius = 12;
     uint32 background_blur_radius = 13;
-    int64 parent_id = 14;
-    int64 relative_parent_id = 15;
+    uint32 parent_id = 14;
+    uint32 relative_parent_id = 15;
 
     float alpha = 16;
     message Color3 {
@@ -220,14 +250,6 @@
     ColorTransformProto color_transform = 25;
     repeated BlurRegion blur_regions = 26;
 
-    message Transform {
-        float dsdx = 1;
-        float dtdx = 2;
-        float dtdy = 3;
-        float dsdy = 4;
-        float tx = 5;
-        float ty = 6;
-    }
     message WindowInfo {
         uint32 layout_params_flags = 1;
         int32 layout_params_type = 2;
@@ -236,7 +258,7 @@
         bool focusable = 5;
         bool has_wallpaper = 6;
         float global_scale_factor = 7;
-        int64 crop_layer_id = 8;
+        uint32 crop_layer_id = 8;
         bool replace_touchable_region_with_crop = 9;
         RectProto touchable_region_crop = 10;
         Transform transform = 11;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
index bf7cae9..0b8c51e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/LayerRenderTypeTransaction_test.cpp
@@ -544,6 +544,7 @@
             .apply();
 
     {
+        SCOPED_TRACE("final color");
         auto shot = screenshot();
         shot->expectColor(Rect(0, 0, width, height), finalColor);
         shot->expectBorder(Rect(0, 0, width, height), Color::BLACK);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp
index e69db7c..0ea0824 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/MirrorLayer_test.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wconversion"
 
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include "LayerTransactionTest.h"
 #include "utils/TransactionUtils.h"
@@ -119,15 +120,20 @@
         shot->expectColor(Rect(750, 750, 950, 950), Color::BLACK);
     }
 
-    // Remove child layer
+    if (base::GetBoolProperty("debug.sf.enable_legacy_frontend", true)) {
+        GTEST_SKIP() << "Skipping test because mirroring behavior changes with legacy frontend";
+    }
+
+    // Remove child layer and verify we can still mirror the layer when
+    // its offscreen.
     Transaction().reparent(mChildLayer, nullptr).apply();
     {
         SCOPED_TRACE("Removed Child Layer");
         auto shot = screenshot();
         // Grandchild mirror
-        shot->expectColor(Rect(550, 550, 750, 750), Color::RED);
+        shot->expectColor(Rect(550, 550, 750, 750), Color::BLACK);
         // Child mirror
-        shot->expectColor(Rect(750, 750, 950, 950), Color::RED);
+        shot->expectColor(Rect(750, 750, 950, 950), Color::BLACK);
     }
 
     // Add grandchild layer to offscreen layer
@@ -136,9 +142,9 @@
         SCOPED_TRACE("Added Grandchild Layer");
         auto shot = screenshot();
         // Grandchild mirror
-        shot->expectColor(Rect(550, 550, 750, 750), Color::RED);
+        shot->expectColor(Rect(550, 550, 750, 750), Color::WHITE);
         // Child mirror
-        shot->expectColor(Rect(750, 750, 950, 950), Color::RED);
+        shot->expectColor(Rect(750, 750, 950, 950), Color::BLACK);
     }
 
     // Add child layer
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TextureFiltering_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TextureFiltering_test.cpp
index e9b1fbb..d0ab105 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TextureFiltering_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/TextureFiltering_test.cpp
@@ -187,8 +187,6 @@
 
 // Expect no filtering because the output source crop and output buffer are the same size.
 TEST_F(TextureFilteringTest, OutputSourceCropDisplayFrameMatchNoFiltering) {
-    // Transaction().setCrop(mLayer, Rect{25, 25, 75, 75}).apply();
-
     gui::DisplayCaptureArgs captureArgs;
     captureArgs.displayToken = mDisplay;
     captureArgs.width = 50;
@@ -224,4 +222,17 @@
     mCapture->expectColor(Rect{50, 25, 75, 75}, Color::BLUE);
 }
 
+// Expect no filtering because parent's position transform shouldn't scale the layer.
+TEST_F(TextureFilteringTest, ParentHasTransformNoFiltering) {
+    Transaction().setPosition(mParent, 100, 100).apply();
+
+    LayerCaptureArgs captureArgs;
+    captureArgs.layerHandle = mParent->getHandle();
+    captureArgs.sourceCrop = Rect{0, 0, 100, 100};
+    ScreenCapture::captureLayers(&mCapture, captureArgs);
+
+    mCapture->expectColor(Rect{0, 0, 50, 100}, Color::RED);
+    mCapture->expectColor(Rect{50, 0, 100, 100}, Color::BLUE);
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp
index 53c3c39..d71486f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/WindowInfosListener_test.cpp
@@ -18,61 +18,61 @@
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <future>
-#include "utils/TransactionUtils.h"
 
 namespace android {
 using Transaction = SurfaceComposerClient::Transaction;
 using gui::DisplayInfo;
 using gui::WindowInfo;
 
+using WindowInfosPredicate = std::function<bool(const std::vector<WindowInfo>&)>;
+
 class WindowInfosListenerTest : public ::testing::Test {
 protected:
     void SetUp() override {
         seteuid(AID_SYSTEM);
         mClient = sp<SurfaceComposerClient>::make();
-        mWindowInfosListener = sp<SyncWindowInfosListener>::make();
-        mClient->addWindowInfosListener(mWindowInfosListener);
     }
 
-    void TearDown() override {
-        mClient->removeWindowInfosListener(mWindowInfosListener);
-        seteuid(AID_ROOT);
-    }
+    void TearDown() override { seteuid(AID_ROOT); }
 
-    struct SyncWindowInfosListener : public gui::WindowInfosListener {
+    struct WindowInfosListener : public gui::WindowInfosListener {
     public:
+        WindowInfosListener(WindowInfosPredicate predicate, std::promise<void>& promise)
+              : mPredicate(std::move(predicate)), mPromise(promise) {}
+
         void onWindowInfosChanged(const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos,
                                   const std::vector<DisplayInfo>&) override {
-            windowInfosPromise.set_value(windowInfos);
-        }
-
-        std::vector<WindowInfo> waitForWindowInfos() {
-            std::future<std::vector<WindowInfo>> windowInfosFuture =
-                    windowInfosPromise.get_future();
-            std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos = windowInfosFuture.get();
-            windowInfosPromise = std::promise<std::vector<WindowInfo>>();
-            return windowInfos;
+            if (mPredicate(windowInfos)) {
+                mPromise.set_value();
+            }
         }
 
     private:
-        std::promise<std::vector<WindowInfo>> windowInfosPromise;
+        WindowInfosPredicate mPredicate;
+        std::promise<void>& mPromise;
     };
 
     sp<SurfaceComposerClient> mClient;
-    sp<SyncWindowInfosListener> mWindowInfosListener;
+
+    bool waitForWindowInfosPredicate(WindowInfosPredicate predicate) {
+        std::promise<void> promise;
+        auto listener = sp<WindowInfosListener>::make(std::move(predicate), promise);
+        mClient->addWindowInfosListener(listener);
+        auto future = promise.get_future();
+        bool satisfied = future.wait_for(std::chrono::seconds{1}) == std::future_status::ready;
+        mClient->removeWindowInfosListener(listener);
+        return satisfied;
+    }
 };
 
 std::optional<WindowInfo> findMatchingWindowInfo(WindowInfo targetWindowInfo,
                                                  std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos) {
-    std::optional<WindowInfo> foundWindowInfo = std::nullopt;
     for (WindowInfo windowInfo : windowInfos) {
         if (windowInfo.token == targetWindowInfo.token) {
-            foundWindowInfo = std::make_optional<>(windowInfo);
-            break;
+            return windowInfo;
         }
     }
-
-    return foundWindowInfo;
+    return std::nullopt;
 }
 
 TEST_F(WindowInfosListenerTest, WindowInfoAddedAndRemoved) {
@@ -92,15 +92,17 @@
             .setInputWindowInfo(surfaceControl, windowInfo)
             .apply();
 
-    std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
-    std::optional<WindowInfo> foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
-    ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
+    auto windowPresent = [&](const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) {
+        return findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos).has_value();
+    };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(waitForWindowInfosPredicate(windowPresent));
 
     Transaction().reparent(surfaceControl, nullptr).apply();
 
-    windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
-    foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
-    ASSERT_EQ(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
+    auto windowNotPresent = [&](const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) {
+        return !findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos).has_value();
+    };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(waitForWindowInfosPredicate(windowNotPresent));
 }
 
 TEST_F(WindowInfosListenerTest, WindowInfoChanged) {
@@ -121,19 +123,28 @@
             .setInputWindowInfo(surfaceControl, windowInfo)
             .apply();
 
-    std::vector<WindowInfo> windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
-    std::optional<WindowInfo> foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
-    ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(foundWindowInfo->touchableRegion.isEmpty());
+    auto windowIsPresentAndTouchableRegionEmpty = [&](const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) {
+        auto foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
+        if (!foundWindowInfo) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return foundWindowInfo->touchableRegion.isEmpty();
+    };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(waitForWindowInfosPredicate(windowIsPresentAndTouchableRegionEmpty));
 
     Rect touchableRegions(0, 0, 50, 50);
     windowInfo.addTouchableRegion(Rect(0, 0, 50, 50));
     Transaction().setInputWindowInfo(surfaceControl, windowInfo).apply();
 
-    windowInfos = mWindowInfosListener->waitForWindowInfos();
-    foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
-    ASSERT_NE(std::nullopt, foundWindowInfo);
-    ASSERT_TRUE(foundWindowInfo->touchableRegion.hasSameRects(windowInfo.touchableRegion));
+    auto windowIsPresentAndTouchableRegionMatches =
+            [&](const std::vector<WindowInfo>& windowInfos) {
+                auto foundWindowInfo = findMatchingWindowInfo(windowInfo, windowInfos);
+                if (!foundWindowInfo) {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                return foundWindowInfo->touchableRegion.hasSameRects(windowInfo.touchableRegion);
+            };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(waitForWindowInfosPredicate(windowIsPresentAndTouchableRegionMatches));
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp
index 0e214af..5f9214c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/TransactionTraceTestSuite.cpp
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@
     uint64_t curr_frame;
     float x;
     float y;
+    uint32_t bufferWidth;
+    uint32_t bufferHeight;
 };
 
 bool operator==(const LayerInfo& lh, const LayerInfo& rh) {
@@ -105,7 +107,8 @@
 inline void PrintTo(const LayerInfo& info, ::std::ostream* os) {
     *os << "Layer [" << info.id << "] name=" << info.name << " parent=" << info.parent
         << " z=" << info.z << " curr_frame=" << info.curr_frame << " x=" << info.x
-        << " y=" << info.y;
+        << " y=" << info.y << " bufferWidth=" << info.bufferWidth
+        << " bufferHeight=" << info.bufferHeight;
 }
 
 struct find_id : std::unary_function<LayerInfo, bool> {
@@ -114,6 +117,18 @@
     bool operator()(LayerInfo const& m) const { return m.id == id; }
 };
 
+static LayerInfo getLayerInfoFromProto(::android::surfaceflinger::LayerProto& proto) {
+    return {proto.id(),
+            proto.name(),
+            proto.parent(),
+            proto.z(),
+            proto.curr_frame(),
+            proto.has_position() ? proto.position().x() : -1,
+            proto.has_position() ? proto.position().y() : -1,
+            proto.has_active_buffer() ? proto.active_buffer().width() : 0,
+            proto.has_active_buffer() ? proto.active_buffer().height() : 0};
+}
+
 TEST_P(TransactionTraceTestSuite, validateEndState) {
     ASSERT_GT(mActualLayersTraceProto.entry_size(), 0);
     ASSERT_GT(mExpectedLayersTraceProto.entry_size(), 0);
@@ -128,10 +143,7 @@
     expectedLayers.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(expectedLastEntry.layers().layers_size()));
     for (int i = 0; i < expectedLastEntry.layers().layers_size(); i++) {
         auto layer = expectedLastEntry.layers().layers(i);
-        expectedLayers.push_back({layer.id(), layer.name(), layer.parent(), layer.z(),
-                                  layer.curr_frame(),
-                                  layer.has_position() ? layer.position().x() : -1,
-                                  layer.has_position() ? layer.position().y() : -1});
+        expectedLayers.push_back(getLayerInfoFromProto(layer));
     }
     std::sort(expectedLayers.begin(), expectedLayers.end(), compareById);
 
@@ -139,10 +151,7 @@
     actualLayers.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(actualLastEntry.layers().layers_size()));
     for (int i = 0; i < actualLastEntry.layers().layers_size(); i++) {
         auto layer = actualLastEntry.layers().layers(i);
-        actualLayers.push_back({layer.id(), layer.name(), layer.parent(), layer.z(),
-                                layer.curr_frame(),
-                                layer.has_position() ? layer.position().x() : -1,
-                                layer.has_position() ? layer.position().y() : -1});
+        actualLayers.push_back(getLayerInfoFromProto(layer));
     }
     std::sort(actualLayers.begin(), actualLayers.end(), compareById);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope
index 9e4005c..296d2fd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_boot.winscope
Binary files differ
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope
index 16a91ee..ae54415 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/layers_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope
Binary files differ
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope
index 8356ae7..8d03df4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_boot.winscope
Binary files differ
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope
index cd62ab8..022861c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/tracing/testdata/transactions_trace_nodisplayfound.winscope
Binary files differ
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
index 87c3c65..df3ffd2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/Android.bp
@@ -103,16 +103,18 @@
         "SurfaceFlinger_DestroyDisplayTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_DisplayTransactionCommitTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_ExcludeDolbyVisionTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_GetDisplayNativePrimariesTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_HdrOutputControlTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_HotplugTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp",
+        "SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_NotifyPowerBoostTest.cpp",
-        "SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetDisplayStateTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_SetupNewDisplayDeviceInternalTest.cpp",
         "SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp",
-        "SurfaceFlinger_ExcludeDolbyVisionTest.cpp",
         "SchedulerTest.cpp",
         "SetFrameRateTest.cpp",
         "RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp",
@@ -133,6 +135,7 @@
         "VSyncPredictorTest.cpp",
         "VSyncReactorTest.cpp",
         "VsyncConfigurationTest.cpp",
+        "VsyncScheduleTest.cpp",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 0416e93..19a93e1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-        setupScheduler();
+        mFlinger.setupMockScheduler({.displayId = DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID});
 
         EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, query(NATIVE_WINDOW_WIDTH, _))
                 .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH), Return(0)));
@@ -122,36 +122,6 @@
         ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
     }
 
-    void setupScheduler() {
-        auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-        auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-
-        mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread),
-                                TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                                TestableSurfaceFlinger::kTwoDisplayModes);
-    }
-
     void setupForceGeometryDirty() {
         // TODO: This requires the visible region and other related
         // state to be set, and is problematic for BufferLayers since they are
@@ -176,7 +146,6 @@
     bool mDisplayOff = false;
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
     sp<DisplayDevice> mDisplay;
-    sp<DisplayDevice> mExternalDisplay;
     sp<compositionengine::mock::DisplaySurface> mDisplaySurface =
             sp<compositionengine::mock::DisplaySurface>::make();
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = sp<mock::NativeWindow>::make();
@@ -315,13 +284,16 @@
         constexpr auto kDisplayConnectionType = ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
         constexpr bool kIsPrimary = true;
 
-        test->mDisplay = FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(test->mFlinger, compositionDisplay,
-                                                   kDisplayConnectionType, HWC_DISPLAY, kIsPrimary)
-                                 .setDisplaySurface(test->mDisplaySurface)
-                                 .setNativeWindow(test->mNativeWindow)
-                                 .setSecure(Derived::IS_SECURE)
-                                 .setPowerMode(Derived::INIT_POWER_MODE)
-                                 .inject();
+        test->mDisplay =
+                FakeDisplayDeviceInjector(test->mFlinger, compositionDisplay,
+                                          kDisplayConnectionType, HWC_DISPLAY, kIsPrimary)
+                        .setDisplaySurface(test->mDisplaySurface)
+                        .setNativeWindow(test->mNativeWindow)
+                        .setSecure(Derived::IS_SECURE)
+                        .setPowerMode(Derived::INIT_POWER_MODE)
+                        .setRefreshRateSelector(test->mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector())
+                        .skipRegisterDisplay()
+                        .inject();
         Mock::VerifyAndClear(test->mNativeWindow.get());
 
         constexpr bool kIsInternal = kDisplayConnectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
index e0b508a..e32cf88 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTest.cpp
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@
 
 using android::hardware::graphics::composer::hal::HWDisplayId;
 
-using FakeDisplayDeviceInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeDisplayDeviceInjector;
-
-DisplayTransactionTest::DisplayTransactionTest() {
+DisplayTransactionTest::DisplayTransactionTest(bool withMockScheduler) {
     const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
@@ -48,7 +46,10 @@
         return nullptr;
     });
 
-    injectMockScheduler();
+    if (withMockScheduler) {
+        injectMockScheduler(PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(0));
+    }
+
     mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine));
 
     injectMockComposer(0);
@@ -61,7 +62,9 @@
     mFlinger.resetScheduler(nullptr);
 }
 
-void DisplayTransactionTest::injectMockScheduler() {
+void DisplayTransactionTest::injectMockScheduler(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mFlinger.scheduler());
+
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
             .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(mEventThread,
@@ -74,10 +77,11 @@
                                                              mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController>(mVsyncController),
-                            std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker>(mVSyncTracker),
+    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
+                            std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
                             std::unique_ptr<EventThread>(mEventThread),
                             std::unique_ptr<EventThread>(mSFEventThread),
+                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::DefaultDisplayMode{displayId},
                             TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kMock);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index 223f4db..e64cb38 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Mock/Fake injection
 
-    void injectMockScheduler();
+    void injectMockScheduler(PhysicalDisplayId);
     void injectMockComposer(int virtualDisplayCount);
     void injectFakeBufferQueueFactory();
     void injectFakeNativeWindowSurfaceFactory();
@@ -128,8 +128,6 @@
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = new renderengine::mock::RenderEngine();
     Hwc2::mock::Composer* mComposer = nullptr;
 
-    mock::VsyncController* mVsyncController = new mock::VsyncController;
-    mock::VSyncTracker* mVSyncTracker = new mock::VSyncTracker;
     mock::EventThread* mEventThread = new mock::EventThread;
     mock::EventThread* mSFEventThread = new mock::EventThread;
 
@@ -139,7 +137,7 @@
     surfaceflinger::mock::NativeWindowSurface* mNativeWindowSurface = nullptr;
 
 protected:
-    DisplayTransactionTest();
+    DisplayTransactionTest(bool withMockScheduler = true);
 };
 
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD = 16'666'667;
@@ -158,7 +156,6 @@
 #define BOOL_SUBSTITUTE(TYPENAME) enum class TYPENAME : bool { FALSE = false, TRUE = true };
 
 BOOL_SUBSTITUTE(Async);
-BOOL_SUBSTITUTE(Critical);
 BOOL_SUBSTITUTE(Primary);
 BOOL_SUBSTITUTE(Secure);
 BOOL_SUBSTITUTE(Virtual);
@@ -238,8 +235,8 @@
 //     1) PhysicalDisplayIdType<...> for generated ID of physical display backed by HWC.
 //     2) HalVirtualDisplayIdType<...> for hard-coded ID of virtual display backed by HWC.
 //     3) GpuVirtualDisplayIdType for virtual display without HWC backing.
-template <typename DisplayIdType, int width, int height, Critical critical, Async async,
-          Secure secure, Primary primary, int grallocUsage, int displayFlags>
+template <typename DisplayIdType, int width, int height, Async async, Secure secure,
+          Primary primary, int grallocUsage, int displayFlags>
 struct DisplayVariant {
     using DISPLAY_ID = DisplayIdGetter<DisplayIdType>;
     using CONNECTION_TYPE = DisplayConnectionTypeGetter<DisplayIdType>;
@@ -255,9 +252,6 @@
     static constexpr Virtual VIRTUAL =
             IsPhysicalDisplayId<DisplayIdType>{} ? Virtual::FALSE : Virtual::TRUE;
 
-    // When creating native window surfaces for the framebuffer, whether those should be critical
-    static constexpr Critical CRITICAL = critical;
-
     // When creating native window surfaces for the framebuffer, whether those should be async
     static constexpr Async ASYNC = async;
 
@@ -486,17 +480,16 @@
 
 constexpr int PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS = 0x1;
 
-template <typename PhysicalDisplay, int width, int height, Critical critical>
+template <typename PhysicalDisplay, int width, int height>
 struct PhysicalDisplayVariant
-      : DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height, critical,
-                       Async::FALSE, Secure::TRUE, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY,
-                       GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY, PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
-        HwcDisplayVariant<
-                PhysicalDisplay::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayType::PHYSICAL,
-                DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height, critical,
-                               Async::FALSE, Secure::TRUE, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY,
-                               GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY, PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
-                PhysicalDisplay> {};
+      : DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height, Async::FALSE,
+                       Secure::TRUE, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY, GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY,
+                       PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
+        HwcDisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplay::HWC_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayType::PHYSICAL,
+                          DisplayVariant<PhysicalDisplayIdType<PhysicalDisplay>, width, height,
+                                         Async::FALSE, Secure::TRUE, PhysicalDisplay::PRIMARY,
+                                         GRALLOC_USAGE_PHYSICAL_DISPLAY, PHYSICAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
+                          PhysicalDisplay> {};
 
 template <bool hasIdentificationData>
 struct PrimaryDisplay {
@@ -508,14 +501,16 @@
     static constexpr auto GET_IDENTIFICATION_DATA = getInternalEdid;
 };
 
-template <bool hasIdentificationData>
-struct ExternalDisplay {
-    static constexpr auto CONNECTION_TYPE = ui::DisplayConnectionType::External;
+template <ui::DisplayConnectionType connectionType, bool hasIdentificationData>
+struct SecondaryDisplay {
+    static constexpr auto CONNECTION_TYPE = connectionType;
     static constexpr Primary PRIMARY = Primary::FALSE;
     static constexpr uint8_t PORT = 254;
     static constexpr HWDisplayId HWC_DISPLAY_ID = 1002;
     static constexpr bool HAS_IDENTIFICATION_DATA = hasIdentificationData;
-    static constexpr auto GET_IDENTIFICATION_DATA = getExternalEdid;
+    static constexpr auto GET_IDENTIFICATION_DATA =
+            connectionType == ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal ? getInternalEdid
+                                                                  : getExternalEdid;
 };
 
 struct TertiaryDisplay {
@@ -525,15 +520,18 @@
     static constexpr auto GET_IDENTIFICATION_DATA = getExternalEdid;
 };
 
-// A primary display is a physical display that is critical
-using PrimaryDisplayVariant =
-        PhysicalDisplayVariant<PrimaryDisplay<false>, 3840, 2160, Critical::TRUE>;
+using PrimaryDisplayVariant = PhysicalDisplayVariant<PrimaryDisplay<false>, 3840, 2160>;
 
-// An external display is physical display that is not critical.
+using InnerDisplayVariant = PhysicalDisplayVariant<PrimaryDisplay<true>, 1840, 2208>;
+using OuterDisplayVariant =
+        PhysicalDisplayVariant<SecondaryDisplay<ui::DisplayConnectionType::Internal, true>, 1080,
+                               2092>;
+
 using ExternalDisplayVariant =
-        PhysicalDisplayVariant<ExternalDisplay<false>, 1920, 1280, Critical::FALSE>;
+        PhysicalDisplayVariant<SecondaryDisplay<ui::DisplayConnectionType::External, false>, 1920,
+                               1280>;
 
-using TertiaryDisplayVariant = PhysicalDisplayVariant<TertiaryDisplay, 1600, 1200, Critical::FALSE>;
+using TertiaryDisplayVariant = PhysicalDisplayVariant<TertiaryDisplay, 1600, 1200>;
 
 // A virtual display not supported by the HWC.
 constexpr uint32_t GRALLOC_USAGE_NONHWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY = 0;
@@ -542,12 +540,11 @@
 
 template <int width, int height, Secure secure>
 struct NonHwcVirtualDisplayVariant
-      : DisplayVariant<GpuVirtualDisplayIdType, width, height, Critical::FALSE, Async::TRUE, secure,
-                       Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_NONHWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY,
-                       VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS> {
-    using Base = DisplayVariant<GpuVirtualDisplayIdType, width, height, Critical::FALSE,
-                                Async::TRUE, secure, Primary::FALSE,
-                                GRALLOC_USAGE_NONHWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY, VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>;
+      : DisplayVariant<GpuVirtualDisplayIdType, width, height, Async::TRUE, secure, Primary::FALSE,
+                       GRALLOC_USAGE_NONHWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY, VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS> {
+    using Base = DisplayVariant<GpuVirtualDisplayIdType, width, height, Async::TRUE, secure,
+                                Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_NONHWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY,
+                                VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>;
 
     static void injectHwcDisplay(DisplayTransactionTest*) {}
 
@@ -589,17 +586,14 @@
 
 template <int width, int height, Secure secure>
 struct HwcVirtualDisplayVariant
-      : DisplayVariant<HalVirtualDisplayIdType<42>, width, height, Critical::FALSE, Async::TRUE,
-                       secure, Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_HWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY,
-                       VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
-        HwcDisplayVariant<
-                HWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_HWC_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayType::VIRTUAL,
-                DisplayVariant<HalVirtualDisplayIdType<42>, width, height, Critical::FALSE,
-                               Async::TRUE, secure, Primary::FALSE,
-                               GRALLOC_USAGE_HWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY, VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>> {
-    using Base = DisplayVariant<HalVirtualDisplayIdType<42>, width, height, Critical::FALSE,
-                                Async::TRUE, secure, Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER,
-                                VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>;
+      : DisplayVariant<HalVirtualDisplayIdType<42>, width, height, Async::TRUE, secure,
+                       Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_HWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY, VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>,
+        HwcDisplayVariant<HWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_HWC_DISPLAY_ID, DisplayType::VIRTUAL,
+                          DisplayVariant<HalVirtualDisplayIdType<42>, width, height, Async::TRUE,
+                                         secure, Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_HWC_VIRTUAL_DISPLAY,
+                                         VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>> {
+    using Base = DisplayVariant<HalVirtualDisplayIdType<42>, width, height, Async::TRUE, secure,
+                                Primary::FALSE, GRALLOC_USAGE_HW_COMPOSER, VIRTUAL_DISPLAY_FLAGS>;
     using Self = HwcVirtualDisplayVariant<width, height, secure>;
 
     static std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> injectCompositionDisplay(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
index f6bcadc..f1cdca3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/EventThreadTest.cpp
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
     ConnectionEventRecorder mConnectionEventCallRecorder{0};
     ConnectionEventRecorder mThrottledConnectionEventCallRecorder{0};
 
-    std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
+    std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule;
     std::unique_ptr<impl::EventThread> mThread;
     sp<MockEventThreadConnection> mConnection;
     sp<MockEventThreadConnection> mThrottledConnection;
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    mVsyncSchedule = std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
-            new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
-                                         std::make_unique<mock::VSyncDispatch>(), nullptr));
-
-    mock::VSyncDispatch& mockDispatch =
-            *static_cast<mock::VSyncDispatch*>(&mVsyncSchedule->getDispatch());
+    auto mockDispatchPtr = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>();
+    mVsyncSchedule = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
+            new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(INTERNAL_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                         std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(), mockDispatchPtr,
+                                         nullptr));
+    mock::VSyncDispatch& mockDispatch = *mockDispatchPtr;
     EXPECT_CALL(mockDispatch, registerCallback(_, _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Invoke(mVSyncCallbackRegisterRecorder.getInvocable()));
     EXPECT_CALL(mockDispatch, schedule(_, _))
@@ -189,10 +189,9 @@
     };
 
     mTokenManager = std::make_unique<frametimeline::impl::TokenManager>();
-    mThread =
-            std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>(/*std::move(source), */ "EventThreadTest",
-                                                *mVsyncSchedule, mTokenManager.get(), throttleVsync,
-                                                getVsyncPeriod, kWorkDuration, kReadyDuration);
+    mThread = std::make_unique<impl::EventThread>("EventThreadTest", mVsyncSchedule,
+                                                  mTokenManager.get(), throttleVsync,
+                                                  getVsyncPeriod, kWorkDuration, kReadyDuration);
 
     // EventThread should register itself as VSyncSource callback.
     EXPECT_TRUE(mVSyncCallbackRegisterRecorder.waitForCall().has_value());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
index 1cd9e49..f695b09 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "fake/FakeClock.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
 #include "mock/MockFrameTimeline.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -47,7 +45,6 @@
 using android::Hwc2::IComposer;
 using android::Hwc2::IComposerClient;
 
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
 using gui::LayerMetadata;
 
 struct TestableFpsListener : public gui::BnFpsListener {
@@ -77,7 +74,6 @@
     static constexpr uint32_t LAYER_FLAGS = 0;
     static constexpr int32_t PRIORITY_UNSET = -1;
 
-    void setupScheduler();
     sp<Layer> createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata);
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
@@ -102,7 +98,7 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    setupScheduler();
+    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
     mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
 
     mFpsListener = sp<TestableFpsListener>::make();
@@ -120,33 +116,6 @@
     return sp<Layer>::make(args);
 }
 
-void FpsReporterTest::setupScheduler() {
-    auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-    auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                            std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-}
-
 namespace {
 
 TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, callsListeners) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp
index ac63a0e..1c9aee7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameRateSelectionPriorityTest.cpp
@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -38,8 +36,6 @@
 using android::Hwc2::IComposer;
 using android::Hwc2::IComposerClient;
 
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
-
 /**
  * This class covers all the test that are related to refresh rate selection.
  */
@@ -56,7 +52,6 @@
     static constexpr uint32_t LAYER_FLAGS = 0;
     static constexpr int32_t PRIORITY_UNSET = -1;
 
-    void setupScheduler();
     sp<Layer> createBufferStateLayer();
     sp<Layer> createEffectLayer();
 
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    setupScheduler();
+    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
     mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
 }
 
@@ -108,37 +103,8 @@
     layer->commitTransaction(c);
 }
 
-void RefreshRateSelectionTest::setupScheduler() {
-    auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-    auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                            std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-}
-
 namespace {
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Test cases
- */
+
 TEST_F(RefreshRateSelectionTest, testPriorityOnBufferStateLayers) {
     mParent = createBufferStateLayer();
     mChild = createBufferStateLayer();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
index abd7789..d26ef3c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FrameTimelineTest.cpp
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
 
     auto displayFrame0 = getDisplayFrame(0);
     EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame0->getActuals().presentTime, 59);
-    EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame0->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown);
+    EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame0->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown | JankType::DisplayHAL);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame1->getActuals().presentTime, -1);
     EXPECT_EQ(surfaceFrame1->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown);
 }
@@ -2259,6 +2259,7 @@
     mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(sfToken3, 72, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(11));
     mFrameTimeline->setSfPresent(80, validPresentFence);
 
+    erroneousPresentFence2->signalForTest(2);
     validPresentFence->signalForTest(80);
 
     addEmptyDisplayFrame();
@@ -2268,14 +2269,14 @@
         EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getActuals().presentTime, 26);
         EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getFramePresentMetadata(), FramePresentMetadata::UnknownPresent);
         EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getFrameReadyMetadata(), FrameReadyMetadata::UnknownFinish);
-        EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown);
+        EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown | JankType::DisplayHAL);
     }
     {
         auto displayFrame = getDisplayFrame(1);
         EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getActuals().presentTime, 60);
         EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getFramePresentMetadata(), FramePresentMetadata::UnknownPresent);
         EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getFrameReadyMetadata(), FrameReadyMetadata::UnknownFinish);
-        EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown);
+        EXPECT_EQ(displayFrame->getJankType(), JankType::Unknown | JankType::DisplayHAL);
     }
     {
         auto displayFrame = getDisplayFrame(2);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp
index 29aa717..1b5c6e7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/GameModeTest.cpp
@@ -25,15 +25,13 @@
 
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using testing::_;
 using testing::Mock;
 using testing::Return;
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
+
 using gui::GameMode;
 using gui::LayerMetadata;
 
@@ -43,7 +41,7 @@
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
-        setupScheduler();
+        mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
         setupComposer();
     }
 
@@ -59,33 +57,6 @@
         return sp<Layer>::make(args);
     }
 
-    void setupScheduler() {
-        auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-        auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-    }
-
     void setupComposer() {
         mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
         mFlinger.setupComposer(std::unique_ptr<Hwc2::Composer>(mComposer));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
index 763426a..ddf3363 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.cpp
@@ -17,12 +17,9 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
-#include "Layer.h"
 #include "LayerHierarchyTest.h"
-#include "gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h"
 
 #define UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(HIERARCHY)  \
     ({                                \
@@ -207,7 +204,8 @@
     reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
-    reparentRelativeLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+    // This calls setLayer
+    removeRelativeZ(11);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
@@ -263,6 +261,37 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
 }
 
+TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, reparentRelativeLayer) {
+    LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
+    reparentRelativeLayer(11, 2);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2, 11, 111};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {1, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2, 11, 111};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+
+    reparentLayer(11, 1);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2, 11, 111};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {1, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2, 11, 111};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+
+    setZ(11, 0);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+    expectedTraversalPath = {};
+    EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
+}
+
 // mirror tests
 TEST_F(LayerHierarchyTest, canTraverseMirrorLayer) {
     LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder(mLifecycleManager.getLayers());
@@ -387,7 +416,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
 
     // remove relative parent so layer becomes onscreen again
-    reparentRelativeLayer(11, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+    removeRelativeZ(11);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
 
     expectedTraversalPath = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13};
@@ -437,10 +466,11 @@
 
     updateBackgroundColor(1, 0.5);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(hierarchyBuilder);
-
-    std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1, 1222, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
+    auto bgLayerId = LayerCreationArgs::getInternalLayerId(1);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expectedTraversalPath = {1,   bgLayerId, 11,   111, 12,
+                                                   121, 122,       1221, 13,  2};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
-    expectedTraversalPath = {1222, 1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
+    expectedTraversalPath = {bgLayerId, 1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPathInZOrder(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
     expectedTraversalPath = {};
     EXPECT_EQ(getTraversalPath(hierarchyBuilder.getOffscreenHierarchy()), expectedTraversalPath);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
index 852cb91..5b3c7ef 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHierarchyTest.h
@@ -17,11 +17,10 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
+#include "Client.h" // temporarily needed for LayerCreationArgs
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
-#include "Layer.h"
-#include "gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h"
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
 
@@ -51,20 +50,21 @@
         createLayer(1221, 122);
     }
 
-    LayerCreationArgs createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, wp<IBinder> parent,
-                                 wp<IBinder> mirror) {
-        LayerCreationArgs args(nullptr, nullptr, "testlayer", 0, {}, std::make_optional(id));
+    LayerCreationArgs createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, uint32_t parentId,
+                                 uint32_t layerIdToMirror) {
+        LayerCreationArgs args(std::make_optional(id));
+        args.name = "testlayer";
         args.addToRoot = canBeRoot;
-        args.parentHandle = parent;
-        args.mirrorLayerHandle = mirror;
+        args.parentId = parentId;
+        args.layerIdToMirror = layerIdToMirror;
         return args;
     }
 
-    LayerCreationArgs createDisplayMirrorArgs(uint32_t id, ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
-        LayerCreationArgs args(nullptr, nullptr, "testlayer", 0, {}, std::make_optional(id));
+    LayerCreationArgs createDisplayMirrorArgs(uint32_t id, ui::LayerStack layerStackToMirror) {
+        LayerCreationArgs args(std::make_optional(id));
+        args.name = "testlayer";
         args.addToRoot = true;
-        args.parentHandle.clear();
-        args.layerStackToMirror = layerStack;
+        args.layerStackToMirror = layerStackToMirror;
         return args;
     }
 
@@ -90,17 +90,14 @@
     }
 
     virtual void createRootLayer(uint32_t id) {
-        sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        mHandles[id] = handle;
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>> layers;
         layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(
-                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/true, /*parent=*/nullptr, /*mirror=*/nullptr)));
+                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/true, /*parent=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                           /*mirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID)));
         mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
     }
 
     void createDisplayMirrorLayer(uint32_t id, ui::LayerStack layerStack) {
-        sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        mHandles[id] = handle;
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>> layers;
         layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(
                 createDisplayMirrorArgs(/*id=*/id, layerStack)));
@@ -108,62 +105,56 @@
     }
 
     virtual void createLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId) {
-        sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        mHandles[id] = handle;
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>> layers;
         layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(
-                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false, /*parent=*/mHandles[parentId],
-                           /*mirror=*/nullptr)));
+                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false, /*parent=*/parentId,
+                           /*mirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID)));
         mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
     }
 
-    void reparentLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t newParentId) {
+    std::vector<TransactionState> reparentLayerTransaction(uint32_t id, uint32_t newParentId) {
         std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
         transactions.emplace_back();
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-
-        if (newParentId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
-            transactions.back().states.front().state.parentSurfaceControlForChild = nullptr;
-        } else {
-            auto parentHandle = mHandles[newParentId];
-            transactions.back().states.front().state.parentSurfaceControlForChild =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(), parentHandle,
-                                             static_cast<int32_t>(newParentId), "Test");
-        }
+        transactions.back().states.front().parentId = newParentId;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eReparent;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
+        transactions.back().states.front().relativeParentId = UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID;
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
+        return transactions;
+    }
+
+    void reparentLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t newParentId) {
+        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(reparentLayerTransaction(id, newParentId));
+    }
+
+    std::vector<TransactionState> relativeLayerTransaction(uint32_t id, uint32_t relativeParentId) {
+        std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+        transactions.emplace_back();
+        transactions.back().states.push_back({});
+        transactions.back().states.front().relativeParentId = relativeParentId;
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged;
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
+        return transactions;
     }
 
     void reparentRelativeLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t relativeParentId) {
+        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(relativeLayerTransaction(id, relativeParentId));
+    }
+
+    void removeRelativeZ(uint32_t id) {
         std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
         transactions.emplace_back();
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-
-        if (relativeParentId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
-            transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
-        } else {
-            auto parentHandle = mHandles[relativeParentId];
-            transactions.back().states.front().state.relativeLayerSurfaceControl =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(), parentHandle,
-                                             static_cast<int32_t>(relativeParentId), "test");
-            transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged;
-        }
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
 
-    virtual void mirrorLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parent, uint32_t layerToMirror) {
-        auto parentHandle = (parent == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) ? nullptr : mHandles[parent];
-        auto mirrorHandle =
-                (layerToMirror == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) ? nullptr : mHandles[layerToMirror];
-
-        sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        mHandles[id] = handle;
+    virtual void mirrorLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId, uint32_t layerIdToMirror) {
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>> layers;
         layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(
-                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false, /*parent=*/parentHandle,
-                           /*mirror=*/mHandles[layerToMirror])));
+                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false, /*parent=*/parentId,
+                           /*mirror=*/layerIdToMirror)));
         mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
     }
 
@@ -172,8 +163,8 @@
         transactions.emplace_back();
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColorAlpha = alpha;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColor.a = alpha;
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
 
@@ -196,16 +187,19 @@
                 mLifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy));
     }
 
-    void setZ(uint32_t id, int32_t z) {
+    std::vector<TransactionState> setZTransaction(uint32_t id, int32_t z) {
         std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
         transactions.emplace_back();
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
 
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(id);
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.z = z;
-        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
+        return transactions;
+    }
+
+    void setZ(uint32_t id, int32_t z) {
+        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(setZTransaction(id, z));
     }
 
     void setCrop(uint32_t id, const Rect& crop) {
@@ -214,8 +208,7 @@
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
 
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eCropChanged;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(id);
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.crop = crop;
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
@@ -228,8 +221,7 @@
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eFlagsChanged;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.flags = flags;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.mask = mask;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(id);
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
 
@@ -239,8 +231,7 @@
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
 
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eAlphaChanged;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(id);
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.color.a = static_cast<half>(alpha);
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
@@ -257,8 +248,7 @@
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eColorChanged;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.color.rgb = rgb;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(id);
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
 
@@ -268,14 +258,27 @@
         transactions.back().states.push_back({});
 
         transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerStackChanged;
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[id];
-        transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(id);
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
         transactions.back().states.front().state.layerStack = ui::LayerStack::fromValue(layerStack);
         mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     }
 
+    void setTouchableRegion(uint32_t id, Region region) {
+        std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
+        transactions.emplace_back();
+        transactions.back().states.push_back({});
+
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eInputInfoChanged;
+        transactions.back().states.front().layerId = id;
+        transactions.back().states.front().state.windowInfoHandle =
+                sp<gui::WindowInfoHandle>::make();
+        auto inputInfo = transactions.back().states.front().state.windowInfoHandle->editInfo();
+        inputInfo->touchableRegion = region;
+        inputInfo->token = sp<BBinder>::make();
+        mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
+    }
+
     LayerLifecycleManager mLifecycleManager;
-    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<LayerHandle>> mHandles;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
index 8397f8d..b767276 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerHistoryTest.cpp
@@ -112,7 +112,8 @@
                                Fps desiredRefreshRate, int numFrames) {
         LayerHistory::Summary summary;
         for (int i = 0; i < numFrames; i++) {
-            history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+            history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                             LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
             time += frameRate.getPeriodNsecs();
 
             summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
@@ -155,7 +156,8 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(summarizeLayerHistory(time).empty());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
 
-    history().record(layer.get(), 0, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     history().setDefaultFrameRateCompatibility(layer.get(), true /* contentDetectionEnabled */);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(summarizeLayerHistory(time).empty());
@@ -177,7 +179,8 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(summarizeLayerHistory(time).empty());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, activeLayerCount());
 
-    history().record(layer.get(), 0, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     history().setDefaultFrameRateCompatibility(layer.get(), true /* contentDetectionEnabled */);
 
     auto summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
@@ -205,7 +208,8 @@
 
     // Max returned if active layers have insufficient history.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE - 1; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), 0, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
         EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
         EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -214,7 +218,8 @@
 
     // Max is returned since we have enough history but there is no timestamp votes.
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), 0, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
         EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
         EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -232,7 +237,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
 
-    history().record(layer.get(), 0, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     auto summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     // Layer is still considered inactive so we expect to get Min
@@ -240,7 +246,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillRepeatedly(Return(false));
-    history().record(layer.get(), 0, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     EXPECT_TRUE(summarizeLayerHistory(time).empty());
@@ -257,7 +264,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += LO_FPS_PERIOD;
     }
 
@@ -280,7 +288,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
     }
 
@@ -307,7 +316,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
     }
 
@@ -335,7 +345,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += LO_FPS_PERIOD;
     }
 
@@ -363,7 +374,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
     }
 
@@ -395,7 +407,8 @@
 
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
     }
 
@@ -441,7 +454,8 @@
 
     // layer1 is active but infrequent.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer1.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer1->getSequence(), layer1->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
         summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     }
@@ -453,13 +467,15 @@
 
     // layer2 is frequent and has high refresh rate.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer2.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer2->getSequence(), layer2->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
         summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     }
 
     // layer1 is still active but infrequent.
-    history().record(layer1.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer1->getSequence(), layer1->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(2, summary.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Min, summary[0].vote);
@@ -472,7 +488,8 @@
     // layer1 is no longer active.
     // layer2 is frequent and has low refresh rate.
     for (int i = 0; i < 2 * PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer2.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer2->getSequence(), layer2->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += LO_FPS_PERIOD;
         summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     }
@@ -488,10 +505,12 @@
     constexpr int RATIO = LO_FPS_PERIOD / HI_FPS_PERIOD;
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE - 1; i++) {
         if (i % RATIO == 0) {
-            history().record(layer2.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+            history().record(layer2->getSequence(), layer2->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                             LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         }
 
-        history().record(layer3.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer3->getSequence(), layer3->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
         summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     }
@@ -504,7 +523,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(2, frequentLayerCount(time));
 
     // layer3 becomes recently active.
-    history().record(layer3.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer3->getSequence(), layer3->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     ASSERT_EQ(2, summary.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic, summary[0].vote);
@@ -530,7 +550,8 @@
     // layer2 still has low refresh rate.
     // layer3 becomes inactive.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer2.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer2->getSequence(), layer2->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += LO_FPS_PERIOD;
         summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     }
@@ -551,7 +572,8 @@
 
     // layer3 becomes active and has high refresh rate.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE + FREQUENT_LAYER_WINDOW_SIZE + 1; i++) {
-        history().record(layer3.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer3->getSequence(), layer3->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
         summary = summarizeLayerHistory(time);
     }
@@ -582,7 +604,8 @@
 
     // the very first updates makes the layer frequent
     for (int i = 0; i < FREQUENT_LAYER_WINDOW_SIZE - 1; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
 
         EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
@@ -593,7 +616,8 @@
     }
 
     // the next update with the MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS will get us to infrequent
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
 
     EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
@@ -607,7 +631,8 @@
 
     // Now even if we post a quick few frame we should stay infrequent
     for (int i = 0; i < FREQUENT_LAYER_WINDOW_SIZE - 1; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
 
         EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
@@ -618,7 +643,8 @@
     }
 
     // More quick frames will get us to frequent again
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     time += HI_FPS_PERIOD;
 
     EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
@@ -645,9 +671,10 @@
     nsecs_t time = systemTime();
 
     // Post a buffer to the layers to make them active
-    history().record(explicitVisiblelayer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
-    history().record(explicitInvisiblelayer.get(), time, time,
-                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(explicitVisiblelayer->getSequence(), explicitVisiblelayer->getLayerProps(),
+                     time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(explicitInvisiblelayer->getSequence(), explicitInvisiblelayer->getLayerProps(),
+                     time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     EXPECT_EQ(2, layerCount());
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
@@ -673,7 +700,8 @@
 
     // layer is active but infrequent.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
     }
 
@@ -684,7 +712,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
 
     // another update with the same cadence keep in infrequent
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
 
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
@@ -694,7 +723,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
 
     // an update as animation will immediately vote for Max
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::AnimationTX);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::AnimationTX);
     time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
 
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
@@ -719,7 +749,8 @@
 
     // Fill up the window with frequent updates
     for (int i = 0; i < FREQUENT_LAYER_WINDOW_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += (60_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
 
         EXPECT_EQ(1, layerCount());
@@ -731,7 +762,8 @@
 
     // posting a buffer after long inactivity should retain the layer as active
     time += std::chrono::nanoseconds(3s).count();
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Heuristic, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
     EXPECT_EQ(60_Hz, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].desiredRefreshRate);
@@ -741,9 +773,11 @@
 
     // posting more infrequent buffer should make the layer infrequent
     time += (MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS + 1ms).count();
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     time += (MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS + 1ms).count();
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Min, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
     EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -751,7 +785,8 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
 
     // posting another buffer should keep the layer infrequent
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Min, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
     EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -759,8 +794,10 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0, animatingLayerCount(time));
 
     // posting more buffers would mean starting of an animation, so making the layer frequent
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
     EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -769,7 +806,8 @@
 
     // posting a buffer after long inactivity should retain the layer as active
     time += std::chrono::nanoseconds(3s).count();
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
     EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -778,7 +816,8 @@
 
     // posting another buffer should keep the layer frequent
     time += (60_Hz).getPeriodNsecs();
-    history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1, summarizeLayerHistory(time).size());
     EXPECT_EQ(LayerHistory::LayerVoteType::Max, summarizeLayerHistory(time)[0].vote);
     EXPECT_EQ(1, activeLayerCount());
@@ -801,7 +840,8 @@
 
     // layer is active but infrequent.
     for (int i = 0; i < PRESENT_TIME_HISTORY_SIZE; i++) {
-        history().record(layer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
         time += MAX_FREQUENT_LAYER_PERIOD_NS.count();
     }
 
@@ -869,10 +909,10 @@
     const nsecs_t startTime = systemTime();
 
     const std::chrono::nanoseconds heuristicUpdateDelta = 41'666'667ns;
-    history().record(heuristicLayer.get(), startTime, startTime,
-                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
-    history().record(infrequentLayer.get(), startTime, startTime,
-                     LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(heuristicLayer->getSequence(), heuristicLayer->getLayerProps(), startTime,
+                     startTime, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history().record(infrequentLayer->getSequence(), heuristicLayer->getLayerProps(), startTime,
+                     startTime, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     nsecs_t time = startTime;
     nsecs_t lastInfrequentUpdate = startTime;
@@ -880,14 +920,15 @@
     int infrequentLayerUpdates = 0;
     while (infrequentLayerUpdates <= totalInfrequentLayerUpdates) {
         time += heuristicUpdateDelta.count();
-        history().record(heuristicLayer.get(), time, time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+        history().record(heuristicLayer->getSequence(), heuristicLayer->getLayerProps(), time, time,
+                         LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
         if (time - lastInfrequentUpdate >= infrequentUpdateDelta.count()) {
             ALOGI("submitting infrequent frame [%d/%d]", infrequentLayerUpdates,
                   totalInfrequentLayerUpdates);
             lastInfrequentUpdate = time;
-            history().record(infrequentLayer.get(), time, time,
-                             LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+            history().record(infrequentLayer->getSequence(), infrequentLayer->getLayerProps(), time,
+                             time, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
             infrequentLayerUpdates++;
         }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerLifecycleManagerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerLifecycleManagerTest.cpp
index 89440a6..14b8e4b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerLifecycleManagerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerLifecycleManagerTest.cpp
@@ -17,25 +17,14 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
-#include "Layer.h"
-#include "gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h"
+#include "LayerHierarchyTest.h"
+#include "TransactionState.h"
 
 using namespace android::surfaceflinger;
 
 namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend {
 
-namespace {
-LayerCreationArgs createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, wp<IBinder> parent, wp<IBinder> mirror) {
-    LayerCreationArgs args(nullptr, nullptr, "testlayer", 0, {}, std::make_optional(id));
-    args.addToRoot = canBeRoot;
-    args.parentHandle = parent;
-    args.mirrorLayerHandle = mirror;
-    return args;
-}
-} // namespace
-
 // To run test:
 /**
  mp :libsurfaceflinger_unittest && adb sync; adb shell \
@@ -66,69 +55,24 @@
     std::unordered_set<uint32_t> mActualLayersDestroyed;
 };
 
-class LayerLifecycleManagerTest : public testing::Test {
+class LayerLifecycleManagerTest : public LayerHierarchyTestBase {
 protected:
     std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState> rootLayer(uint32_t id) {
-        return std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(
-                createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/true, /*parent=*/nullptr, /*mirror=*/nullptr));
+        return std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/true,
+                                                                /*parent=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                                                                /*mirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID));
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState> childLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId) {
-        mHandles[parentId] = sp<LayerHandle>::make(parentId);
         return std::make_unique<RequestedLayerState>(createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false,
-                                                                /*parent=*/mHandles[parentId],
-                                                                /*mirror=*/nullptr));
-    }
-
-    TransactionState reparentLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t newParentId) {
-        TransactionState transaction;
-        transaction.states.push_back({});
-
-        if (newParentId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
-            transaction.states.front().state.parentSurfaceControlForChild = nullptr;
-        } else {
-            transaction.states.front().state.parentSurfaceControlForChild =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(),
-                                             sp<LayerHandle>::make(newParentId),
-                                             static_cast<int32_t>(newParentId), "Test");
-        }
-        transaction.states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eReparent;
-        transaction.states.front().state.surface = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        return transaction;
-    }
-
-    TransactionState setLayer(uint32_t id, int32_t z) {
-        TransactionState transaction;
-        transaction.states.push_back({});
-        transaction.states.front().state.z = z;
-        transaction.states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
-        transaction.states.front().state.surface = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        return transaction;
-    }
-
-    TransactionState makeRelative(uint32_t id, uint32_t relativeParentId) {
-        TransactionState transaction;
-        transaction.states.push_back({});
-
-        if (relativeParentId == UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID) {
-            transaction.states.front().state.relativeLayerSurfaceControl = nullptr;
-        } else {
-            transaction.states.front().state.relativeLayerSurfaceControl =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(),
-                                             sp<LayerHandle>::make(relativeParentId),
-                                             static_cast<int32_t>(relativeParentId), "Test");
-        }
-        transaction.states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eRelativeLayerChanged;
-        transaction.states.front().state.surface = sp<LayerHandle>::make(id);
-        return transaction;
+                                                                parentId,
+                                                                /*mirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID));
     }
 
     RequestedLayerState* getRequestedLayerState(LayerLifecycleManager& lifecycleManager,
                                                 uint32_t layerId) {
         return lifecycleManager.getLayerFromId(layerId);
     }
-
-    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, sp<LayerHandle>> mHandles;
 };
 
 TEST_F(LayerLifecycleManagerTest, addLayers) {
@@ -153,16 +97,7 @@
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RequestedLayerState>> layers;
     layers.emplace_back(rootLayer(1));
     lifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
-
-    std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
-    transactions.emplace_back();
-    transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.z = 2;
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
-    sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(1u);
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = handle;
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
-    transactions.clear();
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(setZTransaction(1, 2));
 
     auto& managedLayers = lifecycleManager.getLayers();
     ASSERT_EQ(managedLayers.size(), 1u);
@@ -177,11 +112,12 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(managedLayers.front()->changes.test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Z));
 
     // apply transactions that do not affect the hierarchy
+    std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
     transactions.emplace_back();
     transactions.back().states.push_back({});
     transactions.back().states.front().state.backgroundBlurRadius = 22;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eBackgroundBlurRadiusChanged;
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = handle;
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 1;
     lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     EXPECT_FALSE(lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy));
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
@@ -232,7 +168,7 @@
     listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2, 3});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
 
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({reparentLayer(3, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(reparentLayerTransaction(3, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID));
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
     listener->expectLayersAdded({});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
@@ -257,7 +193,7 @@
     listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2, 3, 4});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
 
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({reparentLayer(3, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(reparentLayerTransaction(3, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID));
     lifecycleManager.onHandlesDestroyed({3});
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
     listener->expectLayersAdded({});
@@ -278,7 +214,7 @@
     listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2, 3, 4});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
 
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({reparentLayer(3, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(reparentLayerTransaction(3, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID));
     lifecycleManager.onHandlesDestroyed({3, 4});
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
     listener->expectLayersAdded({});
@@ -300,9 +236,9 @@
     listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2, 3, 4});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
 
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({makeRelative(4, 1)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(relativeLayerTransaction(4, 1));
     EXPECT_TRUE(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 4)->isRelativeOf);
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({reparentLayer(4, 2)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(reparentLayerTransaction(4, 2));
     EXPECT_TRUE(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 4)->isRelativeOf);
 
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
@@ -325,9 +261,9 @@
     listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2, 3, 4});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
 
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({makeRelative(4, 1)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(relativeLayerTransaction(4, 1));
     EXPECT_TRUE(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 4)->isRelativeOf);
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({reparentLayer(4, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(reparentLayerTransaction(4, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID));
     EXPECT_FALSE(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 4)->isRelativeOf);
 
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
@@ -350,9 +286,9 @@
     listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2, 3, 4});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
 
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({makeRelative(4, 1)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(relativeLayerTransaction(4, 1));
     EXPECT_TRUE(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 4)->isRelativeOf);
-    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions({setLayer(4, 1)});
+    lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(setZTransaction(4, 1));
     EXPECT_FALSE(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 4)->isRelativeOf);
 
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
@@ -372,10 +308,9 @@
     std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
     transactions.emplace_back();
     transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColorAlpha = 0.5;
+    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColor.a = 0.5;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged;
-    sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(1u);
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = handle;
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 1;
     lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
 
     auto& managedLayers = lifecycleManager.getLayers();
@@ -383,9 +318,10 @@
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy));
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2});
+    auto bgLayerId = LayerCreationArgs::getInternalLayerId(1);
+    listener->expectLayersAdded({1, bgLayerId});
     listener->expectLayersDestroyed({});
-    EXPECT_EQ(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, 2)->color.a, 0.5_hf);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getRequestedLayerState(lifecycleManager, bgLayerId)->color.a, 0.5_hf);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerLifecycleManagerTest, canDestroyBackgroundLayer) {
@@ -400,15 +336,14 @@
     std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
     transactions.emplace_back();
     transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColorAlpha = 0.5;
+    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColor.a = 0.5;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged;
-    sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(1u);
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = handle;
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 1;
     transactions.emplace_back();
     transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColorAlpha = 0;
+    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColor.a = 0;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged;
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = handle;
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 1;
 
     lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
 
@@ -417,8 +352,9 @@
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy));
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2});
-    listener->expectLayersDestroyed({2});
+    auto bgLayerId = LayerCreationArgs::getInternalLayerId(1);
+    listener->expectLayersAdded({1, bgLayerId});
+    listener->expectLayersDestroyed({bgLayerId});
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerLifecycleManagerTest, onParentDestroyDestroysBackgroundLayer) {
@@ -433,10 +369,9 @@
     std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
     transactions.emplace_back();
     transactions.back().states.push_back({});
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColorAlpha = 0.5;
+    transactions.back().states.front().state.bgColor.a = 0.5;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eBackgroundColorChanged;
-    sp<LayerHandle> handle = sp<LayerHandle>::make(1u);
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = handle;
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 1;
     transactions.emplace_back();
     lifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     lifecycleManager.onHandlesDestroyed({1});
@@ -446,8 +381,9 @@
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(lifecycleManager.getGlobalChanges().test(RequestedLayerState::Changes::Hierarchy));
     lifecycleManager.commitChanges();
-    listener->expectLayersAdded({1, 2});
-    listener->expectLayersDestroyed({1, 2});
+    auto bgLayerId = LayerCreationArgs::getInternalLayerId(1);
+    listener->expectLayersAdded({1, bgLayerId});
+    listener->expectLayersDestroyed({1, bgLayerId});
 }
 
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
index aa6a14e..b8c4781 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -17,11 +17,9 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "FrontEnd/LayerHandle.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "FrontEnd/LayerSnapshotBuilder.h"
-#include "Layer.h"
 #include "LayerHierarchyTest.h"
 
 #define UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(BUILDER, ...)                                    \
@@ -75,14 +73,14 @@
             mHierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager.getLayers(),
                                      mLifecycleManager.getDestroyedLayers());
         }
-        LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{
-                .root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
-                .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
-                .includeMetadata = false,
-                .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
-                .displayChanges = hasDisplayChanges,
-                .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
-        };
+        LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
+                                        .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
+                                        .includeMetadata = false,
+                                        .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                                        .displayChanges = hasDisplayChanges,
+                                        .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
+                                        .supportedLayerGenericMetadata = {},
+                                        .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = {}};
         actualBuilder.update(args);
 
         // rebuild layer snapshots from scratch and verify that it matches the updated state.
@@ -100,6 +98,9 @@
     }
 
     LayerSnapshot* getSnapshot(uint32_t layerId) { return mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(layerId); }
+    LayerSnapshot* getSnapshot(const LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath path) {
+        return mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshot(path);
+    }
 
     LayerHierarchyBuilder mHierarchyBuilder{{}};
     LayerSnapshotBuilder mSnapshotBuilder;
@@ -111,23 +112,25 @@
                                                                   122, 1221, 13,  2};
 
 TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, buildSnapshot) {
-    LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{
-            .root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
-            .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
-            .includeMetadata = false,
-            .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
-            .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
-    };
+    LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
+                                    .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
+                                    .includeMetadata = false,
+                                    .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                                    .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
+                                    .supportedLayerGenericMetadata = {},
+                                    .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = {}};
     LayerSnapshotBuilder builder(args);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, updateSnapshot) {
-    LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{
-            .root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
-            .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
-            .includeMetadata = false,
-            .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
-            .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
+    LayerSnapshotBuilder::Args args{.root = mHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy(),
+                                    .layerLifecycleManager = mLifecycleManager,
+                                    .includeMetadata = false,
+                                    .displays = mFrontEndDisplayInfos,
+                                    .globalShadowSettings = globalShadowSettings,
+                                    .supportedLayerGenericMetadata = {},
+                                    .genericLayerMetadataKeyMap = {}
+
     };
 
     LayerSnapshotBuilder builder;
@@ -263,7 +266,7 @@
     transactions.back().states.front().state.what = layer_state_t::eMetadataChanged;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.metadata = LayerMetadata();
     transactions.back().states.front().state.metadata.setInt32(METADATA_GAME_MODE, 42);
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[1];
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 1;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(1);
     mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
@@ -292,8 +295,7 @@
             ANATIVEWINDOW_FRAME_RATE_EXACT;
     transactions.back().states.front().state.changeFrameRateStrategy =
             ANATIVEWINDOW_CHANGE_FRAME_RATE_ALWAYS;
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.surface = mHandles[11];
-    transactions.back().states.front().state.layerId = static_cast<int32_t>(11);
+    transactions.back().states.front().layerId = 11;
     mLifecycleManager.applyTransactions(transactions);
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
 
@@ -320,7 +322,7 @@
 // └── 2
 // ROOT (DISPLAY 1)
 // └── 3 (mirrors display 0)
-TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, displayMirrorRespects) {
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, displayMirrorRespectsLayerSkipScreenshotFlag) {
     setFlags(12, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
     createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
     setLayerStack(3, 1);
@@ -329,4 +331,96 @@
     UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
 }
 
+// ROOT (DISPLAY 0)
+// ├── 1
+// │   ├── 11
+// │   │   └── 111
+// │   └── 13
+// └── 2
+// ROOT (DISPLAY 3)
+// └── 3 (mirrors display 0)
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, mirrorLayerGetsCorrectLayerStack) {
+    reparentLayer(12, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+    createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
+    setLayerStack(3, 3);
+    createDisplayMirrorLayer(4, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
+    setLayerStack(4, 4);
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {4,   1,  11, 111, 13, 2,   3,  1, 11,
+                                      111, 13, 2,  1,   11, 111, 13, 2};
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111, .mirrorRootId = 3})->outputFilter.layerStack.id, 3u);
+    EXPECT_EQ(getSnapshot({.id = 111, .mirrorRootId = 4})->outputFilter.layerStack.id, 4u);
+}
+
+// ROOT (DISPLAY 0)
+// ├── 1 (crop 50x50)
+// │   ├── 11
+// │   │   └── 111
+// │   └── 13
+// └── 2
+// ROOT (DISPLAY 3)
+// └── 3 (mirrors display 0) (crop 100x100)
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, mirrorLayerTouchIsCroppedByMirrorRoot) {
+    reparentLayer(12, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID);
+    createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
+    setLayerStack(3, 3);
+    setCrop(1, Rect{50, 50});
+    setCrop(3, Rect{100, 100});
+    setCrop(111, Rect{200, 200});
+    Region touch{Rect{0, 0, 1000, 1000}};
+    setTouchableRegion(111, touch);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {3, 1, 11, 111, 13, 2, 1, 11, 111, 13, 2};
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111})->inputInfo.touchableRegion.hasSameRects(touch));
+    Region touchCroppedByMirrorRoot{Rect{0, 0, 50, 50}};
+    EXPECT_TRUE(getSnapshot({.id = 111, .mirrorRootId = 3})
+                        ->inputInfo.touchableRegion.hasSameRects(touchCroppedByMirrorRoot));
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, canRemoveDisplayMirror) {
+    setFlags(12, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot, layer_state_t::eLayerSkipScreenshot);
+    createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
+    setLayerStack(3, 1);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {3, 1, 11, 111, 13, 2, 1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13, 2};
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
+    destroyLayerHandle(3);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, cleanUpUnreachableSnapshotsAfterMirroring) {
+    size_t startingNumSnapshots = mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size();
+    createDisplayMirrorLayer(3, ui::LayerStack::fromValue(0));
+    setLayerStack(3, 1);
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {3, 1,  11,  111, 12,  121, 122,  1221, 13, 2,
+                                      1, 11, 111, 12,  121, 122, 1221, 13,   2};
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
+    destroyLayerHandle(3);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(startingNumSnapshots, mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size());
+}
+
+// Rel z doesn't create duplicate snapshots but this is for completeness
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, cleanUpUnreachableSnapshotsAfterRelZ) {
+    size_t startingNumSnapshots = mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size();
+    reparentRelativeLayer(13, 11);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, {1, 11, 13, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 2});
+    setZ(13, 0);
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, STARTING_ZORDER);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(startingNumSnapshots, mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LayerSnapshotTest, cleanUpUnreachableSnapshotsAfterLayerDestruction) {
+    size_t startingNumSnapshots = mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size();
+    destroyLayerHandle(2);
+    destroyLayerHandle(122);
+
+    std::vector<uint32_t> expected = {1, 11, 111, 12, 121, 122, 1221, 13};
+    UPDATE_AND_VERIFY(mSnapshotBuilder, expected);
+
+    EXPECT_LE(startingNumSnapshots - 2, mSnapshotBuilder.getSnapshots().size());
+}
+
 } // namespace android::surfaceflinger::frontend
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp
index ee42e19..803e807 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -16,15 +16,8 @@
 
 #include "LayerTestUtils.h"
 
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-
 namespace android {
 
-using testing::_;
-using testing::Return;
-
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
-
 sp<Layer> BufferStateLayerFactory::createLayer(TestableSurfaceFlinger& flinger) {
     sp<Client> client;
     LayerCreationArgs args(flinger.flinger(), client, "buffer-state-layer", LAYER_FLAGS,
@@ -44,36 +37,7 @@
 }
 
 BaseLayerTest::BaseLayerTest() {
-    setupScheduler();
-}
-
-void BaseLayerTest::setupScheduler() {
-    auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-    auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                            std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread),
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::kTwoDisplayModes);
+    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
 }
 
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.h
index ab446fa..0773d90 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/LayerTestUtils.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@
 protected:
     BaseLayerTest();
 
-    void setupScheduler();
-
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index 7aa5201..8f1b450 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@
 
 struct MessageQueueTest : testing::Test {
     void SetUp() override {
-        EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, registerCallback(_, "sf")).WillOnce(Return(mCallbackToken));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, registerCallback(_, "sf")).WillOnce(Return(mCallbackToken));
         EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.initVsync(mVSyncDispatch, mTokenManager, kDuration));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, unregisterCallback(mCallbackToken)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, unregisterCallback(mCallbackToken)).Times(1);
     }
 
-    mock::VSyncDispatch mVSyncDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<mock::VSyncDispatch> mVSyncDispatch = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>();
     MockTokenManager mTokenManager;
     TestableMessageQueue mEventQueue;
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
     EXPECT_FALSE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
     EXPECT_EQ(1234, mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime()->time_since_epoch().count());
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(4567));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(4567));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(1234));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
                                                      .earliestVsync = kPresentTime.ns()};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timingAfterCallback)).WillOnce(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timingAfterCallback)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 }
 
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
                                                      .earliestVsync = 0};
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timing)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
index aafc323..d08e12c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/OneShotTimerTest.cpp
@@ -224,7 +224,8 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mResetTimerCallback.waitForUnexpectedCall().has_value());
 }
 
-TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, noCallbacksAfterStopAndResetTest) {
+// TODO(b/186417847) This test is flaky. Reenable once fixed.
+TEST_F(OneShotTimerTest, DISABLED_noCallbacksAfterStopAndResetTest) {
     fake::FakeClock* clock = new fake::FakeClock();
     mIdleTimer = std::make_unique<scheduler::OneShotTimer>("TestTimer", 1ms,
                                                            mResetTimerCallback.getInvocable(),
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
index f4d052d..63ed87b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/RefreshRateSelectorTest.cpp
@@ -1455,6 +1455,24 @@
         lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 29.97 Hz";
         EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60Frac, selector.getBestFrameRateMode(layers)->getId());
     }
+
+    // Test that 29.97 will choose 30 if 59.94 is not supported
+    {
+        auto selector = createSelector(makeModes(kMode30, kMode60), kModeId60);
+
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 29.97_Hz;
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 29.97 Hz";
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId30, selector.getBestFrameRateMode(layers)->getId());
+    }
+
+    // Test that 59.94 will choose 60 if 59.94 is not supported
+    {
+        auto selector = createSelector(makeModes(kMode60, kMode30Frac, kMode30), kModeId60);
+
+        lr.desiredRefreshRate = 59.94_Hz;
+        lr.name = "ExplicitExactOrMultiple 59.94 Hz";
+        EXPECT_EQ(kModeId60, selector.getBestFrameRateMode(layers)->getId());
+    }
 }
 
 TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, getBestFrameRateMode_ExplicitExact_WithFractionalRefreshRates) {
@@ -2981,6 +2999,12 @@
     layers[0].name = "Test layer";
     layers[0].vote = LayerVoteType::Min;
     EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode60, 60_Hz, selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
+
+    constexpr FpsRanges kCappedAt60 = {{30_Hz, 90_Hz}, {30_Hz, 60_Hz}};
+    EXPECT_EQ(SetPolicyResult::Changed,
+              selector.setDisplayManagerPolicy(
+                      {DisplayModeId(kModeId60), kCappedAt60, kCappedAt60}));
+    EXPECT_FRAME_RATE_MODE(kMode60, 60_Hz, selector.getBestScoredFrameRate(layers).frameRateMode);
 }
 
 TEST_P(RefreshRateSelectorTest, frameRateIsCappedByPolicy) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
index 4b15385..dc76b4c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SchedulerTest.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -122,12 +123,6 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onHotplugReceived(_, _)).Times(0);
     mScheduler->onHotplugReceived(handle, kDisplayId1, false);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(0);
-    mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(handle);
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(0);
-    mScheduler->onScreenReleased(handle);
-
     std::string output;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, dump(_)).Times(0);
     mScheduler->dump(handle, output);
@@ -147,12 +142,6 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onHotplugReceived(kDisplayId1, false)).Times(1);
     mScheduler->onHotplugReceived(mConnectionHandle, kDisplayId1, false);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(1);
-    mScheduler->onScreenAcquired(mConnectionHandle);
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(1);
-    mScheduler->onScreenReleased(mConnectionHandle);
-
     std::string output("dump");
     EXPECT_CALL(*mEventThread, dump(output)).Times(1);
     mScheduler->dump(mConnectionHandle, output);
@@ -172,11 +161,12 @@
 
     // recordLayerHistory should be a noop
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
-    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0,
+                                   LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
 
     constexpr hal::PowerMode kPowerModeOn = hal::PowerMode::ON;
-    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kPowerModeOn);
+    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kDisplayId1, kPowerModeOn));
 
     constexpr uint32_t kDisplayArea = 999'999;
     mScheduler->onActiveDisplayAreaChanged(kDisplayArea);
@@ -196,7 +186,8 @@
                                                                       kDisplay1Mode60->getId()));
 
     ASSERT_EQ(0u, mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
-    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0,
+                                   LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
     ASSERT_EQ(1u, mScheduler->getNumActiveLayers());
 }
 
@@ -245,10 +236,11 @@
     const sp<MockLayer> layer = sp<MockLayer>::make(mFlinger.flinger());
     EXPECT_CALL(*layer, isVisible()).WillOnce(Return(true));
 
-    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer.get(), 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    mScheduler->recordLayerHistory(layer->getSequence(), layer->getLayerProps(), 0,
+                                   LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     constexpr hal::PowerMode kPowerModeOn = hal::PowerMode::ON;
-    mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kPowerModeOn);
+    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mScheduler->setDisplayPowerMode(kDisplayId1, kPowerModeOn));
 
     constexpr uint32_t kDisplayArea = 999'999;
     mScheduler->onActiveDisplayAreaChanged(kDisplayArea);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
index 6adcd52..44ab569 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SetFrameRateTest.cpp
@@ -380,8 +380,10 @@
     commitTransaction();
 
     auto& history = mFlinger.mutableScheduler().mutableLayerHistory();
-    history.record(parent.get(), 0, 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
-    history.record(child.get(), 0, 0, LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history.record(parent->getSequence(), parent->getLayerProps(), 0, 0,
+                   LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
+    history.record(child->getSequence(), child->getLayerProps(), 0, 0,
+                   LayerHistory::LayerUpdateType::Buffer);
 
     const auto selectorPtr = mFlinger.mutableScheduler().refreshRateSelector();
     const auto summary = history.summarize(*selectorPtr, 0);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
index 43af595..e176546 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_DisplayModeSwitching.cpp
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         mFlinger.configureAndCommit();
 
         mDisplay = PrimaryDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this)
-                           .setDisplayModes(kModes, kModeId60, std::move(selectorPtr))
+                           .setRefreshRateSelector(std::move(selectorPtr))
                            .inject();
 
         // isVsyncPeriodSwitchSupported should return true, otherwise the SF's HWC proxy
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
                                                              ResyncCallback())));
 
     auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
+    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>();
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
     mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
                             std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread),
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                            std::move(selectorPtr));
+                            std::move(selectorPtr),
+                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp);
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, changeRefreshRate_OnActiveDisplay_WithRefreshRequired) {
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
-    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(*mDisplay);
+    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(), false, 0,
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 
     ASSERT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
 
-    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(*mDisplay);
+    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(), true, 0,
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
-    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(*mDisplay);
+    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90.value(), false, 0,
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
     ASSERT_FALSE(mDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode().has_value());
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
 
-    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(*mDisplay);
+    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *mDisplay);
 
     mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(mDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
                                         mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId90_4K.value(), false, 0,
@@ -284,9 +284,43 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(mDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90_4K);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, multiDisplay) {
+MATCHER_P2(ModeSwitchingTo, flinger, modeId, "") {
+    if (!arg->getDesiredActiveMode()) {
+        *result_listener << "No desired active mode";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (arg->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
+        *result_listener << "Unexpected desired active mode " << modeId;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!flinger->scheduler()->vsyncModulator().isVsyncConfigEarly()) {
+        *result_listener << "VsyncModulator did not shift to early phase";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+MATCHER_P(ModeSettledTo, modeId, "") {
+    if (const auto desiredOpt = arg->getDesiredActiveMode()) {
+        *result_listener << "Unsettled desired active mode "
+                         << desiredOpt->modeOpt->modePtr->getId();
+        return false;
+    }
+
     ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
 
+    if (arg->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId() != modeId) {
+        *result_listener << "Settled to unexpected active mode " << modeId;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayModeSwitchingTest, multiDisplay) {
     constexpr HWDisplayId kInnerDisplayHwcId = PrimaryDisplayVariant::HWC_DISPLAY_ID;
     constexpr HWDisplayId kOuterDisplayHwcId = kInnerDisplayHwcId + 1;
 
@@ -309,13 +343,13 @@
 
     const auto& innerDisplay = mDisplay;
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(innerDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
-    EXPECT_EQ(outerDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
+    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(nullptr, *innerDisplay);
 
-    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(*innerDisplay);
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
 
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR,
               mFlinger.setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(innerDisplay->getDisplayToken().promote(),
@@ -327,12 +361,8 @@
                                                   mock::createDisplayModeSpecs(kModeId60.value(),
                                                                                false, 0.f, 120.f)));
 
-    // Transition on the inner display.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
-
-    // No transition on the outer display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
 
     const VsyncPeriodChangeTimeline timeline{.refreshRequired = true};
     EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
@@ -342,31 +372,18 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    // Transition on the inner display.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
-
-    // No transition on the outer display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    // Transition on the inner display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(innerDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId120));
 
-    // No transition on the outer display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(outerDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId120);
+    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(innerDisplay.get(), *outerDisplay);
 
-    mFlinger.onActiveDisplayChanged(*outerDisplay);
-
-    // No transition on the inner display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-
-    // Transition on the outer display.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
 
     EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer,
                 setActiveConfigWithConstraints(kOuterDisplayHwcId,
@@ -375,22 +392,13 @@
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    // No transition on the inner display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-
-    // Transition on the outer display.
-    ASSERT_TRUE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode()->modeOpt->modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSwitchingTo(&mFlinger, kModeId60));
 
     mFlinger.commit();
 
-    // No transition on the inner display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(innerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(innerDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId90);
-
-    // Transition on the outer display.
-    EXPECT_FALSE(outerDisplay->getDesiredActiveMode());
-    EXPECT_EQ(outerDisplay->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId(), kModeId60);
+    EXPECT_THAT(innerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId90));
+    EXPECT_THAT(outerDisplay, ModeSettledTo(kModeId60));
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HdrOutputControlTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HdrOutputControlTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2c54ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_HdrOutputControlTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <gui/AidlStatusUtil.h>
+#include <private/gui/ComposerService.h>
+#include <private/gui/ComposerServiceAIDL.h>
+
+#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionCapability;
+using aidl::android::hardware::graphics::common::HdrConversionStrategy;
+using GuiHdrConversionStrategyTag = gui::HdrConversionStrategy::Tag;
+using gui::aidl_utils::statusTFromBinderStatus;
+
+TEST(HdrOutputControlTest, testGetHdrOutputConversionSupport) {
+    sp<gui::ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService());
+
+    bool hdrOutputConversionSupport;
+    binder::Status status = sf->getHdrOutputConversionSupport(&hdrOutputConversionSupport);
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusTFromBinderStatus(status));
+}
+
+TEST(HdrOutputControlTest, testGetHdrConversionCapabilities) {
+    sp<gui::ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService());
+
+    bool hdrOutputConversionSupport;
+    binder::Status getSupportStatus =
+            sf->getHdrOutputConversionSupport(&hdrOutputConversionSupport);
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusTFromBinderStatus(getSupportStatus));
+
+    std::vector<gui::HdrConversionCapability> capabilities;
+    binder::Status status = sf->getHdrConversionCapabilities(&capabilities);
+
+    if (hdrOutputConversionSupport) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusTFromBinderStatus(status));
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, statusTFromBinderStatus(status));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(HdrOutputControlTest, testSetHdrConversionStrategy) {
+    sp<gui::ISurfaceComposer> sf(ComposerServiceAIDL::getComposerService());
+
+    bool hdrOutputConversionSupport;
+    binder::Status getSupportStatus =
+            sf->getHdrOutputConversionSupport(&hdrOutputConversionSupport);
+    ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusTFromBinderStatus(getSupportStatus));
+
+    std::vector<HdrConversionStrategy> strategies =
+            {HdrConversionStrategy(std::in_place_index<static_cast<size_t>(
+                                           GuiHdrConversionStrategyTag::passthrough)>),
+             HdrConversionStrategy(std::in_place_index<static_cast<size_t>(
+                                           GuiHdrConversionStrategyTag::autoAllowedHdrTypes)>),
+             HdrConversionStrategy(std::in_place_index<static_cast<size_t>(
+                                           GuiHdrConversionStrategyTag::forceHdrConversion)>)};
+    int32_t outPreferredHdrOutputType = 0;
+
+    for (HdrConversionStrategy strategy : strategies) {
+        binder::Status status = sf->setHdrConversionStrategy(&strategy, &outPreferredHdrOutputType);
+
+        if (hdrOutputConversionSupport) {
+            ASSERT_EQ(NO_ERROR, statusTFromBinderStatus(status));
+        } else {
+            ASSERT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, statusTFromBinderStatus(status));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
similarity index 86%
rename from services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
rename to services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
index f553a23..fc5f2b0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_OnInitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-class OnInitializeDisplaysTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
+class InitializeDisplaysTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
 
-TEST_F(OnInitializeDisplaysTest, onInitializeDisplaysSetsUpPrimaryDisplay) {
+TEST_F(InitializeDisplaysTest, commitsPrimaryDisplay) {
     using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -44,12 +44,15 @@
     // We expect a scheduled commit for the display transaction.
     EXPECT_CALL(*mFlinger.scheduler(), scheduleFrame()).Times(1);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+    EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(
+                        mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker()),
+                nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+            .WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Invocation
 
-    mFlinger.onInitializeDisplays();
+    FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger.initializeDisplays());
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Postconditions
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e38f56e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_MultiDisplayPacesetterTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
+
+#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace {
+
+struct MultiDisplayPacesetterTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
+    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
+    MultiDisplayPacesetterTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
+};
+
+TEST_F(MultiDisplayPacesetterTest, foldable) {
+    injectMockScheduler(InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get());
+
+    // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
+    sp<DisplayDevice> innerDisplay, outerDisplay;
+    constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
+    {
+        InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
+        auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+        injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
+        injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
+        innerDisplay = injector.inject();
+    }
+    {
+        OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
+        auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+        injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
+        outerDisplay = injector.inject();
+    }
+
+    // When the device boots, the inner display should be the pacesetter.
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+
+    // ...and should still be after powering on.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+
+    // The outer display should become the pacesetter after folding.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), outerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+
+    // The inner display should become the pacesetter after unfolding.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, PowerMode::OFF);
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(innerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+
+    // The inner display should stay the pacesetter if both are powered on.
+    // TODO(b/255635821): The pacesetter should depend on the displays' refresh rates.
+    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(outerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), innerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+
+    // The outer display should become the pacesetter if designated.
+    mFlinger.scheduler()->setPacesetterDisplay(outerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+    ASSERT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->pacesetterDisplayId(), outerDisplay->getPhysicalId());
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
index 622717f..7839ef0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,7 @@
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockPowerAdvisor.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
 #include "mock/MockTimeStats.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 #include "mock/system/window/MockNativeWindow.h"
 
 using namespace android;
@@ -53,8 +51,6 @@
 public:
     void SetUp() override;
 
-    void setupScheduler();
-
 protected:
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = new renderengine::mock::RenderEngine();
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@
 };
 
 void SurfaceFlingerPowerHintTest::SetUp() {
-    setupScheduler();
+    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler({.displayId = DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID});
     mComposer = new Hwc2::mock::Composer();
     mPowerAdvisor = new Hwc2::mock::PowerAdvisor();
     mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine));
@@ -96,39 +92,11 @@
                     .setDisplaySurface(mDisplaySurface)
                     .setNativeWindow(mNativeWindow)
                     .setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::ON)
+                    .setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector())
+                    .skipRegisterDisplay()
                     .inject();
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlingerPowerHintTest::setupScheduler() {
-    auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-    auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                            std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread),
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                            TestableSurfaceFlinger::kTwoDisplayModes);
-}
-
 TEST_F(SurfaceFlingerPowerHintTest, sendDurationsIncludingHwcWaitTime) {
     ON_CALL(*mPowerAdvisor, usePowerHintSession()).WillByDefault(Return(true));
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
index a0aaa68..7754c21 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_SetPowerModeInternalTest.cpp
@@ -59,54 +59,45 @@
 };
 
 struct EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
-    static void setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // The callback should not be notified to toggle VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_)).Times(0);
-
-        // The event thread should not be notified.
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(0);
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(0);
+    static void setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
+        // Expect no change to hardware nor synthetic VSYNC.
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, enableSyntheticVsync(_)).Times(0);
     }
 };
 
 struct EventThreadNotSupportedVariant : public EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
-    static void setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // These calls are only expected for the primary display.
-
-        // Instead expect no calls.
-        setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+    static void setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
+        setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
     }
 
-    static void setupReleaseAndDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // These calls are only expected for the primary display.
-
-        // Instead expect no calls.
-        setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+    static void setupDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
+        setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
     }
 };
 
 struct EventThreadIsSupportedVariant : public EventThreadBaseSupportedVariant {
-    static void setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // The callback should be notified to enable VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(true)).Times(1);
-
-        // The event thread should be notified that the screen was acquired.
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenAcquired()).Times(1);
+    static void setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
+        // Expect to enable hardware VSYNC and disable synthetic VSYNC.
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, true)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, enableSyntheticVsync(false)).Times(1);
     }
 
-    static void setupReleaseAndDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        // The callback should be notified to disable VSYNC.
-        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(false)).Times(1);
-
-        // The event thread should not be notified that the screen was released.
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, onScreenReleased()).Times(1);
+    static void setupDisableVsyncCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
+        // Expect to disable hardware VSYNC and enable synthetic VSYNC.
+        EXPECT_CALL(test->mFlinger.mockSchedulerCallback(), setVsyncEnabled(_, false)).Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mEventThread, enableSyntheticVsync(true)).Times(1);
     }
 };
 
 struct DispSyncIsSupportedVariant {
     static void setupResetModelCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mVsyncController, startPeriodTransition(DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD)).Times(1);
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mVSyncTracker, resetModel()).Times(1);
+        auto vsyncSchedule = test->mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule();
+        EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VsyncController&>(vsyncSchedule->getController()),
+                    startPeriodTransition(DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD, false))
+                .Times(1);
+        EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(vsyncSchedule->getTracker()), resetModel())
+                .Times(1);
     }
 };
 
@@ -133,7 +124,7 @@
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::ON);
-        Case::EventThread::setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
         Case::DispSync::setupResetModelCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupRepaintEverythingCallExpectations(test);
     }
@@ -148,7 +139,7 @@
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, Case::Doze::ACTUAL_POWER_MODE_FOR_DOZE_SUSPEND);
-        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupRepaintEverythingCallExpectations(test);
     }
 
@@ -160,7 +151,7 @@
 struct TransitionOnToOffVariant : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::ON, PowerMode::OFF> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupReleaseAndDisableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupDisableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::OFF);
     }
 
@@ -173,7 +164,7 @@
       : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND, PowerMode::OFF> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::OFF);
     }
 
@@ -185,7 +176,7 @@
 struct TransitionOnToDozeVariant : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::ON, PowerMode::DOZE> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, Case::Doze::ACTUAL_POWER_MODE_FOR_DOZE);
     }
 };
@@ -194,7 +185,7 @@
       : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND, PowerMode::DOZE> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
         Case::DispSync::setupResetModelCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, Case::Doze::ACTUAL_POWER_MODE_FOR_DOZE);
     }
@@ -203,7 +194,7 @@
 struct TransitionDozeToOnVariant : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::DOZE, PowerMode::ON> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::ON);
     }
 };
@@ -212,7 +203,7 @@
       : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND, PowerMode::ON> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupAcquireAndEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupEnableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
         Case::DispSync::setupResetModelCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, IComposerClient::PowerMode::ON);
     }
@@ -222,7 +213,7 @@
       : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::ON, PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupReleaseAndDisableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupDisableVsyncCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupComposerCallExpectations(test, Case::Doze::ACTUAL_POWER_MODE_FOR_DOZE_SUSPEND);
     }
 };
@@ -231,7 +222,7 @@
       : public TransitionVariantCommon<PowerMode::ON, static_cast<PowerMode>(POWER_MODE_LEET)> {
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncAndEventThreadNoCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::EventThread::setupVsyncNoCallExpectations(test);
         Case::setupNoComposerPowerModeCallExpectations(test);
     }
 };
@@ -262,8 +253,9 @@
         return display;
     }
 
-    static void setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(DisplayTransactionTest* test, bool enabled) {
-        test->mFlinger.scheduler()->setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(enabled);
+    static void setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(DisplayTransactionTest* test, PhysicalDisplayId id,
+                                         bool enabled) {
+        test->mFlinger.scheduler()->setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(id, enabled);
     }
 
     static void setupRepaintEverythingCallExpectations(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
@@ -329,9 +321,12 @@
     Case::Doze::setupComposerCallExpectations(this);
     auto display =
             Case::injectDisplayWithInitialPowerMode(this, Case::Transition::INITIAL_POWER_MODE);
-    Case::setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(this,
-                                   PowerModeInitialVSyncEnabled<
-                                           Case::Transition::INITIAL_POWER_MODE>::value);
+    auto displayId = display->getId();
+    if (auto physicalDisplayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(displayId)) {
+        Case::setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(this, *physicalDisplayId,
+                                       PowerModeInitialVSyncEnabled<
+                                               Case::Transition::INITIAL_POWER_MODE>::value);
+    }
 
     // --------------------------------------------------------------------
     // Call Expectations
@@ -484,38 +479,5 @@
     transitionDisplayCommon<ExternalDisplayPowerCase<TransitionOnToUnknownVariant>>();
 }
 
-// TODO(b/262417075)
-TEST_F(SetPowerModeInternalTest, DISABLED_designatesLeaderDisplay) {
-    using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
-
-    // Inject a primary display with uninitialized power mode.
-    constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
-    Case::Display::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-    auto injector = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-    injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-    const auto display = injector.inject();
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
-
-    // FakeDisplayDeviceInjector registers the display with Scheduler, so it has already been
-    // designated as the leader. Set an arbitrary leader to verify that `setPowerModeInternal`
-    // designates a leader regardless of any preceding `Scheduler::registerDisplay` call(s).
-    constexpr PhysicalDisplayId kPlaceholderId = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42);
-    ASSERT_NE(display->getPhysicalId(), kPlaceholderId);
-    mFlinger.scheduler()->setLeaderDisplay(kPlaceholderId);
-
-    mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(display, PowerMode::ON);
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
-
-    // The primary display should be designated as the leader.
-    EXPECT_EQ(mFlinger.scheduler()->leaderDisplayId(), display->getPhysicalId());
-}
-
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp
index fed6a1a..0e5f1ea 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_UpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest.cpp
@@ -3,47 +3,17 @@
 #include <gui/LayerMetadata.h>
 
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using testing::_;
 using testing::Return;
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
 
 class SurfaceFlingerUpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest : public testing::Test {
 public:
-    SurfaceFlingerUpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest() { setupScheduler(); }
+    SurfaceFlingerUpdateLayerMetadataSnapshotTest() { mFlinger.setupMockScheduler(); }
 
 protected:
-    void setupScheduler() {
-        auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-        auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-    }
-
     sp<Layer> createLayer(const char* name, LayerMetadata& inOutlayerMetadata) {
         LayerCreationArgs args =
                 LayerCreationArgs{mFlinger.flinger(), nullptr, name, 0, inOutlayerMetadata};
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index bd3f3ca..f1a5fc4 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -37,19 +37,16 @@
 public:
     TestableScheduler(RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : TestableScheduler(std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
-                              std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>(), std::move(selectorPtr),
+                              std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(), std::move(selectorPtr),
                               /* modulatorPtr */ nullptr, callback) {}
 
     TestableScheduler(std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
-                      std::unique_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                      std::shared_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
                       sp<VsyncModulator> modulatorPtr, ISchedulerCallback& callback)
           : Scheduler(*this, callback, Feature::kContentDetection, std::move(modulatorPtr)) {
-        mVsyncSchedule = std::unique_ptr<VsyncSchedule>(
-                new VsyncSchedule(std::move(tracker), std::make_unique<mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
-                                  std::move(controller)));
-
         const auto displayId = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getPhysicalDisplayId();
-        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr), std::move(controller),
+                        std::move(tracker));
 
         ON_CALL(*this, postMessage).WillByDefault([](sp<MessageHandler>&& handler) {
             // Execute task to prevent broken promise exception on destruction.
@@ -66,15 +63,28 @@
         return Scheduler::createConnection(std::move(eventThread));
     }
 
-    auto refreshRateSelector() { return leaderSelectorPtr(); }
+    auto refreshRateSelector() { return pacesetterSelectorPtr(); }
 
     const auto& refreshRateSelectors() const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
         return mRefreshRateSelectors;
     }
 
     void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+        registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                        std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>(),
+                        std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>());
+    }
+
+    void registerDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId, RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr,
+                         std::unique_ptr<VsyncController> controller,
+                         std::shared_ptr<VSyncTracker> tracker) {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        Scheduler::registerDisplay(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr));
+        Scheduler::registerDisplayInternal(displayId, std::move(selectorPtr),
+                                           std::shared_ptr<VsyncSchedule>(
+                                                   new VsyncSchedule(displayId, std::move(tracker),
+                                                                     std::make_shared<
+                                                                             mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
+                                                                     std::move(controller))));
     }
 
     void unregisterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
@@ -82,16 +92,16 @@
         Scheduler::unregisterDisplay(displayId);
     }
 
-    std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> leaderDisplayId() const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
-        return mLeaderDisplayId;
+    std::optional<PhysicalDisplayId> pacesetterDisplayId() const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+        return mPacesetterDisplayId;
     }
 
-    void setLeaderDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
+    void setPacesetterDisplay(PhysicalDisplayId displayId) {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        Scheduler::setLeaderDisplay(displayId);
+        Scheduler::setPacesetterDisplay(displayId);
     }
 
-    auto& mutableVsyncModulator() { return *mVsyncModulator; }
+    auto& mutableAppConnectionHandle() { return mAppConnectionHandle; }
     auto& mutableLayerHistory() { return mLayerHistory; }
 
     size_t layerHistorySize() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
@@ -150,10 +160,11 @@
         Scheduler::onNonPrimaryDisplayModeChanged(handle, mode);
     }
 
-    void setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(bool enabled) {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mVsyncSchedule->mHwVsyncLock);
-        mVsyncSchedule->mHwVsyncState = enabled ? VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Enabled
-                                                : VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Disabled;
+    void setInitialHwVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId id, bool enabled) {
+        auto schedule = getVsyncSchedule(id);
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(schedule->mHwVsyncLock);
+        schedule->mHwVsyncState = enabled ? VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Enabled
+                                          : VsyncSchedule::HwVsyncState::Disabled;
     }
 
 private:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 89a661f..fc9e653 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplaySurface.h>
 #include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <ftl/match.h>
 #include <gui/ScreenCaptureResults.h>
 
 #include <ui/DynamicDisplayInfo.h>
@@ -47,14 +48,12 @@
 #include "TestableScheduler.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockDisplayMode.h"
+#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
 #include "mock/MockFrameTimeline.h"
 #include "mock/MockFrameTracer.h"
 #include "mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h"
 
 namespace android {
-
-class EventThread;
-
 namespace renderengine {
 
 class RenderEngine;
@@ -151,6 +150,11 @@
     CreateCompositionEngineFunction mCreateCompositionEngine;
 };
 
+struct MockSchedulerOptions {
+    PhysicalDisplayId displayId = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(0);
+    bool useNiceMock = false;
+};
+
 } // namespace surfaceflinger::test
 
 class TestableSurfaceFlinger {
@@ -189,38 +193,31 @@
 
     enum class SchedulerCallbackImpl { kNoOp, kMock };
 
-    static constexpr struct OneDisplayMode {
-    } kOneDisplayMode;
+    struct DefaultDisplayMode {
+        // The ID of the injected RefreshRateSelector and its default display mode.
+        PhysicalDisplayId displayId;
+    };
 
-    static constexpr struct TwoDisplayModes {
-    } kTwoDisplayModes;
+    using RefreshRateSelectorPtr = scheduler::Scheduler::RefreshRateSelectorPtr;
 
-    using RefreshRateSelectorPtr = std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>;
-
-    using DisplayModesVariant =
-            std::variant<OneDisplayMode, TwoDisplayModes, RefreshRateSelectorPtr>;
+    using DisplayModesVariant = std::variant<DefaultDisplayMode, RefreshRateSelectorPtr>;
 
     void setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncController> vsyncController,
-                        std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
+                        std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VSyncTracker> vsyncTracker,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> appEventThread,
                         std::unique_ptr<EventThread> sfEventThread,
+                        DisplayModesVariant modesVariant,
                         SchedulerCallbackImpl callbackImpl = SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp,
-                        DisplayModesVariant modesVariant = kOneDisplayMode,
                         bool useNiceMock = false) {
-        RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr;
-        if (std::holds_alternative<RefreshRateSelectorPtr>(modesVariant)) {
-            selectorPtr = std::move(std::get<RefreshRateSelectorPtr>(modesVariant));
-        } else {
-            constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
-            DisplayModes modes = makeModes(mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId60, 60_Hz));
-
-            if (std::holds_alternative<TwoDisplayModes>(modesVariant)) {
-                constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId90{1};
-                modes.try_emplace(kModeId90, mock::createDisplayMode(kModeId90, 90_Hz));
-            }
-
-            selectorPtr = std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(modes, kModeId60);
-        }
+        RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr = ftl::match(
+                modesVariant,
+                [](DefaultDisplayMode arg) {
+                    constexpr DisplayModeId kModeId60{0};
+                    return std::make_shared<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector>(
+                            makeModes(mock::createDisplayMode(arg.displayId, kModeId60, 60_Hz)),
+                            kModeId60);
+                },
+                [](RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) { return selectorPtr; });
 
         const auto fps = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().fps;
         mFlinger->mVsyncConfiguration = mFactory.createVsyncConfiguration(fps);
@@ -253,13 +250,47 @@
                                                           std::move(modulatorPtr), callback);
         }
 
-        mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().getDispatch(), *mTokenManager, 0ms);
+        mScheduler->initVsync(mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule()->getDispatch(), *mTokenManager, 0ms);
 
-        mFlinger->mAppConnectionHandle = mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(appEventThread));
+        mScheduler->mutableAppConnectionHandle() =
+                mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(appEventThread));
+
+        mFlinger->mAppConnectionHandle = mScheduler->mutableAppConnectionHandle();
         mFlinger->mSfConnectionHandle = mScheduler->createConnection(std::move(sfEventThread));
         resetScheduler(mScheduler);
     }
 
+    void setupMockScheduler(test::MockSchedulerOptions options = {}) {
+        using testing::_;
+        using testing::Return;
+
+        auto eventThread = makeMock<mock::EventThread>(options.useNiceMock);
+        auto sfEventThread = makeMock<mock::EventThread>(options.useNiceMock);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
+                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
+                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
+                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
+                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
+                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
+                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
+
+        auto vsyncController = makeMock<mock::VsyncController>(options.useNiceMock);
+        auto vsyncTracker = makeSharedMock<mock::VSyncTracker>(options.useNiceMock);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
+                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
+        setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker), std::move(eventThread),
+                       std::move(sfEventThread), DefaultDisplayMode{options.displayId},
+                       SchedulerCallbackImpl::kNoOp, options.useNiceMock);
+    }
+
     void resetScheduler(scheduler::Scheduler* scheduler) { mFlinger->mScheduler.reset(scheduler); }
 
     scheduler::TestableScheduler& mutableScheduler() { return *mScheduler; }
@@ -388,10 +419,7 @@
         return mFlinger->setDisplayStateLocked(s);
     }
 
-    // Allow reading display state without locking, as if called on the SF main thread.
-    auto onInitializeDisplays() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
-        return mFlinger->onInitializeDisplays();
-    }
+    void initializeDisplays() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) { mFlinger->initializeDisplays(); }
 
     auto notifyPowerBoost(int32_t boostId) { return mFlinger->notifyPowerBoost(boostId); }
 
@@ -474,10 +502,11 @@
         return mFlinger->setDesiredDisplayModeSpecs(displayToken, specs);
     }
 
-    void onActiveDisplayChanged(const DisplayDevice& activeDisplay) {
+    void onActiveDisplayChanged(const DisplayDevice* inactiveDisplayPtr,
+                                const DisplayDevice& activeDisplay) {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mFlinger->mStateLock);
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(kMainThreadContext);
-        mFlinger->onActiveDisplayChangedLocked(nullptr, activeDisplay);
+        mFlinger->onActiveDisplayChangedLocked(inactiveDisplayPtr, activeDisplay);
     }
 
     auto createLayer(LayerCreationArgs& args, const sp<IBinder>& parentHandle,
@@ -773,16 +802,16 @@
             return mFlinger.mutableDisplays().get(mDisplayToken)->get();
         }
 
-        // If `selectorPtr` is nullptr, the injector creates RefreshRateSelector from the `modes`.
-        // Otherwise, it uses `selectorPtr`, which the caller must create using the same `modes`.
-        //
-        // TODO(b/182939859): Once `modes` can be retrieved from RefreshRateSelector, remove
-        // the `selectorPtr` parameter in favor of an alternative setRefreshRateSelector API.
-        auto& setDisplayModes(
-                DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId,
-                std::shared_ptr<scheduler::RefreshRateSelector> selectorPtr = nullptr) {
+        auto& setDisplayModes(DisplayModes modes, DisplayModeId activeModeId) {
             mDisplayModes = std::move(modes);
             mCreationArgs.activeModeId = activeModeId;
+            mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector = nullptr;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
+        auto& setRefreshRateSelector(RefreshRateSelectorPtr selectorPtr) {
+            mDisplayModes = selectorPtr->displayModes();
+            mCreationArgs.activeModeId = selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getId();
             mCreationArgs.refreshRateSelector = std::move(selectorPtr);
             return *this;
         }
@@ -824,6 +853,11 @@
             return *this;
         }
 
+        auto& skipRegisterDisplay() {
+            mRegisterDisplay = false;
+            return *this;
+        }
+
         sp<DisplayDevice> inject() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
             const auto displayId = mCreationArgs.compositionDisplay->getDisplayId();
 
@@ -887,7 +921,7 @@
                                                                       ui::ColorModes(),
                                                                       std::nullopt);
 
-                if (mFlinger.scheduler()) {
+                if (mFlinger.scheduler() && mRegisterDisplay) {
                     mFlinger.scheduler()->registerDisplay(physicalId,
                                                           display->holdRefreshRateSelector());
                 }
@@ -906,11 +940,22 @@
         sp<BBinder> mDisplayToken = sp<BBinder>::make();
         DisplayDeviceCreationArgs mCreationArgs;
         DisplayModes mDisplayModes;
+        bool mRegisterDisplay = true;
         const std::optional<ui::DisplayConnectionType> mConnectionType;
         const std::optional<hal::HWDisplayId> mHwcDisplayId;
     };
 
 private:
+    template <typename T>
+    static std::unique_ptr<T> makeMock(bool useNiceMock) {
+        return useNiceMock ? std::make_unique<testing::NiceMock<T>>() : std::make_unique<T>();
+    }
+
+    template <typename T>
+    static std::shared_ptr<T> makeSharedMock(bool useNiceMock) {
+        return useNiceMock ? std::make_shared<testing::NiceMock<T>>() : std::make_shared<T>();
+    }
+
     static constexpr VsyncId kVsyncId{123};
 
     surfaceflinger::test::Factory mFactory;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
index 859f702..d4e2357 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionApplicationTest.cpp
@@ -33,15 +33,12 @@
 #include "FrontEnd/TransactionHandler.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "TransactionState.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using testing::_;
 using testing::Return;
 
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
 using frontend::TransactionHandler;
 
 constexpr nsecs_t TRANSACTION_TIMEOUT = s2ns(5);
@@ -52,7 +49,9 @@
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-        setupScheduler();
+        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
+        mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
+        mFlinger.flinger()->addTransactionReadyFilters();
     }
 
     ~TransactionApplicationTest() {
@@ -61,38 +60,8 @@
         ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
     }
 
-    void setupScheduler() {
-        auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-        auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*mVSyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-
-        mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
-        mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::unique_ptr<mock::VsyncController>(mVsyncController),
-                                std::unique_ptr<mock::VSyncTracker>(mVSyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-        mFlinger.flinger()->addTransactionReadyFilters();
-    }
-
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
 
-    mock::VsyncController* mVsyncController = new mock::VsyncController();
-    mock::VSyncTracker* mVSyncTracker = new mock::VSyncTracker();
-
     struct TransactionInfo {
         Vector<ComposerState> states;
         Vector<DisplayState> displays;
@@ -230,7 +199,7 @@
 
     void modulateVsync() {
         static_cast<void>(
-                mFlinger.mutableScheduler().mutableVsyncModulator().onRefreshRateChangeInitiated());
+                mFlinger.mutableScheduler().vsyncModulator().onRefreshRateChangeInitiated());
     }
 
     bool mHasListenerCallbacks = false;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
index 1173d1c..764d19b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionFrameTracerTest.cpp
@@ -28,15 +28,13 @@
 
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using testing::_;
 using testing::Mock;
 using testing::Return;
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
+
 using PresentState = frametimeline::SurfaceFrame::PresentState;
 
 class TransactionFrameTracerTest : public testing::Test {
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
-        setupScheduler();
+        mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
         mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
         mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine));
     }
@@ -68,33 +66,6 @@
         layer->commitTransaction(c);
     }
 
-    void setupScheduler() {
-        auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-        auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-    }
-
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = new renderengine::mock::RenderEngine();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
index b6427c0..3dea189 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionProtoParserTest.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <limits> // std::numeric_limits
 
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
+#include "LayerProtoHelper.h"
 
 #include "Tracing/TransactionProtoParser.h"
 
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@
 namespace android {
 
 TEST(TransactionProtoParserTest, parse) {
-    const sp<IBinder> layerHandle = sp<BBinder>::make();
     const sp<IBinder> displayHandle = sp<BBinder>::make();
     TransactionState t1;
     t1.originPid = 1;
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
     t1.postTime = 5;
 
     layer_state_t layer;
-    layer.layerId = 6;
     layer.what = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
     layer.what &= ~static_cast<uint64_t>(layer_state_t::eBufferChanged);
     layer.x = 7;
@@ -48,10 +47,9 @@
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < layerCount; i++) {
         ResolvedComposerState s;
         if (i == 1) {
-            layer.parentSurfaceControlForChild =
-                    sp<SurfaceControl>::make(SurfaceComposerClient::getDefault(), layerHandle, 42,
-                                             "#42");
+            s.parentId = 42;
         }
+        s.layerId = 6 + i;
         s.state = layer;
         t1.states.emplace_back(s);
     }
@@ -72,18 +70,10 @@
 
     class TestMapper : public TransactionProtoParser::FlingerDataMapper {
     public:
-        sp<IBinder> layerHandle;
         sp<IBinder> displayHandle;
 
-        TestMapper(sp<IBinder> layerHandle, sp<IBinder> displayHandle)
-              : layerHandle(layerHandle), displayHandle(displayHandle) {}
+        TestMapper(sp<IBinder> displayHandle) : displayHandle(displayHandle) {}
 
-        sp<IBinder> getLayerHandle(int32_t id) const override {
-            return (id == 42) ? layerHandle : nullptr;
-        }
-        int64_t getLayerId(const sp<IBinder>& handle) const override {
-            return (handle == layerHandle) ? 42 : -1;
-        }
         sp<IBinder> getDisplayHandle(int32_t id) const {
             return (id == 43) ? displayHandle : nullptr;
         }
@@ -92,7 +82,7 @@
         }
     };
 
-    TransactionProtoParser parser(std::make_unique<TestMapper>(layerHandle, displayHandle));
+    TransactionProtoParser parser(std::make_unique<TestMapper>(displayHandle));
 
     proto::TransactionState proto = parser.toProto(t1);
     TransactionState t2 = parser.fromProto(proto);
@@ -105,8 +95,8 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(t1.states.size(), t2.states.size());
     ASSERT_EQ(t1.states[0].state.x, t2.states[0].state.x);
     ASSERT_EQ(t1.states[0].state.matrix.dsdx, t2.states[0].state.matrix.dsdx);
-    ASSERT_EQ(t1.states[1].state.parentSurfaceControlForChild->getHandle(),
-              t2.states[1].state.parentSurfaceControlForChild->getHandle());
+    ASSERT_EQ(t1.states[1].layerId, t2.states[1].layerId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(t1.states[1].parentId, t2.states[1].parentId);
 
     ASSERT_EQ(t1.displays.size(), t2.displays.size());
     ASSERT_EQ(t1.displays[1].width, t2.displays[1].width);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
index ae03db4..e2c6491 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionSurfaceFrameTest.cpp
@@ -28,15 +28,13 @@
 
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
-#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using testing::_;
 using testing::Mock;
 using testing::Return;
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
+
 using PresentState = frametimeline::SurfaceFrame::PresentState;
 
 class TransactionSurfaceFrameTest : public testing::Test {
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@
         const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
                 ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
         ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
-        setupScheduler();
+        mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
         mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
         mFlinger.setupRenderEngine(std::unique_ptr<renderengine::RenderEngine>(mRenderEngine));
     }
@@ -67,33 +65,6 @@
         layer->commitTransaction(c);
     }
 
-    void setupScheduler() {
-        auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-        auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-                .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                                 mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                                 ResyncCallback())));
-
-        auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-        auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-                .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-        EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-        mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                                std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-    }
-
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
     renderengine::mock::RenderEngine* mRenderEngine = new renderengine::mock::RenderEngine();
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
index 482c3a8..74541ac 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TransactionTracingTest.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <gui/SurfaceComposerClient.h>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include "Client.h"
 
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/Update.h"
 #include "Tracing/RingBuffer.h"
 #include "Tracing/TransactionTracing.h"
 
@@ -42,14 +46,15 @@
     }
 
     void queueAndCommitTransaction(int64_t vsyncId) {
+        frontend::Update update;
         TransactionState transaction;
         transaction.id = static_cast<uint64_t>(vsyncId * 3);
         transaction.originUid = 1;
         transaction.originPid = 2;
         mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
         std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
-        transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
-        mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(transactions, vsyncId);
+        update.transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
+        mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(vsyncId, 0, update, {}, false);
         flush(vsyncId);
     }
 
@@ -57,13 +62,25 @@
                      const std::vector<TransactionState>& expectedTransactions,
                      int64_t expectedVsyncId) {
         EXPECT_EQ(actualProto.vsync_id(), expectedVsyncId);
-        EXPECT_EQ(actualProto.transactions().size(),
+        ASSERT_EQ(actualProto.transactions().size(),
                   static_cast<int32_t>(expectedTransactions.size()));
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < expectedTransactions.size(); i++) {
             EXPECT_EQ(actualProto.transactions(static_cast<int32_t>(i)).pid(),
                       expectedTransactions[i].originPid);
         }
     }
+
+    LayerCreationArgs getLayerCreationArgs(uint32_t layerId, uint32_t parentId,
+                                           uint32_t layerIdToMirror, uint32_t flags,
+                                           bool addToRoot) {
+        LayerCreationArgs args;
+        args.sequence = layerId;
+        args.parentId = parentId;
+        args.layerIdToMirror = layerIdToMirror;
+        args.flags = flags;
+        args.addToRoot = addToRoot;
+        return args;
+    }
 };
 
 TEST_F(TransactionTracingTest, addTransactions) {
@@ -79,57 +96,59 @@
 
     // Split incoming transactions into two and commit them in reverse order to test out of order
     // commits.
-    std::vector<TransactionState> firstTransactionSet =
-            std::vector<TransactionState>(transactions.begin() + 50, transactions.end());
     int64_t firstTransactionSetVsyncId = 42;
-    mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(firstTransactionSet, firstTransactionSetVsyncId);
+    frontend::Update firstUpdate;
+    firstUpdate.transactions =
+            std::vector<TransactionState>(transactions.begin() + 50, transactions.end());
+    mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(firstTransactionSetVsyncId, 0, firstUpdate, {}, false);
 
     int64_t secondTransactionSetVsyncId = 43;
-    std::vector<TransactionState> secondTransactionSet =
+    frontend::Update secondUpdate;
+    secondUpdate.transactions =
             std::vector<TransactionState>(transactions.begin(), transactions.begin() + 50);
-    mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(secondTransactionSet, secondTransactionSetVsyncId);
+    mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(secondTransactionSetVsyncId, 0, secondUpdate, {}, false);
     flush(secondTransactionSetVsyncId);
 
     proto::TransactionTraceFile proto = writeToProto();
-    EXPECT_EQ(proto.entry().size(), 2);
-    verifyEntry(proto.entry(0), firstTransactionSet, firstTransactionSetVsyncId);
-    verifyEntry(proto.entry(1), secondTransactionSet, secondTransactionSetVsyncId);
+    ASSERT_EQ(proto.entry().size(), 2);
+    verifyEntry(proto.entry(0), firstUpdate.transactions, firstTransactionSetVsyncId);
+    verifyEntry(proto.entry(1), secondUpdate.transactions, secondTransactionSetVsyncId);
 }
 
 class TransactionTracingLayerHandlingTest : public TransactionTracingTest {
 protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        // add layers
         mTracing.setBufferSize(SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE);
-        const sp<IBinder> fakeLayerHandle = sp<BBinder>::make();
-        mTracing.onLayerAdded(fakeLayerHandle->localBinder(), mParentLayerId, "parent",
-                              123 /* flags */, -1 /* parentId */);
-        const sp<IBinder> fakeChildLayerHandle = sp<BBinder>::make();
-        mTracing.onLayerAdded(fakeChildLayerHandle->localBinder(), mChildLayerId, "child",
-                              456 /* flags */, mParentLayerId);
 
-        // add some layer transaction
+        // add layers and add some layer transaction
         {
+            frontend::Update update;
+            update.layerCreationArgs.emplace_back(std::move(
+                    getLayerCreationArgs(mParentLayerId, /*parentId=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                                         /*layerIdToMirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID, /*flags=*/123,
+                                         /*addToRoot=*/true)));
+            update.layerCreationArgs.emplace_back(std::move(
+                    getLayerCreationArgs(mChildLayerId, mParentLayerId,
+                                         /*layerIdToMirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID, /*flags=*/456,
+                                         /*addToRoot=*/true)));
             TransactionState transaction;
             transaction.id = 50;
             ResolvedComposerState layerState;
-            layerState.state.surface = fakeLayerHandle;
+            layerState.layerId = mParentLayerId;
             layerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             layerState.state.z = 42;
             transaction.states.emplace_back(layerState);
             ResolvedComposerState childState;
-            childState.state.surface = fakeChildLayerHandle;
+            childState.layerId = mChildLayerId;
             childState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             childState.state.z = 43;
             transaction.states.emplace_back(childState);
             mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
 
-            std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
-            transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
+            update.transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
             VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE = ++mVsyncId;
-            mTracing.onLayerAddedToDrawingState(mParentLayerId, VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE);
-            mTracing.onLayerAddedToDrawingState(mChildLayerId, VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE);
-            mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(transactions, VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE);
+            mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE, 0, update, {}, false);
+
             flush(VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE);
         }
 
@@ -139,17 +158,17 @@
             TransactionState transaction;
             transaction.id = 51;
             ResolvedComposerState layerState;
-            layerState.state.surface = fakeLayerHandle;
+            layerState.layerId = mParentLayerId;
             layerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged | layer_state_t::ePositionChanged;
             layerState.state.z = 41;
             layerState.state.x = 22;
             transaction.states.emplace_back(layerState);
             mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
 
-            std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
-            transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
+            frontend::Update update;
+            update.transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
             VSYNC_ID_SECOND_LAYER_CHANGE = ++mVsyncId;
-            mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(transactions, VSYNC_ID_SECOND_LAYER_CHANGE);
+            mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(VSYNC_ID_SECOND_LAYER_CHANGE, 0, update, {}, false);
             flush(VSYNC_ID_SECOND_LAYER_CHANGE);
         }
 
@@ -163,8 +182,8 @@
         queueAndCommitTransaction(++mVsyncId);
     }
 
-    int mParentLayerId = 1;
-    int mChildLayerId = 2;
+    uint32_t mParentLayerId = 1;
+    uint32_t mChildLayerId = 2;
     int64_t mVsyncId = 0;
     int64_t VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE;
     int64_t VSYNC_ID_SECOND_LAYER_CHANGE;
@@ -232,42 +251,42 @@
 class TransactionTracingMirrorLayerTest : public TransactionTracingTest {
 protected:
     void SetUp() override {
-        // add layers
         mTracing.setBufferSize(SMALL_BUFFER_SIZE);
-        const sp<IBinder> fakeLayerHandle = sp<BBinder>::make();
-        mTracing.onLayerAdded(fakeLayerHandle->localBinder(), mLayerId, "Test Layer",
-                              123 /* flags */, -1 /* parentId */);
-        const sp<IBinder> fakeMirrorLayerHandle = sp<BBinder>::make();
-        mTracing.onMirrorLayerAdded(fakeMirrorLayerHandle->localBinder(), mMirrorLayerId, "Mirror",
-                                    mLayerId);
-        mTracing.onLayerAddedToDrawingState(mLayerId, mVsyncId);
-        mTracing.onLayerAddedToDrawingState(mMirrorLayerId, mVsyncId);
 
-        // add some layer transaction
+        // add layers and some layer transaction
         {
+            frontend::Update update;
+            update.layerCreationArgs.emplace_back(
+                    getLayerCreationArgs(mLayerId, /*parentId=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                                         /*layerIdToMirror=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID, /*flags=*/123,
+                                         /*addToRoot=*/true));
+            update.layerCreationArgs.emplace_back(
+                    getLayerCreationArgs(mMirrorLayerId, UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                                         /*layerIdToMirror=*/mLayerId, /*flags=*/0,
+                                         /*addToRoot=*/false));
+
             TransactionState transaction;
             transaction.id = 50;
             ResolvedComposerState layerState;
-            layerState.state.surface = fakeLayerHandle;
+            layerState.layerId = mLayerId;
             layerState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             layerState.state.z = 42;
             transaction.states.emplace_back(layerState);
             ResolvedComposerState mirrorState;
-            mirrorState.state.surface = fakeMirrorLayerHandle;
+            mirrorState.layerId = mMirrorLayerId;
             mirrorState.state.what = layer_state_t::eLayerChanged;
             mirrorState.state.z = 43;
             transaction.states.emplace_back(mirrorState);
             mTracing.addQueuedTransaction(transaction);
 
-            std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
-            transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
-            mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(transactions, mVsyncId);
+            update.transactions.emplace_back(transaction);
+            mTracing.addCommittedTransactions(mVsyncId, 0, update, {}, false);
             flush(mVsyncId);
         }
     }
 
-    int mLayerId = 5;
-    int mMirrorLayerId = 55;
+    uint32_t mLayerId = 5;
+    uint32_t mMirrorLayerId = 55;
     int64_t mVsyncId = 0;
     int64_t VSYNC_ID_FIRST_LAYER_CHANGE;
     int64_t VSYNC_ID_SECOND_LAYER_CHANGE;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp
index da87f1d..108151e 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "TunnelModeEnabledReporter.h"
 #include "mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h"
-#include "mock/MockEventThread.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -36,8 +35,6 @@
 using android::Hwc2::IComposer;
 using android::Hwc2::IComposerClient;
 
-using FakeHwcDisplayInjector = TestableSurfaceFlinger::FakeHwcDisplayInjector;
-
 constexpr int DEFAULT_SIDEBAND_STREAM = 51;
 
 struct TestableTunnelModeEnabledListener : public gui::BnTunnelModeEnabledListener {
@@ -61,8 +58,6 @@
     static constexpr uint32_t HEIGHT = 100;
     static constexpr uint32_t LAYER_FLAGS = 0;
 
-    void setupScheduler();
-    void setupComposer(uint32_t virtualDisplayCount);
     sp<Layer> createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata);
 
     TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
@@ -80,7 +75,7 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    setupScheduler();
+    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
     mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
     mFlinger.flinger()->mTunnelModeEnabledReporter = mTunnelModeEnabledReporter;
     mTunnelModeEnabledReporter->dispatchTunnelModeEnabled(false);
@@ -100,33 +95,6 @@
     return sp<Layer>::make(args);
 }
 
-void TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest::setupScheduler() {
-    auto eventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-    auto sfEventThread = std::make_unique<mock::EventThread>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*eventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(eventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, registerDisplayEventConnection(_));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*sfEventThread, createEventConnection(_, _))
-            .WillOnce(Return(sp<EventThreadConnection>::make(sfEventThread.get(),
-                                                             mock::EventThread::kCallingUid,
-                                                             ResyncCallback())));
-
-    auto vsyncController = std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>();
-    auto vsyncTracker = std::make_unique<mock::VSyncTracker>();
-
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, currentPeriod())
-            .WillRepeatedly(Return(FakeHwcDisplayInjector::DEFAULT_VSYNC_PERIOD));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*vsyncTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_)).WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
-    mFlinger.setupScheduler(std::move(vsyncController), std::move(vsyncTracker),
-                            std::move(eventThread), std::move(sfEventThread));
-}
-
 namespace {
 
 TEST_F(TunnelModeEnabledReporterTest, callsAddedListeners) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
index 2908834..41866a1 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest.cpp
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@
 
 class RepeatingCallbackReceiver {
 public:
-    RepeatingCallbackReceiver(VSyncDispatch& dispatch, nsecs_t workload, nsecs_t readyDuration)
+    RepeatingCallbackReceiver(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch, nsecs_t workload,
+                              nsecs_t readyDuration)
           : mWorkload(workload),
             mReadyDuration(readyDuration),
             mCallback(
@@ -166,9 +167,10 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest, triple_alarm) {
-    FixedRateIdealStubTracker tracker;
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue dispatch(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                     mVsyncMoveThreshold);
+    auto tracker = std::make_shared<FixedRateIdealStubTracker>();
+    auto dispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     static size_t constexpr num_clients = 3;
     std::array<RepeatingCallbackReceiver, num_clients>
@@ -195,14 +197,15 @@
 // starts at 333hz, slides down to 43hz
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest, vascillating_vrr) {
     auto next_vsync_interval = toNs(3ms);
-    VRRStubTracker tracker(next_vsync_interval);
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue dispatch(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                     mVsyncMoveThreshold);
+    auto tracker = std::make_shared<VRRStubTracker>(next_vsync_interval);
+    auto dispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     RepeatingCallbackReceiver cb_receiver(dispatch, toNs(1ms), toNs(5ms));
 
     auto const on_each_frame = [&](nsecs_t last_known) {
-        tracker.set_interval(next_vsync_interval += toNs(1ms), last_known);
+        tracker->set_interval(next_vsync_interval += toNs(1ms), last_known);
     };
 
     std::thread eventThread([&] { cb_receiver.repeatedly_schedule(mIterations, on_each_frame); });
@@ -213,9 +216,10 @@
 
 // starts at 333hz, jumps to 200hz at frame 10
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchRealtimeTest, fixed_jump) {
-    VRRStubTracker tracker(toNs(3ms));
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue dispatch(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                     mVsyncMoveThreshold);
+    auto tracker = std::make_shared<VRRStubTracker>(toNs(3ms));
+    auto dispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(std::make_unique<Timer>(), tracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     RepeatingCallbackReceiver cb_receiver(dispatch, toNs(1ms), toNs(5ms));
 
@@ -223,7 +227,7 @@
     auto constexpr jump_frame_at = 10u;
     auto const on_each_frame = [&](nsecs_t last_known) {
         if (jump_frame_counter++ == jump_frame_at) {
-            tracker.set_interval(toNs(5ms), last_known);
+            tracker->set_interval(toNs(5ms), last_known);
         }
     };
     std::thread eventThread([&] { cb_receiver.repeatedly_schedule(mIterations, on_each_frame); });
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
index f143b49..7af1da6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest.cpp
@@ -116,13 +116,14 @@
 
 class CountingCallback {
 public:
-    CountingCallback(VSyncDispatch& dispatch)
-          : mDispatch(dispatch),
-            mToken(dispatch.registerCallback(std::bind(&CountingCallback::counter, this,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_3),
-                                             "test")) {}
-    ~CountingCallback() { mDispatch.unregisterCallback(mToken); }
+    CountingCallback(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch)
+          : mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
+            mToken(mDispatch->registerCallback(std::bind(&CountingCallback::counter, this,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_1,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_2,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_3),
+                                               "test")) {}
+    ~CountingCallback() { mDispatch->unregisterCallback(mToken); }
 
     operator VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken() const { return mToken; }
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@
         mReadyTime.push_back(readyTime);
     }
 
-    VSyncDispatch& mDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken mToken;
     std::vector<nsecs_t> mCalls;
     std::vector<nsecs_t> mWakeupTime;
@@ -141,12 +142,12 @@
 
 class PausingCallback {
 public:
-    PausingCallback(VSyncDispatch& dispatch, std::chrono::milliseconds pauseAmount)
-          : mDispatch(dispatch),
-            mToken(dispatch.registerCallback(std::bind(&PausingCallback::pause, this,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_1,
-                                                       std::placeholders::_2),
-                                             "test")),
+    PausingCallback(std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> dispatch, std::chrono::milliseconds pauseAmount)
+          : mDispatch(std::move(dispatch)),
+            mToken(mDispatch->registerCallback(std::bind(&PausingCallback::pause, this,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_1,
+                                                         std::placeholders::_2),
+                                               "test")),
             mRegistered(true),
             mPauseAmount(pauseAmount) {}
     ~PausingCallback() { unregister(); }
@@ -181,12 +182,12 @@
 
     void unregister() {
         if (mRegistered) {
-            mDispatch.unregisterCallback(mToken);
+            mDispatch->unregisterCallback(mToken);
             mRegistered = false;
         }
     }
 
-    VSyncDispatch& mDispatch;
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch;
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken mToken;
     bool mRegistered = true;
 
@@ -231,22 +232,26 @@
     static nsecs_t constexpr mDispatchGroupThreshold = 5;
     nsecs_t const mPeriod = 1000;
     nsecs_t const mVsyncMoveThreshold = 300;
-    NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker> mStubTracker{mPeriod};
-    VSyncDispatchTimerQueue mDispatch{createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                      mVsyncMoveThreshold};
+    std::shared_ptr<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>> mStubTracker =
+            std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>>(mPeriod);
+    std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch =
+            std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker,
+                                                      mDispatchGroupThreshold, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, unregistersSetAlarmOnDestruction) {
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
     {
-        VSyncDispatchTimerQueue mDispatch{createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker, mDispatchGroupThreshold,
-                                          mVsyncMoveThreshold};
+        std::shared_ptr<VSyncDispatch> mDispatch =
+                std::make_shared<VSyncDispatchTimerQueue>(createTimeKeeper(), mStubTracker,
+                                                          mDispatchGroupThreshold,
+                                                          mVsyncMoveThreshold);
         CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-        const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                               {.workDuration = 100,
-                                                .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                .earliestVsync = 1000});
+        const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                                {.workDuration = 100,
+                                                 .readyDuration = 0,
+                                                 .earliestVsync = 1000});
         EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
         EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
     }
@@ -257,10 +262,10 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                           {.workDuration = 100,
-                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                            .earliestVsync = intended});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 
@@ -277,14 +282,15 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 700)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                     {.workDuration = 100,
-                                      .readyDuration = 0,
-                                      .earliestVsync = intended});
+    auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                      {.workDuration = 100,
+                                       .readyDuration = 0,
+                                       .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 
-    result = mDispatch.update(cb,
+    result =
+            mDispatch->update(cb,
                               {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(700, *result);
@@ -302,17 +308,17 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     const auto result =
-            mDispatch.update(cb,
-                             {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
+            mDispatch->update(cb,
+                              {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_FALSE(result.has_value());
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmSettingFutureWithAdjustmentToTrueVsync) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000)).WillOnce(Return(1150));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000)).WillOnce(Return(1150));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1050));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
@@ -323,15 +329,15 @@
     auto const now = 234;
     mMockClock.advanceBy(234);
     auto const workDuration = 10 * mPeriod;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + workDuration))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + workDuration))
             .WillOnce(Return(mPeriod * 11));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, mPeriod));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                           {.workDuration = workDuration,
-                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                            .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = workDuration,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod, *result);
 }
@@ -341,12 +347,13 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmCancelTooLate) {
@@ -354,13 +361,14 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(950);
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicAlarmCancelTooLateWhenRunning) {
@@ -368,15 +376,16 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmCancel());
 
     PausingCallback cb(mDispatch, std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(1s));
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
 
     std::thread pausingThread([&] { mMockClock.advanceToNextCallback(); });
     EXPECT_TRUE(cb.waitForPause());
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb), CancelResult::TooLate);
     cb.unpause();
     pausingThread.join();
 }
@@ -389,9 +398,10 @@
 
     PausingCallback cb(mDispatch, 50ms);
     cb.stashResource(resource);
-    const auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 100,
+                                             .readyDuration = 0,
+                                             .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod - 100, *result);
 
@@ -408,7 +418,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, basicTwoAlarmSetting) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(1055))
             .WillOnce(Return(1063))
@@ -423,8 +433,8 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -436,7 +446,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, noCloseCallbacksAfterPeriodChange) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(2000))
@@ -450,21 +460,21 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 0});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 0});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls[0], Eq(1000));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
     ASSERT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls[1], Eq(2000));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -473,7 +483,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, rearmsFaroutTimeoutWhenCancellingCloseOne) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(4)
             .WillOnce(Return(10000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
@@ -488,10 +498,10 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                       {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod * 10});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
-    mDispatch.cancel(cb1);
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                        {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod * 10});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 250, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = mPeriod});
+    mDispatch->cancel(cb1);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, noUnnecessaryRearmsWhenRescheduling) {
@@ -502,9 +512,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 300, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -517,9 +527,9 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
@@ -537,10 +547,10 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                       {.workDuration = closeOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                        {.workDuration = closeOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     ASSERT_THAT(cb0.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
@@ -548,9 +558,11 @@
     ASSERT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls[0], Eq(mPeriod));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                       {.workDuration = notCloseOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                        {.workDuration = notCloseOffset,
+                         .readyDuration = 0,
+                         .earliestVsync = 2000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     ASSERT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls[1], Eq(2000));
@@ -570,32 +582,32 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb0), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb0), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, setAlarmCallsAtCorrectTimeWithChangingVsync) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(3)
             .WillOnce(Return(950))
             .WillOnce(Return(1975))
             .WillOnce(Return(2950));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 920});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 920});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(850);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1900});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1900});
     mMockClock.advanceBy(900);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(1));
     mMockClock.advanceBy(125);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(2));
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2900});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2900});
     mMockClock.advanceBy(975);
     EXPECT_THAT(cb.mCalls.size(), Eq(3));
 }
@@ -606,48 +618,48 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken tmp;
-    tmp = mDispatch.registerCallback(
+    tmp = mDispatch->registerCallback(
             [&](auto, auto, auto) {
-                mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
-                                   {.workDuration = 100,
-                                    .readyDuration = 0,
-                                    .earliestVsync = 2000});
+                mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                    {.workDuration = 100,
+                                     .readyDuration = 0,
+                                     .earliestVsync = 2000});
             },
             "o.o");
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, callbackReentrantWithPastWakeup) {
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken tmp;
     std::optional<nsecs_t> lastTarget;
-    tmp = mDispatch.registerCallback(
+    tmp = mDispatch->registerCallback(
             [&](auto timestamp, auto, auto) {
                 auto result =
-                        mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
-                                           {.workDuration = 400,
-                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                            .earliestVsync = timestamp - mVsyncMoveThreshold});
-                EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
-                EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
-                result = mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
+                        mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
                                             {.workDuration = 400,
                                              .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp});
+                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp - mVsyncMoveThreshold});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
-                result = mDispatch.schedule(tmp,
-                                            {.workDuration = 400,
-                                             .readyDuration = 0,
-                                             .earliestVsync = timestamp + mVsyncMoveThreshold});
+                result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                             {.workDuration = 400,
+                                              .readyDuration = 0,
+                                              .earliestVsync = timestamp});
+                EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+                EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
+                result = mDispatch->schedule(tmp,
+                                             {.workDuration = 400,
+                                              .readyDuration = 0,
+                                              .earliestVsync = timestamp + mVsyncMoveThreshold});
                 EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
                 EXPECT_EQ(mPeriod + timestamp - 400, *result);
                 lastTarget = timestamp;
             },
             "oo");
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 999, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(tmp, {.workDuration = 999, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     advanceToNextCallback();
     EXPECT_THAT(lastTarget, Eq(1000));
 
@@ -663,16 +675,16 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 0, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 0, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(750);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(800);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, lateModifications) {
@@ -685,12 +697,12 @@
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 150, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 150, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -702,8 +714,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     CountingCallback cb1(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 20000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb1, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 20000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, setsTimerAfterCancellation) {
@@ -713,29 +725,30 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900)).InSequence(seq);
 
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.cancel(cb0);
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->cancel(cb0);
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb0, {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, makingUpIdsError) {
     VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken token(100);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(mDispatch
-                         .schedule(token,
-                                   {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000})
-                         .has_value());
-    EXPECT_THAT(mDispatch.cancel(token), Eq(CancelResult::Error));
+    EXPECT_FALSE(
+            mDispatch
+                    ->schedule(token,
+                               {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000})
+                    .has_value());
+    EXPECT_THAT(mDispatch->cancel(token), Eq(CancelResult::Error));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, canMoveCallbackBackwardsInTime) {
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 }
@@ -745,14 +758,14 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 500));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 800, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1200, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -760,19 +773,19 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, targetOffsetMovingBackALittleCanStillSchedule) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1002));
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(400);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(602, *result);
 }
@@ -780,13 +793,13 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueTest, canScheduleNegativeOffsetAgainstDifferentPeriods) {
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 1100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                 {.workDuration = 1100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
 }
@@ -797,13 +810,13 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 1100)).InSequence(seq);
     CountingCallback cb0(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                               {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                {.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(500, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb0,
-                                {.workDuration = 1900, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb0,
+                                 {.workDuration = 1900, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1100, *result);
 }
@@ -813,13 +826,13 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
@@ -865,16 +878,16 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
@@ -893,16 +906,16 @@
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                {.workDuration = 370, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                 {.workDuration = 370, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1630, *result);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
@@ -919,19 +932,19 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb2), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb2), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 
     mMockClock.advanceBy(80);
 
@@ -948,19 +961,19 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 2000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(1900, *result);
 
     mMockClock.setLag(100);
     mMockClock.advanceBy(620);
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch.cancel(cb1), CancelResult::Cancelled);
+    EXPECT_EQ(mDispatch->cancel(cb1), CancelResult::Cancelled);
 
     EXPECT_THAT(cb1.mCalls.size(), Eq(0));
     EXPECT_THAT(cb2.mCalls.size(), Eq(0));
@@ -975,21 +988,21 @@
     CountingCallback cb2(mDispatch);
 
     Sequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 600)).InSequence(seq);
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
 
     auto result =
-            mDispatch.schedule(cb1,
-                               {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+            mDispatch->schedule(cb1,
+                                {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(600, *result);
-    result = mDispatch.schedule(cb2,
-                                {.workDuration = 390, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    result = mDispatch->schedule(cb2,
+                                 {.workDuration = 390, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(610, *result);
 
@@ -1011,10 +1024,10 @@
     EXPECT_CALL(mMockClock, alarmAt(_, 900));
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
-    const auto result = mDispatch.schedule(cb,
-                                           {.workDuration = 70,
-                                            .readyDuration = 30,
-                                            .earliestVsync = intended});
+    const auto result = mDispatch->schedule(cb,
+                                            {.workDuration = 70,
+                                             .readyDuration = 30,
+                                             .earliestVsync = intended});
     EXPECT_TRUE(result.has_value());
     EXPECT_EQ(900, *result);
     advanceToNextCallback();
@@ -1033,8 +1046,8 @@
 
     CountingCallback cb(mDispatch);
 
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
-    mDispatch.schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
+    mDispatch->schedule(cb, {.workDuration = 1400, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1000});
 
     advanceToNextCallback();
 
@@ -1052,7 +1065,8 @@
 protected:
     nsecs_t const mPeriod = 1000;
     nsecs_t const mVsyncMoveThreshold = 200;
-    NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker> mStubTracker{mPeriod};
+    std::shared_ptr<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>> mStubTracker =
+            std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>>(mPeriod);
 };
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, stateAfterInitialization) {
@@ -1070,7 +1084,7 @@
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1084,7 +1098,7 @@
     auto const duration = 500;
     auto const now = 8750;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + duration))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(now + duration))
             .Times(1)
             .WillOnce(Return(10000));
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
@@ -1092,7 +1106,7 @@
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 500, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 994},
-                               mStubTracker, now)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), now)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1115,7 +1129,7 @@
             mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1137,7 +1151,7 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntryTest, updateCallback) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_))
             .Times(2)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000))
             .WillOnce(Return(1020));
@@ -1146,17 +1160,17 @@
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.wakeupTime());
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
     EXPECT_THAT(wakeup, Eq(900));
 
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
     EXPECT_THAT(*wakeup, Eq(920));
@@ -1166,9 +1180,9 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
 
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
@@ -1179,24 +1193,24 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     entry.executing(); // 1000 is executing
     // had 1000 not been executing, this could have been scheduled for time 800.
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1800));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1950));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 1001},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(1800));
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.readyTime(), Eq(2000));
@@ -1208,24 +1222,24 @@
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     Sequence seq;
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(500))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(1000));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mStubTracker, nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000 + mVsyncMoveThreshold))
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mStubTracker.get(), nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(1000 + mVsyncMoveThreshold))
             .InSequence(seq)
             .WillOnce(Return(2000));
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 
     entry.executing(); // 1000 is executing
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 }
 
@@ -1233,16 +1247,16 @@
     VSyncDispatchTimerQueueEntry entry(
             "test", [](auto, auto, auto) {}, mVsyncMoveThreshold);
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 100, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 50, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 1200, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
 }
 
@@ -1255,7 +1269,7 @@
     entry.addPendingWorkloadUpdate(
             {.workDuration = effectualOffset, .readyDuration = 0, .earliestVsync = 400});
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
-    entry.update(mStubTracker, 0);
+    entry.update(*mStubTracker.get(), 0);
     EXPECT_FALSE(entry.hasPendingWorkloadUpdate());
     EXPECT_THAT(*entry.wakeupTime(), Eq(mPeriod - effectualOffset));
 }
@@ -1276,7 +1290,7 @@
             mVsyncMoveThreshold);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(entry.schedule({.workDuration = 70, .readyDuration = 30, .earliestVsync = 500},
-                               mStubTracker, 0)
+                               *mStubTracker.get(), 0)
                         .has_value());
     auto const wakeup = entry.wakeupTime();
     ASSERT_TRUE(wakeup);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
index db531bf..43d683d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncPredictorTest.cpp
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
     return vsyncs;
 }
 
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
+
 struct VSyncPredictorTest : testing::Test {
     nsecs_t mNow = 0;
     nsecs_t mPeriod = 1000;
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@
     static constexpr size_t kOutlierTolerancePercent = 25;
     static constexpr nsecs_t mMaxRoundingError = 100;
 
-    VSyncPredictor tracker{mPeriod, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
+    VSyncPredictor tracker{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mPeriod, kHistorySize, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
                            kOutlierTolerancePercent};
 };
 
@@ -376,7 +378,8 @@
 
 // See b/151146131
 TEST_F(VSyncPredictorTest, hasEnoughPrecision) {
-    VSyncPredictor tracker{mPeriod, 20, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction, kOutlierTolerancePercent};
+    VSyncPredictor tracker{DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, mPeriod, 20, kMinimumSamplesForPrediction,
+                           kOutlierTolerancePercent};
     std::vector<nsecs_t> const simulatedVsyncs{840873348817, 840890049444, 840906762675,
                                                840923581635, 840940161584, 840956868096,
                                                840973702473, 840990256277, 841007116851,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp
index fb8d989..122192b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VSyncReactorTest.cpp
@@ -91,13 +91,15 @@
     return ft;
 }
 
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
+
 class VSyncReactorTest : public testing::Test {
 protected:
     VSyncReactorTest()
           : mMockTracker(std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockVSyncTracker>>()),
             mMockClock(std::make_shared<NiceMock<MockClock>>()),
-            mReactor(std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker, kPendingLimit,
-                     false /* supportKernelIdleTimer */) {
+            mReactor(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker,
+                     kPendingLimit, false /* supportKernelIdleTimer */) {
         ON_CALL(*mMockClock, now()).WillByDefault(Return(mFakeNow));
         ON_CALL(*mMockTracker, currentPeriod()).WillByDefault(Return(period));
     }
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@
     mReactor.setIgnorePresentFences(true);
 
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -205,7 +207,7 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, setPeriodCalledOnceConfirmedChange) {
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, setPeriod(_)).Times(0);
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(10000, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
@@ -224,7 +226,7 @@
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, changingPeriodBackAbortsConfirmationProcess) {
     nsecs_t sampleTime = 0;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(period);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(period, false);
     EXPECT_FALSE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
 }
@@ -242,13 +244,13 @@
     nsecs_t const secondPeriod = 5000;
     nsecs_t const thirdPeriod = 2000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(secondPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(secondPeriod, false);
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += period, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(thirdPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(thirdPeriod, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(
             mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(sampleTime += secondPeriod, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -289,14 +291,14 @@
 
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, presentFenceAdditionDoesNotInterruptConfirmationProcess) {
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addPresentFence(generateSignalledFenceWithTime(0)));
 }
 
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, setPeriodCalledFirstTwoEventsNewPeriod) {
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, setPeriod(_)).Times(0);
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(5000, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
@@ -321,7 +323,7 @@
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     auto time = 0;
     auto constexpr numTimestampSubmissions = 10;
@@ -346,7 +348,7 @@
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     auto time = 0;
     // If the power mode is not DOZE or DOZE_SUSPEND, it is still collecting timestamps.
@@ -363,7 +365,7 @@
     auto time = 0;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     time += period;
     mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed);
@@ -379,7 +381,7 @@
     auto time = 0;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     static auto constexpr numSamplesWithNewPeriod = 4;
     Sequence seq;
@@ -406,7 +408,7 @@
     auto time = 0;
     bool periodFlushed = false;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 4000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     Sequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, needsMoreSamples())
@@ -426,7 +428,7 @@
     nsecs_t const newPeriod1 = 4000;
     nsecs_t const newPeriod2 = 7000;
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod1);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod1, false);
 
     Sequence seq;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, needsMoreSamples())
@@ -445,7 +447,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod1, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod1, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
 
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod2);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod2, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod1, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod2, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(time += newPeriod2, std::nullopt, &periodFlushed));
@@ -458,7 +460,7 @@
     mReactor.setIgnorePresentFences(true);
 
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    mReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(mReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, 0, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
@@ -472,8 +474,9 @@
 
 TEST_F(VSyncReactorTest, periodIsMeasuredIfIgnoringComposer) {
     // Create a reactor which supports the kernel idle timer
-    auto idleReactor = VSyncReactor(std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock), *mMockTracker,
-                                    kPendingLimit, true /* supportKernelIdleTimer */);
+    auto idleReactor =
+            VSyncReactor(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, std::make_unique<ClockWrapper>(mMockClock),
+                         *mMockTracker, kPendingLimit, true /* supportKernelIdleTimer */);
 
     bool periodFlushed = true;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mMockTracker, addVsyncTimestamp(_)).Times(4);
@@ -481,7 +484,7 @@
 
     // First, set the same period, which should only be confirmed when we receive two
     // matching callbacks
-    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(10000);
+    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(10000, false);
     EXPECT_TRUE(idleReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(0, 0, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
     // Correct period but incorrect timestamp delta
@@ -494,7 +497,7 @@
     // Then, set a new period, which should be confirmed as soon as we receive a callback
     // reporting the new period
     nsecs_t const newPeriod = 5000;
-    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod);
+    idleReactor.startPeriodTransition(newPeriod, false);
     // Incorrect timestamp delta and period
     EXPECT_TRUE(idleReactor.addHwVsyncTimestamp(20000, 10000, &periodFlushed));
     EXPECT_FALSE(periodFlushed);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4010fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/VsyncScheduleTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#undef LOG_TAG
+#define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
+
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+
+#include <scheduler/Fps.h>
+#include "Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h"
+#include "ThreadContext.h"
+#include "mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h"
+#include "mock/MockVSyncDispatch.h"
+#include "mock/MockVSyncTracker.h"
+#include "mock/MockVsyncController.h"
+
+using testing::_;
+
+namespace android {
+
+constexpr PhysicalDisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = PhysicalDisplayId::fromPort(42u);
+
+class VsyncScheduleTest : public testing::Test {
+protected:
+    VsyncScheduleTest();
+    ~VsyncScheduleTest() override;
+
+    scheduler::mock::SchedulerCallback mCallback;
+    const std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule> mVsyncSchedule =
+            std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>(
+                    new scheduler::VsyncSchedule(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID,
+                                                 std::make_shared<mock::VSyncTracker>(),
+                                                 std::make_shared<mock::VSyncDispatch>(),
+                                                 std::make_unique<mock::VsyncController>()));
+
+    mock::VsyncController& getController() {
+        return *static_cast<mock::VsyncController*>(&mVsyncSchedule->getController());
+    }
+};
+
+VsyncScheduleTest::VsyncScheduleTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+}
+
+VsyncScheduleTest::~VsyncScheduleTest() {
+    const ::testing::TestInfo* const test_info =
+            ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
+    ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
+}
+
+namespace {
+
+using namespace testing;
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, InitiallyDisallowed) {
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableDoesNothingWhenDisallowed) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisallowed) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisallowed2) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, MakeAllowed) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisabled) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNothingWhenDisabled2) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableWorksWhenDisabled) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableWorksOnce) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AllowedIsSticky) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableDisable) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, EnableDisable2) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StartPeriodTransition) {
+    // Note: startPeriodTransition is only called when hardware vsyncs are
+    // allowed.
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(), startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), false));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mCallback, period, false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StartPeriodTransitionAlreadyEnabled) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(), startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), false));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mCallback, period, false);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StartPeriodTransitionForce) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(), startPeriodTransition(period.ns(), true));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->startPeriodTransition(mCallback, period, true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleDisallowed) {
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+    const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(), addHwVsyncTimestamp(_, _, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleDisabled) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+    const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(), addHwVsyncTimestamp(_, _, _)).Times(0);
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleReturnsTrue) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+    const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(_, _)).Times(0);
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(),
+                addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp.ns(), std::optional<nsecs_t>(period.ns()), _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, AddResyncSampleReturnsFalse) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    mVsyncSchedule->enableHardwareVsync(mCallback);
+
+    const Period period = (60_Hz).getPeriod();
+    const auto timestamp = TimePoint::now();
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mCallback, setVsyncEnabled(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(getController(),
+                addHwVsyncTimestamp(timestamp.ns(), std::optional<nsecs_t>(period.ns()), _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->addResyncSample(mCallback, timestamp, period);
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, PendingState) FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+    mVsyncSchedule->setPendingHardwareVsyncState(true);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+
+    mVsyncSchedule->setPendingHardwareVsyncState(false);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->getPendingHardwareVsyncState());
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisableDoesNotMakeAllowed) {
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, DisallowMakesNotAllowed) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, true /* disallow */);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
+}
+
+TEST_F(VsyncScheduleTest, StillAllowedAfterDisable) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(true /* makeAllowed */));
+    mVsyncSchedule->disableHardwareVsync(mCallback, false /* disallow */);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mVsyncSchedule->isHardwareVsyncAllowed(false /* makeAllowed */));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
index f28b8d8..5dc3490 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/DisplayHardware/MockComposer.h
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@
                  Error(aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::OverlayProperties*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(onHotplugConnect, void(Display));
     MOCK_METHOD1(onHotplugDisconnect, void(Display));
+    MOCK_METHOD(Error, setRefreshRateChangedCallbackDebugEnabled, (Display, bool));
 };
 
 } // namespace Hwc2::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
index f8567bd..8d57049 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockEventThread.h
@@ -29,27 +29,28 @@
     EventThread();
     ~EventThread() override;
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(createEventConnection,
-                       sp<EventThreadConnection>(ResyncCallback, EventRegistrationFlags));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(onScreenReleased, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD0(onScreenAcquired, void());
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onHotplugReceived, void(PhysicalDisplayId, bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(onModeChanged, void(const scheduler::FrameRateMode &));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(onFrameRateOverridesChanged,
-                 void(PhysicalDisplayId, std::vector<FrameRateOverride>));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setDuration,
-                 void(std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration,
-                      std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(registerDisplayEventConnection,
-                 status_t(const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(setVsyncRate, void(uint32_t, const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(requestNextVsync, void(const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
+    MOCK_METHOD(sp<EventThreadConnection>, createEventConnection,
+                (ResyncCallback, EventRegistrationFlags), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, enableSyntheticVsync, (bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onHotplugReceived, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onModeChanged, (const scheduler::FrameRateMode&), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onFrameRateOverridesChanged,
+                (PhysicalDisplayId, std::vector<FrameRateOverride>), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, dump, (std::string&), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setDuration,
+                (std::chrono::nanoseconds workDuration, std::chrono::nanoseconds readyDuration),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(status_t, registerDisplayEventConnection,
+                (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncRate, (uint32_t, const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&),
+                (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, requestNextVsync, (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(VsyncEventData, getLatestVsyncEventData,
-                (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &), (const));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(requestLatestConfig, void(const sp<android::EventThreadConnection> &));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(pauseVsyncCallback, void(bool));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(getEventThreadConnectionCount, size_t());
+                (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&), (const, override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, requestLatestConfig, (const sp<android::EventThreadConnection>&));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, pauseVsyncCallback, (bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD(size_t, getEventThreadConnectionCount, (), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, onNewVsyncSchedule, (std::shared_ptr<scheduler::VsyncSchedule>), (override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
index 7d4b159..a8eca21 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockSchedulerCallback.h
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 
-#include "Scheduler/Scheduler.h"
+#include "Scheduler/ISchedulerCallback.h"
 
 namespace android::scheduler::mock {
 
 struct SchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
-    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncEnabled, (bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setVsyncEnabled, (PhysicalDisplayId, bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, requestDisplayModes, (std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, kernelTimerChanged, (bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged, (), (override));
 };
 
 struct NoOpSchedulerCallback final : ISchedulerCallback {
-    void setVsyncEnabled(bool) override {}
+    void setVsyncEnabled(PhysicalDisplayId, bool) override {}
     void requestDisplayModes(std::vector<display::DisplayModeRequest>) override {}
     void kernelTimerChanged(bool) override {}
     void triggerOnFrameRateOverridesChanged() override {}
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h
index 4ef91da..69ec60a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/mock/MockVsyncController.h
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@
     ~VsyncController() override;
 
     MOCK_METHOD(bool, addPresentFence, (std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>), (override));
-    MOCK_METHOD3(addHwVsyncTimestamp, bool(nsecs_t, std::optional<nsecs_t>, bool*));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(startPeriodTransition, void(nsecs_t));
-    MOCK_METHOD1(setIgnorePresentFences, void(bool));
+    MOCK_METHOD(bool, addHwVsyncTimestamp, (nsecs_t, std::optional<nsecs_t>, bool*), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, startPeriodTransition, (nsecs_t, bool), (override));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, setIgnorePresentFences, (bool), (override));
     MOCK_METHOD(void, setDisplayPowerMode, (hal::PowerMode), (override));
 
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
+    MOCK_METHOD(void, dump, (std::string&), (const, override));
 };
 
 } // namespace android::mock