Merge "Reenable some tests for VK RenderEngine" into main
diff --git a/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl b/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
index bb3faaf..6686717 100644
--- a/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
+++ b/aidl/gui/android/view/Surface.aidl
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
 
 package android.view;
 
-@JavaOnlyStableParcelable @NdkOnlyStableParcelable parcelable Surface cpp_header "gui/view/Surface.h" ndk_header "android/native_window_aidl.h";
+@JavaOnlyStableParcelable @NdkOnlyStableParcelable @RustOnlyStableParcelable parcelable Surface cpp_header "gui/view/Surface.h" ndk_header "android/native_window_aidl.h" rust_type "nativewindow::Surface";
diff --git a/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp b/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp
index ae56cb0..07908ba 100644
--- a/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp
+++ b/cmds/servicemanager/main.cpp
@@ -40,15 +40,12 @@
 public:
     static sp<BinderCallback> setupTo(const sp<Looper>& looper) {
         sp<BinderCallback> cb = sp<BinderCallback>::make();
+        cb->mLooper = looper;
 
-        int binder_fd = -1;
-        IPCThreadState::self()->setupPolling(&binder_fd);
-        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(binder_fd < 0, "Failed to setupPolling: %d", binder_fd);
+        IPCThreadState::self()->setupPolling(&cb->mBinderFd);
+        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(cb->mBinderFd < 0, "Failed to setupPolling: %d", cb->mBinderFd);
 
-        int ret = looper->addFd(binder_fd,
-                                Looper::POLL_CALLBACK,
-                                Looper::EVENT_INPUT,
-                                cb,
+        int ret = looper->addFd(cb->mBinderFd, Looper::POLL_CALLBACK, Looper::EVENT_INPUT, cb,
                                 nullptr /*data*/);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(ret != 1, "Failed to add binder FD to Looper");
 
@@ -59,13 +56,26 @@
         IPCThreadState::self()->handlePolledCommands();
         return 1;  // Continue receiving callbacks.
     }
+
+    void repoll() {
+        if (!mLooper->repoll(mBinderFd)) {
+            ALOGE("Failed to repoll binder FD.");
+        }
+    }
+
+private:
+    sp<Looper> mLooper;
+    int mBinderFd = -1;
 };
 
 // LooperCallback for IClientCallback
 class ClientCallbackCallback : public LooperCallback {
 public:
-    static sp<ClientCallbackCallback> setupTo(const sp<Looper>& looper, const sp<ServiceManager>& manager) {
+    static sp<ClientCallbackCallback> setupTo(const sp<Looper>& looper,
+                                              const sp<ServiceManager>& manager,
+                                              sp<BinderCallback> binderCallback) {
         sp<ClientCallbackCallback> cb = sp<ClientCallbackCallback>::make(manager);
+        cb->mBinderCallback = binderCallback;
 
         int fdTimer = timerfd_create(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, 0 /*flags*/);
         LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(fdTimer < 0, "Failed to timerfd_create: fd: %d err: %d", fdTimer, errno);
@@ -102,12 +112,15 @@
         }
 
         mManager->handleClientCallbacks();
+        mBinderCallback->repoll(); // b/316829336
+
         return 1;  // Continue receiving callbacks.
     }
 private:
     friend sp<ClientCallbackCallback>;
     ClientCallbackCallback(const sp<ServiceManager>& manager) : mManager(manager) {}
     sp<ServiceManager> mManager;
+    sp<BinderCallback> mBinderCallback;
 };
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
@@ -139,8 +152,8 @@
 
     sp<Looper> looper = Looper::prepare(false /*allowNonCallbacks*/);
 
-    BinderCallback::setupTo(looper);
-    ClientCallbackCallback::setupTo(looper, manager);
+    sp<BinderCallback> binderCallback = BinderCallback::setupTo(looper);
+    ClientCallbackCallback::setupTo(looper, manager, binderCallback);
 
 #ifndef VENDORSERVICEMANAGER
     if (!SetProperty("servicemanager.ready", "true")) {
diff --git a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
index e1dc791..6b8e824 100644
--- a/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
+++ b/libs/gui/include/gui/LayerState.h
@@ -416,26 +416,36 @@
 };
 
 struct DisplayState {
-    enum {
+    enum : uint32_t {
         eSurfaceChanged = 0x01,
         eLayerStackChanged = 0x02,
         eDisplayProjectionChanged = 0x04,
         eDisplaySizeChanged = 0x08,
-        eFlagsChanged = 0x10
+        eFlagsChanged = 0x10,
+
+        eAllChanged = ~0u
     };
 
+    // Not for direct use. Prefer constructor below for new displays.
     DisplayState();
+
+    DisplayState(sp<IBinder> token, ui::LayerStack layerStack)
+          : what(eAllChanged),
+            token(std::move(token)),
+            layerStack(layerStack),
+            layerStackSpaceRect(Rect::INVALID_RECT),
+            orientedDisplaySpaceRect(Rect::INVALID_RECT) {}
+
     void merge(const DisplayState& other);
     void sanitize(int32_t permissions);
 
     uint32_t what = 0;
     uint32_t flags = 0;
     sp<IBinder> token;
-    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
 
     ui::LayerStack layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
 
-    // These states define how layers are projected onto the physical display.
+    // These states define how layers are projected onto the physical or virtual display.
     //
     // Layers are first clipped to `layerStackSpaceRect'.  They are then translated and
     // scaled from `layerStackSpaceRect' to `orientedDisplaySpaceRect'.  Finally, they are rotated
@@ -446,10 +456,17 @@
     // will be scaled by a factor of 2 and translated by (20, 10). When orientation is 1, layers
     // will be additionally rotated by 90 degrees around the origin clockwise and translated by (W,
     // 0).
+    //
+    // Rect::INVALID_RECT sizes the space to the active resolution of the physical display, or the
+    // default dimensions of the virtual display surface.
+    //
     ui::Rotation orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
     Rect layerStackSpaceRect = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
     Rect orientedDisplaySpaceRect = Rect::EMPTY_RECT;
 
+    // Exclusive to virtual displays: The sink surface into which the virtual display is rendered,
+    // and an optional resolution that overrides its default dimensions.
+    sp<IGraphicBufferProducer> surface;
     uint32_t width = 0;
     uint32_t height = 0;
 
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
index aab7df0..22ad834 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/lib.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 extern crate nativewindow_bindgen as ffi;
 
+pub mod surface;
+
 pub use ffi::{AHardwareBuffer_Format, AHardwareBuffer_UsageFlags};
 
 use binder::{
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@
 }
 
 impl Debug for HardwareBuffer {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("HardwareBuffer").field("id", &self.id()).finish()
     }
 }
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/surface.rs b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/surface.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c812612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/src/surface.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+//! Rust wrapper for `ANativeWindow` and related types.
+
+use binder::{
+    binder_impl::{BorrowedParcel, UnstructuredParcelable},
+    impl_deserialize_for_unstructured_parcelable, impl_serialize_for_unstructured_parcelable,
+    unstable_api::{status_result, AsNative},
+    StatusCode,
+};
+use nativewindow_bindgen::{
+    AHardwareBuffer_Format, ANativeWindow, ANativeWindow_acquire, ANativeWindow_getFormat,
+    ANativeWindow_getHeight, ANativeWindow_getWidth, ANativeWindow_readFromParcel,
+    ANativeWindow_release, ANativeWindow_writeToParcel,
+};
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Formatter};
+use std::ptr::{null_mut, NonNull};
+
+/// Wrapper around an opaque C `ANativeWindow`.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct Surface(NonNull<ANativeWindow>);
+
+impl Surface {
+    /// Returns the current width in pixels of the window surface.
+    pub fn width(&self) -> Result<u32, ErrorCode> {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        let width = unsafe { ANativeWindow_getWidth(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        width.try_into().map_err(|_| ErrorCode(width))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current height in pixels of the window surface.
+    pub fn height(&self) -> Result<u32, ErrorCode> {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        let height = unsafe { ANativeWindow_getHeight(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        height.try_into().map_err(|_| ErrorCode(height))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the current pixel format of the window surface.
+    pub fn format(&self) -> Result<AHardwareBuffer_Format::Type, ErrorCode> {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        let format = unsafe { ANativeWindow_getFormat(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        format.try_into().map_err(|_| ErrorCode(format))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for Surface {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        unsafe { ANativeWindow_release(self.0.as_ptr()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Surface {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Surface")
+            .field("width", &self.width())
+            .field("height", &self.height())
+            .field("format", &self.format())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Surface {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        unsafe { ANativeWindow_acquire(self.0.as_ptr()) };
+        Self(self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl UnstructuredParcelable for Surface {
+    fn write_to_parcel(&self, parcel: &mut BorrowedParcel) -> Result<(), StatusCode> {
+        let status =
+        // SAFETY: The ANativeWindow pointer we pass is guaranteed to be non-null and valid because
+        // it must have been allocated by `ANativeWindow_allocate` or `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel`
+        // and we have not yet released it.
+        unsafe { ANativeWindow_writeToParcel(self.0.as_ptr(), parcel.as_native_mut()) };
+        status_result(status)
+    }
+
+    fn from_parcel(parcel: &BorrowedParcel) -> Result<Self, StatusCode> {
+        let mut buffer = null_mut();
+
+        let status =
+        // SAFETY: Both pointers must be valid because they are obtained from references.
+        // `ANativeWindow_readFromParcel` doesn't store them or do anything else special
+        // with them. If it returns success then it will have allocated a new
+        // `ANativeWindow` and incremented the reference count, so we can use it until we
+        // release it.
+            unsafe { ANativeWindow_readFromParcel(parcel.as_native(), &mut buffer) };
+
+        status_result(status)?;
+
+        Ok(Self(
+            NonNull::new(buffer)
+                .expect("ANativeWindow_readFromParcel returned success but didn't allocate buffer"),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl_deserialize_for_unstructured_parcelable!(Surface);
+impl_serialize_for_unstructured_parcelable!(Surface);
+
+// SAFETY: The underlying *ANativeWindow can be moved between threads.
+unsafe impl Send for Surface {}
+
+/// An error code returned by methods on [`Surface`].
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct ErrorCode(i32);
+
+impl Error for ErrorCode {}
+
+impl Display for ErrorCode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Error {}", self.0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h b/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h
index 4525a42..5689f7d 100644
--- a/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h
+++ b/libs/nativewindow/rust/sys/nativewindow_bindings.h
@@ -19,3 +19,4 @@
 #include <android/hardware_buffer_aidl.h>
 #include <android/hdr_metadata.h>
 #include <android/native_window.h>
+#include <android/native_window_aidl.h>
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
index 72c6f1a..1ada5e5 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.cpp
@@ -118,6 +118,15 @@
     }
 }
 
+void InputFilter::setAccessibilitySlowKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) {
+    std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
+
+    if (mConfig.slowKeysThresholdNs != threshold) {
+        mConfig.slowKeysThresholdNs = threshold;
+        notifyConfigurationChangedLocked();
+    }
+}
+
 void InputFilter::setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
index 153d29d..4ddc9f4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilter.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
      */
     virtual void dump(std::string& dump) = 0;
     virtual void setAccessibilityBounceKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) = 0;
+    virtual void setAccessibilitySlowKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) = 0;
     virtual void setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) = 0;
 };
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@
     void notifyDeviceReset(const NotifyDeviceResetArgs& args) override;
     void notifyPointerCaptureChanged(const NotifyPointerCaptureChangedArgs& args) override;
     void setAccessibilityBounceKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) override;
+    void setAccessibilitySlowKeysThreshold(nsecs_t threshold) override;
     void setAccessibilityStickyKeysEnabled(bool enabled) override;
     void dump(std::string& dump) override;
 
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
index a8759b7..6c31442 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,11 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "InputFilterCallbacks"
 
 #include "InputFilterCallbacks.h"
+#include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/BnInputThread.h>
+#include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
+#include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
+#include <utils/Thread.h>
+#include <functional>
 
 namespace android {
 
@@ -29,6 +34,47 @@
                          event.scanCode, event.metaState, event.downTime);
 }
 
+namespace {
+
+using namespace aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger;
+
+class InputFilterThreadImpl : public Thread {
+public:
+    explicit InputFilterThreadImpl(std::function<void()> loop)
+          : Thread(/*canCallJava=*/true), mThreadLoop(loop) {}
+
+    ~InputFilterThreadImpl() {}
+
+private:
+    std::function<void()> mThreadLoop;
+
+    bool threadLoop() override {
+        mThreadLoop();
+        return true;
+    }
+};
+
+class InputFilterThread : public BnInputThread {
+public:
+    InputFilterThread(std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback> callback) : mCallback(callback) {
+        mThread = sp<InputFilterThreadImpl>::make([this]() { loopOnce(); });
+        mThread->run("InputFilterThread", ANDROID_PRIORITY_URGENT_DISPLAY);
+    }
+
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus finish() override {
+        mThread->requestExit();
+        return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+    }
+
+private:
+    sp<Thread> mThread;
+    std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback> mCallback;
+
+    void loopOnce() { LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mCallback->loopOnce().isOk()); }
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
 InputFilterCallbacks::InputFilterCallbacks(InputListenerInterface& listener,
                                            InputFilterPolicyInterface& policy)
       : mNextListener(listener), mPolicy(policy) {}
@@ -49,6 +95,13 @@
     return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
 }
 
+ndk::ScopedAStatus InputFilterCallbacks::createInputFilterThread(
+        const std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback>& callback,
+        std::shared_ptr<IInputThread>* aidl_return) {
+    *aidl_return = ndk::SharedRefBase::make<InputFilterThread>(callback);
+    return ndk::ScopedAStatus::ok();
+}
+
 uint32_t InputFilterCallbacks::getModifierState() {
     std::scoped_lock _l(mLock);
     return mStickyModifierState.modifierState;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
index 31c160a..a74955b 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
+++ b/services/inputflinger/InputFilterCallbacks.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFlingerRust.h>
 #include <android/binder_auto_utils.h>
 #include <utils/Mutex.h>
+#include <memory>
 #include <mutex>
 #include "InputFilterPolicyInterface.h"
 #include "InputListener.h"
@@ -31,6 +32,9 @@
 
 using IInputFilter = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputFilter;
 using AidlKeyEvent = aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::KeyEvent;
+using aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputThread;
+using IInputThreadCallback =
+        aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputThread::IInputThreadCallback;
 
 class InputFilterCallbacks : public IInputFilter::BnInputFilterCallbacks {
 public:
@@ -53,6 +57,9 @@
     ndk::ScopedAStatus sendKeyEvent(const AidlKeyEvent& event) override;
     ndk::ScopedAStatus onModifierStateChanged(int32_t modifierState,
                                               int32_t lockedModifierState) override;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus createInputFilterThread(
+            const std::shared_ptr<IInputThreadCallback>& callback,
+            std::shared_ptr<IInputThread>* aidl_return) override;
 };
 
 } // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
index 2921d30..994d1c4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputFilter.aidl
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 package com.android.server.inputflinger;
 
 import com.android.server.inputflinger.DeviceInfo;
+import com.android.server.inputflinger.IInputThread;
+import com.android.server.inputflinger.IInputThread.IInputThreadCallback;
 import com.android.server.inputflinger.InputFilterConfiguration;
 import com.android.server.inputflinger.KeyEvent;
 
@@ -36,6 +38,9 @@
 
         /** Sends back modifier state */
         void onModifierStateChanged(int modifierState, int lockedModifierState);
+
+        /** Creates an Input filter thread */
+        IInputThread createInputFilterThread(in IInputThreadCallback callback);
     }
 
     /** Returns if InputFilter is enabled */
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputThread.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputThread.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f6b8fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/IInputThread.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.inputflinger;
+
+/** Interface to handle and run things on an InputThread
+  * Exposes main functionality of InputThread.h to rust which internally used system/core/libutils
+  * infrastructure.
+  *
+  * <p>
+  * NOTE: Tried using rust provided threading infrastructure but that uses std::thread which doesn't
+  * have JNI support and can't call into Java policy that we use currently. libutils provided
+  * Thread.h also recommends against using std::thread and using the provided infrastructure that
+  * already provides way of attaching JniEnv to the created thread. So, we are using this interface
+  * to expose the InputThread infrastructure to rust.
+  * </p>
+  * TODO(b/321769871): Implement the threading infrastructure with JniEnv support in rust
+  */
+interface IInputThread {
+    /** Finish input thread (if not running, this call does nothing) */
+    void finish();
+
+    /** Callbacks from C++ to call into inputflinger rust components */
+    interface IInputThreadCallback {
+        /**
+          * The created thread will keep looping and calling this function.
+          * It's the responsibility of RUST component to appropriately put the thread to sleep and
+          * wake according to the use case.
+          */
+        void loopOnce();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
index 38b1612..9984a6a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
+++ b/services/inputflinger/aidl/com/android/server/inputflinger/InputFilterConfiguration.aidl
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 parcelable InputFilterConfiguration {
     // Threshold value for Bounce keys filter (check bounce_keys_filter.rs)
     long bounceKeysThresholdNs;
-    // If sticky keys filter is enabled
+    // If sticky keys filter is enabled (check sticky_keys_filter.rs)
     boolean stickyKeysEnabled;
+    // Threshold value for Slow keys filter (check slow_keys_filter.rs)
+    long slowKeysThresholdNs;
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
index 2803805..9e6dbe4 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/Android.bp
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
         "libbinder_rs",
         "liblog_rust",
         "liblogger",
+        "libnix",
     ],
     host_supported: true,
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs
index 894b881..2d5039a 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/bounce_keys_filter.rs
@@ -118,6 +118,10 @@
         }
         self.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
     }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        self.next.destroy();
+    }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
index e94a71f..a544fa3 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter.rs
@@ -22,11 +22,14 @@
 use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
     DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo,
     IInputFilter::{IInputFilter, IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks},
+    IInputThread::{IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback},
     InputFilterConfiguration::InputFilterConfiguration,
     KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
 };
 
 use crate::bounce_keys_filter::BounceKeysFilter;
+use crate::input_filter_thread::InputFilterThread;
+use crate::slow_keys_filter::SlowKeysFilter;
 use crate::sticky_keys_filter::StickyKeysFilter;
 use log::{error, info};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@
 pub trait Filter {
     fn notify_key(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent);
     fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]);
+    fn destroy(&mut self);
 }
 
 struct InputFilterState {
@@ -50,6 +54,7 @@
     // Access to mutable references to mutable state (includes access to filters, enabled, etc.) is
     // guarded by Mutex for thread safety
     state: Mutex<InputFilterState>,
+    input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread,
 }
 
 impl Interface for InputFilter {}
@@ -67,7 +72,11 @@
         first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
         callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
     ) -> InputFilter {
-        Self { callbacks, state: Mutex::new(InputFilterState { first_filter, enabled: false }) }
+        Self {
+            callbacks: callbacks.clone(),
+            state: Mutex::new(InputFilterState { first_filter, enabled: false }),
+            input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread::new(InputFilterThreadCreator::new(callbacks)),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -89,24 +98,36 @@
     }
 
     fn notifyConfigurationChanged(&self, config: &InputFilterConfiguration) -> binder::Result<()> {
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-        let mut first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync> =
-            Box::new(BaseFilter::new(self.callbacks.clone()));
-        if config.stickyKeysEnabled {
-            first_filter = Box::new(StickyKeysFilter::new(
-                first_filter,
-                ModifierStateListener::new(self.callbacks.clone()),
-            ));
-            state.enabled = true;
-            info!("Sticky keys filter is installed");
+        {
+            let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
+            state.first_filter.destroy();
+            let mut first_filter: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync> =
+                Box::new(BaseFilter::new(self.callbacks.clone()));
+            if config.stickyKeysEnabled {
+                first_filter = Box::new(StickyKeysFilter::new(
+                    first_filter,
+                    ModifierStateListener::new(self.callbacks.clone()),
+                ));
+                state.enabled = true;
+                info!("Sticky keys filter is installed");
+            }
+            if config.slowKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
+                first_filter = Box::new(SlowKeysFilter::new(
+                    first_filter,
+                    config.slowKeysThresholdNs,
+                    self.input_filter_thread.clone(),
+                ));
+                state.enabled = true;
+                info!("Slow keys filter is installed");
+            }
+            if config.bounceKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
+                first_filter =
+                    Box::new(BounceKeysFilter::new(first_filter, config.bounceKeysThresholdNs));
+                state.enabled = true;
+                info!("Bounce keys filter is installed");
+            }
+            state.first_filter = first_filter;
         }
-        if config.bounceKeysThresholdNs > 0 {
-            first_filter =
-                Box::new(BounceKeysFilter::new(first_filter, config.bounceKeysThresholdNs));
-            state.enabled = true;
-            info!("Bounce keys filter is installed");
-        }
-        state.first_filter = first_filter;
         Result::Ok(())
     }
 }
@@ -132,27 +153,51 @@
     fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, _device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
         // do nothing
     }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        // do nothing
+    }
 }
 
-pub struct ModifierStateListener {
-    callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
-}
+/// This struct wraps around IInputFilterCallbacks restricting access to only
+/// {@code onModifierStateChanged()} method of the callback.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ModifierStateListener(Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>);
 
 impl ModifierStateListener {
-    /// Create a new InputFilter instance.
     pub fn new(callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>) -> ModifierStateListener {
-        Self { callbacks }
+        Self(callbacks)
     }
 
     pub fn modifier_state_changed(&self, modifier_state: u32, locked_modifier_state: u32) {
         let _ = self
-            .callbacks
+            .0
             .read()
             .unwrap()
             .onModifierStateChanged(modifier_state as i32, locked_modifier_state as i32);
     }
 }
 
+/// This struct wraps around IInputFilterCallbacks restricting access to only
+/// {@code createInputFilterThread()} method of the callback.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct InputFilterThreadCreator(Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>);
+
+impl InputFilterThreadCreator {
+    pub fn new(
+        callbacks: Arc<RwLock<Strong<dyn IInputFilterCallbacks>>>,
+    ) -> InputFilterThreadCreator {
+        Self(callbacks)
+    }
+
+    pub fn create(
+        &self,
+        input_thread_callback: &Strong<dyn IInputThreadCallback>,
+    ) -> Strong<dyn IInputThread> {
+        self.0.read().unwrap().createInputFilterThread(input_thread_callback).unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::input_filter::{
@@ -218,7 +263,7 @@
         let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
         let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
             bounceKeysThresholdNs: 100,
-            stickyKeysEnabled: false,
+            ..Default::default()
         });
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
@@ -231,8 +276,8 @@
         let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
         let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
         let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
-            bounceKeysThresholdNs: 0,
             stickyKeysEnabled: true,
+            ..Default::default()
         });
         assert!(result.is_ok());
         let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
@@ -240,6 +285,33 @@
         assert!(result.unwrap());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_configuration_changed_enabled_slow_keys() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)));
+        let result = input_filter.notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration {
+            slowKeysThresholdNs: 100,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        let result = input_filter.isEnabled();
+        assert!(result.is_ok());
+        assert!(result.unwrap());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_configuration_changed_destroys_existing_filters() {
+        let test_filter = TestFilter::new();
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let input_filter = InputFilter::create_input_filter(
+            Box::new(test_filter.clone()),
+            Arc::new(RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(test_callbacks)))),
+        );
+        let _ = input_filter
+            .notifyConfigurationChanged(&InputFilterConfiguration { ..Default::default() });
+        assert!(test_filter.is_destroy_called());
+    }
+
     fn create_key_event() -> KeyEvent {
         KeyEvent {
             id: 1,
@@ -271,6 +343,7 @@
     struct TestFilterInner {
         is_device_changed_called: bool,
         last_event: Option<KeyEvent>,
+        is_destroy_called: bool,
     }
 
     #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -296,6 +369,10 @@
         pub fn is_device_changed_called(&self) -> bool {
             self.0.read().unwrap().is_device_changed_called
         }
+
+        pub fn is_destroy_called(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().is_destroy_called
+        }
     }
 
     impl Filter for TestFilter {
@@ -305,14 +382,19 @@
         fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, _device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
             self.inner().is_device_changed_called = true;
         }
+        fn destroy(&mut self) {
+            self.inner().is_destroy_called = true;
+        }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod test_callbacks {
-    use binder::Interface;
+    use binder::{BinderFeatures, Interface, Strong};
     use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
-        IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks, KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
+        IInputFilter::IInputFilterCallbacks::IInputFilterCallbacks,
+        IInputThread::{BnInputThread, IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback},
+        KeyEvent::KeyEvent,
     };
     use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
 
@@ -321,6 +403,7 @@
         last_modifier_state: u32,
         last_locked_modifier_state: u32,
         last_event: Option<KeyEvent>,
+        test_thread: Option<TestThread>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Default, Clone)]
@@ -354,6 +437,17 @@
         pub fn get_last_locked_modifier_state(&self) -> u32 {
             self.0.read().unwrap().last_locked_modifier_state
         }
+
+        pub fn is_thread_created(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().test_thread.is_some()
+        }
+
+        pub fn is_thread_finished(&self) -> bool {
+            if let Some(test_thread) = &self.0.read().unwrap().test_thread {
+                return test_thread.is_finish_called();
+            }
+            false
+        }
     }
 
     impl IInputFilterCallbacks for TestCallbacks {
@@ -371,5 +465,45 @@
             self.inner().last_locked_modifier_state = locked_modifier_state as u32;
             Result::Ok(())
         }
+
+        fn createInputFilterThread(
+            &self,
+            _callback: &Strong<dyn IInputThreadCallback>,
+        ) -> std::result::Result<Strong<dyn IInputThread>, binder::Status> {
+            let test_thread = TestThread::new();
+            self.inner().test_thread = Some(test_thread.clone());
+            Result::Ok(BnInputThread::new_binder(test_thread, BinderFeatures::default()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct TestThreadInner {
+        is_finish_called: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default, Clone)]
+    struct TestThread(Arc<RwLock<TestThreadInner>>);
+
+    impl Interface for TestThread {}
+
+    impl TestThread {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            Default::default()
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestThreadInner> {
+            self.0.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn is_finish_called(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().is_finish_called
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl IInputThread for TestThread {
+        fn finish(&self) -> binder::Result<()> {
+            self.inner().is_finish_called = true;
+            Result::Ok(())
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter_thread.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter_thread.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d503ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/input_filter_thread.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Input filter thread implementation in rust.
+//! Using IInputFilter.aidl interface to create ever looping thread with JNI support, rest of
+//! thread handling is done from rust side.
+//!
+//! NOTE: Tried using rust provided threading infrastructure but that uses std::thread which doesn't
+//! have JNI support and can't call into Java policy that we use currently. libutils provided
+//! Thread.h also recommends against using std::thread and using the provided infrastructure that
+//! already provides way of attaching JniEnv to the created thread. So, we are using an AIDL
+//! interface to expose the InputThread infrastructure to rust.
+
+use crate::input_filter::InputFilterThreadCreator;
+use binder::{BinderFeatures, Interface, Strong};
+use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::IInputThread::{
+    IInputThread, IInputThreadCallback::BnInputThreadCallback,
+    IInputThreadCallback::IInputThreadCallback,
+};
+use log::{debug, error};
+use nix::{sys::time::TimeValLike, time::clock_gettime, time::ClockId};
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+use std::time::Duration;
+use std::{thread, thread::Thread};
+
+/// Interface to receive callback from Input filter thread
+pub trait ThreadCallback {
+    /// Calls back after the requested timeout expires.
+    /// {@see InputFilterThread.request_timeout_at_time(...)}
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: In case of multiple requests, the timeout request which is earliest in time, will be
+    /// fulfilled and notified to all the listeners. It's up to the listeners to re-request another
+    /// timeout in the future.
+    fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, when_nanos: i64);
+    /// Unique name for the listener, which will be used to uniquely identify the listener.
+    fn name(&self) -> &str;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct InputFilterThread {
+    thread_creator: InputFilterThreadCreator,
+    thread_callback_handler: ThreadCallbackHandler,
+    inner: Arc<RwLock<InputFilterThreadInner>>,
+}
+
+struct InputFilterThreadInner {
+    cpp_thread: Option<Strong<dyn IInputThread>>,
+    looper: Option<Thread>,
+    next_timeout: i64,
+    is_finishing: bool,
+}
+
+impl InputFilterThread {
+    /// Create a new InputFilterThread instance.
+    /// NOTE: This will create a new thread. Clone the existing instance to reuse the same thread.
+    pub fn new(thread_creator: InputFilterThreadCreator) -> InputFilterThread {
+        Self {
+            thread_creator,
+            thread_callback_handler: ThreadCallbackHandler::new(),
+            inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(InputFilterThreadInner {
+                cpp_thread: None,
+                looper: None,
+                next_timeout: i64::MAX,
+                is_finishing: false,
+            })),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Listener requesting a timeout in future will receive a callback at or before the requested
+    /// time on the input filter thread.
+    /// {@see ThreadCallback.notify_timeout_expired(...)}
+    pub fn request_timeout_at_time(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+        let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+        if when_nanos < filter_thread.next_timeout {
+            filter_thread.next_timeout = when_nanos;
+            if let Some(looper) = &filter_thread.looper {
+                looper.unpark();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Registers a callback listener.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: If a listener with the same name already exists when registering using
+    /// {@see InputFilterThread.register_thread_callback(...)}, we will ignore the listener. You
+    /// must clear any previously registered listeners using
+    /// {@see InputFilterThread.unregister_thread_callback(...) before registering the new listener.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: Also, registering a callback will start the looper if not already started.
+    pub fn register_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        self.thread_callback_handler.register_thread_callback(callback);
+        self.start();
+    }
+
+    /// Unregisters a callback listener.
+    ///
+    /// NOTE: Unregistering a callback will stop the looper if not other callback registered.
+    pub fn unregister_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        self.thread_callback_handler.unregister_thread_callback(callback);
+        // Stop the thread if no registered callbacks exist. We will recreate the thread when new
+        // callbacks are registered.
+        let has_callbacks = self.thread_callback_handler.has_callbacks();
+        if !has_callbacks {
+            self.stop();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn start(&self) {
+        debug!("InputFilterThread: start thread");
+        let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+        if filter_thread.cpp_thread.is_none() {
+            filter_thread.cpp_thread = Some(self.thread_creator.create(
+                &BnInputThreadCallback::new_binder(self.clone(), BinderFeatures::default()),
+            ));
+            filter_thread.looper = None;
+            filter_thread.is_finishing = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn stop(&self) {
+        debug!("InputFilterThread: stop thread");
+        let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+        filter_thread.is_finishing = true;
+        if let Some(looper) = &filter_thread.looper {
+            looper.unpark();
+        }
+        if let Some(cpp_thread) = &filter_thread.cpp_thread {
+            let _ = cpp_thread.finish();
+        }
+        // Clear all references
+        filter_thread.cpp_thread = None;
+        filter_thread.looper = None;
+    }
+
+    fn loop_once(&self, now: i64) {
+        let mut wake_up_time = i64::MAX;
+        let mut timeout_expired = false;
+        {
+            // acquire thread lock
+            let filter_thread = &mut self.filter_thread();
+            if filter_thread.is_finishing {
+                // Thread is finishing so don't block processing on it and let it loop.
+                return;
+            }
+            if filter_thread.next_timeout != i64::MAX {
+                if filter_thread.next_timeout <= now {
+                    timeout_expired = true;
+                    filter_thread.next_timeout = i64::MAX;
+                } else {
+                    wake_up_time = filter_thread.next_timeout;
+                }
+            }
+            if filter_thread.looper.is_none() {
+                filter_thread.looper = Some(std::thread::current());
+            }
+        } // release thread lock
+        if timeout_expired {
+            self.thread_callback_handler.notify_timeout_expired(now);
+        }
+        if wake_up_time == i64::MAX {
+            thread::park();
+        } else {
+            let duration_now = Duration::from_nanos(now as u64);
+            let duration_wake_up = Duration::from_nanos(wake_up_time as u64);
+            thread::park_timeout(duration_wake_up - duration_now);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn filter_thread(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, InputFilterThreadInner> {
+        self.inner.write().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Interface for InputFilterThread {}
+
+impl IInputThreadCallback for InputFilterThread {
+    fn loopOnce(&self) -> binder::Result<()> {
+        self.loop_once(clock_gettime(ClockId::CLOCK_MONOTONIC).unwrap().num_nanoseconds());
+        Result::Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct ThreadCallbackHandler(Arc<RwLock<ThreadCallbackHandlerInner>>);
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct ThreadCallbackHandlerInner {
+    callbacks: Vec<Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>>,
+}
+
+impl ThreadCallbackHandler {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Default::default()
+    }
+
+    fn has_callbacks(&self) -> bool {
+        !&self.0.read().unwrap().callbacks.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn register_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        let callbacks = &mut self.0.write().unwrap().callbacks;
+        if callbacks.iter().any(|x| x.name() == callback.name()) {
+            error!(
+                "InputFilterThread: register_thread_callback, callback {:?} already exists!",
+                callback.name()
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+        debug!(
+            "InputFilterThread: register_thread_callback, callback {:?} added!",
+            callback.name()
+        );
+        callbacks.push(callback);
+    }
+
+    fn unregister_thread_callback(&self, callback: Box<dyn ThreadCallback + Send + Sync>) {
+        let callbacks = &mut self.0.write().unwrap().callbacks;
+        if let Some(index) = callbacks.iter().position(|x| x.name() == callback.name()) {
+            callbacks.remove(index);
+            debug!(
+                "InputFilterThread: unregister_thread_callback, callback {:?} removed!",
+                callback.name()
+            );
+            return;
+        }
+        error!(
+            "InputFilterThread: unregister_thread_callback, callback {:?} doesn't exist",
+            callback.name()
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+        let callbacks = &self.0.read().unwrap().callbacks;
+        for callback in callbacks.iter() {
+            callback.notify_timeout_expired(when_nanos);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::input_filter::test_callbacks::TestCallbacks;
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::{
+        test_thread::TestThread, test_thread_callback::TestThreadCallback,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_register_callback_creates_cpp_thread() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback);
+        assert!(test_callbacks.is_thread_created());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_unregister_callback_finishes_cpp_thread() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback.clone());
+        test_thread.unregister_thread_callback(test_thread_callback);
+        assert!(test_callbacks.is_thread_finished());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_timeout_called_after_timeout_expired() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback.clone());
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        test_thread.request_timeout_at_time(500);
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(500);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(test_thread_callback.is_notify_timeout_called());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_timeout_not_called_before_timeout_expired() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let test_thread_callback = TestThreadCallback::new();
+        test_thread.register_thread_callback(test_thread_callback.clone());
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        test_thread.request_timeout_at_time(500);
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(100);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(!test_thread_callback.is_notify_timeout_called());
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod test_thread {
+
+    use crate::input_filter::{test_callbacks::TestCallbacks, InputFilterThreadCreator};
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::{test_thread_callback::TestThreadCallback, InputFilterThread};
+    use binder::Strong;
+    use std::sync::{
+        atomic::AtomicBool, atomic::AtomicI64, atomic::Ordering, Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard,
+    };
+    use std::time::Duration;
+
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub struct TestThread {
+        input_thread: InputFilterThread,
+        inner: Arc<RwLock<TestThreadInner>>,
+        exit_flag: Arc<AtomicBool>,
+        now: Arc<AtomicI64>,
+    }
+
+    struct TestThreadInner {
+        join_handle: Option<std::thread::JoinHandle<()>>,
+    }
+
+    impl TestThread {
+        pub fn new(callbacks: TestCallbacks) -> TestThread {
+            Self {
+                input_thread: InputFilterThread::new(InputFilterThreadCreator::new(Arc::new(
+                    RwLock::new(Strong::new(Box::new(callbacks))),
+                ))),
+                inner: Arc::new(RwLock::new(TestThreadInner { join_handle: None })),
+                exit_flag: Arc::new(AtomicBool::new(false)),
+                now: Arc::new(AtomicI64::new(0)),
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestThreadInner> {
+            self.inner.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn get_input_thread(&self) -> InputFilterThread {
+            self.input_thread.clone()
+        }
+
+        pub fn register_thread_callback(&self, thread_callback: TestThreadCallback) {
+            self.input_thread.register_thread_callback(Box::new(thread_callback));
+        }
+
+        pub fn unregister_thread_callback(&self, thread_callback: TestThreadCallback) {
+            self.input_thread.unregister_thread_callback(Box::new(thread_callback));
+        }
+
+        pub fn start_looper(&self) {
+            self.exit_flag.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let clone = self.clone();
+            let join_handle = std::thread::Builder::new()
+                .name("test_thread".to_string())
+                .spawn(move || {
+                    while !clone.exit_flag.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                        clone.loop_once();
+                    }
+                })
+                .unwrap();
+            self.inner().join_handle = Some(join_handle);
+            // Sleep until the looper thread starts
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+
+        pub fn stop_looper(&self) {
+            self.exit_flag.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            {
+                let mut inner = self.inner();
+                if let Some(join_handle) = &inner.join_handle {
+                    join_handle.thread().unpark();
+                }
+                inner.join_handle.take().map(std::thread::JoinHandle::join);
+                inner.join_handle = None;
+            }
+            self.exit_flag.store(false, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
+
+        pub fn move_time_forward(&self, value: i64) {
+            let _ = self.now.fetch_add(value, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            self.dispatch_next();
+        }
+
+        pub fn dispatch_next(&self) {
+            if let Some(join_handle) = &self.inner().join_handle {
+                join_handle.thread().unpark();
+            }
+            // Sleep until the looper thread runs a loop
+            std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));
+        }
+
+        fn loop_once(&self) {
+            self.input_thread.loop_once(self.now.load(Ordering::Relaxed));
+        }
+
+        pub fn request_timeout_at_time(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+            self.input_thread.request_timeout_at_time(when_nanos);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub mod test_thread_callback {
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::ThreadCallback;
+    use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockWriteGuard};
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    struct TestThreadCallbackInner {
+        is_notify_timeout_called: bool,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Default, Clone)]
+    pub struct TestThreadCallback(Arc<RwLock<TestThreadCallbackInner>>);
+
+    impl TestThreadCallback {
+        pub fn new() -> Self {
+            Default::default()
+        }
+
+        fn inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, TestThreadCallbackInner> {
+            self.0.write().unwrap()
+        }
+
+        pub fn is_notify_timeout_called(&self) -> bool {
+            self.0.read().unwrap().is_notify_timeout_called
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl ThreadCallback for TestThreadCallback {
+        fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, _when_nanos: i64) {
+            self.inner().is_notify_timeout_called = true;
+        }
+        fn name(&self) -> &str {
+            "TestThreadCallback"
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
index fa16898..da72134 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/lib.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 mod bounce_keys_filter;
 mod input_filter;
+mod input_filter_thread;
+mod slow_keys_filter;
 mod sticky_keys_filter;
 
 use crate::input_filter::InputFilter;
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/slow_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/slow_keys_filter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01165b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/slow_keys_filter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+//! Slow keys input filter implementation.
+//! Slow keys is an accessibility feature to aid users who have physical disabilities, that allows
+//! the user to specify the duration for which one must press-and-hold a key before the system
+//! accepts the keypress.
+use crate::input_filter::Filter;
+use crate::input_filter_thread::{InputFilterThread, ThreadCallback};
+use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
+use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+    DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
+};
+use log::debug;
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+use std::sync::{Arc, RwLock, RwLockReadGuard, RwLockWriteGuard};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct OngoingKeyDown {
+    scancode: i32,
+    device_id: i32,
+    down_time: i64,
+}
+
+struct SlowKeysFilterInner {
+    next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+    slow_key_threshold_ns: i64,
+    external_devices: HashSet<i32>,
+    // This tracks KeyEvents that are blocked by Slow keys filter and will be passed through if the
+    // press duration exceeds the slow keys threshold.
+    pending_down_events: Vec<KeyEvent>,
+    // This tracks KeyEvent streams that have press duration greater than the slow keys threshold,
+    // hence any future ACTION_DOWN (if repeats are handled on HW side) or ACTION_UP are allowed to
+    // pass through without waiting.
+    ongoing_down_events: Vec<OngoingKeyDown>,
+    input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SlowKeysFilter(Arc<RwLock<SlowKeysFilterInner>>);
+
+impl SlowKeysFilter {
+    /// Create a new SlowKeysFilter instance.
+    pub fn new(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        slow_key_threshold_ns: i64,
+        input_filter_thread: InputFilterThread,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        let filter = Self(Arc::new(RwLock::new(SlowKeysFilterInner {
+            next,
+            slow_key_threshold_ns,
+            external_devices: HashSet::new(),
+            pending_down_events: Vec::new(),
+            ongoing_down_events: Vec::new(),
+            input_filter_thread: input_filter_thread.clone(),
+        })));
+        input_filter_thread.register_thread_callback(Box::new(filter.clone()));
+        filter
+    }
+
+    fn read_inner(&self) -> RwLockReadGuard<'_, SlowKeysFilterInner> {
+        self.0.read().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn write_inner(&self) -> RwLockWriteGuard<'_, SlowKeysFilterInner> {
+        self.0.write().unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn request_next_callback(&self) {
+        let slow_filter = &self.read_inner();
+        if slow_filter.pending_down_events.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        if let Some(event) = slow_filter.pending_down_events.iter().min_by_key(|x| x.downTime) {
+            slow_filter.input_filter_thread.request_timeout_at_time(event.downTime);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Filter for SlowKeysFilter {
+    fn notify_key(&mut self, event: &KeyEvent) {
+        {
+            // acquire write lock
+            let mut slow_filter = self.write_inner();
+            if !(slow_filter.external_devices.contains(&event.deviceId)
+                && event.source == Source::KEYBOARD)
+            {
+                slow_filter.next.notify_key(event);
+                return;
+            }
+            // Pass all events through if key down has already been processed
+            // Do update the downtime before sending the events through
+            if let Some(index) = slow_filter
+                .ongoing_down_events
+                .iter()
+                .position(|x| x.device_id == event.deviceId && x.scancode == event.scanCode)
+            {
+                let mut new_event = *event;
+                new_event.downTime = slow_filter.ongoing_down_events[index].down_time;
+                slow_filter.next.notify_key(&new_event);
+                if event.action == KeyEventAction::UP {
+                    slow_filter.ongoing_down_events.remove(index);
+                }
+                return;
+            }
+            match event.action {
+                KeyEventAction::DOWN => {
+                    if slow_filter
+                        .pending_down_events
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|x| x.deviceId == event.deviceId && x.scanCode == event.scanCode)
+                    {
+                        debug!("Dropping key down event since another pending down event exists");
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    let mut pending_event = *event;
+                    pending_event.downTime += slow_filter.slow_key_threshold_ns;
+                    pending_event.eventTime = pending_event.downTime;
+                    slow_filter.pending_down_events.push(pending_event);
+                }
+                KeyEventAction::UP => {
+                    debug!("Dropping key up event due to insufficient press duration");
+                    if let Some(index) = slow_filter
+                        .pending_down_events
+                        .iter()
+                        .position(|x| x.deviceId == event.deviceId && x.scanCode == event.scanCode)
+                    {
+                        slow_filter.pending_down_events.remove(index);
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => (),
+            }
+        } // release write lock
+        self.request_next_callback();
+    }
+
+    fn notify_devices_changed(&mut self, device_infos: &[DeviceInfo]) {
+        let mut slow_filter = self.write_inner();
+        slow_filter
+            .pending_down_events
+            .retain(|event| device_infos.iter().any(|x| event.deviceId == x.deviceId));
+        slow_filter
+            .ongoing_down_events
+            .retain(|event| device_infos.iter().any(|x| event.device_id == x.deviceId));
+        slow_filter.external_devices.clear();
+        for device_info in device_infos {
+            if device_info.external {
+                slow_filter.external_devices.insert(device_info.deviceId);
+            }
+        }
+        slow_filter.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
+    }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        let mut slow_filter = self.write_inner();
+        slow_filter.input_filter_thread.unregister_thread_callback(Box::new(self.clone()));
+        slow_filter.next.destroy();
+    }
+}
+
+impl ThreadCallback for SlowKeysFilter {
+    fn notify_timeout_expired(&self, when_nanos: i64) {
+        {
+            // acquire write lock
+            let slow_filter = &mut self.write_inner();
+            for event in slow_filter.pending_down_events.clone() {
+                if event.downTime <= when_nanos {
+                    slow_filter.next.notify_key(&event);
+                    slow_filter.ongoing_down_events.push(OngoingKeyDown {
+                        scancode: event.scanCode,
+                        device_id: event.deviceId,
+                        down_time: event.downTime,
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            slow_filter.pending_down_events.retain(|event| event.downTime > when_nanos);
+        } // release write lock
+        self.request_next_callback();
+    }
+
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "slow_keys_filter"
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use crate::input_filter::{test_callbacks::TestCallbacks, test_filter::TestFilter, Filter};
+    use crate::input_filter_thread::test_thread::TestThread;
+    use crate::slow_keys_filter::SlowKeysFilter;
+    use android_hardware_input_common::aidl::android::hardware::input::common::Source::Source;
+    use com_android_server_inputflinger::aidl::com::android::server::inputflinger::{
+        DeviceInfo::DeviceInfo, KeyEvent::KeyEvent, KeyEventAction::KeyEventAction,
+    };
+
+    static BASE_KEY_EVENT: KeyEvent = KeyEvent {
+        id: 1,
+        deviceId: 1,
+        downTime: 0,
+        readTime: 0,
+        eventTime: 0,
+        source: Source::KEYBOARD,
+        displayId: 0,
+        policyFlags: 0,
+        action: KeyEventAction::DOWN,
+        flags: 0,
+        keyCode: 1,
+        scanCode: 0,
+        metaState: 0,
+    };
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_notify_key_for_internal_keyboard_not_blocked() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_internal_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        let event = KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT };
+        filter.notify_key(&event);
+        assert_eq!(next.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_is_notify_key_for_external_stylus_not_blocked() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        let event =
+            KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, source: Source::STYLUS, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT };
+        filter.notify_key(&event);
+        assert_eq!(next.last_event().unwrap(), event);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_for_external_keyboard_when_key_pressed_for_threshold_time() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(100);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert_eq!(
+            next.last_event().unwrap(),
+            KeyEvent {
+                action: KeyEventAction::DOWN,
+                downTime: 100,
+                eventTime: 100,
+                ..BASE_KEY_EVENT
+            }
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_for_external_keyboard_when_key_not_pressed_for_threshold_time() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(10);
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::UP, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_notify_key_for_external_keyboard_when_device_removed_before_threshold_time() {
+        let test_callbacks = TestCallbacks::new();
+        let test_thread = TestThread::new(test_callbacks.clone());
+        let next = TestFilter::new();
+        let mut filter = setup_filter_with_external_device(
+            Box::new(next.clone()),
+            test_thread.clone(),
+            1,   /* device_id */
+            100, /* threshold */
+        );
+        test_thread.start_looper();
+
+        filter.notify_key(&KeyEvent { action: KeyEventAction::DOWN, ..BASE_KEY_EVENT });
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        filter.notify_devices_changed(&[]);
+        test_thread.dispatch_next();
+
+        test_thread.move_time_forward(100);
+
+        test_thread.stop_looper();
+        assert!(next.last_event().is_none());
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter_with_external_device(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        test_thread: TestThread,
+        device_id: i32,
+        threshold: i64,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        setup_filter_with_devices(
+            next,
+            test_thread,
+            &[DeviceInfo { deviceId: device_id, external: true }],
+            threshold,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter_with_internal_device(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        test_thread: TestThread,
+        device_id: i32,
+        threshold: i64,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        setup_filter_with_devices(
+            next,
+            test_thread,
+            &[DeviceInfo { deviceId: device_id, external: false }],
+            threshold,
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn setup_filter_with_devices(
+        next: Box<dyn Filter + Send + Sync>,
+        test_thread: TestThread,
+        devices: &[DeviceInfo],
+        threshold: i64,
+    ) -> SlowKeysFilter {
+        let mut filter = SlowKeysFilter::new(next, threshold, test_thread.get_input_thread());
+        filter.notify_devices_changed(devices);
+        filter
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
index da581b8..6c2277c 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
+++ b/services/inputflinger/rust/sticky_keys_filter.rs
@@ -142,6 +142,10 @@
         }
         self.next.notify_devices_changed(device_infos);
     }
+
+    fn destroy(&mut self) {
+        self.next.destroy();
+    }
 }
 
 fn is_modifier_key(keycode: i32) -> bool {
diff --git a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
index d3bbfac..f1f4a61 100644
--- a/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
+++ b/services/inputflinger/tests/InputDispatcher_test.cpp
@@ -7739,7 +7739,7 @@
         application->setDispatchingTimeout(100ms);
         mWindow = sp<FakeWindowHandle>::make(application, mDispatcher, "TestWindow",
                                              ADISPLAY_ID_DEFAULT);
-        mWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 30, 30));
+        mWindow->setFrame(Rect(0, 0, 100, 100));
         mWindow->setDispatchingTimeout(100ms);
         mWindow->setFocusable(true);
 
diff --git a/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp b/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp
index c049d7d..bc178bc 100644
--- a/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp
+++ b/services/powermanager/PowerHalController.cpp
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
         mConnectedHal = nullptr;
         mHalConnector->reset();
     }
-    return result;
+    return std::move(result);
 }
 
 HalResult<void> PowerHalController::setBoost(aidl::android::hardware::power::Boost boost,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
index c71c517..39748b8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Display.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     virtual void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) = 0;
 
     // Sends the brightness setting to HWC
-    virtual void applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) = 0;
+    virtual void applyDisplayBrightness(bool applyImmediately) = 0;
 
 protected:
     ~Display() = default;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index c53b461..2dc9a1a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
             const compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&) override;
     void createRenderSurface(const compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&) override;
     void createClientCompositionCache(uint32_t cacheSize) override;
-    void applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) override;
+    void applyDisplayBrightness(bool applyImmediately) override;
     void setSecure(bool secure) override;
 
     // Internal helpers used by chooseCompositionStrategy()
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index d907bf5..6428d08 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -204,13 +204,12 @@
     setReleasedLayers(std::move(releasedLayers));
 }
 
-void Display::applyDisplayBrightness(const bool applyImmediately) {
-    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
-    const auto halDisplayId = HalDisplayId::tryCast(*getDisplayId());
-    if (const auto physicalDisplayId = PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast(*halDisplayId);
-        physicalDisplayId && getState().displayBrightness) {
+void Display::applyDisplayBrightness(bool applyImmediately) {
+    if (const auto displayId = ftl::Optional(getDisplayId()).and_then(PhysicalDisplayId::tryCast);
+        displayId && getState().displayBrightness) {
+        auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
         const status_t result =
-                hwc.setDisplayBrightness(*physicalDisplayId, *getState().displayBrightness,
+                hwc.setDisplayBrightness(*displayId, *getState().displayBrightness,
                                          getState().displayBrightnessNits,
                                          Hwc2::Composer::DisplayBrightnessOptions{
                                                  .applyImmediately = applyImmediately})
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
index 799d62c..4f81482 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
         mActiveModeFpsTrace(concatId("ActiveModeFps")),
         mRenderRateFpsTrace(concatId("RenderRateFps")),
         mPhysicalOrientation(args.physicalOrientation),
+        mPowerMode(ftl::Concat("PowerMode ", getId().value).c_str(), args.initialPowerMode),
         mIsPrimary(args.isPrimary),
         mRequestedRefreshRate(args.requestedRefreshRate),
         mRefreshRateSelector(std::move(args.refreshRateSelector)),
@@ -105,9 +106,7 @@
 
     mCompositionDisplay->getRenderSurface()->initialize();
 
-    if (const auto powerModeOpt = args.initialPowerMode) {
-        setPowerMode(*powerModeOpt);
-    }
+    setPowerMode(args.initialPowerMode);
 
     // initialize the display orientation transform.
     setProjection(ui::ROTATION_0, Rect::INVALID_RECT, Rect::INVALID_RECT);
@@ -172,6 +171,7 @@
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode mode) {
+    // TODO(b/241285876): Skip this for virtual displays.
     if (mode == hal::PowerMode::OFF || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
         if (mStagedBrightness && mBrightness != mStagedBrightness) {
             getCompositionDisplay()->setNextBrightness(*mStagedBrightness);
@@ -181,33 +181,26 @@
         getCompositionDisplay()->applyDisplayBrightness(true);
     }
 
-    if (mPowerMode) {
-        *mPowerMode = mode;
-    } else {
-        mPowerMode.emplace("PowerMode -" + to_string(getId()), mode);
-    }
+    mPowerMode = mode;
 
     getCompositionDisplay()->setCompositionEnabled(isPoweredOn());
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::tracePowerMode() {
-    // assign the same value for tracing
-    if (mPowerMode) {
-        const hal::PowerMode powerMode = *mPowerMode;
-        *mPowerMode = powerMode;
-    }
+    // Assign the same value for tracing.
+    mPowerMode = mPowerMode.get();
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::enableLayerCaching(bool enable) {
     getCompositionDisplay()->setLayerCachingEnabled(enable);
 }
 
-std::optional<hal::PowerMode> DisplayDevice::getPowerMode() const {
+hal::PowerMode DisplayDevice::getPowerMode() const {
     return mPowerMode;
 }
 
 bool DisplayDevice::isPoweredOn() const {
-    return mPowerMode && *mPowerMode != hal::PowerMode::OFF;
+    return mPowerMode != hal::PowerMode::OFF;
 }
 
 void DisplayDevice::setActiveMode(DisplayModeId modeId, Fps vsyncRate, Fps renderFps) {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
index 97b56a2..4ab6321 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayDevice.h
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@
     /* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
      * Display power mode management.
      */
-    std::optional<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode> getPowerMode() const;
-    void setPowerMode(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode mode);
+    hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode getPowerMode() const;
+    void setPowerMode(hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode);
     bool isPoweredOn() const;
     void tracePowerMode();
 
@@ -271,9 +271,7 @@
     ui::Rotation mOrientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
     bool mIsOrientationChanged = false;
 
-    // Allow nullopt as initial power mode.
-    using TracedPowerMode = TracedOrdinal<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode>;
-    std::optional<TracedPowerMode> mPowerMode;
+    TracedOrdinal<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode> mPowerMode;
 
     std::optional<float> mStagedBrightness;
     std::optional<float> mBrightness;
@@ -363,7 +361,8 @@
     HdrCapabilities hdrCapabilities;
     int32_t supportedPerFrameMetadata{0};
     std::unordered_map<ui::ColorMode, std::vector<ui::RenderIntent>> hwcColorModes;
-    std::optional<hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode> initialPowerMode;
+    hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode initialPowerMode{
+            hardware::graphics::composer::hal::PowerMode::OFF};
     bool isPrimary{false};
     DisplayModeId activeModeId;
     // Refer to DisplayDevice::mRequestedRefreshRate, for virtual display only
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
index 155cf4d..a47348f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.cpp
@@ -26,13 +26,12 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-FpsReporter::FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline, SurfaceFlinger& flinger,
-                         std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock)
-      : mFrameTimeline(frameTimeline), mFlinger(flinger), mClock(std::move(clock)) {
+FpsReporter::FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline, std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock)
+      : mFrameTimeline(frameTimeline), mClock(std::move(clock)) {
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(mClock == nullptr, "Passed in null clock when constructing FpsReporter!");
 }
 
-void FpsReporter::dispatchLayerFps() {
+void FpsReporter::dispatchLayerFps(const frontend::LayerHierarchy& layerHierarchy) {
     const auto now = mClock->now();
     if (now - mLastDispatch < kMinDispatchDuration) {
         return;
@@ -52,31 +51,42 @@
     }
 
     std::unordered_set<int32_t> seenTasks;
-    std::vector<std::pair<TrackedListener, sp<Layer>>> listenersAndLayersToReport;
+    std::vector<std::pair<TrackedListener, const frontend::LayerHierarchy*>>
+            listenersAndLayersToReport;
 
-    mFlinger.mCurrentState.traverse([&](Layer* layer) {
-        auto& currentState = layer->getDrawingState();
-        if (currentState.metadata.has(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID)) {
-            int32_t taskId = currentState.metadata.getInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, 0);
+    layerHierarchy.traverse([&](const frontend::LayerHierarchy& hierarchy,
+                                const frontend::LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& traversalPath) {
+        if (traversalPath.variant == frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant::Detached) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        const auto& metadata = hierarchy.getLayer()->metadata;
+        if (metadata.has(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID)) {
+            int32_t taskId = metadata.getInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, 0);
             if (seenTasks.count(taskId) == 0) {
                 // localListeners is expected to be tiny
                 for (TrackedListener& listener : localListeners) {
                     if (listener.taskId == taskId) {
                         seenTasks.insert(taskId);
-                        listenersAndLayersToReport.push_back(
-                                {listener, sp<Layer>::fromExisting(layer)});
+                        listenersAndLayersToReport.push_back({listener, &hierarchy});
                         break;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
+        return true;
     });
 
-    for (const auto& [listener, layer] : listenersAndLayersToReport) {
+    for (const auto& [listener, hierarchy] : listenersAndLayersToReport) {
         std::unordered_set<int32_t> layerIds;
 
-        layer->traverse(LayerVector::StateSet::Current,
-                        [&](Layer* layer) { layerIds.insert(layer->getSequence()); });
+        hierarchy->traverse([&](const frontend::LayerHierarchy& hierarchy,
+                                const frontend::LayerHierarchy::TraversalPath& traversalPath) {
+            if (traversalPath.variant == frontend::LayerHierarchy::Variant::Detached) {
+                return false;
+            }
+            layerIds.insert(static_cast<int32_t>(hierarchy.getLayer()->id));
+            return true;
+        });
 
         listener.listener->onFpsReported(mFrameTimeline.computeFps(layerIds));
     }
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
index 438b1aa..01f1e07 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/FpsReporter.h
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 #include "Clock.h"
 #include "FrameTimeline/FrameTimeline.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
 #include "WpHash.h"
 
 namespace android {
@@ -33,13 +34,13 @@
 
 class FpsReporter : public IBinder::DeathRecipient {
 public:
-    FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline, SurfaceFlinger& flinger,
+    FpsReporter(frametimeline::FrameTimeline& frameTimeline,
                 std::unique_ptr<Clock> clock = std::make_unique<SteadyClock>());
 
     // Dispatches updated layer fps values for the registered listeners
     // This method promotes Layer weak pointers and performs layer stack traversals, so mStateLock
     // must be held when calling this method.
-    void dispatchLayerFps() EXCLUDES(mMutex);
+    void dispatchLayerFps(const frontend::LayerHierarchy&) EXCLUDES(mMutex);
 
     // Override for IBinder::DeathRecipient
     void binderDied(const wp<IBinder>&) override;
@@ -58,7 +59,6 @@
     };
 
     frametimeline::FrameTimeline& mFrameTimeline;
-    SurfaceFlinger& mFlinger;
     static const constexpr std::chrono::steady_clock::duration kMinDispatchDuration =
             std::chrono::milliseconds(500);
     std::unique_ptr<Clock> mClock;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
index fff97f7..c76d4bd 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/Scheduler.cpp
@@ -646,13 +646,13 @@
         return Fps{};
     }
     const Display& display = *displayOpt;
-    const nsecs_t threshold =
-            display.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriodNsecs() / 2;
-    const nsecs_t nextVsyncTime =
-            display.schedulePtr->getTracker()
-                    .nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(currentExpectedPresentTime.ns() + threshold,
-                                                  currentExpectedPresentTime.ns());
-    return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(nextVsyncTime - currentExpectedPresentTime.ns());
+    const Duration threshold =
+            display.selectorPtr->getActiveMode().modePtr->getVsyncRate().getPeriod() / 2;
+    const TimePoint nextVsyncTime =
+            display.schedulePtr->vsyncDeadlineAfter(currentExpectedPresentTime + threshold,
+                                                    currentExpectedPresentTime);
+    const Duration frameInterval = nextVsyncTime - currentExpectedPresentTime;
+    return Fps::fromPeriodNsecs(frameInterval.ns());
 }
 
 void Scheduler::resync() {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
index db6a187..3491600 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.cpp
@@ -89,8 +89,12 @@
     return period();
 }
 
-TimePoint VsyncSchedule::vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint timePoint) const {
-    return TimePoint::fromNs(mTracker->nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(timePoint.ns()));
+TimePoint VsyncSchedule::vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint timePoint,
+                                            ftl::Optional<TimePoint> lastVsyncOpt) const {
+    return TimePoint::fromNs(
+            mTracker->nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(timePoint.ns(),
+                                                   lastVsyncOpt.transform(
+                                                           [](TimePoint t) { return t.ns(); })));
 }
 
 void VsyncSchedule::dump(std::string& out) const {
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
index 722ea0b..6f656d2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/VsyncSchedule.h
@@ -63,7 +63,8 @@
 
     // IVsyncSource overrides:
     Period period() const override;
-    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const override;
+    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint,
+                                 ftl::Optional<TimePoint> lastVsyncOpt = {}) const override;
     Period minFramePeriod() const override;
 
     // Inform the schedule that the display mode changed the schedule needs to recalibrate
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
index 0154060..f0f7a87 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/include/scheduler/IVsyncSource.h
@@ -16,13 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ftl/optional.h>
 #include <scheduler/Time.h>
 
 namespace android::scheduler {
 
 struct IVsyncSource {
     virtual Period period() const = 0;
-    virtual TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const = 0;
+    virtual TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint, ftl::Optional<TimePoint> = {}) const = 0;
     virtual Period minFramePeriod() const = 0;
 
 protected:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
index a9abcaf..29711af 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/Scheduler/tests/FrameTargeterTest.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@
     const TimePoint vsyncDeadline;
 
     Period period() const override { return vsyncPeriod; }
-    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const override { return vsyncDeadline; }
+    TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint, ftl::Optional<TimePoint> = {}) const override {
+        return vsyncDeadline;
+    }
     Period minFramePeriod() const override { return framePeriod; }
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 5455e10..51a11e2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -1952,6 +1952,7 @@
 
     const char* const whence = __func__;
     return ftl::Future(mScheduler->schedule([=, this]() FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock) {
+               // TODO(b/241285876): Validate that the display is physical instead of failing later.
                if (const auto display = getDisplayDeviceLocked(displayToken)) {
                    const bool supportsDisplayBrightnessCommand =
                            getHwComposer().getComposer()->isSupported(
@@ -2001,7 +2002,6 @@
                                                      Hwc2::Composer::DisplayBrightnessOptions{
                                                              .applyImmediately = true});
                    }
-
                } else {
                    ALOGE("%s: Invalid display token %p", whence, displayToken.get());
                    return ftl::yield<status_t>(NAME_NOT_FOUND);
@@ -3097,7 +3097,7 @@
     {
         Mutex::Autolock lock(mStateLock);
         if (mFpsReporter) {
-            mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+            mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(mLayerHierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
         }
 
         if (mTunnelModeEnabledReporter) {
@@ -3546,9 +3546,7 @@
             getPhysicalDisplayOrientation(compositionDisplay->getId(), creationArgs.isPrimary);
     ALOGV("Display Orientation: %s", toCString(creationArgs.physicalOrientation));
 
-    // virtual displays are always considered enabled
-    creationArgs.initialPowerMode =
-            state.isVirtual() ? std::make_optional(hal::PowerMode::ON) : std::nullopt;
+    creationArgs.initialPowerMode = state.isVirtual() ? hal::PowerMode::ON : hal::PowerMode::OFF;
 
     creationArgs.requestedRefreshRate = state.requestedRefreshRate;
 
@@ -4240,7 +4238,7 @@
     mRegionSamplingThread =
             sp<RegionSamplingThread>::make(*this,
                                            RegionSamplingThread::EnvironmentTimingTunables());
-    mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(*mFrameTimeline, *this);
+    mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(*mFrameTimeline);
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::doCommitTransactions() {
@@ -5812,12 +5810,6 @@
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::initializeDisplays() {
-    const auto display = FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, getDefaultDisplayDeviceLocked());
-    if (!display) return;
-
-    const sp<IBinder> token = display->getDisplayToken().promote();
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(token == nullptr);
-
     TransactionState state;
     state.inputWindowCommands = mInputWindowCommands;
     const nsecs_t now = systemTime();
@@ -5828,18 +5820,10 @@
     const uint64_t transactionId = (static_cast<uint64_t>(mPid) << 32) | mUniqueTransactionId++;
     state.id = transactionId;
 
-    // reset screen orientation and use primary layer stack
-    DisplayState d;
-    d.what = DisplayState::eDisplayProjectionChanged |
-             DisplayState::eLayerStackChanged;
-    d.token = token;
-    d.layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK;
-    d.orientation = ui::ROTATION_0;
-    d.orientedDisplaySpaceRect.makeInvalid();
-    d.layerStackSpaceRect.makeInvalid();
-    d.width = 0;
-    d.height = 0;
-    state.displays.add(d);
+    auto layerStack = ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK.id;
+    for (const auto& [id, display] : FTL_FAKE_GUARD(mStateLock, mPhysicalDisplays)) {
+        state.displays.push(DisplayState(display.token(), ui::LayerStack::fromValue(layerStack++)));
+    }
 
     std::vector<TransactionState> transactions;
     transactions.emplace_back(state);
@@ -5852,12 +5836,25 @@
 
     {
         ftl::FakeGuard guard(mStateLock);
-        setPowerModeInternal(display, hal::PowerMode::ON);
+
+        // In case of a restart, ensure all displays are off.
+        for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+            setPowerModeInternal(getDisplayDeviceLocked(id), hal::PowerMode::OFF);
+        }
+
+        // Power on all displays. The primary display is first, so becomes the active display. Also,
+        // the DisplayCapability set of a display is populated on its first powering on. Do this now
+        // before responding to any Binder query from DisplayManager about display capabilities.
+        for (const auto& [id, display] : mPhysicalDisplays) {
+            setPowerModeInternal(getDisplayDeviceLocked(id), hal::PowerMode::ON);
+        }
     }
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::setPowerModeInternal(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, hal::PowerMode mode) {
     if (display->isVirtual()) {
+        // TODO(b/241285876): This code path should not be reachable, so enforce this at compile
+        // time.
         ALOGE("%s: Invalid operation on virtual display", __func__);
         return;
     }
@@ -5865,8 +5862,8 @@
     const auto displayId = display->getPhysicalId();
     ALOGD("Setting power mode %d on display %s", mode, to_string(displayId).c_str());
 
-    const auto currentModeOpt = display->getPowerMode();
-    if (currentModeOpt == mode) {
+    const auto currentMode = display->getPowerMode();
+    if (currentMode == mode) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -5883,7 +5880,7 @@
     display->setPowerMode(mode);
 
     const auto activeMode = display->refreshRateSelector().getActiveMode().modePtr;
-    if (!currentModeOpt || *currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
+    if (currentMode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
         // Turn on the display
 
         // Activate the display (which involves a modeset to the active mode) when the inner or
@@ -5928,7 +5925,7 @@
         mVisibleRegionsDirty = true;
         scheduleComposite(FrameHint::kActive);
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::OFF) {
-        const bool currentModeNotDozeSuspend = (*currentModeOpt != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND);
+        const bool currentModeNotDozeSuspend = (currentMode != hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND);
         // Turn off the display
         if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
             if (const auto display = getActivatableDisplay()) {
@@ -5969,7 +5966,7 @@
     } else if (mode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE || mode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
         // Update display while dozing
         getHwComposer().setPowerMode(displayId, mode);
-        if (*currentModeOpt == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND &&
+        if (currentMode == hal::PowerMode::DOZE_SUSPEND &&
             (displayId == mActiveDisplayId || FlagManager::getInstance().multithreaded_present())) {
             if (displayId == mActiveDisplayId) {
                 ALOGI("Force repainting for DOZE_SUSPEND -> DOZE or ON.");
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 6e12172..7cfe46c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -903,7 +903,8 @@
      * Display and layer stack management
      */
 
-    // Called during boot, and restart after system_server death.
+    // Called during boot and restart after system_server death, setting the stage for bootanimation
+    // before DisplayManager takes over.
     void initializeDisplays() REQUIRES(kMainThreadContext);
 
     sp<const DisplayDevice> getDisplayDeviceLocked(const wp<IBinder>& displayToken) const
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
index c098dda..a6b12d0 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/fuzzer/surfaceflinger_scheduler_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -441,7 +441,9 @@
         FuzzedDataProvider& fuzzer;
 
         Period period() const { return getFuzzedDuration(fuzzer); }
-        TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint) const { return getFuzzedTimePoint(fuzzer); }
+        TimePoint vsyncDeadlineAfter(TimePoint, ftl::Optional<TimePoint> = {}) const {
+            return getFuzzedTimePoint(fuzzer);
+        }
         Period minFramePeriod() const { return period(); }
     } vsyncSource{mFdp};
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp
index f1bb231..b17b529 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+#include "DualDisplayTransactionTest.h"
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -25,31 +25,10 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-struct ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
-    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
-    ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
-
+struct ActiveDisplayRotationFlagsTest
+      : DualDisplayTransactionTest<hal::PowerMode::ON, hal::PowerMode::OFF> {
     void SetUp() override {
-        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
-
-        // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
-        constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
-        {
-            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
-            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-        {
-            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-
-        mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mInnerDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
-        mFlinger.setPowerModeInternal(mOuterDisplay, PowerMode::ON);
+        DualDisplayTransactionTest::SetUp();
 
         // The flags are a static variable, so by modifying them in the test, we
         // are modifying the real ones used by SurfaceFlinger. Save the original
@@ -64,10 +43,6 @@
 
     void TearDown() override { mFlinger.mutableActiveDisplayRotationFlags() = mOldRotationFlags; }
 
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-
-    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
     ui::Transform::RotationFlags mOldRotationFlags;
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
index 6671414..387d2f2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h
@@ -347,7 +347,6 @@
 
     // The HWC active configuration id
     static constexpr hal::HWConfigId HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID = 2001;
-    static constexpr PowerMode INIT_POWER_MODE = hal::PowerMode::ON;
 
     static void injectPendingHotplugEvent(DisplayTransactionTest* test, Connection connection) {
         test->mFlinger.mutablePendingHotplugEvents().emplace_back(
@@ -355,7 +354,7 @@
     }
 
     // Called by tests to inject a HWC display setup
-    template <bool kInitPowerMode = true>
+    template <hal::PowerMode kPowerMode = hal::PowerMode::ON>
     static void injectHwcDisplayWithNoDefaultCapabilities(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
         const auto displayId = DisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
         ASSERT_FALSE(GpuVirtualDisplayId::tryCast(displayId));
@@ -364,22 +363,37 @@
                 .setHwcDisplayId(HWC_DISPLAY_ID)
                 .setResolution(DisplayVariant::RESOLUTION)
                 .setActiveConfig(HWC_ACTIVE_CONFIG_ID)
-                .setPowerMode(kInitPowerMode ? std::make_optional(INIT_POWER_MODE) : std::nullopt)
+                .setPowerMode(kPowerMode)
                 .inject(&test->mFlinger, test->mComposer);
     }
 
     // Called by tests to inject a HWC display setup
-    template <bool kInitPowerMode = true>
+    //
+    // TODO(b/241285876): The `kExpectSetPowerModeOnce` argument is set to `false` by tests that
+    // power on/off displays several times. Replace those catch-all expectations with `InSequence`
+    // and `RetiresOnSaturation`.
+    //
+    template <hal::PowerMode kPowerMode = hal::PowerMode::ON, bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = true>
     static void injectHwcDisplay(DisplayTransactionTest* test) {
-        if constexpr (kInitPowerMode) {
-            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
-                    .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
-                                    Return(Error::NONE)));
+        if constexpr (kExpectSetPowerModeOnce) {
+            if constexpr (kPowerMode == hal::PowerMode::ON) {
+                EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                        .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
+                                        Return(Error::NONE)));
+            }
 
-            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, INIT_POWER_MODE))
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, kPowerMode))
                     .WillOnce(Return(Error::NONE));
+        } else {
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayCapabilities(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                    .WillRepeatedly(DoAll(SetArgPointee<1>(std::vector<DisplayCapability>({})),
+                                          Return(Error::NONE)));
+
+            EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, setPowerMode(HWC_DISPLAY_ID, _))
+                    .WillRepeatedly(Return(Error::NONE));
         }
-        injectHwcDisplayWithNoDefaultCapabilities<kInitPowerMode>(test);
+
+        injectHwcDisplayWithNoDefaultCapabilities<kPowerMode>(test);
     }
 
     static std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Display> injectCompositionDisplay(
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DualDisplayTransactionTest.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DualDisplayTransactionTest.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90e716f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/DualDisplayTransactionTest.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+template <hal::PowerMode kInnerDisplayPowerMode, hal::PowerMode kOuterDisplayPowerMode,
+          bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = true>
+struct DualDisplayTransactionTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
+    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
+    DualDisplayTransactionTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
+
+    void SetUp() override {
+        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
+
+        {
+            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInnerDisplayPowerMode, kExpectSetPowerModeOnce>(
+                    this);
+
+            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
+            injector.setPowerMode(kInnerDisplayPowerMode);
+            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
+        }
+        {
+            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kOuterDisplayPowerMode, kExpectSetPowerModeOnce>(
+                    this);
+
+            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
+            injector.setPowerMode(kOuterDisplayPowerMode);
+            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
+        }
+    }
+
+    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
+
+    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
+};
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
index f695b09..9e8e306 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/FpsReporterTest.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <gui/LayerMetadata.h>
 
+#include "Client.h" // temporarily needed for LayerCreationArgs
 #include "FpsReporter.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerCreationArgs.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerHierarchy.h"
+#include "FrontEnd/LayerLifecycleManager.h"
 #include "Layer.h"
 #include "TestableSurfaceFlinger.h"
 #include "fake/FakeClock.h"
@@ -76,7 +80,15 @@
 
     sp<Layer> createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata);
 
-    TestableSurfaceFlinger mFlinger;
+    LayerCreationArgs createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, uint32_t parentId,
+                                 LayerMetadata metadata);
+
+    void createRootLayer(uint32_t id, LayerMetadata metadata);
+
+    void createLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId, LayerMetadata metadata);
+
+    frontend::LayerLifecycleManager mLifecycleManager;
+
     mock::FrameTimeline mFrameTimeline =
             mock::FrameTimeline(std::make_shared<impl::TimeStats>(), 0);
 
@@ -89,8 +101,8 @@
 
     sp<TestableFpsListener> mFpsListener;
     fake::FakeClock* mClock = new fake::FakeClock();
-    sp<FpsReporter> mFpsReporter = sp<FpsReporter>::make(mFrameTimeline, *(mFlinger.flinger()),
-                                                         std::unique_ptr<Clock>(mClock));
+    sp<FpsReporter> mFpsReporter =
+            sp<FpsReporter>::make(mFrameTimeline, std::unique_ptr<Clock>(mClock));
 };
 
 FpsReporterTest::FpsReporterTest() {
@@ -98,9 +110,6 @@
             ::testing::UnitTest::GetInstance()->current_test_info();
     ALOGD("**** Setting up for %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 
-    mFlinger.setupMockScheduler();
-    mFlinger.setupComposer(std::make_unique<Hwc2::mock::Composer>());
-
     mFpsListener = sp<TestableFpsListener>::make();
 }
 
@@ -110,76 +119,94 @@
     ALOGD("**** Tearing down after %s.%s\n", test_info->test_case_name(), test_info->name());
 }
 
-sp<Layer> FpsReporterTest::createBufferStateLayer(LayerMetadata metadata = {}) {
+LayerCreationArgs FpsReporterTest::createArgs(uint32_t id, bool canBeRoot, uint32_t parentId,
+                                              LayerMetadata metadata) {
     sp<Client> client;
-    LayerCreationArgs args(mFlinger.flinger(), client, "buffer-state-layer", LAYER_FLAGS, metadata);
-    return sp<Layer>::make(args);
+    LayerCreationArgs args(std::make_optional(id));
+    args.name = "testlayer";
+    args.addToRoot = canBeRoot;
+    args.flags = LAYER_FLAGS;
+    args.metadata = metadata;
+    args.parentId = parentId;
+    return args;
+}
+
+void FpsReporterTest::createRootLayer(uint32_t id, LayerMetadata metadata = LayerMetadata()) {
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> layers;
+    layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(
+            createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/true, /*parent=*/UNASSIGNED_LAYER_ID,
+                       /*metadata=*/metadata)));
+    mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
+}
+
+void FpsReporterTest::createLayer(uint32_t id, uint32_t parentId,
+                                  LayerMetadata metadata = LayerMetadata()) {
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<frontend::RequestedLayerState>> layers;
+    layers.emplace_back(std::make_unique<frontend::RequestedLayerState>(
+            createArgs(/*id=*/id, /*canBeRoot=*/false, /*parent=*/parentId,
+                       /*mirror=*/metadata)));
+    mLifecycleManager.addLayers(std::move(layers));
 }
 
 namespace {
 
 TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, callsListeners) {
-    mParent = createBufferStateLayer();
     constexpr int32_t kTaskId = 12;
     LayerMetadata targetMetadata;
     targetMetadata.setInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, kTaskId);
-    mTarget = createBufferStateLayer(targetMetadata);
-    mChild = createBufferStateLayer();
-    mGrandChild = createBufferStateLayer();
-    mUnrelated = createBufferStateLayer();
-    mParent->addChild(mTarget);
-    mTarget->addChild(mChild);
-    mChild->addChild(mGrandChild);
-    mParent->commitChildList();
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mParent);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mTarget);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mChild);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mGrandChild);
+
+    createRootLayer(1, targetMetadata);
+    createLayer(11, 1);
+    createLayer(111, 11);
+
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     float expectedFps = 44.0;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline,
-                computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(mTarget->getSequence(), mChild->getSequence(),
-                                                mGrandChild->getSequence())))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 11, 111)))
             .WillOnce(Return(expectedFps));
 
     mFpsReporter->addListener(mFpsListener, kTaskId);
     mClock->advanceTime(600ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(expectedFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mFpsReporter->removeListener(mFpsListener);
     Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&mFrameTimeline);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(_)).Times(0);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
 }
 
 TEST_F(FpsReporterTest, rateLimits) {
     const constexpr int32_t kTaskId = 12;
     LayerMetadata targetMetadata;
     targetMetadata.setInt32(gui::METADATA_TASK_ID, kTaskId);
-    mTarget = createBufferStateLayer(targetMetadata);
-    mFlinger.mutableCurrentState().layersSortedByZ.add(mTarget);
+    createRootLayer(1);
+    createLayer(11, 1, targetMetadata);
+
+    frontend::LayerHierarchyBuilder hierarchyBuilder;
+    hierarchyBuilder.update(mLifecycleManager);
 
     float firstFps = 44.0;
     float secondFps = 53.0;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(mTarget->getSequence())))
+    EXPECT_CALL(mFrameTimeline, computeFps(UnorderedElementsAre(11)))
             .WillOnce(Return(firstFps))
             .WillOnce(Return(secondFps));
 
     mFpsReporter->addListener(mFpsListener, kTaskId);
     mClock->advanceTime(600ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(firstFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mClock->advanceTime(200ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(firstFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mClock->advanceTime(200ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(firstFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
     mClock->advanceTime(200ms);
-    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps();
+    mFpsReporter->dispatchLayerFps(hierarchyBuilder.getHierarchy());
     EXPECT_EQ(secondFps, mFpsListener->lastReportedFps);
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
index 844b96c..93c2829 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_FoldableTest.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+#include "DualDisplayTransactionTest.h"
 
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -25,35 +25,9 @@
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-struct FoldableTest : DisplayTransactionTest {
-    static constexpr bool kWithMockScheduler = false;
-    FoldableTest() : DisplayTransactionTest(kWithMockScheduler) {}
-
-    void SetUp() override {
-        injectMockScheduler(kInnerDisplayId);
-
-        // Inject inner and outer displays with uninitialized power modes.
-        constexpr bool kInitPowerMode = false;
-        {
-            InnerDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = InnerDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            injector.setRefreshRateSelector(mFlinger.scheduler()->refreshRateSelector());
-            mInnerDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-        {
-            OuterDisplayVariant::injectHwcDisplay<kInitPowerMode>(this);
-            auto injector = OuterDisplayVariant::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-            injector.setPowerMode(std::nullopt);
-            mOuterDisplay = injector.inject();
-        }
-    }
-
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kInnerDisplayId = InnerDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-    static inline PhysicalDisplayId kOuterDisplayId = OuterDisplayVariant::DISPLAY_ID::get();
-
-    sp<DisplayDevice> mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay;
-};
+constexpr bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = false;
+struct FoldableTest : DualDisplayTransactionTest<hal::PowerMode::OFF, hal::PowerMode::OFF,
+                                                 kExpectSetPowerModeOnce> {};
 
 TEST_F(FoldableTest, promotesPacesetterOnBoot) {
     // When the device boots, the inner display should be the pacesetter.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
index 1583f64..eaf4684 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/SurfaceFlinger_InitializeDisplaysTest.cpp
@@ -17,66 +17,49 @@
 #undef LOG_TAG
 #define LOG_TAG "LibSurfaceFlingerUnittests"
 
-#include "DisplayTransactionTestHelpers.h"
+#include "DualDisplayTransactionTest.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace {
 
-class InitializeDisplaysTest : public DisplayTransactionTest {};
+constexpr bool kExpectSetPowerModeOnce = false;
+struct InitializeDisplaysTest : DualDisplayTransactionTest<hal::PowerMode::OFF, hal::PowerMode::OFF,
+                                                           kExpectSetPowerModeOnce> {};
 
-TEST_F(InitializeDisplaysTest, commitsPrimaryDisplay) {
-    using Case = SimplePrimaryDisplayCase;
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Preconditions
-
-    // A primary display is set up
-    Case::Display::injectHwcDisplay(this);
-    auto primaryDisplay = Case::Display::makeFakeExistingDisplayInjector(this);
-    primaryDisplay.inject();
-
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Call Expectations
-
-    // We expect a call to get the active display config.
-    Case::Display::setupHwcGetActiveConfigCallExpectations(this);
-
-    // We expect a scheduled commit for the display transaction.
-    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlinger.scheduler(), scheduleFrame()).Times(1);
+TEST_F(InitializeDisplaysTest, initializesDisplays) {
+    // Scheduled by the display transaction, and by powering on each display.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mFlinger.scheduler(), scheduleFrame()).Times(3);
 
     EXPECT_CALL(static_cast<mock::VSyncTracker&>(
                         mFlinger.scheduler()->getVsyncSchedule()->getTracker()),
                 nextAnticipatedVSyncTimeFrom(_, _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(0));
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Invocation
-
     FTL_FAKE_GUARD(kMainThreadContext, mFlinger.initializeDisplays());
 
-    // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-    // Postconditions
+    for (const auto& display : {mInnerDisplay, mOuterDisplay}) {
+        const auto token = display->getDisplayToken().promote();
+        ASSERT_TRUE(token);
 
-    // The primary display should have a current state
-    ASSERT_TRUE(hasCurrentDisplayState(primaryDisplay.token()));
-    const auto& primaryDisplayState = getCurrentDisplayState(primaryDisplay.token());
+        ASSERT_TRUE(hasCurrentDisplayState(token));
+        const auto& state = getCurrentDisplayState(token);
 
-    // The primary display state should be reset
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK, primaryDisplayState.layerStack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(ui::ROTATION_0, primaryDisplayState.orientation);
-    EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, primaryDisplayState.orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
-    EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, primaryDisplayState.layerStackSpaceRect);
+        const ui::LayerStack expectedLayerStack = display == mInnerDisplay
+                ? ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK
+                : ui::LayerStack::fromValue(ui::DEFAULT_LAYER_STACK.id + 1);
 
-    // The width and height should both be zero
-    EXPECT_EQ(0u, primaryDisplayState.width);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0u, primaryDisplayState.height);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expectedLayerStack, state.layerStack);
+        EXPECT_EQ(ui::ROTATION_0, state.orientation);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, state.orientedDisplaySpaceRect);
+        EXPECT_EQ(Rect::INVALID_RECT, state.layerStackSpaceRect);
 
-    // The display should be set to PowerMode::ON
-    ASSERT_TRUE(hasDisplayDevice(primaryDisplay.token()));
-    auto displayDevice = primaryDisplay.mutableDisplayDevice();
-    EXPECT_EQ(PowerMode::ON, displayDevice->getPowerMode());
+        EXPECT_EQ(0u, state.width);
+        EXPECT_EQ(0u, state.height);
 
-    // The display transaction needed flag should be set.
+        ASSERT_TRUE(hasDisplayDevice(token));
+        EXPECT_EQ(PowerMode::ON, getDisplayDevice(token).getPowerMode());
+    }
+
     EXPECT_TRUE(hasTransactionFlagSet(eDisplayTransactionNeeded));
 }
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
index 4e0b5af..9ef0749 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/TestableSurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -750,7 +750,6 @@
         static constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_CONFIG_GROUP = 7;
         static constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DPI = 320;
         static constexpr hal::HWConfigId DEFAULT_ACTIVE_CONFIG = 0;
-        static constexpr hal::PowerMode DEFAULT_POWER_MODE = hal::PowerMode::ON;
 
         FakeHwcDisplayInjector(HalDisplayId displayId, hal::DisplayType hwcDisplayType,
                                bool isPrimary)
@@ -793,7 +792,7 @@
             return *this;
         }
 
-        auto& setPowerMode(std::optional<hal::PowerMode> mode) {
+        auto& setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode mode) {
             mPowerMode = mode;
             return *this;
         }
@@ -817,9 +816,7 @@
                                                          mHwcDisplayType);
             display->mutableIsConnected() = true;
 
-            if (mPowerMode) {
-                display->setPowerMode(*mPowerMode);
-            }
+            display->setPowerMode(mPowerMode);
 
             flinger->mutableHwcDisplayData()[mDisplayId].hwcDisplay = std::move(display);
 
@@ -885,7 +882,7 @@
         int32_t mDpiY = DEFAULT_DPI;
         int32_t mConfigGroup = DEFAULT_CONFIG_GROUP;
         hal::HWConfigId mActiveConfig = DEFAULT_ACTIVE_CONFIG;
-        std::optional<hal::PowerMode> mPowerMode = DEFAULT_POWER_MODE;
+        hal::PowerMode mPowerMode = hal::PowerMode::ON;
         const std::unordered_set<aidl::android::hardware::graphics::composer3::Capability>*
                 mCapabilities = nullptr;
     };
@@ -962,7 +959,7 @@
             return *this;
         }
 
-        auto& setPowerMode(std::optional<hal::PowerMode> mode) {
+        auto& setPowerMode(hal::PowerMode mode) {
             mCreationArgs.initialPowerMode = mode;
             return *this;
         }