diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
index e90e387..e1ac301 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 
 namespace android::impl {
 
-void MessageQueue::Handler::dispatchFrame(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime) {
+void MessageQueue::Handler::dispatchFrame(VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) {
     if (!mFramePending.exchange(true)) {
         mVsyncId = vsyncId;
         mExpectedVsyncTime = expectedVsyncTime;
@@ -44,16 +44,7 @@
 
 void MessageQueue::Handler::handleMessage(const Message&) {
     mFramePending.store(false);
-
-    const nsecs_t frameTime = systemTime();
-    auto& compositor = mQueue.mCompositor;
-
-    if (!compositor.commit(frameTime, mVsyncId, mExpectedVsyncTime)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    compositor.composite(frameTime, mVsyncId);
-    compositor.sample();
+    mQueue.onFrameSignal(mQueue.mCompositor, mVsyncId, mExpectedVsyncTime);
 }
 
 MessageQueue::MessageQueue(ICompositor& compositor)
@@ -102,16 +93,17 @@
     // Trace VSYNC-sf
     mVsync.value = (mVsync.value + 1) % 2;
 
+    const auto expectedVsyncTime = TimePoint::fromNs(vsyncTime);
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
-        mVsync.lastCallbackTime = std::chrono::nanoseconds(vsyncTime);
+        mVsync.lastCallbackTime = expectedVsyncTime;
         mVsync.scheduledFrameTime.reset();
     }
 
-    const auto vsyncId = mVsync.tokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions(
-            {targetWakeupTime, readyTime, vsyncTime});
+    const auto vsyncId = VsyncId{mVsync.tokenManager->generateTokenForPredictions(
+            {targetWakeupTime, readyTime, vsyncTime})};
 
-    mHandler->dispatchFrame(vsyncId, vsyncTime);
+    mHandler->dispatchFrame(vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime);
 }
 
 void MessageQueue::initVsync(scheduler::VSyncDispatch& dispatch,
@@ -133,9 +125,10 @@
     std::lock_guard lock(mVsync.mutex);
     mVsync.workDuration = workDuration;
     if (mVsync.scheduledFrameTime) {
-        mVsync.scheduledFrameTime = mVsync.registration->schedule(
-                {mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
-                 /*readyDuration=*/0, mVsync.lastCallbackTime.count()});
+        mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
+                mVsync.registration->schedule({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
+                                               .readyDuration = 0,
+                                               .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
     }
 }
 
@@ -171,7 +164,7 @@
     {
         std::lock_guard lock(mInjector.mutex);
         if (CC_UNLIKELY(mInjector.connection)) {
-            ALOGD("%s while injecting VSYNC", __FUNCTION__);
+            ALOGD("%s while injecting VSYNC", __func__);
             mInjector.connection->requestNextVsync();
             return;
         }
@@ -181,7 +174,7 @@
     mVsync.scheduledFrameTime =
             mVsync.registration->schedule({.workDuration = mVsync.workDuration.get().count(),
                                            .readyDuration = 0,
-                                           .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.count()});
+                                           .earliestVsync = mVsync.lastCallbackTime.ns()});
 }
 
 void MessageQueue::injectorCallback() {
@@ -190,9 +183,10 @@
     while ((n = DisplayEventReceiver::getEvents(&mInjector.tube, buffer, 8)) > 0) {
         for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
             if (buffer[i].header.type == DisplayEventReceiver::DISPLAY_EVENT_VSYNC) {
-                auto& vsync = buffer[i].vsync;
-                mHandler->dispatchFrame(vsync.vsyncData.preferredVsyncId(),
-                                        vsync.vsyncData.preferredExpectedPresentationTime());
+                auto& vsync = buffer[i].vsync.vsyncData;
+                mHandler->dispatchFrame(VsyncId{vsync.preferredVsyncId()},
+                                        TimePoint::fromNs(
+                                                vsync.preferredExpectedPresentationTime()));
                 break;
             }
         }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
index 9dde82b..506f27b 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/MessageQueue.h
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
+#include <scheduler/Time.h>
+#include <scheduler/VsyncId.h>
+
 #include "EventThread.h"
 #include "TracedOrdinal.h"
 #include "VSyncDispatch.h"
@@ -35,8 +38,8 @@
 namespace android {
 
 struct ICompositor {
-    virtual bool commit(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime) = 0;
-    virtual void composite(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId) = 0;
+    virtual bool commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) = 0;
+    virtual void composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId) = 0;
     virtual void sample() = 0;
 
 protected:
@@ -88,8 +91,9 @@
     class Handler : public MessageHandler {
         MessageQueue& mQueue;
         std::atomic_bool mFramePending = false;
-        std::atomic<int64_t> mVsyncId = 0;
-        std::atomic<nsecs_t> mExpectedVsyncTime = 0;
+
+        std::atomic<VsyncId> mVsyncId;
+        std::atomic<TimePoint> mExpectedVsyncTime;
 
     public:
         explicit Handler(MessageQueue& queue) : mQueue(queue) {}
@@ -97,7 +101,7 @@
 
         bool isFramePending() const;
 
-        virtual void dispatchFrame(int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime);
+        virtual void dispatchFrame(VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime);
     };
 
     friend class Handler;
@@ -108,6 +112,8 @@
     void vsyncCallback(nsecs_t vsyncTime, nsecs_t targetWakeupTime, nsecs_t readyTime);
 
 private:
+    virtual void onFrameSignal(ICompositor&, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) = 0;
+
     ICompositor& mCompositor;
     const sp<Looper> mLooper;
     const sp<Handler> mHandler;
@@ -119,7 +125,7 @@
         mutable std::mutex mutex;
         TracedOrdinal<std::chrono::nanoseconds> workDuration
                 GUARDED_BY(mutex) = {"VsyncWorkDuration-sf", std::chrono::nanoseconds(0)};
-        std::chrono::nanoseconds lastCallbackTime GUARDED_BY(mutex) = std::chrono::nanoseconds{0};
+        TimePoint lastCallbackTime GUARDED_BY(mutex);
         std::optional<nsecs_t> scheduledFrameTime GUARDED_BY(mutex);
         TracedOrdinal<int> value = {"VSYNC-sf", 0};
     };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index a3d4e8d..55ae013 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -131,6 +131,18 @@
     }
 }
 
+void Scheduler::onFrameSignal(ICompositor& compositor, VsyncId vsyncId,
+                              TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) {
+    const TimePoint frameTime = SchedulerClock::now();
+
+    if (!compositor.commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    compositor.composite(frameTime, vsyncId);
+    compositor.sample();
+}
+
 void Scheduler::createVsyncSchedule(FeatureFlags features) {
     mVsyncSchedule.emplace(features);
 }
@@ -151,20 +163,20 @@
             .getFrameRateOverrideForUid(uid, supportsFrameRateOverrideByContent);
 }
 
-bool Scheduler::isVsyncValid(nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const {
+bool Scheduler::isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const {
     const auto frameRate = getFrameRateOverride(uid);
     if (!frameRate.has_value()) {
         return true;
     }
 
-    return mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTimestamp, *frameRate);
+    return mVsyncSchedule->getTracker().isVSyncInPhase(expectedVsyncTimestamp.ns(), *frameRate);
 }
 
 impl::EventThread::ThrottleVsyncCallback Scheduler::makeThrottleVsyncCallback() const {
     std::scoped_lock lock(mRefreshRateConfigsLock);
 
     return [this](nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) {
-        return !isVsyncValid(expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid);
+        return !isVsyncValid(TimePoint::fromNs(expectedVsyncTimestamp), uid);
     };
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
index f800eeb..4730493 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.h
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
 
     // Returns true if a given vsync timestamp is considered valid vsync
     // for a given uid
-    bool isVsyncValid(nsecs_t expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const;
+    bool isVsyncValid(TimePoint expectedVsyncTimestamp, uid_t uid) const;
 
     void dump(std::string&) const;
     void dump(ConnectionHandle, std::string&) const;
@@ -243,6 +243,9 @@
     enum class TimerState { Reset, Expired };
     enum class TouchState { Inactive, Active };
 
+    // impl::MessageQueue overrides:
+    void onFrameSignal(ICompositor&, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) override;
+
     // Create a connection on the given EventThread.
     ConnectionHandle createConnection(std::unique_ptr<EventThread>);
     sp<EventThreadConnection> createConnectionInternal(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h
index 487709b..f00d456 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/Time.h
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@
 
 struct Duration : TimePoint::duration {
     // Implicit conversion from std::chrono counterpart.
-    constexpr Duration(TimePoint::duration d) : TimePoint::duration(d) {}
+    template <typename R, typename P>
+    constexpr Duration(std::chrono::duration<R, P> d) : TimePoint::duration(d) {}
 
     static constexpr Duration fromNs(nsecs_t ns) { return {std::chrono::nanoseconds(ns)}; }
 
@@ -65,4 +66,15 @@
     return Duration(time_since_epoch()).ns();
 }
 
+// Shorthand to convert the tick count of a Duration to Period and Rep. For example:
+//
+//     const auto i = ticks<std::ratio<1>>(d);      // Integer seconds.
+//     const auto f = ticks<std::milli, float>(d);  // Floating-point milliseconds.
+//
+template <typename Period, typename Rep = Duration::rep>
+constexpr Rep ticks(Duration d) {
+    using D = std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>;
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<D>(d).count();
+}
+
 } // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c64a3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/VsyncId.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2022 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace android {
+
+// TODO(b/185536303): Import StrongTyping.h into FTL so it can be used here.
+
+// Sequential frame identifier, also known as FrameTimeline token.
+struct VsyncId {
+    int64_t value = -1;
+};
+
+inline bool operator==(VsyncId lhs, VsyncId rhs) {
+    return lhs.value == rhs.value;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index de12d62..819c60a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -158,6 +158,7 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 
 using namespace hardware::configstore;
@@ -1555,7 +1556,7 @@
 
 status_t SurfaceFlinger::injectVSync(nsecs_t when) {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
-    const nsecs_t expectedPresentTime = calculateExpectedPresentTime(when).ns();
+    const nsecs_t expectedPresentTime = calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint::fromNs(when)).ns();
     const nsecs_t deadlineTimestamp = expectedPresentTime;
     return mScheduler->injectVSync(when, expectedPresentTime, deadlineTimestamp) ? NO_ERROR
                                                                                  : BAD_VALUE;
@@ -1930,9 +1931,9 @@
     }));
 }
 
-auto SurfaceFlinger::getPreviousPresentFence(nsecs_t frameTime, Period vsyncPeriod)
+auto SurfaceFlinger::getPreviousPresentFence(TimePoint frameTime, Period vsyncPeriod)
         -> const FenceTimePtr& {
-    const bool isTwoVsyncsAhead = mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime > vsyncPeriod.ns();
+    const bool isTwoVsyncsAhead = mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime > vsyncPeriod;
     const size_t i = static_cast<size_t>(isTwoVsyncsAhead);
     return mPreviousPresentFences[i].fenceTime;
 }
@@ -1949,10 +1950,10 @@
     return status == -ETIME;
 }
 
-TimePoint SurfaceFlinger::calculateExpectedPresentTime(nsecs_t frameTime) const {
+TimePoint SurfaceFlinger::calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint frameTime) const {
     const auto& schedule = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule();
 
-    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint::fromNs(frameTime));
+    const TimePoint vsyncDeadline = schedule.vsyncDeadlineAfter(frameTime);
     if (mVsyncModulator->getVsyncConfig().sfOffset > 0) {
         return vsyncDeadline;
     }
@@ -1961,25 +1962,21 @@
     return vsyncDeadline + schedule.period();
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::commit(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime)
+bool SurfaceFlinger::commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime)
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
     // The expectedVsyncTime, which was predicted when this frame was scheduled, is normally in the
     // future relative to frameTime, but may not be for delayed frames. Adjust mExpectedPresentTime
     // accordingly, but not mScheduledPresentTime.
-    const nsecs_t lastScheduledPresentTime = mScheduledPresentTime;
+    const TimePoint lastScheduledPresentTime = mScheduledPresentTime;
     mScheduledPresentTime = expectedVsyncTime;
 
     // Calculate the expected present time once and use the cached value throughout this frame to
     // make sure all layers are seeing this same value.
-    mExpectedPresentTime = expectedVsyncTime >= frameTime
-            ? expectedVsyncTime
-            : calculateExpectedPresentTime(frameTime).ns();
+    mExpectedPresentTime = expectedVsyncTime >= frameTime ? expectedVsyncTime
+                                                          : calculateExpectedPresentTime(frameTime);
 
-    const auto vsyncIn = [&] {
-        if (!ATRACE_ENABLED()) return 0.f;
-        return (mExpectedPresentTime - systemTime()) / 1e6f;
-    }();
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64 " vsyncIn %.2fms%s", __func__, vsyncId, vsyncIn,
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64 " vsyncIn %.2fms%s", __func__, vsyncId.value,
+                  ticks<std::milli, float>(mExpectedPresentTime - scheduler::SchedulerClock::now()),
                   mExpectedPresentTime == expectedVsyncTime ? "" : " (adjusted)");
 
     const Period vsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
@@ -2009,7 +2006,7 @@
     const TracedOrdinal<bool> frameMissed = {"PrevFrameMissed",
                                              framePending ||
                                                      (previousPresentTime >= 0 &&
-                                                      (lastScheduledPresentTime <
+                                                      (lastScheduledPresentTime.ns() <
                                                        previousPresentTime - frameMissedSlop))};
     const TracedOrdinal<bool> hwcFrameMissed = {"PrevHwcFrameMissed",
                                                 mHadDeviceComposition && frameMissed};
@@ -2066,15 +2063,16 @@
             activeDisplay->getPowerMode() == hal::PowerMode::ON;
     if (mPowerHintSessionEnabled) {
         const auto& display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked()).get();
-        // get stable vsync period from display mode
         const nsecs_t vsyncPeriod = display->getActiveMode()->getVsyncPeriod();
-        mPowerAdvisor->setCommitStart(frameTime);
-        mPowerAdvisor->setExpectedPresentTime(mExpectedPresentTime);
-        const nsecs_t idealSfWorkDuration =
-                mVsyncModulator->getVsyncConfig().sfWorkDuration.count();
-        // Frame delay is how long we should have minus how long we actually have
-        mPowerAdvisor->setFrameDelay(idealSfWorkDuration - (mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime));
-        mPowerAdvisor->setTotalFrameTargetWorkDuration(idealSfWorkDuration);
+        mPowerAdvisor->setCommitStart(frameTime.ns());
+        mPowerAdvisor->setExpectedPresentTime(mExpectedPresentTime.ns());
+
+        // Frame delay is how long we should have minus how long we actually have.
+        const Duration idealSfWorkDuration = mVsyncModulator->getVsyncConfig().sfWorkDuration;
+        const Duration frameDelay = idealSfWorkDuration - (mExpectedPresentTime - frameTime);
+
+        mPowerAdvisor->setFrameDelay(frameDelay.ns());
+        mPowerAdvisor->setTotalFrameTargetWorkDuration(idealSfWorkDuration.ns());
         mPowerAdvisor->setTargetWorkDuration(vsyncPeriod);
 
         // Send early hint here to make sure there's not another frame pending
@@ -2094,7 +2092,8 @@
     // Composite if transactions were committed, or if requested by HWC.
     bool mustComposite = mMustComposite.exchange(false);
     {
-        mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(vsyncId, frameTime, Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(vsyncPeriod.ns()));
+        mFrameTimeline->setSfWakeUp(vsyncId.value, frameTime.ns(),
+                                    Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(vsyncPeriod.ns()));
 
         bool needsTraversal = false;
         if (clearTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded)) {
@@ -2144,7 +2143,7 @@
 
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && !mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and tracing should only be enabled for debugging.
-        mLayerTracing.notify(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime, vsyncId);
+        mLayerTracing.notify(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
     }
     mLastCommittedVsyncId = vsyncId;
 
@@ -2153,9 +2152,9 @@
     return mustComposite && CC_LIKELY(mBootStage != BootStage::BOOTLOADER);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::composite(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId)
+void SurfaceFlinger::composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId)
         FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext) {
-    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64, __func__, vsyncId);
+    ATRACE_FORMAT("%s %" PRId64, __func__, vsyncId.value);
 
     compositionengine::CompositionRefreshArgs refreshArgs;
     const auto& displays = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mDisplays);
@@ -2215,15 +2214,13 @@
         refreshArgs.devOptFlashDirtyRegionsDelay = std::chrono::milliseconds(mDebugFlashDelay);
     }
 
-    const auto expectedPresentTime = mExpectedPresentTime.load();
-    const auto prevVsyncTime =
-            TimePoint::fromNs(expectedPresentTime) - mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
-
+    const auto prevVsyncTime = mExpectedPresentTime - mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period();
     const auto hwcMinWorkDuration = mVsyncConfiguration->getCurrentConfigs().hwcMinWorkDuration;
+
     refreshArgs.earliestPresentTime = prevVsyncTime - hwcMinWorkDuration;
     refreshArgs.previousPresentFence = mPreviousPresentFences[0].fenceTime;
     refreshArgs.scheduledFrameTime = mScheduler->getScheduledFrameTime();
-    refreshArgs.expectedPresentTime = expectedPresentTime;
+    refreshArgs.expectedPresentTime = mExpectedPresentTime.ns();
 
     // Store the present time just before calling to the composition engine so we could notify
     // the scheduler.
@@ -2231,7 +2228,7 @@
 
     mCompositionEngine->present(refreshArgs);
 
-    mTimeStats->recordFrameDuration(frameTime, systemTime());
+    mTimeStats->recordFrameDuration(frameTime.ns(), systemTime());
 
     // Send a power hint hint after presentation is finished
     if (mPowerHintSessionEnabled) {
@@ -2274,7 +2271,7 @@
     mLayersWithQueuedFrames.clear();
     if (mLayerTracingEnabled && mLayerTracing.flagIsSet(LayerTracing::TRACE_COMPOSITION)) {
         // This will block and should only be used for debugging.
-        mLayerTracing.notify(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime, vsyncId);
+        mLayerTracing.notify(mVisibleRegionsDirty, frameTime.ns(), vsyncId.value);
     }
 
     mVisibleRegionsWereDirtyThisFrame = mVisibleRegionsDirty; // Cache value for use in post-comp
@@ -3630,13 +3627,12 @@
 
             auto& transaction = transactionQueue.front();
             const auto ready =
-                transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(transaction,
-                                              transaction.frameTimelineInfo,
-                                              transaction.isAutoTimestamp,
-                                              transaction.desiredPresentTime,
-                                              transaction.originUid, transaction.states,
-                                              bufferLayersReadyToPresent, transactions.size(),
-                                              tryApplyUnsignaled);
+                    transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(transaction, transaction.frameTimelineInfo,
+                                                  transaction.isAutoTimestamp,
+                                                  TimePoint::fromNs(transaction.desiredPresentTime),
+                                                  transaction.originUid, transaction.states,
+                                                  bufferLayersReadyToPresent, transactions.size(),
+                                                  tryApplyUnsignaled);
             ATRACE_INT("TransactionReadiness", static_cast<int>(ready));
             if (ready == TransactionReadiness::NotReady) {
                 setTransactionFlags(eTransactionFlushNeeded);
@@ -3678,7 +3674,7 @@
     return transactionsPendingBarrier;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::flushTransactionQueues(int64_t vsyncId) {
+bool SurfaceFlinger::flushTransactionQueues(VsyncId vsyncId) {
     // to prevent onHandleDestroyed from being called while the lock is held,
     // we must keep a copy of the transactions (specifically the composer
     // states) around outside the scope of the lock
@@ -3730,7 +3726,7 @@
 }
 
 bool SurfaceFlinger::applyTransactions(std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions,
-                                       int64_t vsyncId) {
+                                       VsyncId vsyncId) {
     bool needsTraversal = false;
     // Now apply all transactions.
     for (auto& transaction : transactions) {
@@ -3750,7 +3746,7 @@
     }
 
     if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(transactions, vsyncId);
+        mTransactionTracing->addCommittedTransactions(transactions, vsyncId.value);
     }
     return needsTraversal;
 }
@@ -3759,27 +3755,28 @@
     return !mPendingTransactionQueues.empty() || !mLocklessTransactionQueue.isEmpty();
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::frameIsEarly(nsecs_t expectedPresentTime, int64_t vsyncId) const {
-    // The amount of time SF can delay a frame if it is considered early based
-    // on the VsyncModulator::VsyncConfig::appWorkDuration
-    constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kEarlyLatchMaxThreshold = 100ms;
-
-    const nsecs_t currentVsyncPeriod = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period().ns();
-    const nsecs_t earlyLatchVsyncThreshold = currentVsyncPeriod / 2;
-
-    const auto prediction = mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(vsyncId);
-    if (!prediction.has_value()) {
+bool SurfaceFlinger::frameIsEarly(TimePoint expectedPresentTime, VsyncId vsyncId) const {
+    const auto prediction =
+            mFrameTimeline->getTokenManager()->getPredictionsForToken(vsyncId.value);
+    if (!prediction) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    if (std::abs(prediction->presentTime - expectedPresentTime) >=
-        kEarlyLatchMaxThreshold.count()) {
+    const auto predictedPresentTime = TimePoint::fromNs(prediction->presentTime);
+
+    // The duration for which SF can delay a frame if it is considered early based on the
+    // VsyncModulator::VsyncConfig::appWorkDuration.
+    if (constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kEarlyLatchMaxThreshold = 100ms;
+        std::chrono::abs(predictedPresentTime - expectedPresentTime) >= kEarlyLatchMaxThreshold) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    return prediction->presentTime >= expectedPresentTime &&
-            prediction->presentTime - expectedPresentTime >= earlyLatchVsyncThreshold;
+    const Duration earlyLatchVsyncThreshold = mScheduler->getVsyncSchedule().period() / 2;
+
+    return predictedPresentTime >= expectedPresentTime &&
+            predictedPresentTime - expectedPresentTime >= earlyLatchVsyncThreshold;
 }
+
 bool SurfaceFlinger::shouldLatchUnsignaled(const sp<Layer>& layer, const layer_state_t& state,
                                            size_t numStates, size_t totalTXapplied) const {
     if (enableLatchUnsignaledConfig == LatchUnsignaledConfig::Disabled) {
@@ -3826,30 +3823,29 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-auto SurfaceFlinger::transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(TransactionState& transaction,
-        const FrameTimelineInfo& info, bool isAutoTimestamp, int64_t desiredPresentTime,
-        uid_t originUid, const Vector<ComposerState>& states,
-        const std::unordered_map<
-            sp<IBinder>, uint64_t, SpHash<IBinder>>& bufferLayersReadyToPresent,
+auto SurfaceFlinger::transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(
+        TransactionState& transaction, const FrameTimelineInfo& info, bool isAutoTimestamp,
+        TimePoint desiredPresentTime, uid_t originUid, const Vector<ComposerState>& states,
+        const std::unordered_map<sp<IBinder>, uint64_t, SpHash<IBinder>>&
+                bufferLayersReadyToPresent,
         size_t totalTXapplied, bool tryApplyUnsignaled) const -> TransactionReadiness {
     ATRACE_FORMAT("transactionIsReadyToBeApplied vsyncId: %" PRId64, info.vsyncId);
-    const nsecs_t expectedPresentTime = mExpectedPresentTime.load();
     // Do not present if the desiredPresentTime has not passed unless it is more than one second
     // in the future. We ignore timestamps more than 1 second in the future for stability reasons.
-    if (!isAutoTimestamp && desiredPresentTime >= expectedPresentTime &&
-        desiredPresentTime < expectedPresentTime + s2ns(1)) {
+    if (!isAutoTimestamp && desiredPresentTime >= mExpectedPresentTime &&
+        desiredPresentTime < mExpectedPresentTime + 1s) {
         ATRACE_NAME("not current");
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
 
-    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncValid(expectedPresentTime, originUid)) {
+    if (!mScheduler->isVsyncValid(mExpectedPresentTime, originUid)) {
         ATRACE_NAME("!isVsyncValid");
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
 
     // If the client didn't specify desiredPresentTime, use the vsyncId to determine the expected
     // present time of this transaction.
-    if (isAutoTimestamp && frameIsEarly(expectedPresentTime, info.vsyncId)) {
+    if (isAutoTimestamp && frameIsEarly(mExpectedPresentTime, VsyncId{info.vsyncId})) {
         ATRACE_NAME("frameIsEarly");
         return TransactionReadiness::NotReady;
     }
@@ -4945,8 +4941,6 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::logFrameStats(TimePoint now) {
-    using namespace std::chrono_literals;
-
     static TimePoint sTimestamp = now;
     if (now - sTimestamp < 30min) return;
     sTimestamp = now;
@@ -5679,7 +5673,7 @@
                         mScheduler
                                 ->schedule([&]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
                                     mLayerTracing.notify(true /* visibleRegionDirty */,
-                                                         startingTime, mLastCommittedVsyncId);
+                                                         startingTime, mLastCommittedVsyncId.value);
                                 })
                                 .wait();
                     }
@@ -6978,7 +6972,7 @@
     return calculateMaxAcquiredBufferCount(refreshRate, presentLatency);
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::handleLayerCreatedLocked(const LayerCreatedState& state, int64_t vsyncId) {
+void SurfaceFlinger::handleLayerCreatedLocked(const LayerCreatedState& state, VsyncId vsyncId) {
     sp<Layer> layer = state.layer.promote();
     if (!layer) {
         ALOGD("Layer was destroyed soon after creation %p", state.layer.unsafe_get());
@@ -7009,7 +7003,7 @@
 
     layer->updateTransformHint(mActiveDisplayTransformHint);
     if (mTransactionTracing) {
-        mTransactionTracing->onLayerAddedToDrawingState(layer->getSequence(), vsyncId);
+        mTransactionTracing->onLayerAddedToDrawingState(layer->getSequence(), vsyncId.value);
     }
     mInterceptor->saveSurfaceCreation(layer);
 }
@@ -7094,7 +7088,7 @@
     return buffer;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::commitMirrorDisplays(int64_t vsyncId) {
+bool SurfaceFlinger::commitMirrorDisplays(VsyncId vsyncId) {
     std::vector<MirrorDisplayState> mirrorDisplays;
     {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mMirrorDisplayLock);
@@ -7125,7 +7119,7 @@
             childMirror->setClonedChild(layer->createClone());
             if (mTransactionTracing) {
                 mTransactionTracing->onLayerAddedToDrawingState(childMirror->getSequence(),
-                                                                vsyncId);
+                                                                vsyncId.value);
             }
             childMirror->reparent(mirrorDisplay.rootHandle);
         }
@@ -7133,7 +7127,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-bool SurfaceFlinger::commitCreatedLayers(int64_t vsyncId) {
+bool SurfaceFlinger::commitCreatedLayers(VsyncId vsyncId) {
     std::vector<LayerCreatedState> createdLayers;
     {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> lock(mCreatedLayersLock);
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 361fa2e..d005337 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -623,11 +623,11 @@
 
     // Commits transactions for layers and displays. Returns whether any state has been invalidated,
     // i.e. whether a frame should be composited for each display.
-    bool commit(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime) override;
+    bool commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) override;
 
     // Composites a frame for each display. CompositionEngine performs GPU and/or HAL composition
     // via RenderEngine and the Composer HAL, respectively.
-    void composite(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId) override;
+    void composite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId) override;
 
     // Samples the composited frame via RegionSamplingThread.
     void sample() override;
@@ -719,15 +719,15 @@
                                const std::vector<ListenerCallbacks>& listenerCallbacks,
                                int originPid, int originUid, uint64_t transactionId)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    // flush pending transaction that was presented after desiredPresentTime.
-    bool flushTransactionQueues(int64_t vsyncId);
+    // Flush pending transactions that were presented after desiredPresentTime.
+    bool flushTransactionQueues(VsyncId) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
     // Returns true if there is at least one transaction that needs to be flushed
     bool transactionFlushNeeded();
 
     int flushPendingTransactionQueues(
             std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions,
             std::unordered_map<sp<IBinder>, uint64_t, SpHash<IBinder>>& bufferLayersReadyToPresent,
-            bool tryApplyUnsignaled) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+            bool tryApplyUnsignaled) REQUIRES(mStateLock) REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     uint32_t setClientStateLocked(const FrameTimelineInfo&, ComposerState&,
                                   int64_t desiredPresentTime, bool isAutoTimestamp,
@@ -751,21 +751,24 @@
         Ready,
         ReadyUnsignaled,
     };
-    TransactionReadiness transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(TransactionState& state,
-            const FrameTimelineInfo& info, bool isAutoTimestamp, int64_t desiredPresentTime,
-            uid_t originUid, const Vector<ComposerState>& states,
-            const std::unordered_map<
-                sp<IBinder>, uint64_t, SpHash<IBinder>>& bufferLayersReadyToPresent,
-            size_t totalTXapplied, bool tryApplyUnsignaled) const REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    TransactionReadiness transactionIsReadyToBeApplied(
+            TransactionState&, const FrameTimelineInfo&, bool isAutoTimestamp,
+            TimePoint desiredPresentTime, uid_t originUid, const Vector<ComposerState>&,
+            const std::unordered_map<sp<IBinder>, uint64_t, SpHash<IBinder>>&
+                    bufferLayersReadyToPresent,
+            size_t totalTXapplied, bool tryApplyUnsignaled) const REQUIRES(mStateLock)
+            REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
+
     static LatchUnsignaledConfig getLatchUnsignaledConfig();
     bool shouldLatchUnsignaled(const sp<Layer>& layer, const layer_state_t&, size_t numStates,
                                size_t totalTXapplied) const;
-    bool applyTransactions(std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions, int64_t vsyncId)
+    bool applyTransactions(std::vector<TransactionState>& transactions, VsyncId)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     uint32_t setDisplayStateLocked(const DisplayState& s) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
     uint32_t addInputWindowCommands(const InputWindowCommands& inputWindowCommands)
             REQUIRES(mStateLock);
-    bool frameIsEarly(nsecs_t expectedPresentTime, int64_t vsyncId) const;
+    bool frameIsEarly(TimePoint expectedPresentTime, VsyncId) const;
+
     /*
      * Layer management
      */
@@ -945,7 +948,7 @@
 
     using FenceTimePtr = std::shared_ptr<FenceTime>;
 
-    const FenceTimePtr& getPreviousPresentFence(nsecs_t frameTime, Period)
+    const FenceTimePtr& getPreviousPresentFence(TimePoint frameTime, Period)
             REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     // Blocks the thread waiting for up to graceTimeMs in case the fence is about to signal.
@@ -953,7 +956,7 @@
 
     // Calculates the expected present time for this frame. For negative offsets, performs a
     // correction using the predicted vsync for the next frame instead.
-    TimePoint calculateExpectedPresentTime(nsecs_t frameTime) const;
+    TimePoint calculateExpectedPresentTime(TimePoint frameTime) const;
 
     /*
      * Display identification
@@ -1189,7 +1192,7 @@
     const std::unique_ptr<FrameTracer> mFrameTracer;
     const std::unique_ptr<frametimeline::FrameTimeline> mFrameTimeline;
 
-    int64_t mLastCommittedVsyncId = -1;
+    VsyncId mLastCommittedVsyncId;
 
     // If blurs should be enabled on this device.
     bool mSupportsBlur = false;
@@ -1278,8 +1281,9 @@
     };
     std::array<FenceWithFenceTime, 2> mPreviousPresentFences;
 
-    std::atomic<nsecs_t> mExpectedPresentTime = 0;
-    nsecs_t mScheduledPresentTime = 0;
+    TimePoint mScheduledPresentTime GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
+    TimePoint mExpectedPresentTime GUARDED_BY(kMainThreadContext);
+
     hal::Vsync mHWCVsyncPendingState = hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
     hal::Vsync mLastHWCVsyncState = hal::Vsync::DISABLE;
 
@@ -1333,9 +1337,8 @@
     // A temporay pool that store the created layers and will be added to current state in main
     // thread.
     std::vector<LayerCreatedState> mCreatedLayers GUARDED_BY(mCreatedLayersLock);
-    bool commitCreatedLayers(int64_t vsyncId);
-    void handleLayerCreatedLocked(const LayerCreatedState& state, int64_t vsyncId)
-            REQUIRES(mStateLock);
+    bool commitCreatedLayers(VsyncId);
+    void handleLayerCreatedLocked(const LayerCreatedState&, VsyncId) REQUIRES(mStateLock);
 
     mutable std::mutex mMirrorDisplayLock;
     struct MirrorDisplayState {
@@ -1348,7 +1351,7 @@
         const sp<Client> client;
     };
     std::vector<MirrorDisplayState> mMirrorDisplays GUARDED_BY(mMirrorDisplayLock);
-    bool commitMirrorDisplays(int64_t vsyncId);
+    bool commitMirrorDisplays(VsyncId);
 
     std::atomic<ui::Transform::RotationFlags> mActiveDisplayTransformHint;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
index ca642fb..312d4ab 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Tracing/tools/LayerTraceGenerator.cpp
@@ -201,8 +201,6 @@
     TraceGenFlingerDataMapper* dataMapper = mapper.get();
     TransactionProtoParser parser(std::move(mapper));
 
-    nsecs_t frameTime;
-    int64_t vsyncId;
     ALOGD("Generating %d transactions...", traceFile.entry_size());
     for (int i = 0; i < traceFile.entry_size(); i++) {
         proto::TransactionTraceEntry entry = traceFile.entry(i);
@@ -256,8 +254,8 @@
                                          transaction.listenerCallbacks, transaction.id);
         }
 
-        frameTime = entry.elapsed_realtime_nanos();
-        vsyncId = entry.vsync_id();
+        const auto frameTime = TimePoint::fromNs(entry.elapsed_realtime_nanos());
+        const auto vsyncId = VsyncId{entry.vsync_id()};
         mFlinger.commit(frameTime, vsyncId);
 
         for (int j = 0; j < entry.removed_layer_handles_size(); j++) {
@@ -271,4 +269,4 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-} // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzer.cpp
index cf4cd80..28b875a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -244,7 +244,6 @@
     setDisplayStateLocked();
 
     setTransactionState();
-    mTestableFlinger.flushTransactionQueues();
 
     onTransact(data, size);
 }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
index 86b7a7a..b25d959 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_fuzzers_utils.h
@@ -153,14 +153,22 @@
                                                     ui::PixelFormat::YCBCR_P010,
                                                     ui::PixelFormat::HSV_888};
 
-FloatRect getFuzzedFloatRect(FuzzedDataProvider *fdp) {
+inline VsyncId getFuzzedVsyncId(FuzzedDataProvider& fdp) {
+    return VsyncId{fdp.ConsumeIntegral<int64_t>()};
+}
+
+inline TimePoint getFuzzedTimePoint(FuzzedDataProvider& fdp) {
+    return TimePoint::fromNs(fdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>());
+}
+
+inline FloatRect getFuzzedFloatRect(FuzzedDataProvider* fdp) {
     return FloatRect(fdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>() /*left*/,
                      fdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>() /*right*/,
                      fdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>() /*top*/,
                      fdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>() /*bottom*/);
 }
 
-HdrMetadata getFuzzedHdrMetadata(FuzzedDataProvider *fdp) {
+inline HdrMetadata getFuzzedHdrMetadata(FuzzedDataProvider* fdp) {
     HdrMetadata hdrMetadata;
     if (fdp->ConsumeBool()) {
         hdrMetadata.cta8613.maxContentLightLevel = fdp->ConsumeFloatingPoint<float>();
@@ -270,8 +278,8 @@
 
 private:
     // ICompositor overrides:
-    bool commit(nsecs_t, int64_t, nsecs_t) override { return false; }
-    void composite(nsecs_t, int64_t) override {}
+    bool commit(TimePoint, VsyncId, TimePoint) override { return false; }
+    void composite(TimePoint, VsyncId) override {}
     void sample() override {}
 
     // MessageQueue overrides:
@@ -284,13 +292,18 @@
 namespace surfaceflinger::test {
 
 class Factory final : public surfaceflinger::Factory {
+    struct NoOpMessageQueue : android::impl::MessageQueue {
+        using android::impl::MessageQueue::MessageQueue;
+        void onFrameSignal(ICompositor&, VsyncId, TimePoint) override {}
+    };
+
 public:
     ~Factory() = default;
 
-    std::unique_ptr<HWComposer> createHWComposer(const std::string &) override { return nullptr; }
+    std::unique_ptr<HWComposer> createHWComposer(const std::string&) override { return nullptr; }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<MessageQueue> createMessageQueue(ICompositor &compositor) {
-        return std::make_unique<android::impl::MessageQueue>(compositor);
+    std::unique_ptr<MessageQueue> createMessageQueue(ICompositor& compositor) {
+        return std::make_unique<NoOpMessageQueue>(compositor);
     }
 
     std::unique_ptr<scheduler::VsyncConfiguration> createVsyncConfiguration(
@@ -595,13 +608,14 @@
 
         setVsyncConfig(&mFdp);
 
-        mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(0);
+        FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext,
+                       mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(getFuzzedVsyncId(mFdp)));
 
         mFlinger->setTransactionFlags(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>());
         mFlinger->clearTransactionFlags(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<uint32_t>());
         mFlinger->commitOffscreenLayers();
 
-        mFlinger->frameIsEarly(mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<nsecs_t>(), mFdp.ConsumeIntegral<int64_t>());
+        mFlinger->frameIsEarly(getFuzzedTimePoint(mFdp), getFuzzedVsyncId(mFdp));
         mFlinger->computeLayerBounds();
         mFlinger->startBootAnim();
 
@@ -736,8 +750,6 @@
                                              listenerCallbacks, transactionId);
     }
 
-    auto flushTransactionQueues() { return mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(0); };
-
     auto onTransact(uint32_t code, const Parcel &data, Parcel *reply, uint32_t flags) {
         return mFlinger->onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
index e0aa0b1..f20b9f9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/MessageQueueTest.cpp
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@
 using CallbackToken = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::CallbackToken;
 
 struct NoOpCompositor final : ICompositor {
-    bool commit(nsecs_t, int64_t, nsecs_t) override { return false; }
-    void composite(nsecs_t, int64_t) override {}
+    bool commit(TimePoint, VsyncId, TimePoint) override { return false; }
+    void composite(TimePoint, VsyncId) override {}
     void sample() override {}
 } gNoOpCompositor;
 
@@ -41,12 +41,15 @@
     struct MockHandler : MessageQueue::Handler {
         using MessageQueue::Handler::Handler;
 
-        MOCK_METHOD(void, dispatchFrame, (int64_t, nsecs_t), (override));
+        MOCK_METHOD(void, dispatchFrame, (VsyncId, TimePoint), (override));
     };
 
     explicit TestableMessageQueue(sp<MockHandler> handler)
           : impl::MessageQueue(gNoOpCompositor, handler), mHandler(std::move(handler)) {}
 
+    // impl::MessageQueue overrides:
+    void onFrameSignal(ICompositor&, VsyncId, TimePoint) override {}
+
 public:
     TestableMessageQueue() : TestableMessageQueue(sp<MockHandler>::make(*this)) {}
 
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@
 struct MessageQueueTest : testing::Test {
     void SetUp() override {
         EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, registerCallback(_, "sf")).WillOnce(Return(mCallbackToken));
-        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.initVsync(mVSyncDispatch, mTokenManager, mDuration));
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.initVsync(mVSyncDispatch, mTokenManager, kDuration));
         EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, unregisterCallback(mCallbackToken)).Times(1);
     }
 
@@ -80,16 +83,15 @@
     TestableMessageQueue mEventQueue;
 
     const CallbackToken mCallbackToken{5};
-    constexpr static auto mDuration = std::chrono::nanoseconds(100ms);
-    constexpr static auto mDifferentDuration = std::chrono::nanoseconds(250ms);
+
+    static constexpr Duration kDuration = 100ms;
+    static constexpr Duration kDifferentDuration = 250ms;
 };
 
 namespace {
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Test cases
- */
+
 TEST_F(MessageQueueTest, commit) {
-    const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = mDuration.count(),
+    const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
     EXPECT_FALSE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
@@ -103,7 +105,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(MessageQueueTest, commitTwice) {
     InSequence s;
-    const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = mDuration.count(),
+    const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
 
@@ -122,7 +124,7 @@
 
 TEST_F(MessageQueueTest, commitTwiceWithCallback) {
     InSequence s;
-    const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = mDuration.count(),
+    const auto timing = scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                                  .readyDuration = 0,
                                                                  .earliestVsync = 0};
 
@@ -132,33 +134,36 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
     EXPECT_EQ(1234, mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime()->time_since_epoch().count());
 
-    const auto startTime = 100;
-    const auto endTime = startTime + mDuration.count();
-    const auto presentTime = 500;
-    const auto vsyncId = 42;
+    constexpr TimePoint kStartTime = TimePoint::fromNs(100);
+    constexpr TimePoint kEndTime = kStartTime + kDuration;
+    constexpr TimePoint kPresentTime = TimePoint::fromNs(500);
+    constexpr VsyncId vsyncId{42};
+
     EXPECT_CALL(mTokenManager,
-                generateTokenForPredictions(
-                        frametimeline::TimelineItem(startTime, endTime, presentTime)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(vsyncId));
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventQueue.mHandler, dispatchFrame(vsyncId, presentTime)).Times(1);
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.vsyncCallback(presentTime, startTime, endTime));
+                generateTokenForPredictions(frametimeline::TimelineItem(kStartTime.ns(),
+                                                                        kEndTime.ns(),
+                                                                        kPresentTime.ns())))
+            .WillOnce(Return(vsyncId.value));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mEventQueue.mHandler, dispatchFrame(vsyncId, kPresentTime)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(
+            mEventQueue.vsyncCallback(kPresentTime.ns(), kStartTime.ns(), kEndTime.ns()));
 
     EXPECT_FALSE(mEventQueue.getScheduledFrameTime());
 
     const auto timingAfterCallback =
-            scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = mDuration.count(),
+            scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDuration.ns(),
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
-                                                     .earliestVsync = presentTime};
+                                                     .earliestVsync = kPresentTime.ns()};
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mVSyncDispatch, schedule(mCallbackToken, timingAfterCallback)).WillOnce(Return(0));
     EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.scheduleFrame());
 }
 
 TEST_F(MessageQueueTest, commitWithDurationChange) {
-    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.setDuration(mDifferentDuration));
+    EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(mEventQueue.setDuration(kDifferentDuration));
 
     const auto timing =
-            scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = mDifferentDuration.count(),
+            scheduler::VSyncDispatch::ScheduleTiming{.workDuration = kDifferentDuration.ns(),
                                                      .readyDuration = 0,
                                                      .earliestVsync = 0};
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
index 18e0a1c..e256d2c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_PowerHintTest.cpp
@@ -133,22 +133,20 @@
 TEST_F(SurfaceFlingerPowerHintTest, sendDurationsIncludingHwcWaitTime) {
     ON_CALL(*mPowerAdvisor, usePowerHintSession()).WillByDefault(Return(true));
 
-    const std::chrono::nanoseconds mockVsyncPeriod = 15ms;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mPowerAdvisor, setTargetWorkDuration(_)).Times(1);
-
-    const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
-    const std::chrono::nanoseconds mockHwcRunTime = 20ms;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface,
                 prepareFrame(compositionengine::DisplaySurface::CompositionType::Hwc))
             .Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce([mockHwcRunTime] {
-                std::this_thread::sleep_for(mockHwcRunTime);
-                return hardware::graphics::composer::V2_1::Error::NONE;
-            });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce([] {
+        constexpr Duration kMockHwcRunTime = 20ms;
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(kMockHwcRunTime);
+        return hardware::graphics::composer::V2_1::Error::NONE;
+    });
     EXPECT_CALL(*mPowerAdvisor, sendActualWorkDuration()).Times(1);
-    static constexpr bool kVsyncId = 123; // arbitrary
-    mFlinger.commitAndComposite(now, kVsyncId, now + mockVsyncPeriod.count());
+
+    const TimePoint frameTime = scheduler::SchedulerClock::now();
+    constexpr Period kMockVsyncPeriod = 15ms;
+    mFlinger.commitAndComposite(frameTime, VsyncId{123}, frameTime + kMockVsyncPeriod);
 }
 
 TEST_F(SurfaceFlingerPowerHintTest, inactiveOnDisplayDoze) {
@@ -156,22 +154,20 @@
 
     mDisplay->setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode::DOZE);
 
-    const std::chrono::nanoseconds mockVsyncPeriod = 15ms;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mPowerAdvisor, setTargetWorkDuration(_)).Times(0);
-
-    const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
-    const std::chrono::nanoseconds mockHwcRunTime = 20ms;
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface,
                 prepareFrame(compositionengine::DisplaySurface::CompositionType::Hwc))
             .Times(1);
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _, _))
-            .WillOnce([mockHwcRunTime] {
-                std::this_thread::sleep_for(mockHwcRunTime);
-                return hardware::graphics::composer::V2_1::Error::NONE;
-            });
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _, _)).WillOnce([] {
+        constexpr Duration kMockHwcRunTime = 20ms;
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(kMockHwcRunTime);
+        return hardware::graphics::composer::V2_1::Error::NONE;
+    });
     EXPECT_CALL(*mPowerAdvisor, sendActualWorkDuration()).Times(0);
-    static constexpr bool kVsyncId = 123; // arbitrary
-    mFlinger.commitAndComposite(now, kVsyncId, now + mockVsyncPeriod.count());
+
+    const TimePoint frameTime = scheduler::SchedulerClock::now();
+    constexpr Period kMockVsyncPeriod = 15ms;
+    mFlinger.commitAndComposite(frameTime, VsyncId{123}, frameTime + kMockVsyncPeriod);
 }
 
 } // namespace
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
index 4708572..66cdfd7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableScheduler.h
@@ -109,8 +109,8 @@
 
 private:
     // ICompositor overrides:
-    bool commit(nsecs_t, int64_t, nsecs_t) override { return false; }
-    void composite(nsecs_t, int64_t) override {}
+    bool commit(TimePoint, VsyncId, TimePoint) override { return false; }
+    void composite(TimePoint, VsyncId) override {}
     void sample() override {}
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 66eb186..407706d 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplaySurface.h>
+#include <ftl/fake_guard.h>
 #include <gui/ScreenCaptureResults.h>
 
 #include "BufferStateLayer.h"
@@ -316,25 +317,22 @@
      * Forwarding for functions being tested
      */
 
-    nsecs_t commit(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId, nsecs_t expectedVSyncTime) {
+    TimePoint commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVSyncTime) {
         mFlinger->commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVSyncTime);
         return frameTime;
     }
 
-    nsecs_t commit(nsecs_t frameTime, int64_t vsyncId) {
-        std::chrono::nanoseconds period = 10ms;
-        return commit(frameTime, vsyncId, frameTime + period.count());
+    TimePoint commit(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId) {
+        return commit(frameTime, vsyncId, frameTime + Period(10ms));
     }
 
-    nsecs_t commit() {
-        const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
-        const nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime = now + 10'000'000;
-        return commit(now, kVsyncId, expectedVsyncTime);
+    TimePoint commit() {
+        const TimePoint frameTime = scheduler::SchedulerClock::now();
+        return commit(frameTime, kVsyncId);
     }
 
-    void commitAndComposite(const nsecs_t frameTime, const int64_t vsyncId,
-                            const nsecs_t expectedVsyncTime) {
-        mFlinger->composite(commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime), kVsyncId);
+    void commitAndComposite(TimePoint frameTime, VsyncId vsyncId, TimePoint expectedVsyncTime) {
+        mFlinger->composite(commit(frameTime, vsyncId, expectedVsyncTime), vsyncId);
     }
 
     void commitAndComposite() { mFlinger->composite(commit(), kVsyncId); }
@@ -432,7 +430,9 @@
                                              listenerCallbacks, transactionId);
     }
 
-    auto flushTransactionQueues() { return mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(0); };
+    auto flushTransactionQueues() {
+        return FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger->flushTransactionQueues(kVsyncId));
+    }
 
     auto onTransact(uint32_t code, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags) {
         return mFlinger->onTransact(code, data, reply, flags);
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@
     };
 
 private:
-    constexpr static int64_t kVsyncId = 123;
+    static constexpr VsyncId kVsyncId{123};
 
     surfaceflinger::test::Factory mFactory;
     sp<SurfaceFlinger> mFlinger;