diff --git a/AconfigFlags.bp b/AconfigFlags.bp
index 02fee10..59a1cbc 100644
--- a/AconfigFlags.bp
+++ b/AconfigFlags.bp
@@ -13,20 +13,43 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 aconfig_srcjars = [
+    // !!! KEEP THIS LIST ALPHABETICAL !!!
+    ":aconfig_mediacodec_flags_java_lib{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.content.pm.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.content.res.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.hardware.biometrics.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
+    ":android.media.playback.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.net.vcn.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.nfc.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.os.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":android.security.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":com.android.hardware.camera2-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
-    ":com.android.window.flags.window-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":com.android.hardware.input-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
-    ":com.android.text.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
     ":com.android.net.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
+    ":com.android.text.flags-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
+    ":com.android.window.flags.window-aconfig-java{.generated_srcjars}",
+    // !!! KEEP THIS LIST ALPHABETICAL !!!
 ]
 
+stubs_defaults {
+    name: "framework-minus-apex-aconfig-declarations",
+    aconfig_declarations: [
+        "android.content.pm.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.content.res.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.hardware.biometrics.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.media.playback.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.net.vcn.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.nfc.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.os.flags-aconfig",
+        "android.security.flags-aconfig",
+        "com.android.hardware.camera2-aconfig",
+        "com.android.hardware.input.input-aconfig",
+        "com.android.window.flags.window-aconfig",
+        "com.android.text.flags-aconfig",
+        "com.android.net.flags-aconfig",
+    ],
+}
+
 filegroup {
     name: "framework-minus-apex-aconfig-srcjars",
     srcs: aconfig_srcjars,
diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
index 5f02a15..2113e4b 100644
--- a/Android.bp
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -205,7 +205,6 @@
         "apex_aidl_interface-java",
         "packagemanager_aidl-java",
         "framework-protos",
-        "libtombstone_proto_java",
         "updatable-driver-protos",
         "ota_metadata_proto_java",
         "android.hidl.base-V1.0-java",
diff --git a/ProtoLibraries.bp b/ProtoLibraries.bp
index d03bbd2..e7adf20 100644
--- a/ProtoLibraries.bp
+++ b/ProtoLibraries.bp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
         ":ipconnectivity-proto-src",
         ":libstats_atom_enum_protos",
         ":libstats_atom_message_protos",
+        ":libtombstone_proto-src",
         "core/proto/**/*.proto",
         "libs/incident/**/*.proto",
     ],
diff --git a/STABILITY_OWNERS b/STABILITY_OWNERS
deleted file mode 100644
index a7ecb4d..0000000
--- a/STABILITY_OWNERS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-gaillard@google.com
-
diff --git a/api/Android.bp b/api/Android.bp
index 0084126..7fb427e 100644
--- a/api/Android.bp
+++ b/api/Android.bp
@@ -69,8 +69,40 @@
     visibility: ["//visibility:public"],
 }
 
+soong_config_module_type {
+    name: "enable_crashrecovery_module",
+    module_type: "combined_apis_defaults",
+    config_namespace: "ANDROID",
+    bool_variables: ["release_crashrecovery_module"],
+    properties: [
+        "bootclasspath",
+        "system_server_classpath",
+    ],
+}
+
+soong_config_bool_variable {
+    name: "release_crashrecovery_module",
+}
+
+enable_crashrecovery_module {
+    name: "crashrecovery_module_defaults",
+    soong_config_variables: {
+        release_crashrecovery_module: {
+            bootclasspath: [
+                "framework-crashrecovery",
+            ],
+            system_server_classpath: [
+                "service-crashrecovery",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
+}
+
 combined_apis {
     name: "frameworks-base-api",
+    defaults: [
+        "crashrecovery_module_defaults",
+    ],
     bootclasspath: [
         "android.net.ipsec.ike",
         "art.module.public.api",
@@ -278,6 +310,7 @@
 // classpath (or sources) somehow.
 stubs_defaults {
     name: "android-non-updatable-stubs-defaults",
+    defaults: ["framework-minus-apex-aconfig-declarations"],
     srcs: [":android-non-updatable-stub-sources"],
     sdk_version: "none",
     system_modules: "none",
diff --git a/api/ApiDocs.bp b/api/ApiDocs.bp
index 5744bdf..d7e2583 100644
--- a/api/ApiDocs.bp
+++ b/api/ApiDocs.bp
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@
         "-federationapi AndroidX $(location :current-androidx-api)",
         // doclava contains checks for a few issues that are have been migrated to metalava.
         // disable them in doclava, to avoid mistriggering or double triggering.
+        "-hide 101", // TODO: turn Lint 101 back into an error again
         "-hide 111", // HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS
         "-hide 113", // DEPRECATION_MISMATCH
         "-hide 125", // REQUIRES_PERMISSION
diff --git a/api/StubLibraries.bp b/api/StubLibraries.bp
index ef1fa60..ec4fc46 100644
--- a/api/StubLibraries.bp
+++ b/api/StubLibraries.bp
@@ -239,6 +239,10 @@
     name: "android-non-updatable_from_source_defaults",
     libs: ["stub-annotations"],
     static_libs: ["framework-res-package-jar"], // Export package of framework-res
+}
+
+java_defaults {
+    name: "android-non-updatable_exportable_from_source_defaults",
     dist: {
         targets: ["sdk"],
         tag: ".jar",
@@ -265,6 +269,14 @@
 }
 
 java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable",
+    defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.from-source",
+    ],
+}
+
+java_library {
     name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.system",
     defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
     static_libs: [
@@ -283,6 +295,14 @@
 }
 
 java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.system",
+    defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.system.from-source",
+    ],
+}
+
+java_library {
     name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.module_lib",
     defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
     static_libs: [
@@ -301,6 +321,14 @@
 }
 
 java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.module_lib",
+    defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.module_lib.from-source",
+    ],
+}
+
+java_library {
     name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.test",
     defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
     static_libs: [
@@ -319,6 +347,14 @@
 }
 
 java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.test",
+    defaults: ["android-non-updatable_defaults"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.test.from-source",
+    ],
+}
+
+java_library {
     name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.from-source",
     defaults: [
         "android-non-updatable_defaults",
@@ -326,6 +362,17 @@
     ],
     srcs: [":api-stubs-docs-non-updatable"],
     libs: ["all-modules-public-stubs"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.from-source",
+    defaults: [
+        "android-non-updatable_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_from_source_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_exportable_from_source_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [":api-stubs-docs-non-updatable{.exportable}"],
+    libs: ["all-modules-public-stubs"],
     dist: {
         dir: "apistubs/android/public",
     },
@@ -339,6 +386,17 @@
     ],
     srcs: [":system-api-stubs-docs-non-updatable"],
     libs: ["all-modules-system-stubs"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.system.from-source",
+    defaults: [
+        "android-non-updatable_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_from_source_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_exportable_from_source_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [":system-api-stubs-docs-non-updatable{.exportable}"],
+    libs: ["all-modules-system-stubs"],
     dist: {
         dir: "apistubs/android/system",
     },
@@ -352,6 +410,17 @@
     ],
     srcs: [":module-lib-api-stubs-docs-non-updatable"],
     libs: non_updatable_api_deps_on_modules,
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.module_lib.from-source",
+    defaults: [
+        "android-non-updatable_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_from_source_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_exportable_from_source_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [":module-lib-api-stubs-docs-non-updatable{.exportable}"],
+    libs: non_updatable_api_deps_on_modules,
     dist: {
         dir: "apistubs/android/module-lib",
     },
@@ -365,6 +434,17 @@
     ],
     srcs: [":test-api-stubs-docs-non-updatable"],
     libs: ["all-modules-system-stubs"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.test.from-source",
+    defaults: [
+        "android-non-updatable_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_from_source_defaults",
+        "android-non-updatable_exportable_from_source_defaults",
+    ],
+    srcs: [":test-api-stubs-docs-non-updatable{.exportable}"],
+    libs: ["all-modules-system-stubs"],
     dist: {
         dir: "apistubs/android/test",
     },
@@ -462,6 +542,16 @@
 }
 
 java_library {
+    name: "android_stubs_current_exportable.from-source",
+    static_libs: [
+        "all-modules-public-stubs-exportable",
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable",
+        "private-stub-annotations-jar",
+    ],
+    defaults: ["android.jar_defaults"],
+}
+
+java_library {
     name: "android_system_stubs_current.from-source",
     static_libs: [
         "all-modules-system-stubs",
@@ -470,6 +560,19 @@
     ],
     defaults: [
         "android.jar_defaults",
+    ],
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android_system_stubs_current_exportable.from-source",
+    static_libs: [
+        "all-modules-system-stubs-exportable",
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.system",
+        "private-stub-annotations-jar",
+    ],
+    defaults: [
+        "android.jar_defaults",
         "android_stubs_dists_default",
     ],
     dist: {
@@ -498,6 +601,23 @@
     ],
     defaults: [
         "android.jar_defaults",
+    ],
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android_test_stubs_current_exportable.from-source",
+    static_libs: [
+        // Updatable modules do not have test APIs, but we want to include their SystemApis, like we
+        // include the SystemApi of framework-non-updatable-sources.
+        "all-updatable-modules-system-stubs-exportable",
+        // Non-updatable modules on the other hand can have test APIs, so include their test-stubs.
+        "all-non-updatable-modules-test-stubs-exportable",
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.test",
+        "private-stub-annotations-jar",
+    ],
+    defaults: [
+        "android.jar_defaults",
         "android_stubs_dists_default",
     ],
     dist: {
@@ -505,6 +625,7 @@
     },
 }
 
+// This module does not need to be copied to dist
 java_library {
     name: "android_test_frameworks_core_stubs_current.from-source",
     static_libs: [
@@ -513,24 +634,34 @@
     ],
     defaults: [
         "android.jar_defaults",
-        "android_stubs_dists_default",
     ],
-    dist: {
-        dir: "apistubs/android/test-core",
-    },
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
 }
 
 java_library {
     name: "android_module_lib_stubs_current.from-source",
     defaults: [
         "android.jar_defaults",
-        "android_stubs_dists_default",
     ],
     static_libs: [
         "android-non-updatable.stubs.module_lib",
         "art.module.public.api.stubs.module_lib",
         "i18n.module.public.api.stubs",
     ],
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android_module_lib_stubs_current_exportable.from-source",
+    defaults: [
+        "android.jar_defaults",
+        "android_stubs_dists_default",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "android-non-updatable.stubs.exportable.module_lib",
+        "art.module.public.api.stubs.exportable.module_lib",
+        "i18n.module.public.api.stubs.exportable",
+    ],
     dist: {
         dir: "apistubs/android/module-lib",
     },
@@ -540,13 +671,26 @@
     name: "android_system_server_stubs_current.from-source",
     defaults: [
         "android.jar_defaults",
-        "android_stubs_dists_default",
     ],
     srcs: [":services-non-updatable-stubs"],
     installable: false,
     static_libs: [
         "android_module_lib_stubs_current.from-source",
     ],
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "android_system_server_stubs_current_exportable.from-source",
+    defaults: [
+        "android.jar_defaults",
+        "android_stubs_dists_default",
+    ],
+    srcs: [":services-non-updatable-stubs{.exportable}"],
+    installable: false,
+    static_libs: [
+        "android_module_lib_stubs_current_exportable.from-source",
+    ],
     dist: {
         dir: "apistubs/android/system-server",
     },
diff --git a/api/api.go b/api/api.go
index 2668999..a632582 100644
--- a/api/api.go
+++ b/api/api.go
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 
 type CombinedApis struct {
 	android.ModuleBase
+	android.DefaultableModuleBase
 
 	properties CombinedApisProperties
 }
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@
 
 func registerBuildComponents(ctx android.RegistrationContext) {
 	ctx.RegisterModuleType("combined_apis", combinedApisModuleFactory)
+	ctx.RegisterModuleType("combined_apis_defaults", CombinedApisModuleDefaultsFactory)
 }
 
 var PrepareForCombinedApisTest = android.FixtureRegisterWithContext(registerBuildComponents)
@@ -203,6 +205,15 @@
 	ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
 }
 
+func createMergedPublicExportableStubs(ctx android.LoadHookContext, modules []string) {
+	props := libraryProps{}
+	props.Name = proptools.StringPtr("all-modules-public-stubs-exportable")
+	props.Static_libs = transformArray(modules, "", ".stubs.exportable")
+	props.Sdk_version = proptools.StringPtr("module_current")
+	props.Visibility = []string{"//frameworks/base"}
+	ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
+}
+
 func createMergedSystemStubs(ctx android.LoadHookContext, modules []string) {
 	// First create the all-updatable-modules-system-stubs
 	{
@@ -227,6 +238,30 @@
 	}
 }
 
+func createMergedSystemExportableStubs(ctx android.LoadHookContext, modules []string) {
+	// First create the all-updatable-modules-system-stubs
+	{
+		updatable_modules := removeAll(modules, non_updatable_modules)
+		props := libraryProps{}
+		props.Name = proptools.StringPtr("all-updatable-modules-system-stubs-exportable")
+		props.Static_libs = transformArray(updatable_modules, "", ".stubs.exportable.system")
+		props.Sdk_version = proptools.StringPtr("module_current")
+		props.Visibility = []string{"//frameworks/base"}
+		ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
+	}
+	// Now merge all-updatable-modules-system-stubs and stubs from non-updatable modules
+	// into all-modules-system-stubs.
+	{
+		props := libraryProps{}
+		props.Name = proptools.StringPtr("all-modules-system-stubs-exportable")
+		props.Static_libs = transformArray(non_updatable_modules, "", ".stubs.exportable.system")
+		props.Static_libs = append(props.Static_libs, "all-updatable-modules-system-stubs-exportable")
+		props.Sdk_version = proptools.StringPtr("module_current")
+		props.Visibility = []string{"//frameworks/base"}
+		ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
+	}
+}
+
 func createMergedTestStubsForNonUpdatableModules(ctx android.LoadHookContext) {
 	props := libraryProps{}
 	props.Name = proptools.StringPtr("all-non-updatable-modules-test-stubs")
@@ -236,6 +271,15 @@
 	ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
 }
 
+func createMergedTestExportableStubsForNonUpdatableModules(ctx android.LoadHookContext) {
+	props := libraryProps{}
+	props.Name = proptools.StringPtr("all-non-updatable-modules-test-stubs-exportable")
+	props.Static_libs = transformArray(non_updatable_modules, "", ".stubs.exportable.test")
+	props.Sdk_version = proptools.StringPtr("module_current")
+	props.Visibility = []string{"//frameworks/base"}
+	ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
+}
+
 func createMergedFrameworkImpl(ctx android.LoadHookContext, modules []string) {
 	// This module is for the "framework-all" module, which should not include the core libraries.
 	modules = removeAll(modules, core_libraries_modules)
@@ -266,6 +310,19 @@
 	}
 }
 
+func createMergedFrameworkModuleLibExportableStubs(ctx android.LoadHookContext, modules []string) {
+	// The user of this module compiles against the "core" SDK and against non-updatable modules,
+	// so remove to avoid dupes.
+	modules = removeAll(modules, core_libraries_modules)
+	modules = removeAll(modules, non_updatable_modules)
+	props := libraryProps{}
+	props.Name = proptools.StringPtr("framework-updatable-stubs-module_libs_api-exportable")
+	props.Static_libs = transformArray(modules, "", ".stubs.exportable.module_lib")
+	props.Sdk_version = proptools.StringPtr("module_current")
+	props.Visibility = []string{"//frameworks/base"}
+	ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
+}
+
 func createMergedFrameworkModuleLibStubs(ctx android.LoadHookContext, modules []string) {
 	// The user of this module compiles against the "core" SDK and against non-updatable modules,
 	// so remove to avoid dupes.
@@ -381,6 +438,27 @@
 	}
 }
 
+func createFullExportableApiLibraries(ctx android.LoadHookContext) {
+	javaLibraryNames := []string{
+		"android_stubs_current_exportable",
+		"android_system_stubs_current_exportable",
+		"android_test_stubs_current_exportable",
+		"android_module_lib_stubs_current_exportable",
+		"android_system_server_stubs_current_exportable",
+	}
+
+	for _, libraryName := range javaLibraryNames {
+		props := libraryProps{}
+		props.Name = proptools.StringPtr(libraryName)
+		staticLib := libraryName + ".from-source"
+		props.Static_libs = []string{staticLib}
+		props.Defaults = []string{"android.jar_defaults"}
+		props.Visibility = []string{"//visibility:public"}
+
+		ctx.CreateModule(java.LibraryFactory, &props)
+	}
+}
+
 func (a *CombinedApis) createInternalModules(ctx android.LoadHookContext) {
 	bootclasspath := a.properties.Bootclasspath
 	system_server_classpath := a.properties.System_server_classpath
@@ -396,6 +474,11 @@
 	createMergedFrameworkModuleLibStubs(ctx, bootclasspath)
 	createMergedFrameworkImpl(ctx, bootclasspath)
 
+	createMergedPublicExportableStubs(ctx, bootclasspath)
+	createMergedSystemExportableStubs(ctx, bootclasspath)
+	createMergedTestExportableStubsForNonUpdatableModules(ctx)
+	createMergedFrameworkModuleLibExportableStubs(ctx, bootclasspath)
+
 	createMergedAnnotationsFilegroups(ctx, bootclasspath, system_server_classpath)
 
 	createPublicStubsSourceFilegroup(ctx, bootclasspath)
@@ -403,12 +486,15 @@
 	createApiContributionDefaults(ctx, bootclasspath)
 
 	createFullApiLibraries(ctx)
+
+	createFullExportableApiLibraries(ctx)
 }
 
 func combinedApisModuleFactory() android.Module {
 	module := &CombinedApis{}
 	module.AddProperties(&module.properties)
 	android.InitAndroidModule(module)
+	android.InitDefaultableModule(module)
 	android.AddLoadHook(module, func(ctx android.LoadHookContext) { module.createInternalModules(ctx) })
 	return module
 }
@@ -445,3 +531,16 @@
 	}
 	return s2
 }
+
+// Defaults
+type CombinedApisModuleDefaults struct {
+	android.ModuleBase
+	android.DefaultsModuleBase
+}
+
+func CombinedApisModuleDefaultsFactory() android.Module {
+	module := &CombinedApisModuleDefaults{}
+	module.AddProperties(&CombinedApisProperties{})
+	android.InitDefaultsModule(module)
+	return module
+}
diff --git a/boot/Android.bp b/boot/Android.bp
index 8a3d35e..4b3ad655 100644
--- a/boot/Android.bp
+++ b/boot/Android.bp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
     config_namespace: "AUTO",
     bool_variables: [
         "car_bootclasspath_fragment",
+        "release_crashrecovery_module",
     ],
     properties: [
         "fragments",
@@ -155,6 +156,15 @@
                 },
             ],
         },
+        release_crashrecovery_module: {
+            fragments: [
+                // only used when crashrecovery is enabled
+                {
+                    apex: "com.android.crashrecovery",
+                    module: "com.android.crashrecovery-bootclasspath-fragment",
+                },
+            ],
+        },
     },
 
     // Additional information needed by hidden api processing.
diff --git a/config/preloaded-classes b/config/preloaded-classes
index fd4e3df..0a77877 100644
--- a/config/preloaded-classes
+++ b/config/preloaded-classes
@@ -6265,8 +6265,6 @@
 android.os.VibratorInfo$FrequencyProfile
 android.os.VibratorInfo
 android.os.VibratorManager
-android.os.VintfObject
-android.os.VintfRuntimeInfo
 android.os.WorkSource$1
 android.os.WorkSource$WorkChain$1
 android.os.WorkSource$WorkChain
diff --git a/core/api/current.txt b/core/api/current.txt
index 48f58c0..e26632a 100644
--- a/core/api/current.txt
+++ b/core/api/current.txt
@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@
     field public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_SYSTEM_APPS = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_SYSTEM_APPS";
     field public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_SYSTEM_DIALOGS = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_SYSTEM_DIALOGS";
     field public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_SYSTEM_UPDATES = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_SYSTEM_UPDATES";
+    field @FlaggedApi("com.android.net.thread.flags.thread_user_restriction_enabled") public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_THREAD_NETWORK = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_THREAD_NETWORK";
     field public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_TIME = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_TIME";
     field public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_USB_DATA_SIGNALLING = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_USB_DATA_SIGNALLING";
     field public static final String MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_USB_FILE_TRANSFER = "android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_USB_FILE_TRANSFER";
@@ -16384,7 +16385,6 @@
   }
 
   public final class RecordingCanvas extends android.graphics.Canvas {
-    method public final void drawMesh(@NonNull android.graphics.Mesh, android.graphics.BlendMode, @NonNull android.graphics.Paint);
   }
 
   public final class Rect implements android.os.Parcelable {
@@ -23603,6 +23603,8 @@
     field public static final String KEY_AUDIO_SESSION_ID = "audio-session-id";
     field public static final String KEY_BITRATE_MODE = "bitrate-mode";
     field public static final String KEY_BIT_RATE = "bitrate";
+    field @FlaggedApi("com.android.media.codec.flags.large_audio_frame") public static final String KEY_BUFFER_BATCH_MAX_OUTPUT_SIZE = "buffer-batch-max-output-size";
+    field @FlaggedApi("com.android.media.codec.flags.large_audio_frame") public static final String KEY_BUFFER_BATCH_THRESHOLD_OUTPUT_SIZE = "buffer-batch-threshold-output-size";
     field public static final String KEY_CAPTION_SERVICE_NUMBER = "caption-service-number";
     field public static final String KEY_CAPTURE_RATE = "capture-rate";
     field public static final String KEY_CHANNEL_COUNT = "channel-count";
@@ -23631,6 +23633,7 @@
     field public static final String KEY_HDR10_PLUS_INFO = "hdr10-plus-info";
     field public static final String KEY_HDR_STATIC_INFO = "hdr-static-info";
     field public static final String KEY_HEIGHT = "height";
+    field @FlaggedApi("com.android.media.codec.flags.codec_importance") public static final String KEY_IMPORTANCE = "importance";
     field public static final String KEY_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD = "intra-refresh-period";
     field public static final String KEY_IS_ADTS = "is-adts";
     field public static final String KEY_IS_AUTOSELECT = "is-autoselect";
diff --git a/core/api/test-current.txt b/core/api/test-current.txt
index d01706d..ab770af 100644
--- a/core/api/test-current.txt
+++ b/core/api/test-current.txt
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@
     field public static final int PROCESS_CAPABILITY_ALL_IMPLICIT = 6; // 0x6
     field public static final int PROCESS_CAPABILITY_POWER_RESTRICTED_NETWORK = 8; // 0x8
     field public static final int PROCESS_CAPABILITY_USER_RESTRICTED_NETWORK = 32; // 0x20
+    field public static final int PROCESS_STATE_BOUND_FOREGROUND_SERVICE = 5; // 0x5
     field public static final int PROCESS_STATE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE = 4; // 0x4
     field public static final int PROCESS_STATE_TOP = 2; // 0x2
     field public static final int STOP_USER_ON_SWITCH_DEFAULT = -1; // 0xffffffff
diff --git a/core/java/android/app/ActivityManager.java b/core/java/android/app/ActivityManager.java
index 66d04a3..f72a9de 100644
--- a/core/java/android/app/ActivityManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/app/ActivityManager.java
@@ -705,6 +705,8 @@
 
     /** @hide Process is hosting a foreground service due to a system binding. */
     @UnsupportedAppUsage(maxTargetSdk = Build.VERSION_CODES.R, trackingBug = 170729553)
+    @SuppressLint("UnflaggedApi") // @TestApi without associated feature.
+    @TestApi
     public static final int PROCESS_STATE_BOUND_FOREGROUND_SERVICE =
             ProcessStateEnum.BOUND_FOREGROUND_SERVICE;
 
@@ -3541,7 +3543,7 @@
          * foreground.  This may be running a window that is behind the current
          * foreground (so paused and with its state saved, not interacting with
          * the user, but visible to them to some degree); it may also be running
-         * other services under the system's control that it inconsiders important.
+         * other services under the system's control that it considers important.
          */
         public static final int IMPORTANCE_VISIBLE = 200;
 
@@ -3613,9 +3615,9 @@
         public static final int IMPORTANCE_CANT_SAVE_STATE = 350;
 
         /**
-         * Constant for {@link #importance}: This process process contains
-         * cached code that is expendable, not actively running any app components
-         * we care about.
+         * Constant for {@link #importance}: This process contains cached code
+         * that is expendable, not actively running any app components we care
+         * about.
          */
         public static final int IMPORTANCE_CACHED = 400;
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS b/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
index 073e2d7..497eaf0 100644
--- a/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 charliewang@google.com
+hackz@google.com
 oni@google.com
+tomchan@google.com
 volnov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/java/android/content/OWNERS b/core/java/android/content/OWNERS
index 90c3d04..a37408b 100644
--- a/core/java/android/content/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/content/OWNERS
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 per-file *Content* = file:/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
 per-file *Sync* = file:/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
 per-file IntentFilter.java = file:/PACKAGE_MANAGER_OWNERS
+per-file UriRelativeFilter* = file:/PACKAGE_MANAGER_OWNERS
 per-file IntentFilter.java = file:/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
 per-file Intent.java = file:/INTENT_OWNERS
 per-file AutofillOptions* = file:/core/java/android/service/autofill/OWNERS
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkPolicyManager.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkPolicyManager.java
index 365f913..594ec18 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkPolicyManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkPolicyManager.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package android.net;
 
+import static android.app.ActivityManager.PROCESS_CAPABILITY_POWER_RESTRICTED_NETWORK;
 import static android.app.ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_UNKNOWN;
 import static android.app.ActivityManager.procStateToString;
 import static android.content.pm.PackageManager.GET_SIGNATURES;
@@ -170,6 +171,8 @@
     public static final String FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_RESTRICTED = "restricted";
     /** @hide */
     public static final String FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_LOW_POWER_STANDBY = "low_power_standby";
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final String FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND = "background";
 
     private static final boolean ALLOW_PLATFORM_APP_POLICY = true;
 
@@ -180,6 +183,9 @@
     /** @hide */
     public static final int TOP_THRESHOLD_STATE = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_BOUND_TOP;
 
+    /** @hide */
+    public static final int BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE = ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TOP_SLEEPING;
+
     /**
      * {@link Intent} extra that indicates which {@link NetworkTemplate} rule it
      * applies to.
@@ -264,6 +270,16 @@
      * @hide
      */
     public static final int ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST = 1 << 6;
+
+    /**
+     * Flag to indicate that the app is exempt from always-on background network restrictions.
+     * Note that this is explicitly different to the flag NOT_FOREGROUND which is used to grant
+     * shared exception to apps from power restrictions like doze, battery saver and app-standby.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static final int ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND = 1 << 7;
+
     /**
      * Flag to indicate that app is exempt from certain metered network restrictions because user
      * explicitly exempted it.
@@ -822,6 +838,21 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * This is currently only used as an implementation detail for
+     * {@link com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerService}.
+     * Only put here to be together with other isProcStateAllowed* methods.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    public static boolean isProcStateAllowedNetworkWhileBackground(@Nullable UidState uidState) {
+        if (uidState == null) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return uidState.procState < BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE
+                || (uidState.capability & PROCESS_CAPABILITY_POWER_RESTRICTED_NETWORK) != 0;
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Returns true if {@param procState} is considered foreground and as such will be allowed
      * to access network when the device is in data saver mode. Otherwise, false.
      * @hide
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java
index 70cf973..83b7eda 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@
      * <p>The VCN will only migrate to a Carrier WiFi network that has a signal strength greater
      * than, or equal to this threshold.
      *
-     * <p>WARNING: The VCN does not listen for changes to this key made after VCN startup.
-     *
      * @hide
      */
     @NonNull
@@ -94,14 +92,39 @@
      * <p>If the VCN's selected Carrier WiFi network has a signal strength less than this threshold,
      * the VCN will attempt to migrate away from the Carrier WiFi network.
      *
-     * <p>WARNING: The VCN does not listen for changes to this key made after VCN startup.
-     *
      * @hide
      */
     @NonNull
     public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_WIFI_EXIT_RSSI_THRESHOLD_KEY =
             "vcn_network_selection_wifi_exit_rssi_threshold";
 
+    /**
+     * Key for the interval to poll IpSecTransformState for packet loss monitoring
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY =
+            "vcn_network_selection_poll_ipsec_state_interval_seconds";
+
+    /**
+     * Key for the threshold of IPSec packet loss rate
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY =
+            "vcn_network_selection_ipsec_packet_loss_percent_threshold";
+
+    /**
+     * Key for the list of timeouts in minute to stop penalizing an underlying network candidate
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY =
+            "vcn_network_selection_penalty_timeout_minutes_list";
+
     // TODO: Add separate signal strength thresholds for 2.4 GHz and 5GHz
 
     /**
@@ -115,6 +138,20 @@
             "vcn_restricted_transports";
 
     /**
+     * Key for number of seconds to wait before entering safe mode
+     *
+     * <p>A VcnGatewayConnection will enter safe mode when it takes over the configured timeout to
+     * enter {@link ConnectedState}.
+     *
+     * <p>Defaults to 30, unless overridden by carrier config
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY =
+            "vcn_safe_mode_timeout_seconds_key";
+
+    /**
      * Key for maximum number of parallel SAs for tunnel aggregation
      *
      * <p>If set to a value > 1, multiple tunnels will be set up, and inbound traffic will be
@@ -134,7 +171,11 @@
             new String[] {
                 VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_WIFI_ENTRY_RSSI_THRESHOLD_KEY,
                 VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_WIFI_EXIT_RSSI_THRESHOLD_KEY,
+                VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY,
+                VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY,
+                VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY,
                 VCN_RESTRICTED_TRANSPORTS_INT_ARRAY_KEY,
+                VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY,
                 VCN_TUNNEL_AGGREGATION_SA_COUNT_MAX_KEY,
             };
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig b/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig
index 6956916..7afd721 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig
@@ -5,4 +5,18 @@
     namespace: "vcn"
     description: "Feature flag for safe mode configurability"
     bug: "276358140"
+}
+
+flag {
+    name: "safe_mode_timeout_config"
+    namespace: "vcn"
+    description: "Feature flag for adjustable safe mode timeout"
+    bug: "317406085"
+}
+
+flag{
+    name: "network_metric_monitor"
+    namespace: "vcn"
+    description: "Feature flag for enabling network metric monitor"
+    bug: "282996138"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/java/android/os/FileUtils.java b/core/java/android/os/FileUtils.java
index 5b24dca..3de8628 100644
--- a/core/java/android/os/FileUtils.java
+++ b/core/java/android/os/FileUtils.java
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.EINVAL;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ENOSYS;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.F_OK;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.EIO;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_ACCMODE;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_APPEND;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_CREAT;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SPLICE_F_MOVE;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.S_ISFIFO;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.S_ISREG;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.S_ISSOCK;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.W_OK;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
@@ -459,6 +461,8 @@
                     }
                 } else if (S_ISFIFO(st_in.st_mode) || S_ISFIFO(st_out.st_mode)) {
                     return copyInternalSplice(in, out, count, signal, executor, listener);
+                } else if (S_ISSOCK(st_in.st_mode) || S_ISSOCK(st_out.st_mode)) {
+                    return copyInternalSpliceSocket(in, out, count, signal, executor, listener);
                 }
             } catch (ErrnoException e) {
                 throw e.rethrowAsIOException();
@@ -509,6 +513,86 @@
         }
         return progress;
     }
+    /**
+     * Requires one of input or output to be a socket file.
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public static long copyInternalSpliceSocket(FileDescriptor in, FileDescriptor out, long count,
+            CancellationSignal signal, Executor executor, ProgressListener listener)
+            throws ErrnoException {
+        long progress = 0;
+        long checkpoint = 0;
+        long countToRead = count;
+        long countInPipe = 0;
+        long t;
+
+        FileDescriptor[] pipes = Os.pipe();
+
+        while (countToRead > 0 || countInPipe > 0) {
+            if (countToRead > 0) {
+                t = Os.splice(in, null, pipes[1], null, Math.min(countToRead, COPY_CHECKPOINT_BYTES),
+                              SPLICE_F_MOVE | SPLICE_F_MORE);
+                if (t < 0) {
+                    // splice error
+                    Slog.e(TAG, "splice error, fdIn --> pipe, copy size:" + count +
+                           ", copied:" + progress +
+                           ", read:" + (count - countToRead) +
+                           ", in pipe:" + countInPipe);
+                    break;
+                } else if (t == 0) {
+                    // end of input, input count larger than real size
+                    Slog.w(TAG, "Reached the end of the input file. The size to be copied exceeds the actual size, copy size:" + count +
+                           ", copied:" + progress +
+                           ", read:" + (count - countToRead) +
+                           ", in pipe:" + countInPipe);
+                    countToRead = 0;
+                } else {
+                    countInPipe += t;
+                    countToRead -= t;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (countInPipe > 0) {
+                t = Os.splice(pipes[0], null, out, null, Math.min(countInPipe, COPY_CHECKPOINT_BYTES),
+                              SPLICE_F_MOVE | SPLICE_F_MORE);
+                // The data is already in the pipeline, so the return value will not be zero.
+                // If it is 0, it means an error has occurred. So here use t<=0.
+                if (t <= 0) {
+                    Slog.e(TAG, "splice error, pipe --> fdOut, copy size:" + count +
+                           ", copied:" + progress +
+                           ", read:" + (count - countToRead) +
+                           ", in pipe: " + countInPipe);
+                    throw new ErrnoException("splice, pipe --> fdOut", EIO);
+                } else {
+                    progress += t;
+                    checkpoint += t;
+                    countInPipe -= t;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (checkpoint >= COPY_CHECKPOINT_BYTES) {
+                if (signal != null) {
+                    signal.throwIfCanceled();
+                }
+                if (executor != null && listener != null) {
+                    final long progressSnapshot = progress;
+                    executor.execute(() -> {
+                        listener.onProgress(progressSnapshot);
+                    });
+                }
+                checkpoint = 0;
+            }
+        }
+        if (executor != null && listener != null) {
+            final long progressSnapshot = progress;
+            executor.execute(() -> {
+                listener.onProgress(progressSnapshot);
+            });
+        }
+        return progress;
+    }
 
     /**
      * Requires both input and output to be a regular file.
diff --git a/core/java/android/os/VintfObject.java b/core/java/android/os/VintfObject.java
index 4fc5131..5056557 100644
--- a/core/java/android/os/VintfObject.java
+++ b/core/java/android/os/VintfObject.java
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@
 
     private static final String LOG_TAG = "VintfObject";
 
+    static {
+        System.loadLibrary("vintf_jni");
+    }
+
     /**
      * Slurps all device information (both manifests and both matrices)
      * and report them.
diff --git a/core/java/android/os/VintfRuntimeInfo.java b/core/java/android/os/VintfRuntimeInfo.java
index f17039b..e729063 100644
--- a/core/java/android/os/VintfRuntimeInfo.java
+++ b/core/java/android/os/VintfRuntimeInfo.java
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
 
     private VintfRuntimeInfo() {}
 
+    static {
+        System.loadLibrary("vintf_jni");
+    }
+
     /**
      * @return /sys/fs/selinux/policyvers, via security_policyvers() native call
      *
diff --git a/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java b/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java
index 2cc850d..7bad9c5 100644
--- a/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java
+++ b/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java
@@ -12961,6 +12961,16 @@
         @Readable
         public static final String OTA_DISABLE_AUTOMATIC_UPDATE = "ota_disable_automatic_update";
 
+
+        /**
+         * Whether to boot with 16K page size compatible kernel
+         * 1 = Boot with 16K kernel
+         * 0 = Boot with 4K kernel (default)
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @Readable
+        public static final String ENABLE_16K_PAGES = "enable_16k_pages";
+
         /** Timeout for package verification.
         * @hide */
         @Readable
diff --git a/core/java/android/security/flags.aconfig b/core/java/android/security/flags.aconfig
index 30524a1..43163b3 100644
--- a/core/java/android/security/flags.aconfig
+++ b/core/java/android/security/flags.aconfig
@@ -53,8 +53,15 @@
 
 flag {
     name: "frp_enforcement"
-    namespace: "android_hw_security"
+    namespace: "hardware_backed_security"
     description: "This flag controls whether PDB enforces FRP"
     bug: "290312729"
     is_fixed_read_only: true
 }
+
+flag {
+  name: "report_primary_auth_attempts"
+  namespace: "biometrics"
+  description: "Report primary auth attempts from LockSettingsService"
+  bug: "285053096"
+}
diff --git a/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS b/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS
index 073e2d7..eca48b7 100644
--- a/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-charliewang@google.com
-oni@google.com
-volnov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
+include /core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/java/android/view/ViewRootImpl.java b/core/java/android/view/ViewRootImpl.java
index cd2d36c..72d4cda 100644
--- a/core/java/android/view/ViewRootImpl.java
+++ b/core/java/android/view/ViewRootImpl.java
@@ -2191,7 +2191,8 @@
         } else {
             mDisplay = preferredDisplay;
         }
-        if (mHdrSdrRatioChangedListener != null && mDisplay != null) {
+        if (mHdrSdrRatioChangedListener != null && mDisplay != null
+                && mDisplay.isHdrSdrRatioAvailable()) {
             mDisplay.registerHdrSdrRatioChangedListener(mExecutor, mHdrSdrRatioChangedListener);
         }
         mContext.updateDisplay(mDisplay.getDisplayId());
diff --git a/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/RemoteInputConnectionImpl.java b/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/RemoteInputConnectionImpl.java
index 7694754..c9ffdae 100644
--- a/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/RemoteInputConnectionImpl.java
+++ b/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/RemoteInputConnectionImpl.java
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@
 import android.view.View;
 import android.view.ViewRootImpl;
 
-import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.internal.infra.AndroidFuture;
 import com.android.internal.inputmethod.IRemoteAccessibilityInputConnection;
 import com.android.internal.inputmethod.IRemoteInputConnection;
@@ -60,6 +59,7 @@
 import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
@@ -164,18 +164,15 @@
         boolean cancellable();
     }
 
-    @GuardedBy("mLock")
-    @Nullable
-    private InputConnection mInputConnection;
+    @NonNull
+    private final AtomicReference<InputConnection> mInputConnectionRef;
+    @NonNull
+    private final AtomicBoolean mDeactivateRequested = new AtomicBoolean(false);
 
     @NonNull
     private final Looper mLooper;
     private final Handler mH;
 
-    private final Object mLock = new Object();
-    @GuardedBy("mLock")
-    private boolean mFinished = false;
-
     private final InputMethodManager mParentInputMethodManager;
     private final WeakReference<View> mServedView;
 
@@ -193,7 +190,7 @@
     RemoteInputConnectionImpl(@NonNull Looper looper,
             @NonNull InputConnection inputConnection,
             @NonNull InputMethodManager inputMethodManager, @Nullable View servedView) {
-        mInputConnection = inputConnection;
+        mInputConnectionRef = new AtomicReference<>(inputConnection);
         mLooper = looper;
         mH = new Handler(mLooper);
         mParentInputMethodManager = inputMethodManager;
@@ -211,9 +208,7 @@
      */
     @Nullable
     public InputConnection getInputConnection() {
-        synchronized (mLock) {
-            return mInputConnection;
-        }
+        return mInputConnectionRef.get();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -229,13 +224,7 @@
      * {@link InputConnection#closeConnection()} as a result of {@link #deactivate()}.
      */
     private boolean isFinished() {
-        synchronized (mLock) {
-            return mFinished;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private boolean isActive() {
-        return mParentInputMethodManager.isActive() && !isFinished();
+        return mInputConnectionRef.get() == null;
     }
 
     private View getServedView() {
@@ -372,28 +361,18 @@
      */
     @Dispatching(cancellable = false)
     public void deactivate() {
-        if (isFinished()) {
+        if (mDeactivateRequested.getAndSet(true)) {
             // This is a small performance optimization.  Still only the 1st call of
-            // reportFinish() will take effect.
+            // deactivate() will take effect.
             return;
         }
         dispatch(() -> {
             // Deactivate the notifier when finishing typing.
             notifyTypingHint(false /* isTyping */, true /* deactivate */);
 
-            // Note that we do not need to worry about race condition here, because 1) mFinished is
-            // updated only inside this block, and 2) the code here is running on a Handler hence we
-            // assume multiple closeConnection() tasks will not be handled at the same time.
-            if (isFinished()) {
-                return;
-            }
             Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_INPUT, "InputConnection#closeConnection");
             try {
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                // Note we do NOT check isActive() here, because this is safe
-                // for an IME to call at any time, and we need to allow it
-                // through to clean up our state after the IME has switched to
-                // another client.
                 if (ic == null) {
                     return;
                 }
@@ -403,10 +382,7 @@
                     // TODO(b/199934664): See if we can remove this by providing a default impl.
                 }
             } finally {
-                synchronized (mLock) {
-                    mInputConnection = null;
-                    mFinished = true;
-                }
+                mInputConnectionRef.set(null);
                 Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_INPUT);
             }
 
@@ -460,8 +436,7 @@
     public String toString() {
         return "RemoteInputConnectionImpl{"
                 + "connection=" + getInputConnection()
-                + " finished=" + isFinished()
-                + " mParentInputMethodManager.isActive()=" + mParentInputMethodManager.isActive()
+                + " mDeactivateRequested=" + mDeactivateRequested.get()
                 + " mServedView=" + mServedView.get()
                 + "}";
     }
@@ -474,16 +449,14 @@
      *                {@link DumpableInputConnection#dumpDebug(ProtoOutputStream, long)}.
      */
     public void dumpDebug(ProtoOutputStream proto, long fieldId) {
-        synchronized (mLock) {
-            // Check that the call is initiated in the target thread of the current InputConnection
-            // {@link InputConnection#getHandler} since the messages to IInputConnectionWrapper are
-            // executed on this thread. Otherwise the messages are dispatched to the correct thread
-            // in IInputConnectionWrapper, but this is not wanted while dumpng, for performance
-            // reasons.
-            if ((mInputConnection instanceof DumpableInputConnection)
-                    && mLooper.isCurrentThread()) {
-                ((DumpableInputConnection) mInputConnection).dumpDebug(proto, fieldId);
-            }
+        final InputConnection ic = mInputConnectionRef.get();
+        // Check that the call is initiated in the target thread of the current InputConnection
+        // {@link InputConnection#getHandler} since the messages to IInputConnectionWrapper are
+        // executed on this thread. Otherwise the messages are dispatched to the correct thread
+        // in IInputConnectionWrapper, but this is not wanted while dumping, for performance
+        // reasons.
+        if ((ic instanceof DumpableInputConnection) && mLooper.isCurrentThread()) {
+            ((DumpableInputConnection) ic).dumpDebug(proto, fieldId);
         }
     }
 
@@ -498,7 +471,7 @@
     public void dispatchReportFullscreenMode(boolean enabled) {
         dispatch(() -> {
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 return;
             }
             ic.reportFullscreenMode(enabled);
@@ -514,7 +487,7 @@
                 return null;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "getTextAfterCursor on inactive InputConnection");
                 return null;
             }
@@ -536,7 +509,7 @@
                 return null;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "getTextBeforeCursor on inactive InputConnection");
                 return null;
             }
@@ -558,7 +531,7 @@
                 return null;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "getSelectedText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return null;
             }
@@ -580,7 +553,7 @@
                 return null;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "getSurroundingText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return null;
             }
@@ -608,7 +581,7 @@
                 return 0;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "getCursorCapsMode on inactive InputConnection");
                 return 0;
             }
@@ -625,7 +598,7 @@
                 return null;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "getExtractedText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return null;
             }
@@ -642,7 +615,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "commitText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -660,7 +633,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "commitText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -676,7 +649,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "commitCompletion on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -692,7 +665,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "commitCorrection on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -712,7 +685,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "setSelection on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -728,7 +701,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "performEditorAction on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -744,7 +717,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "performContextMenuAction on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -760,7 +733,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "setComposingRegion on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -781,7 +754,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "setComposingRegion on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -798,7 +771,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "setComposingText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -816,7 +789,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "setComposingText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -845,11 +818,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            // Note we do NOT check isActive() here, because this is safe
-            // for an IME to call at any time, and we need to allow it
-            // through to clean up our state after the IME has switched to
-            // another client.
-            if (ic == null) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "finishComposingTextFromImm on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -873,11 +842,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            // Note we do NOT check isActive() here, because this is safe
-            // for an IME to call at any time, and we need to allow it
-            // through to clean up our state after the IME has switched to
-            // another client.
-            if (ic == null) {
+            if (ic == null && mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "finishComposingText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -893,7 +858,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "sendKeyEvent on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -909,7 +874,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "clearMetaKeyStates on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -926,7 +891,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "deleteSurroundingText on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -944,7 +909,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "deleteSurroundingTextInCodePoints on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -964,7 +929,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "beginBatchEdit on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -980,7 +945,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "endBatchEdit on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -996,7 +961,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "performSpellCheck on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -1013,7 +978,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "performPrivateCommand on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -1051,7 +1016,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "performHandwritingGesture on inactive InputConnection");
                 if (resultReceiver != null) {
                     resultReceiver.send(
@@ -1091,7 +1056,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "previewHandwritingGesture on inactive InputConnection");
                 return; // cancelled
             }
@@ -1139,7 +1104,7 @@
             @InputConnection.CursorUpdateMode int cursorUpdateMode,
             @InputConnection.CursorUpdateFilter int cursorUpdateFilter, int imeDisplayId) {
         final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-        if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+        if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
             Log.w(TAG, "requestCursorUpdates on inactive InputConnection");
             return false;
         }
@@ -1177,7 +1142,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "requestTextBoundsInfo on inactive InputConnection");
                 resultReceiver.send(TextBoundsInfoResult.CODE_CANCELLED, null);
                 return;
@@ -1221,7 +1186,7 @@
                 return false;  // cancelled
             }
             final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "commitContent on inactive InputConnection");
                 return false;
             }
@@ -1246,7 +1211,7 @@
                 return;  // cancelled
             }
             InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-            if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+            if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                 Log.w(TAG, "setImeConsumesInput on inactive InputConnection");
                 return;
             }
@@ -1270,7 +1235,7 @@
                         return; // cancelled
                     }
                     InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                    if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                    if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                         Log.w(TAG, "replaceText on inactive InputConnection");
                         return;
                     }
@@ -1289,7 +1254,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "commitText on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1309,7 +1274,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "setSelection on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1326,7 +1291,7 @@
                     return null;  // cancelled
                 }
                 final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "getSurroundingText on inactive InputConnection");
                     return null;
                 }
@@ -1354,7 +1319,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "deleteSurroundingText on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1370,7 +1335,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "sendKeyEvent on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1386,7 +1351,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "performEditorAction on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1402,7 +1367,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "performContextMenuAction on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -1419,7 +1384,7 @@
                     return 0;  // cancelled
                 }
                 final InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "getCursorCapsMode on inactive InputConnection");
                     return 0;
                 }
@@ -1435,7 +1400,7 @@
                     return;  // cancelled
                 }
                 InputConnection ic = getInputConnection();
-                if (ic == null || !isActive()) {
+                if (ic == null || mDeactivateRequested.get()) {
                     Log.w(TAG, "clearMetaKeyStates on inactive InputConnection");
                     return;
                 }
diff --git a/core/java/android/window/SplashScreenView.java b/core/java/android/window/SplashScreenView.java
index bdaad2b..473b814 100644
--- a/core/java/android/window/SplashScreenView.java
+++ b/core/java/android/window/SplashScreenView.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import android.view.View;
 import android.view.ViewGroup;
 import android.view.Window;
+import android.view.WindowManager;
 import android.widget.FrameLayout;
 import android.widget.ImageView;
 
@@ -337,7 +338,14 @@
                         "SplashScreenView");
                 ImageView imageView = new ImageView(viewContext);
                 imageView.setBackground(mIconDrawable);
-                viewHost.setView(imageView, mIconSize, mIconSize);
+                final int windowFlag = WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_TOUCHABLE
+                        | WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_NOT_FOCUSABLE
+                        | WindowManager.LayoutParams.FLAG_ALT_FOCUSABLE_IM;
+                final WindowManager.LayoutParams lp =
+                        new WindowManager.LayoutParams(mIconSize, mIconSize,
+                                WindowManager.LayoutParams.TYPE_APPLICATION, windowFlag,
+                                PixelFormat.TRANSPARENT);
+                viewHost.setView(imageView, lp);
                 SurfaceControlViewHost.SurfacePackage surfacePackage = viewHost.getSurfacePackage();
                 surfaceView.setChildSurfacePackage(surfacePackage);
                 view.mSurfacePackage = surfacePackage;
diff --git a/core/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBuffer.java b/core/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBuffer.java
index 8fc4c30..7f8c8a1 100644
--- a/core/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBuffer.java
+++ b/core/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBuffer.java
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 import static com.android.internal.util.Preconditions.checkArgumentPositive;
 
 import java.lang.reflect.Array;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.function.IntFunction;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
 /**
  * A simple ring buffer structure with bounded capacity backed by an array.
@@ -29,16 +32,35 @@
  */
 public class RingBuffer<T> {
 
+    private final Supplier<T> mNewItem;
     // Array for storing events.
     private final T[] mBuffer;
     // Cursor keeping track of the logical end of the array. This cursor never
     // wraps and instead keeps track of the total number of append() operations.
     private long mCursor = 0;
 
+    /**
+     * @deprecated This uses reflection to create new instances.
+     *             Use {@link #RingBuffer(Supplier, IntFunction, int)}} instead.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
     public RingBuffer(Class<T> c, int capacity) {
+        this(() -> (T) createNewItem(c), cap -> (T[]) Array.newInstance(c, cap), capacity);
+    }
+
+    private static Object createNewItem(Class c) {
+        try {
+            return c.getDeclaredConstructor().newInstance();
+        } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException | NoSuchMethodException
+                 | InvocationTargetException e) {
+            return null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    public RingBuffer(Supplier<T> newItem, IntFunction<T[]> newBacking, int capacity) {
         checkArgumentPositive(capacity, "A RingBuffer cannot have 0 capacity");
-        // Java cannot create generic arrays without a runtime hint.
-        mBuffer = (T[]) Array.newInstance(c, capacity);
+        mBuffer = newBacking.apply(capacity);
+        mNewItem = newItem;
     }
 
     public int size() {
@@ -68,22 +90,11 @@
     public T getNextSlot() {
         final int nextSlotIdx = indexOf(mCursor++);
         if (mBuffer[nextSlotIdx] == null) {
-            mBuffer[nextSlotIdx] = createNewItem();
+            mBuffer[nextSlotIdx] = mNewItem.get();
         }
         return mBuffer[nextSlotIdx];
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @return a new object of type <T> or null if a new object could not be created.
-     */
-    protected T createNewItem() {
-        try {
-            return (T) mBuffer.getClass().getComponentType().newInstance();
-        } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException e) {
-            return null;
-        }
-    }
-
     public T[] toArray() {
         // Only generic way to create a T[] from another T[]
         T[] out = Arrays.copyOf(mBuffer, size(), (Class<T[]>) mBuffer.getClass());
diff --git a/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/ILockSettingsStateListener.aidl b/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/ILockSettingsStateListener.aidl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25e3003
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/ILockSettingsStateListener.aidl
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2024 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.internal.widget;
+
+/**
+ * Callback interface between LockSettingService and other system services to be notified about the
+ * state of primary authentication (i.e. PIN/pattern/password).
+ * @hide
+ */
+oneway interface ILockSettingsStateListener {
+    /**
+     * Defines behavior in response to a successful authentication
+     * @param userId The user Id for the requested authentication
+     */
+    void onAuthenticationSucceeded(int userId);
+
+    /**
+     * Defines behavior in response to a failed authentication
+     * @param userId The user Id for the requested authentication
+     */
+    void onAuthenticationFailed(int userId);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/LockSettingsInternal.java b/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/LockSettingsInternal.java
index 8114e1f..627e877 100644
--- a/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/LockSettingsInternal.java
+++ b/core/java/com/android/internal/widget/LockSettingsInternal.java
@@ -166,4 +166,16 @@
      * Refreshes pending strong auth timeout with the latest admin requirement set by device policy.
      */
     public abstract void refreshStrongAuthTimeout(int userId);
+
+    /**
+     * Register a LockSettingsStateListener
+     * @param listener The listener to be registered
+     */
+    public abstract void registerLockSettingsStateListener(ILockSettingsStateListener listener);
+
+    /**
+     * Unregister a LockSettingsStateListener
+     * @param listener The listener to be unregistered
+     */
+    public abstract void unregisterLockSettingsStateListener(ILockSettingsStateListener listener);
 }
diff --git a/core/jni/Android.bp b/core/jni/Android.bp
index f5b12db..c4ff402 100644
--- a/core/jni/Android.bp
+++ b/core/jni/Android.bp
@@ -182,8 +182,6 @@
                 "android_os_SharedMemory.cpp",
                 "android_os_storage_StorageManager.cpp",
                 "android_os_UEventObserver.cpp",
-                "android_os_VintfObject.cpp",
-                "android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo.cpp",
                 "android_os_incremental_IncrementalManager.cpp",
                 "android_net_LocalSocketImpl.cpp",
                 "android_service_DataLoaderService.cpp",
@@ -271,6 +269,7 @@
                 "libdmabufinfo",
                 "libgif",
                 "libgui_window_info_static",
+                "libkernelconfigs",
                 "libseccomp_policy",
                 "libgrallocusage",
                 "libscrypt_static",
@@ -340,7 +339,6 @@
                 "libnativeloader_lazy",
                 "libmemunreachable",
                 "libhidlbase",
-                "libvintf",
                 "libnativedisplay",
                 "libnativewindow",
                 "libdl",
@@ -448,8 +446,25 @@
                 // (e.g. gDefaultServiceManager)
                 "libbinder",
                 "libhidlbase", // libhwbinder is in here
-                "libvintf",
             ],
         },
     },
 }
+
+cc_library_shared {
+    name: "libvintf_jni",
+
+    cpp_std: "gnu++20",
+
+    srcs: [
+        "android_os_VintfObject.cpp",
+        "android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "liblog",
+        "libnativehelper",
+        "libvintf",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp b/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp
index 08fb51b..a3bc2bb 100644
--- a/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/AndroidRuntime.cpp
@@ -151,8 +151,6 @@
 extern int register_android_os_Parcel(JNIEnv* env);
 extern int register_android_os_PerformanceHintManager(JNIEnv* env);
 extern int register_android_os_SELinux(JNIEnv* env);
-extern int register_android_os_VintfObject(JNIEnv *env);
-extern int register_android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo(JNIEnv *env);
 extern int register_android_os_storage_StorageManager(JNIEnv* env);
 extern int register_android_os_SystemProperties(JNIEnv *env);
 extern int register_android_os_SystemClock(JNIEnv* env);
@@ -1541,8 +1539,6 @@
         REG_JNI(register_android_os_NativeHandle),
         REG_JNI(register_android_os_ServiceManager),
         REG_JNI(register_android_os_storage_StorageManager),
-        REG_JNI(register_android_os_VintfObject),
-        REG_JNI(register_android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo),
         REG_JNI(register_android_service_DataLoaderService),
         REG_JNI(register_android_view_DisplayEventReceiver),
         REG_JNI(register_android_view_Surface),
diff --git a/core/jni/android_os_Debug.cpp b/core/jni/android_os_Debug.cpp
index fe95762..e4b0f1a 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_os_Debug.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_os_Debug.cpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 #include <memunreachable/memunreachable.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include "android_os_Debug.h"
-#include <vintf/VintfObject.h>
+#include <vintf/KernelConfigs.h>
 
 namespace android
 {
@@ -959,10 +959,9 @@
     } cfg_state = CONFIG_UNKNOWN;
 
     if (cfg_state == CONFIG_UNKNOWN) {
-        auto runtime_info = vintf::VintfObject::GetInstance()->getRuntimeInfo(
-                vintf::RuntimeInfo::FetchFlag::CONFIG_GZ);
-        CHECK(runtime_info != nullptr) << "Kernel configs cannot be fetched. b/151092221";
-        const std::map<std::string, std::string>& configs = runtime_info->kernelConfigs();
+        std::map<std::string, std::string> configs;
+        const status_t result = android::kernelconfigs::LoadKernelConfigs(&configs);
+        CHECK(result == OK) << "Kernel configs could not be fetched. b/151092221";
         std::map<std::string, std::string>::const_iterator it = configs.find("CONFIG_VMAP_STACK");
         cfg_state = (it != configs.end() && it->second == "y") ? CONFIG_SET : CONFIG_UNSET;
     }
diff --git a/core/jni/android_os_HwBinder.cpp b/core/jni/android_os_HwBinder.cpp
index 477bd09..734b5f4 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_os_HwBinder.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_os_HwBinder.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
 #include <hwbinder/ProcessState.h>
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedLocalRef.h>
 #include <nativehelper/ScopedUtfChars.h>
-#include <vintf/parse_string.h>
 #include <utils/misc.h>
 
 #include "core_jni_helpers.h"
diff --git a/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp b/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp
index b651711..ce4a337 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp
@@ -17,16 +17,14 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "VintfObject"
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-
-#include <vector>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 #include <vintf/VintfObject.h>
 #include <vintf/parse_string.h>
 #include <vintf/parse_xml.h>
 
-#include "core_jni_helpers.h"
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "jni_wrappers.h"
 
 static jclass gString;
 static jclass gHashMapClazz;
@@ -94,10 +92,13 @@
     return toJavaStringArray(env, cStrings);
 }
 
-static jint android_os_VintfObject_verifyBuildAtBoot(JNIEnv* env, jclass) {
+static jint android_os_VintfObject_verifyBuildAtBoot(JNIEnv*, jclass) {
     std::string error;
+    // Use temporary VintfObject, not the shared instance, to release memory
+    // after check.
     int32_t status =
-            VintfObject::GetInstance()
+            VintfObject::Builder()
+                    .build()
                     ->checkCompatibility(&error, ENABLE_ALL_CHECKS.disableAvb().disableKernel());
     if (status)
         LOG(WARNING) << "VintfObject.verifyBuildAtBoot() returns " << status << ": " << error;
@@ -201,4 +202,23 @@
             NELEM(gVintfObjectMethods));
 }
 
-};
+extern int register_android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo(JNIEnv* env);
+
+} // namespace android
+
+jint JNI_OnLoad(JavaVM* vm, void* /* reserved */) {
+    JNIEnv* env = NULL;
+    if (vm->GetEnv(reinterpret_cast<void**>(&env), JNI_VERSION_1_6)) {
+        return JNI_ERR;
+    }
+
+    if (android::register_android_os_VintfObject(env) < 0) {
+        return JNI_ERR;
+    }
+
+    if (android::register_android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo(env) < 0) {
+        return JNI_ERR;
+    }
+
+    return JNI_VERSION_1_6;
+}
diff --git a/core/jni/android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo.cpp b/core/jni/android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo.cpp
index b0271b9..7c2f588 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo.cpp
@@ -17,23 +17,22 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "VintfRuntimeInfo"
 //#define LOG_NDEBUG 0
 
-#include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
 #include <vintf/VintfObject.h>
 #include <vintf/parse_string.h>
 #include <vintf/parse_xml.h>
 
-#include "core_jni_helpers.h"
+#include "jni_wrappers.h"
 
 namespace android {
 
 using vintf::RuntimeInfo;
 using vintf::VintfObject;
 
-#define MAP_STRING_METHOD(javaMethod, cppString, flags)                                  \
-    static jstring android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo_##javaMethod(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) { \
-        std::shared_ptr<const RuntimeInfo> info = VintfObject::GetRuntimeInfo(flags);    \
-        if (info == nullptr) return nullptr;                                             \
-        return env->NewStringUTF((cppString).c_str());                                   \
+#define MAP_STRING_METHOD(javaMethod, cppString, flags)                               \
+    static jstring android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo_##javaMethod(JNIEnv* env, jclass) {    \
+        std::shared_ptr<const RuntimeInfo> info = VintfObject::GetRuntimeInfo(flags); \
+        if (info == nullptr) return nullptr;                                          \
+        return env->NewStringUTF((cppString).c_str());                                \
     }
 
 MAP_STRING_METHOD(getCpuInfo, info->cpuInfo(), RuntimeInfo::FetchFlag::CPU_INFO);
@@ -49,9 +48,7 @@
 MAP_STRING_METHOD(getBootVbmetaAvbVersion, vintf::to_string(info->bootVbmetaAvbVersion()),
                   RuntimeInfo::FetchFlag::AVB);
 
-
-static jlong android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo_getKernelSepolicyVersion(JNIEnv *env, jclass clazz)
-{
+static jlong android_os_VintfRuntimeInfo_getKernelSepolicyVersion(JNIEnv*, jclass) {
     std::shared_ptr<const RuntimeInfo> info =
             VintfObject::GetRuntimeInfo(RuntimeInfo::FetchFlag::POLICYVERS);
     if (info == nullptr) return 0;
diff --git a/core/jni/android_util_Process.cpp b/core/jni/android_util_Process.cpp
index 7af69f2..6a640a5 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_util_Process.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_util_Process.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include <meminfo/sysmeminfo.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 #include <processgroup/sched_policy.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -232,6 +233,31 @@
     }
 }
 
+// Look up the user ID of a process in /proc/${pid}/status. The Uid: line is present in
+// /proc/${pid}/status since at least kernel v2.5.
+static int uid_from_pid(int pid)
+{
+    int uid = -1;
+    std::array<char, 64> path;
+    int res = snprintf(path.data(), path.size(), "/proc/%d/status", pid);
+    if (res < 0 || res >= static_cast<int>(path.size())) {
+        DCHECK(false);
+        return uid;
+    }
+    FILE* f = fopen(path.data(), "r");
+    if (!f) {
+        return uid;
+    }
+    char line[256];
+    while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), f)) {
+        if (sscanf(line, "Uid: %d", &uid) == 1) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    fclose(f);
+    return uid;
+}
+
 void android_os_Process_setProcessGroup(JNIEnv* env, jobject clazz, int pid, jint grp)
 {
     ALOGV("%s pid=%d grp=%" PRId32, __func__, pid, grp);
@@ -275,7 +301,12 @@
         }
     }
 
-    if (!SetProcessProfilesCached(0, pid, {get_cpuset_policy_profile_name((SchedPolicy)grp)}))
+    const int uid = uid_from_pid(pid);
+    if (uid < 0) {
+        signalExceptionForGroupError(env, ESRCH, pid);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!SetProcessProfilesCached(uid, pid, {get_cpuset_policy_profile_name((SchedPolicy)grp)}))
         signalExceptionForGroupError(env, errno ? errno : EPERM, pid);
 }
 
diff --git a/core/jni/core_jni_helpers.h b/core/jni/core_jni_helpers.h
index 210dc89..769fa72 100644
--- a/core/jni/core_jni_helpers.h
+++ b/core/jni/core_jni_helpers.h
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include <nativehelper/scoped_utf_chars.h>
 #include <android_runtime/AndroidRuntime.h>
 
+#include "jni_wrappers.h"
+
 // Host targets (layoutlib) do not differentiate between regular and critical native methods,
 // and they need all the JNI methods to have JNIEnv* and jclass/jobject as their first two arguments.
 // The following macro allows to have those arguments when compiling for host while omitting them when
@@ -36,60 +38,6 @@
 
 namespace android {
 
-// Defines some helpful functions.
-
-static inline jclass FindClassOrDie(JNIEnv* env, const char* class_name) {
-    jclass clazz = env->FindClass(class_name);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class %s", class_name);
-    return clazz;
-}
-
-static inline jfieldID GetFieldIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* field_name,
-                                       const char* field_signature) {
-    jfieldID res = env->GetFieldID(clazz, field_name, field_signature);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find field %s with signature %s", field_name,
-                        field_signature);
-    return res;
-}
-
-static inline jmethodID GetMethodIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* method_name,
-                                         const char* method_signature) {
-    jmethodID res = env->GetMethodID(clazz, method_name, method_signature);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find method %s with signature %s", method_name,
-                        method_signature);
-    return res;
-}
-
-static inline jfieldID GetStaticFieldIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* field_name,
-                                             const char* field_signature) {
-    jfieldID res = env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, field_name, field_signature);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find static field %s with signature %s", field_name,
-                        field_signature);
-    return res;
-}
-
-static inline jmethodID GetStaticMethodIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* method_name,
-                                               const char* method_signature) {
-    jmethodID res = env->GetStaticMethodID(clazz, method_name, method_signature);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find static method %s with signature %s",
-                        method_name, method_signature);
-    return res;
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-static inline T MakeGlobalRefOrDie(JNIEnv* env, T in) {
-    jobject res = env->NewGlobalRef(in);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to create global reference.");
-    return static_cast<T>(res);
-}
-
-static inline int RegisterMethodsOrDie(JNIEnv* env, const char* className,
-                                       const JNINativeMethod* gMethods, int numMethods) {
-    int res = AndroidRuntime::registerNativeMethods(env, className, gMethods, numMethods);
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res < 0, "Unable to register native methods.");
-    return res;
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the result of invoking java.lang.ref.Reference.get() on a Reference object.
  */
diff --git a/core/jni/jni_wrappers.h b/core/jni/jni_wrappers.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b29e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/jni/jni_wrappers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+// JNI wrappers for better logging
+
+#include <jni.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
+
+namespace android {
+
+static inline jclass FindClassOrDie(JNIEnv* env, const char* class_name) {
+    jclass clazz = env->FindClass(class_name);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(clazz == NULL, "Unable to find class %s", class_name);
+    return clazz;
+}
+
+static inline jfieldID GetFieldIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* field_name,
+                                       const char* field_signature) {
+    jfieldID res = env->GetFieldID(clazz, field_name, field_signature);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find field %s with signature %s", field_name,
+                        field_signature);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline jmethodID GetMethodIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* method_name,
+                                         const char* method_signature) {
+    jmethodID res = env->GetMethodID(clazz, method_name, method_signature);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find method %s with signature %s", method_name,
+                        method_signature);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline jfieldID GetStaticFieldIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* field_name,
+                                             const char* field_signature) {
+    jfieldID res = env->GetStaticFieldID(clazz, field_name, field_signature);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find static field %s with signature %s", field_name,
+                        field_signature);
+    return res;
+}
+
+static inline jmethodID GetStaticMethodIDOrDie(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz, const char* method_name,
+                                               const char* method_signature) {
+    jmethodID res = env->GetStaticMethodID(clazz, method_name, method_signature);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to find static method %s with signature %s",
+                        method_name, method_signature);
+    return res;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+static inline T MakeGlobalRefOrDie(JNIEnv* env, T in) {
+    jobject res = env->NewGlobalRef(in);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res == NULL, "Unable to create global reference.");
+    return static_cast<T>(res);
+}
+
+static inline int RegisterMethodsOrDie(JNIEnv* env, const char* className,
+                                       const JNINativeMethod* gMethods, int numMethods) {
+    int res = jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, className, gMethods, numMethods);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(res < 0, "Unable to register native methods.");
+    return res;
+}
+
+} // namespace android
diff --git a/core/proto/OWNERS b/core/proto/OWNERS
index db391f7..a854e36 100644
--- a/core/proto/OWNERS
+++ b/core/proto/OWNERS
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 per-file apphibernationservice.proto = file:/core/java/android/apphibernation/OWNERS
 per-file android/hardware/sensorprivacy.proto = ntmyren@google.com,evanseverson@google.com
 per-file background_install_control.proto = wenhaowang@google.com,georgechan@google.com,billylau@google.com
+per-file android/content/intent.proto = file:/PACKAGE_MANAGER_OWNERS
 
 # Biometrics
 jaggies@google.com
@@ -31,5 +32,3 @@
 
 # Accessibility
 pweaver@google.com
-hongmingjin@google.com
-cbrower@google.com
diff --git a/core/res/AndroidManifest.xml b/core/res/AndroidManifest.xml
index bc74f39..f5635f4 100644
--- a/core/res/AndroidManifest.xml
+++ b/core/res/AndroidManifest.xml
@@ -3522,6 +3522,13 @@
     <permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_NEARBY_COMMUNICATION"
                 android:protectionLevel="internal|role" />
 
+    <!-- Allows an application to set policy related to <a
+    href="https://www.threadgroup.org">Thread</a> network.
+        @FlaggedApi("com.android.net.thread.flags.thread_user_restriction_enabled")
+    -->
+    <permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_THREAD_NETWORK"
+                android:protectionLevel="internal|role" />
+
     <!-- Allows an application to set policy related to windows.
         <p>{@link Manifest.permission#MANAGE_DEVICE_POLICY_ACROSS_USERS_FULL} is
         required to call APIs protected by this permission on users different to the calling user.
diff --git a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/FileUtilsTest.java b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/FileUtilsTest.java
index a0d8183..d2d7452 100644
--- a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/FileUtilsTest.java
+++ b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/os/FileUtilsTest.java
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 import static android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_READ_WRITE;
 import static android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_TRUNCATE;
 import static android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor.MODE_WRITE_ONLY;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.F_OK;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_APPEND;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_CREAT;
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_TRUNC;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.O_WRONLY;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.R_OK;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.W_OK;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.X_OK;
 import static android.text.format.DateUtils.DAY_IN_MILLIS;
@@ -54,6 +56,7 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.os.FileUtils.MemoryPipe;
 import android.provider.DocumentsContract.Document;
+import android.system.Os;
 import android.util.DataUnit;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
@@ -70,6 +73,8 @@
 
 import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.DataInputStream;
+import java.io.DataOutputStream;
 import java.io.File;
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
@@ -77,6 +82,7 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Random;
+import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 public class FileUtilsTest {
@@ -249,6 +255,84 @@
         assertArrayEquals(expected, actual);
     }
 
+    //TODO(ravenwood) Remove the _$noRavenwood suffix and add @RavenwoodIgnore instead
+    @Test
+    public void testCopy_SocketToFile_FileToSocket$noRavenwood() throws Exception {
+        for (int size : DATA_SIZES ) {
+            final File src = new File(mTarget, "src");
+            final File dest = new File(mTarget, "dest");
+            byte[] expected = new byte[size];
+            byte[] actual = new byte[size];
+            new Random().nextBytes(expected);
+
+            // write test data in to src file
+            writeFile(src, expected);
+
+            // start server, get data from client and save to dest file (socket --> file)
+            FileDescriptor srvSocketFd = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+            Os.bind(srvSocketFd, new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 0));
+            Os.listen(srvSocketFd, 5);
+            InetSocketAddress localSocketAddress = (InetSocketAddress) Os.getsockname(srvSocketFd);
+
+            final Thread srv = new Thread(new Runnable() {
+                public void run() {
+                    try {
+                        InetSocketAddress peerAddress = new InetSocketAddress();
+                        FileDescriptor srvConnFd = Os.accept(srvSocketFd, peerAddress);
+
+                        // read file size
+                        byte[] rcvFileSizeByteArray = new byte[8];
+                        Os.read(srvConnFd, rcvFileSizeByteArray, 0, rcvFileSizeByteArray.length);
+                        long rcvFileSize = 0;
+                        for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+                            rcvFileSize <<= 8;
+                            rcvFileSize |= (rcvFileSizeByteArray[i] & 0xFF);
+                        }
+
+                        FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream(dest);
+                        // copy data from socket to file
+                        FileUtils.copy(srvConnFd, fileOutputStream.getFD(), rcvFileSize, null, null, null);
+
+                        fileOutputStream.close();
+                        Os.close(srvConnFd);
+                        Os.close(srvSocketFd);
+                    } catch (Exception e) {
+                        e.printStackTrace();
+                    }
+                }
+            });
+
+            srv.start();
+
+
+            // start client, get data from dest file and send to server (file --> socket)
+            FileDescriptor clientFd = Os.socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
+            Os.connect(clientFd, localSocketAddress.getAddress(), localSocketAddress.getPort());
+
+            FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(src);
+            long sndFileSize = src.length();
+            // send the file size to server
+            byte[] sndFileSizeByteArray = new byte[8];
+            for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) {
+                sndFileSizeByteArray[i] = (byte)(sndFileSize & 0xFF);
+                sndFileSize >>= 8;
+            }
+            Os.write(clientFd, sndFileSizeByteArray, 0, sndFileSizeByteArray.length);
+
+            // copy data from file to socket
+            FileUtils.copy(fileInputStream.getFD(), clientFd, src.length(), null, null, null);
+
+            fileInputStream.close();
+            Os.close(clientFd);
+
+            srv.join();
+
+            // read test data from dest file
+            actual = readFile(dest);
+            assertArrayEquals(expected, actual);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testIsFilenameSafe() throws Exception {
         assertTrue(FileUtils.isFilenameSafe(new File("foobar")));
diff --git a/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml b/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml
index dcc9686..fbe1b8e 100644
--- a/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml
+++ b/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
         <permission name="android.permission.READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.READ_SEARCH_INDEXABLES"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.REBOOT"/>
+        <permission name="android.permission.RECOVERY"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.STATUS_BAR"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.SUGGEST_MANUAL_TIME_AND_ZONE"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED"/>
diff --git a/data/fonts/Android.bp b/data/fonts/Android.bp
index 3dd9ba9..f403b4f 100644
--- a/data/fonts/Android.bp
+++ b/data/fonts/Android.bp
@@ -57,3 +57,9 @@
     name: "font_fallback.xml",
     src: "font_fallback.xml",
 }
+
+/////////////////////////////////
+// Move `fontchain_lint` to `core/tasks/fontchain_lint.mk`.
+// Because `system.img` is a dependency of `fontchain_lint`, it cannot be
+// converted to Android.bp for now.
+// After system.img can be generated by Soong, then it can be converted to Android.bp.
diff --git a/data/fonts/Android.mk b/data/fonts/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index a322b82..0000000
--- a/data/fonts/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-# Run sanity tests on fonts on checkbuild
-checkbuild: fontchain_lint
-
-FONTCHAIN_LINTER := $(HOST_OUT_EXECUTABLES)/fontchain_linter
-ifeq ($(MINIMAL_FONT_FOOTPRINT),true)
-CHECK_EMOJI := false
-else
-CHECK_EMOJI := true
-endif
-
-fontchain_lint_timestamp := $(call intermediates-dir-for,PACKAGING,fontchain_lint)/stamp
-
-.PHONY: fontchain_lint
-fontchain_lint: $(fontchain_lint_timestamp)
-
-fontchain_lint_deps := \
-    external/unicode/DerivedAge.txt \
-    external/unicode/emoji-data.txt \
-    external/unicode/emoji-sequences.txt \
-    external/unicode/emoji-variation-sequences.txt \
-    external/unicode/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt \
-    external/unicode/additions/emoji-data.txt \
-    external/unicode/additions/emoji-sequences.txt \
-    external/unicode/additions/emoji-zwj-sequences.txt \
-
-$(fontchain_lint_timestamp): $(FONTCHAIN_LINTER) $(TARGET_OUT)/etc/fonts.xml $(PRODUCT_OUT)/system.img $(fontchain_lint_deps)
-	@echo Running fontchain lint
-	$(FONTCHAIN_LINTER) $(TARGET_OUT) $(CHECK_EMOJI) external/unicode
-	touch $@
diff --git a/keystore/java/android/security/Authorization.java b/keystore/java/android/security/Authorization.java
index 4ec5e1b..6404c4b 100644
--- a/keystore/java/android/security/Authorization.java
+++ b/keystore/java/android/security/Authorization.java
@@ -100,12 +100,14 @@
      *
      * @param userId - the user's Android user ID
      * @param unlockingSids - list of biometric SIDs with which the device may be unlocked again
+     * @param weakUnlockEnabled - true if non-strong biometric or trust agent unlock is enabled
      * @return 0 if successful or a {@code ResponseCode}.
      */
-    public static int onDeviceLocked(int userId, @NonNull long[] unlockingSids) {
+    public static int onDeviceLocked(int userId, @NonNull long[] unlockingSids,
+            boolean weakUnlockEnabled) {
         StrictMode.noteDiskWrite();
         try {
-            getService().onDeviceLocked(userId, unlockingSids);
+            getService().onDeviceLocked(userId, unlockingSids, weakUnlockEnabled);
             return 0;
         } catch (RemoteException | NullPointerException e) {
             Log.w(TAG, "Can not connect to keystore", e);
diff --git a/libs/hwui/RenderNode.cpp b/libs/hwui/RenderNode.cpp
index 1dd22cf..a733d17 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/RenderNode.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/RenderNode.cpp
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
  * stencil buffer may be needed. Views that use a functor to draw will be forced onto a layer.
  */
 void RenderNode::prepareTreeImpl(TreeObserver& observer, TreeInfo& info, bool functorsNeedLayer) {
-    if (mDamageGenerationId == info.damageGenerationId) {
+    if (mDamageGenerationId == info.damageGenerationId && mDamageGenerationId != 0) {
         // We hit the same node a second time in the same tree. We don't know the minimal
         // damage rect anymore, so just push the biggest we can onto our parent's transform
         // We push directly onto parent in case we are clipped to bounds but have moved position.
diff --git a/libs/hwui/RenderNode.h b/libs/hwui/RenderNode.h
index 572635a..4d03bf1 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/RenderNode.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/RenderNode.h
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
     DisplayList mDisplayList;
     DisplayList mStagingDisplayList;
 
-    int64_t mDamageGenerationId;
+    int64_t mDamageGenerationId = 0;
 
     friend class AnimatorManager;
     AnimatorManager mAnimatorManager;
diff --git a/libs/hwui/jni/PathMeasure.cpp b/libs/hwui/jni/PathMeasure.cpp
index acf893e..79acb6c 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/jni/PathMeasure.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/jni/PathMeasure.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@
 
 #include "GraphicsJNI.h"
 
+#include "SkMatrix.h"
+#include "SkPath.h"
 #include "SkPathMeasure.h"
+#include "SkPoint.h"
+#include "SkScalar.h"
 
 /*  We declare an explicit pair, so that we don't have to rely on the java
     client to be sure not to edit the path while we have an active measure
diff --git a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.cpp b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.cpp
index cf31173..56f1e64 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.cpp
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
         const LightGeometry& lightGeometry, LayerUpdateQueue* layerUpdateQueue,
         const Rect& contentDrawBounds, bool opaque, const LightInfo& lightInfo,
         const std::vector<sp<RenderNode>>& renderNodes, FrameInfoVisualizer* profiler,
-        const HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams) {
+        const HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams, std::mutex& profilerLock) {
     if (!isCapturingSkp() && !mHardwareBuffer) {
         mEglManager.damageFrame(frame, dirty);
     }
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@
     // Draw visual debugging features
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(Properties::showDirtyRegions ||
                     ProfileType::None != Properties::getProfileType())) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(profilerLock);
         SkCanvas* profileCanvas = surface->getCanvas();
         SkiaProfileRenderer profileRenderer(profileCanvas, frame.width(), frame.height());
         profiler->draw(profileRenderer);
diff --git a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h
index f0461be..0325593 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@
             const LightGeometry& lightGeometry, LayerUpdateQueue* layerUpdateQueue,
             const Rect& contentDrawBounds, bool opaque, const LightInfo& lightInfo,
             const std::vector<sp<RenderNode> >& renderNodes, FrameInfoVisualizer* profiler,
-            const renderthread::HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams) override;
+            const renderthread::HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams,
+            std::mutex& profilerLock) override;
     GrSurfaceOrigin getSurfaceOrigin() override { return kBottomLeft_GrSurfaceOrigin; }
     bool swapBuffers(const renderthread::Frame& frame, bool drew, const SkRect& screenDirty,
                      FrameInfo* currentFrameInfo, bool* requireSwap) override;
diff --git a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.cpp b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.cpp
index 86096d5..7d19232 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.cpp
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
         const LightGeometry& lightGeometry, LayerUpdateQueue* layerUpdateQueue,
         const Rect& contentDrawBounds, bool opaque, const LightInfo& lightInfo,
         const std::vector<sp<RenderNode>>& renderNodes, FrameInfoVisualizer* profiler,
-        const HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams) {
+        const HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams, std::mutex& profilerLock) {
     sk_sp<SkSurface> backBuffer;
     SkMatrix preTransform;
     if (mHardwareBuffer) {
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@
     // Draw visual debugging features
     if (CC_UNLIKELY(Properties::showDirtyRegions ||
                     ProfileType::None != Properties::getProfileType())) {
+        std::scoped_lock lock(profilerLock);
         SkCanvas* profileCanvas = backBuffer->getCanvas();
         SkAutoCanvasRestore saver(profileCanvas, true);
         profileCanvas->concat(mVkSurface->getCurrentPreTransform());
diff --git a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.h b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.h
index 284cde5..37b86f1 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaVulkanPipeline.h
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@
             const LightGeometry& lightGeometry, LayerUpdateQueue* layerUpdateQueue,
             const Rect& contentDrawBounds, bool opaque, const LightInfo& lightInfo,
             const std::vector<sp<RenderNode> >& renderNodes, FrameInfoVisualizer* profiler,
-            const renderthread::HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams) override;
+            const renderthread::HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams,
+            std::mutex& profilerLock) override;
     GrSurfaceOrigin getSurfaceOrigin() override { return kTopLeft_GrSurfaceOrigin; }
     bool swapBuffers(const renderthread::Frame& frame, bool drew, const SkRect& screenDirty,
                      FrameInfo* currentFrameInfo, bool* requireSwap) override;
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp
index 618c896..f690783 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp
@@ -592,14 +592,10 @@
     {
         // FrameInfoVisualizer accesses the frame events, which cannot be mutated mid-draw
         // or it can lead to memory corruption.
-        // This lock is overly broad, but it's the quickest fix since this mutex is otherwise
-        // not visible to IRenderPipeline much less FrameInfoVisualizer. And since this is
-        // the thread we're primarily concerned about being responsive, this being too broad
-        // shouldn't pose a performance issue.
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
         drawResult = mRenderPipeline->draw(frame, windowDirty, dirty, mLightGeometry,
                                            &mLayerUpdateQueue, mContentDrawBounds, mOpaque,
-                                           mLightInfo, mRenderNodes, &(profiler()), mBufferParams);
+                                           mLightInfo, mRenderNodes, &(profiler()), mBufferParams,
+                                           profilerLock());
     }
 
     uint64_t frameCompleteNr = getFrameNumber();
@@ -729,7 +725,7 @@
             mCurrentFrameInfo->markFrameCompleted();
             mCurrentFrameInfo->set(FrameInfoIndex::GpuCompleted)
                     = mCurrentFrameInfo->get(FrameInfoIndex::FrameCompleted);
-            std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
+            std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameInfoMutex);
             mJankTracker.finishFrame(*mCurrentFrameInfo, mFrameMetricsReporter, frameCompleteNr,
                                      mSurfaceControlGenerationId);
         }
@@ -758,7 +754,7 @@
 
 void CanvasContext::reportMetricsWithPresentTime() {
     {  // acquire lock
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameInfoMutex);
         if (mFrameMetricsReporter == nullptr) {
             return;
         }
@@ -793,7 +789,7 @@
 
     forthBehind->set(FrameInfoIndex::DisplayPresentTime) = presentTime;
     {  // acquire lock
-        std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameInfoMutex);
         if (mFrameMetricsReporter != nullptr) {
             mFrameMetricsReporter->reportFrameMetrics(forthBehind->data(), true /*hasPresentTime*/,
                                                       frameNumber, surfaceControlId);
@@ -802,7 +798,7 @@
 }
 
 void CanvasContext::addFrameMetricsObserver(FrameMetricsObserver* observer) {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameInfoMutex);
     if (mFrameMetricsReporter.get() == nullptr) {
         mFrameMetricsReporter.reset(new FrameMetricsReporter());
     }
@@ -816,7 +812,7 @@
 }
 
 void CanvasContext::removeFrameMetricsObserver(FrameMetricsObserver* observer) {
-    std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
+    std::scoped_lock lock(mFrameInfoMutex);
     if (mFrameMetricsReporter.get() != nullptr) {
         mFrameMetricsReporter->removeObserver(observer);
         if (!mFrameMetricsReporter->hasObservers()) {
@@ -853,7 +849,7 @@
     FrameInfo* frameInfo = instance->getFrameInfoFromLast4(frameNumber, surfaceControlId);
 
     if (frameInfo != nullptr) {
-        std::scoped_lock lock(instance->mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
+        std::scoped_lock lock(instance->mFrameInfoMutex);
         frameInfo->set(FrameInfoIndex::FrameCompleted) = std::max(gpuCompleteTime,
                 frameInfo->get(FrameInfoIndex::SwapBuffersCompleted));
         frameInfo->set(FrameInfoIndex::GpuCompleted) = std::max(
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h
index 32ac5af..3978fbc 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@
     void notifyFramePending();
 
     FrameInfoVisualizer& profiler() { return mProfiler; }
+    std::mutex& profilerLock() { return mFrameInfoMutex; }
 
     void dumpFrames(int fd);
     void resetFrameStats();
@@ -340,8 +341,8 @@
     JankTracker mJankTracker;
     FrameInfoVisualizer mProfiler;
     std::unique_ptr<FrameMetricsReporter> mFrameMetricsReporter
-            GUARDED_BY(mFrameMetricsReporterMutex);
-    std::mutex mFrameMetricsReporterMutex;
+            GUARDED_BY(mFrameInfoMutex);
+    std::mutex mFrameInfoMutex;
 
     std::set<RenderNode*> mPrefetchedLayers;
 
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/IRenderPipeline.h b/libs/hwui/renderthread/IRenderPipeline.h
index 6c2cb9d..023c29a 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/IRenderPipeline.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/IRenderPipeline.h
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@
                             const Rect& contentDrawBounds, bool opaque, const LightInfo& lightInfo,
                             const std::vector<sp<RenderNode>>& renderNodes,
                             FrameInfoVisualizer* profiler,
-                            const HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams) = 0;
+                            const HardwareBufferRenderParams& bufferParams,
+                            std::mutex& profilerLock) = 0;
     virtual bool swapBuffers(const Frame& frame, bool drew, const SkRect& screenDirty,
                              FrameInfo* currentFrameInfo, bool* requireSwap) = 0;
     virtual DeferredLayerUpdater* createTextureLayer() = 0;
diff --git a/media/java/android/media/MediaFormat.java b/media/java/android/media/MediaFormat.java
index 46db777..5e40eee 100644
--- a/media/java/android/media/MediaFormat.java
+++ b/media/java/android/media/MediaFormat.java
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@
 
 package android.media;
 
+import static com.android.media.codec.flags.Flags.FLAG_CODEC_IMPORTANCE;
+import static com.android.media.codec.flags.Flags.FLAG_LARGE_AUDIO_FRAME;
+
+import android.annotation.FlaggedApi;
 import android.annotation.IntDef;
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
@@ -118,6 +122,10 @@
  * <tr><td>{@link #KEY_MPEGH_REFERENCE_CHANNEL_LAYOUT}</td>
  *     <td>Integer</td><td><b>decoder-only</b>, optional, if content is MPEG-H audio,
  *         specifies the preferred reference channel layout of the stream.</td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>{@link #KEY_MAX_BUFFER_BATCH_OUTPUT_SIZE}</td><td>Integer</td><td>optional, used with
+ *         large audio frame support, specifies max size of output buffer in bytes.</td></tr>
+ * <tr><td>{@link #KEY_BUFFER_BATCH_THRESHOLD_OUTPUT_SIZE}</td><td>Integer</td><td>optional,
+ *         used with large audio frame support, specifies threshold output size in bytes.</td></tr>
  * </table>
  *
  * Subtitle formats have the following keys:
@@ -456,6 +464,50 @@
     public static final String KEY_MAX_INPUT_SIZE = "max-input-size";
 
     /**
+     * A key describing the maximum output buffer size in bytes when using
+     * large buffer mode containing multiple access units.
+     *
+     * When not-set - codec functions with one access-unit per frame.
+     * When set less than the size of two access-units - will make codec
+     * operate in single access-unit per output frame.
+     * When set to a value too big - The component or the framework will
+     * override this value to a reasonable max size not exceeding typical
+     * 10 seconds of data (device dependent) when set to a value larger than
+     * that. The value final value used will be returned in the output format.
+     *
+     * The associated value is an integer
+     *
+     * @see FEATURE_MultipleFrames
+     */
+    @FlaggedApi(FLAG_LARGE_AUDIO_FRAME)
+    public static final String KEY_BUFFER_BATCH_MAX_OUTPUT_SIZE = "buffer-batch-max-output-size";
+
+    /**
+     * A key describing the threshold output size in bytes when using large buffer
+     * mode containing multiple access units.
+     *
+     * This is an optional parameter.
+     *
+     * If not set - the component can set this to a reasonable value.
+     * If set larger than max size, the components will
+     * clip this setting to maximum buffer batching output size.
+     *
+     * The component will return a partial output buffer if the output buffer reaches or
+     * surpass this limit.
+     *
+     * Threshold size should be always less or equal to KEY_MAX_BUFFER_BATCH_OUTPUT_SIZE.
+     * The final setting of this value as determined by the component will be returned
+     * in the output format
+     *
+     * The associated value is an integer
+     *
+     * @see FEATURE_MultipleFrames
+     */
+    @FlaggedApi(FLAG_LARGE_AUDIO_FRAME)
+    public static final String KEY_BUFFER_BATCH_THRESHOLD_OUTPUT_SIZE =
+            "buffer-batch-threshold-output-size";
+
+    /**
      * A key describing the pixel aspect ratio width.
      * The associated value is an integer
      */
@@ -1635,6 +1687,34 @@
      */
     public static final String KEY_ALLOW_FRAME_DROP = "allow-frame-drop";
 
+    /**
+     * A key describing the desired codec importance for the application.
+     * <p>
+     * The associated value is a positive integer including zero.
+     * Higher value means lesser importance.
+     * <p>
+     * The resource manager may use the codec importance, along with other factors
+     * when reclaiming codecs from an application.
+     * The specifics of reclaim policy is device dependent, but specifying the codec importance,
+     * will allow the resource manager to prioritize reclaiming less important codecs
+     * (assigned higher values) from the (reclaim) requesting application first.
+     * So, the codec importance is only relevant within the context of that application.
+     * <p>
+     * The codec importance can be set:
+     * <ul>
+     * <li>through {@link MediaCodec#configure}. </li>
+     * <li>through {@link MediaCodec#setParameters} if the codec has been configured already,
+     * which allows the users to change the codec importance multiple times.
+     * </ul>
+     * Any change/update in codec importance is guaranteed upon the completion of the function call
+     * that sets the codec importance. So, in case of concurrent codec operations,
+     * make sure to wait for the change in codec importance, before using another codec.
+     * Note that unless specified, by default the codecs will have highest importance (of value 0).
+     *
+     */
+    @FlaggedApi(FLAG_CODEC_IMPORTANCE)
+    public static final String KEY_IMPORTANCE = "importance";
+
     /* package private */ MediaFormat(@NonNull Map<String, Object> map) {
         mMap = map;
     }
diff --git a/media/java/android/media/MediaPlayer.java b/media/java/android/media/MediaPlayer.java
index 1ee5aa3..0d9acf2 100644
--- a/media/java/android/media/MediaPlayer.java
+++ b/media/java/android/media/MediaPlayer.java
@@ -1156,6 +1156,7 @@
             setDataSource(afd);
             return true;
         } catch (NullPointerException | SecurityException | IOException ex) {
+            Log.w(TAG, "Error setting data source via ContentResolver", ex);
             return false;
         }
     }
diff --git a/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java b/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java
index 1d433e7..943e3fc 100644
--- a/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java
+++ b/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean isAvailable() {
-        return true;
+        return mWifiManager != null;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -70,10 +70,8 @@
     @Override
     public void displayPreference(PreferenceScreen screen) {
         super.displayPreference(screen);
-        if (isAvailable()) {
-            mWifiMacAddress = screen.findPreference(KEY_WIFI_MAC_ADDRESS);
-            updateConnectivity();
-        }
+        mWifiMacAddress = screen.findPreference(KEY_WIFI_MAC_ADDRESS);
+        updateConnectivity();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -84,16 +82,16 @@
     @SuppressLint("HardwareIds")
     @Override
     protected void updateConnectivity() {
+        if (mWifiManager == null || mWifiMacAddress == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         final String[] macAddresses = mWifiManager.getFactoryMacAddresses();
         String macAddress = null;
         if (macAddresses != null && macAddresses.length > 0) {
             macAddress = macAddresses[0];
         }
 
-        if (mWifiMacAddress == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(macAddress) || macAddress.equals(WifiInfo.DEFAULT_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
             mWifiMacAddress.setSummary(R.string.status_unavailable);
         } else {
diff --git a/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java b/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java
index 91c72b5..bc93c5b 100644
--- a/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java
+++ b/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java
@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@
                     Settings.Global.ENABLE_ADB_INCREMENTAL_INSTALL_DEFAULT,
                     Settings.Global.ENABLE_MULTI_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS,
                     Settings.Global.ENHANCED_4G_MODE_ENABLED,
+                    Settings.Global.ENABLE_16K_PAGES, // Added for 16K developer option
                     Settings.Global.EPHEMERAL_COOKIE_MAX_SIZE_BYTES,
                     Settings.Global.ERROR_LOGCAT_PREFIX,
                     Settings.Global.EUICC_PROVISIONED,
diff --git a/services/core/Android.bp b/services/core/Android.bp
index 21cfd242..2dda76e 100644
--- a/services/core/Android.bp
+++ b/services/core/Android.bp
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@
         "com.android.sysprop.watchdog",
         "ImmutabilityAnnotation",
         "securebox",
+        "net_flags_lib",
     ],
     javac_shard_size: 50,
     javacflags: [
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/BootReceiver.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/BootReceiver.java
index 5cdfca7..926d7a4 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/BootReceiver.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/BootReceiver.java
@@ -48,8 +48,6 @@
 import com.android.modules.utils.TypedXmlPullParser;
 import com.android.modules.utils.TypedXmlSerializer;
 import com.android.server.am.DropboxRateLimiter;
-import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos;
-import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos.Tombstone;
 
 import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser;
 import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
@@ -62,14 +60,11 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.attribute.PosixFilePermissions;
-import java.util.AbstractMap;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Iterator;
-import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 import java.util.regex.Matcher;
 import java.util.regex.Pattern;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 /**
  * Performs a number of miscellaneous, non-system-critical actions
@@ -332,12 +327,12 @@
      *
      * @param ctx Context
      * @param tombstone path to the tombstone
-     * @param tombstoneProto the parsed proto tombstone
+     * @param proto whether the tombstone is stored as proto
      * @param processName the name of the process corresponding to the tombstone
      * @param tmpFileLock the lock for reading/writing tmp files
      */
     public static void addTombstoneToDropBox(
-                Context ctx, File tombstone, Tombstone tombstoneProto, String processName,
+                Context ctx, File tombstone, boolean proto, String processName,
                 ReentrantLock tmpFileLock) {
         final DropBoxManager db = ctx.getSystemService(DropBoxManager.class);
         if (db == null) {
@@ -347,33 +342,31 @@
 
         // Check if we should rate limit and abort early if needed.
         DropboxRateLimiter.RateLimitResult rateLimitResult =
-                sDropboxRateLimiter.shouldRateLimit(TAG_TOMBSTONE_PROTO_WITH_HEADERS, processName);
+                sDropboxRateLimiter.shouldRateLimit(
+                        proto ? TAG_TOMBSTONE_PROTO_WITH_HEADERS : TAG_TOMBSTONE, processName);
         if (rateLimitResult.shouldRateLimit()) return;
 
         HashMap<String, Long> timestamps = readTimestamps();
         try {
-            // Remove the memory data from the proto.
-            Tombstone tombstoneProtoWithoutMemory = removeMemoryFromTombstone(tombstoneProto);
-
-            final byte[] tombstoneBytes = tombstoneProtoWithoutMemory.toByteArray();
-
-            // Use JNI to call the c++ proto to text converter and add the headers to the tombstone.
-            String tombstoneWithoutMemory = new StringBuilder(getBootHeadersToLogAndUpdate())
-                    .append(rateLimitResult.createHeader())
-                    .append(getTombstoneText(tombstoneBytes))
-                    .toString();
-
-            // Add the tombstone without memory data to dropbox.
-            db.addText(TAG_TOMBSTONE, tombstoneWithoutMemory);
-
-            // Add the tombstone proto to dropbox.
-            if (recordFileTimestamp(tombstone, timestamps)) {
-                tmpFileLock.lock();
-                try {
-                    addAugmentedProtoToDropbox(tombstone, tombstoneBytes, db, rateLimitResult);
-                } finally {
-                    tmpFileLock.unlock();
+            if (proto) {
+                if (recordFileTimestamp(tombstone, timestamps)) {
+                    // We need to attach the count indicating the number of dropped dropbox entries
+                    // due to rate limiting. Do this by enclosing the proto tombsstone in a
+                    // container proto that has the dropped entry count and the proto tombstone as
+                    // bytes (to avoid the complexity of reading and writing nested protos).
+                    tmpFileLock.lock();
+                    try {
+                        addAugmentedProtoToDropbox(tombstone, db, rateLimitResult);
+                    } finally {
+                        tmpFileLock.unlock();
+                    }
                 }
+            } else {
+                // Add the header indicating how many events have been dropped due to rate limiting.
+                final String headers = getBootHeadersToLogAndUpdate()
+                        + rateLimitResult.createHeader();
+                addFileToDropBox(db, timestamps, headers, tombstone.getPath(), LOG_SIZE,
+                                 TAG_TOMBSTONE);
             }
         } catch (IOException e) {
             Slog.e(TAG, "Can't log tombstone", e);
@@ -382,8 +375,11 @@
     }
 
     private static void addAugmentedProtoToDropbox(
-                File tombstone, byte[] tombstoneBytes, DropBoxManager db,
+                File tombstone, DropBoxManager db,
                 DropboxRateLimiter.RateLimitResult rateLimitResult) throws IOException {
+        // Read the proto tombstone file as bytes.
+        final byte[] tombstoneBytes = Files.readAllBytes(tombstone.toPath());
+
         final File tombstoneProtoWithHeaders = File.createTempFile(
                 tombstone.getName(), ".tmp", TOMBSTONE_TMP_DIR);
         Files.setPosixFilePermissions(
@@ -416,8 +412,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    private static native String getTombstoneText(byte[] tombstoneBytes);
-
     private static void addLastkToDropBox(
             DropBoxManager db, HashMap<String, Long> timestamps,
             String headers, String footers, String filename, int maxSize,
@@ -435,31 +429,6 @@
         addFileWithFootersToDropBox(db, timestamps, headers, footers, filename, maxSize, tag);
     }
 
-    /** Removes memory information from the Tombstone proto. */
-    @VisibleForTesting
-    public static Tombstone removeMemoryFromTombstone(Tombstone tombstoneProto) {
-        Tombstone.Builder tombstoneBuilder = tombstoneProto.toBuilder()
-                .clearMemoryMappings()
-                .clearThreads()
-                .putAllThreads(tombstoneProto.getThreadsMap().entrySet()
-                        .stream()
-                        .map(BootReceiver::clearMemoryDump)
-                        .collect(Collectors.toMap(e->e.getKey(), e->e.getValue())));
-
-        if (tombstoneProto.hasSignalInfo()) {
-            tombstoneBuilder.setSignalInfo(
-                    tombstoneProto.getSignalInfo().toBuilder().clearFaultAdjacentMetadata());
-        }
-
-        return tombstoneBuilder.build();
-    }
-
-    private static AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<Integer, TombstoneProtos.Thread> clearMemoryDump(
-            Map.Entry<Integer, TombstoneProtos.Thread> e) {
-        return new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<Integer, TombstoneProtos.Thread>(
-            e.getKey(), e.getValue().toBuilder().clearMemoryDump().build());
-    }
-
     private static void addFileToDropBox(
             DropBoxManager db, HashMap<String, Long> timestamps,
             String headers, String filename, int maxSize, String tag) throws IOException {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/Watchdog.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/Watchdog.java
index f95d6ea..a564b7d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/Watchdog.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/Watchdog.java
@@ -164,6 +164,7 @@
     public static final String[] AIDL_INTERFACE_PREFIXES_OF_INTEREST = new String[] {
             "android.hardware.audio.core.IModule/",
             "android.hardware.audio.core.IConfig/",
+            "android.hardware.audio.effect.IFactory/",
             "android.hardware.biometrics.face.IFace/",
             "android.hardware.biometrics.fingerprint.IFingerprint/",
             "android.hardware.bluetooth.IBluetoothHci/",
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ProcessList.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ProcessList.java
index 9c82a8d..b8d2284 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ProcessList.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/ProcessList.java
@@ -2861,7 +2861,11 @@
         return true;
     }
 
-    private static void freezeBinderAndPackageCgroup(ArrayList<Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean>> procs,
+    private static boolean unfreezePackageCgroup(int packageUID) {
+        return freezePackageCgroup(packageUID, false);
+    }
+
+    private static void freezeBinderAndPackageCgroup(List<Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean>> procs,
                                                      int packageUID) {
         // Freeze all binder processes under the target UID (whose cgroup is about to be frozen).
         // Since we're going to kill these, we don't need to unfreze them later.
@@ -2869,12 +2873,9 @@
         // processes (forks) should not be Binder users.
         int N = procs.size();
         for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
-            final int uid = procs.get(i).first.uid;
             final int pid = procs.get(i).first.getPid();
             int nRetries = 0;
-            // We only freeze the cgroup of the target package, so we do not need to freeze the
-            // Binder interfaces of dependant processes in other UIDs.
-            if (pid > 0 && uid == packageUID) {
+            if (pid > 0) {
                 try {
                     int rc;
                     do {
@@ -2888,12 +2889,19 @@
         }
 
         // We freeze the entire UID (parent) cgroup so that newly-specialized processes also freeze
-        // despite being added to a new child cgroup. The cgroups of package dependant processes are
-        // not frozen, since it's possible this would freeze processes with no dependency on the
-        // package being killed here.
+        // despite being added to a child cgroup created after this call that would otherwise be
+        // unfrozen.
         freezePackageCgroup(packageUID, true);
     }
 
+    private static List<Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean>> getUIDSublist(
+            List<Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean>> procs, int startIdx) {
+        final int uid = procs.get(startIdx).first.uid;
+        int endIdx = startIdx + 1;
+        while (endIdx < procs.size() && procs.get(endIdx).first.uid == uid) ++endIdx;
+        return procs.subList(startIdx, endIdx);
+    }
+
     @GuardedBy({"mService", "mProcLock"})
     boolean killPackageProcessesLSP(String packageName, int appId,
             int userId, int minOomAdj, boolean callerWillRestart, boolean allowRestart,
@@ -2989,25 +2997,36 @@
             }
         }
 
-        final int packageUID = UserHandle.getUid(userId, appId);
-        final boolean doFreeze = appId >= Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
-                              && appId <= Process.LAST_APPLICATION_UID;
-        if (doFreeze) {
-            freezeBinderAndPackageCgroup(procs, packageUID);
+        final boolean killingUserApp = appId >= Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
+                                    && appId <= Process.LAST_APPLICATION_UID;
+
+        if (killingUserApp) {
+            procs.sort((o1, o2) -> Integer.compare(o1.first.uid, o2.first.uid));
         }
 
-        int N = procs.size();
-        for (int i=0; i<N; i++) {
-            final Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean> proc = procs.get(i);
-            removeProcessLocked(proc.first, callerWillRestart, allowRestart || proc.second,
-                    reasonCode, subReason, reason, !doFreeze /* async */);
+        int idx = 0;
+        while (idx < procs.size()) {
+            final List<Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean>> uidProcs = getUIDSublist(procs, idx);
+            final int packageUID = uidProcs.get(0).first.uid;
+
+            // Do not freeze for system apps or for dependencies of the targeted package, but
+            // make sure to freeze the targeted package for all users if called with USER_ALL.
+            final boolean doFreeze = killingUserApp && UserHandle.getAppId(packageUID) == appId;
+
+            if (doFreeze) freezeBinderAndPackageCgroup(uidProcs, packageUID);
+
+            for (Pair<ProcessRecord, Boolean> proc : uidProcs) {
+                removeProcessLocked(proc.first, callerWillRestart, allowRestart || proc.second,
+                        reasonCode, subReason, reason, !doFreeze /* async */);
+            }
+            killAppZygotesLocked(packageName, appId, userId, false /* force */);
+
+            if (doFreeze) unfreezePackageCgroup(packageUID);
+
+            idx += uidProcs.size();
         }
-        killAppZygotesLocked(packageName, appId, userId, false /* force */);
         mService.updateOomAdjLocked(OOM_ADJ_REASON_PROCESS_END);
-        if (doFreeze) {
-            freezePackageCgroup(packageUID, false);
-        }
-        return N > 0;
+        return procs.size() > 0;
     }
 
     @GuardedBy("mService")
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/audio/AudioDeviceBroker.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/audio/AudioDeviceBroker.java
index b9535d6..43ecec4 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/audio/AudioDeviceBroker.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/audio/AudioDeviceBroker.java
@@ -1024,11 +1024,9 @@
     private void initAudioHalBluetoothState() {
         synchronized (mBluetoothAudioStateLock) {
             mBluetoothScoOnApplied = false;
-            AudioSystem.setParameters("BT_SCO=off");
             mBluetoothA2dpSuspendedApplied = false;
-            AudioSystem.setParameters("A2dpSuspended=false");
             mBluetoothLeSuspendedApplied = false;
-            AudioSystem.setParameters("LeAudioSuspended=false");
+            reapplyAudioHalBluetoothState();
         }
     }
 
@@ -1091,6 +1089,34 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @GuardedBy("mBluetoothAudioStateLock")
+    private void reapplyAudioHalBluetoothState() {
+        if (AudioService.DEBUG_COMM_RTE) {
+            Log.v(TAG, "reapplyAudioHalBluetoothState() mBluetoothScoOnApplied: "
+                    + mBluetoothScoOnApplied + ", mBluetoothA2dpSuspendedApplied: "
+                    + mBluetoothA2dpSuspendedApplied + ", mBluetoothLeSuspendedApplied: "
+                    + mBluetoothLeSuspendedApplied);
+        }
+        // Note: the order of parameters is important.
+        if (mBluetoothScoOnApplied) {
+            AudioSystem.setParameters("A2dpSuspended=true");
+            AudioSystem.setParameters("LeAudioSuspended=true");
+            AudioSystem.setParameters("BT_SCO=on");
+        } else {
+            AudioSystem.setParameters("BT_SCO=off");
+            if (mBluetoothA2dpSuspendedApplied) {
+                AudioSystem.setParameters("A2dpSuspended=true");
+            } else {
+                AudioSystem.setParameters("A2dpSuspended=false");
+            }
+            if (mBluetoothLeSuspendedApplied) {
+                AudioSystem.setParameters("LeAudioSuspended=true");
+            } else {
+                AudioSystem.setParameters("LeAudioSuspended=false");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /*package*/ void setBluetoothScoOn(boolean on, String eventSource) {
         if (AudioService.DEBUG_COMM_RTE) {
             Log.v(TAG, "setBluetoothScoOn: " + on + " " + eventSource);
@@ -1727,6 +1753,9 @@
                             initRoutingStrategyIds();
                             updateActiveCommunicationDevice();
                             mDeviceInventory.onRestoreDevices();
+                            synchronized (mBluetoothAudioStateLock) {
+                                reapplyAudioHalBluetoothState();
+                            }
                             mBtHelper.onAudioServerDiedRestoreA2dp();
                             updateCommunicationRoute("MSG_RESTORE_DEVICES");
                         }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsService.java
index ad09082..c81ce26 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsService.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.locksettings;
 
+import static android.security.Flags.reportPrimaryAuthAttempts;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_KEYGUARD_SECURE_STORAGE;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_BIOMETRIC;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.SET_AND_VERIFY_LOCKSCREEN_CREDENTIALS;
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.IProgressListener;
 import android.os.Process;
+import android.os.RemoteCallbackList;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.os.ResultReceiver;
 import android.os.ServiceManager;
@@ -135,6 +137,7 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.Preconditions;
 import com.android.internal.widget.ICheckCredentialProgressCallback;
 import com.android.internal.widget.ILockSettings;
+import com.android.internal.widget.ILockSettingsStateListener;
 import com.android.internal.widget.IWeakEscrowTokenActivatedListener;
 import com.android.internal.widget.IWeakEscrowTokenRemovedListener;
 import com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils;
@@ -327,6 +330,9 @@
 
     private HashMap<UserHandle, UserManager> mUserManagerCache = new HashMap<>();
 
+    private final RemoteCallbackList<ILockSettingsStateListener> mLockSettingsStateListeners =
+            new RemoteCallbackList<>();
+
     // This class manages life cycle events for encrypted users on File Based Encryption (FBE)
     // devices. The most basic of these is to show/hide notifications about missing features until
     // the user unlocks the account and credential-encrypted storage is available.
@@ -2342,9 +2348,37 @@
                 requireStrongAuth(STRONG_AUTH_REQUIRED_AFTER_LOCKOUT, userId);
             }
         }
+        if (reportPrimaryAuthAttempts()) {
+            final boolean success =
+                    response.getResponseCode() == VerifyCredentialResponse.RESPONSE_OK;
+            notifyLockSettingsStateListeners(success, userId);
+        }
         return response;
     }
 
+    private void notifyLockSettingsStateListeners(boolean success, int userId) {
+        int i = mLockSettingsStateListeners.beginBroadcast();
+        try {
+            while (i > 0) {
+                i--;
+                try {
+                    if (success) {
+                        mLockSettingsStateListeners.getBroadcastItem(i)
+                                .onAuthenticationSucceeded(userId);
+                    } else {
+                        mLockSettingsStateListeners.getBroadcastItem(i)
+                                .onAuthenticationFailed(userId);
+                    }
+                } catch (RemoteException e) {
+                    Slog.e(TAG, "Exception while notifying LockSettingsStateListener:"
+                            + " success = " + success + ", userId = " + userId, e);
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            mLockSettingsStateListeners.finishBroadcast();
+        }
+    }
+
     @Override
     public VerifyCredentialResponse verifyTiedProfileChallenge(LockscreenCredential credential,
             int userId, @LockPatternUtils.VerifyFlag int flags) {
@@ -3662,6 +3696,18 @@
         public void refreshStrongAuthTimeout(int userId) {
             mStrongAuth.refreshStrongAuthTimeout(userId);
         }
+
+        @Override
+        public void registerLockSettingsStateListener(
+                @NonNull ILockSettingsStateListener listener) {
+            mLockSettingsStateListeners.register(listener);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void unregisterLockSettingsStateListener(
+                @NonNull ILockSettingsStateListener listener) {
+            mLockSettingsStateListeners.unregister(listener);
+        }
     }
 
     private class RebootEscrowCallbacks implements RebootEscrowManager.Callbacks {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/Android.bp b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71d8e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+aconfig_declarations {
+    name: "net_flags",
+    package: "com.android.server.net",
+    srcs: ["*.aconfig"],
+}
+
+java_aconfig_library {
+    name: "net_flags_lib",
+    aconfig_declarations: "net_flags",
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementService.java
index 681d1a0..d25f529 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementService.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.server.net;
 
 import static android.Manifest.permission.CONNECTIVITY_INTERNAL;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@
 import static android.net.INetd.FIREWALL_DENYLIST;
 import static android.net.INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
 import static android.net.INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_DOZABLE;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_POWERSAVE;
@@ -187,6 +189,13 @@
      */
     @GuardedBy("mRulesLock")
     private final SparseIntArray mUidFirewallLowPowerStandbyRules = new SparseIntArray();
+
+    /**
+     * Contains the per-UID firewall rules that are used when Background chain is enabled.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mRulesLock")
+    private final SparseIntArray mUidFirewallBackgroundRules = new SparseIntArray();
+
     /** Set of states for the child firewall chains. True if the chain is active. */
     @GuardedBy("mRulesLock")
     final SparseBooleanArray mFirewallChainStates = new SparseBooleanArray();
@@ -449,13 +458,15 @@
             syncFirewallChainLocked(FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE, "powersave ");
             syncFirewallChainLocked(FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED, "restricted ");
             syncFirewallChainLocked(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY, "low power standby ");
+            syncFirewallChainLocked(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND);
 
             final int[] chains = {
                     FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
                     FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
                     FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
                     FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED,
-                    FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY
+                    FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
+                    FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND,
             };
 
             for (int chain : chains) {
@@ -1206,6 +1217,8 @@
                 return FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_RESTRICTED;
             case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
                 return FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND:
+                return FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND;
             default:
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad child chain: " + chain);
         }
@@ -1223,6 +1236,8 @@
                 return FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST;
             case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
                 return FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND:
+                return FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST;
             default:
                 return isFirewallEnabled() ? FIREWALL_ALLOWLIST : FIREWALL_DENYLIST;
         }
@@ -1343,6 +1358,8 @@
                 return mUidFirewallRestrictedRules;
             case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
                 return mUidFirewallLowPowerStandbyRules;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND:
+                return mUidFirewallBackgroundRules;
             case FIREWALL_CHAIN_NONE:
                 return mUidFirewallRules;
             default:
@@ -1395,6 +1412,10 @@
             pw.println(getFirewallChainState(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY));
             dumpUidFirewallRule(pw, FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
                     mUidFirewallLowPowerStandbyRules);
+
+            pw.print("UID firewall background chain enabled: ");
+            pw.println(getFirewallChainState(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND));
+            dumpUidFirewallRule(pw, FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND, mUidFirewallBackgroundRules);
         }
 
         pw.print("Firewall enabled: "); pw.println(mFirewallEnabled);
@@ -1494,6 +1515,11 @@
                 if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Uid " + uid + " restricted because of low power standby");
                 return true;
             }
+            if (getFirewallChainState(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND)
+                    && mUidFirewallBackgroundRules.get(uid) != FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW) {
+                if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Uid " + uid + " restricted because it is in background");
+                return true;
+            }
             if (mUidRejectOnMetered.get(uid)) {
                 if (DBG) Slog.d(TAG, "Uid " + uid + " restricted because of no metered data"
                         + " in the background");
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyLogger.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyLogger.java
index 4d19ead..8e2d778 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyLogger.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyLogger.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 package com.android.server.net;
 
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@
 import static android.net.INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW;
 import static android.net.INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_DOZABLE;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_POWERSAVE;
@@ -42,7 +44,6 @@
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Slog;
 
-import com.android.internal.annotations.Keep;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.internal.util.RingBuffer;
 import com.android.server.am.ProcessList;
@@ -390,6 +391,8 @@
                 return FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_RESTRICTED;
             case FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
                 return FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
+            case FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND:
+                return FIREWALL_CHAIN_NAME_BACKGROUND;
             default:
                 return String.valueOf(chain);
         }
@@ -414,7 +417,7 @@
         private static final Date sDate = new Date();
 
         public LogBuffer(int capacity) {
-            super(Data.class, capacity);
+            super(Data::new, Data[]::new, capacity);
         }
 
         public void uidStateChanged(int uid, int procState, long procStateSeq,
@@ -690,12 +693,8 @@
 
     /**
      * Container class for all networkpolicy events data.
-     *
-     * Note: This class needs to be public for RingBuffer class to be able to create
-     * new instances of this.
      */
-    @Keep
-    public static final class Data {
+    private static final class Data {
         public int type;
         public long timeStamp;
 
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerService.java
index 52734a4..b47458b 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerService.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE;
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
@@ -77,6 +79,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_FOREGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_ALLOWLIST;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_EXCEPT_IDLE_ALLOWLIST;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS;
@@ -96,6 +99,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.SUBSCRIPTION_OVERRIDE_UNMETERED;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.allowedReasonsToString;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.blockedReasonsToString;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.isProcStateAllowedNetworkWhileBackground;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.isProcStateAllowedWhileIdleOrPowerSaveMode;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.isProcStateAllowedWhileInLowPowerStandby;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.isProcStateAllowedWhileOnRestrictBackground;
@@ -201,12 +205,12 @@
 import android.os.MessageQueue.IdleHandler;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
+import android.os.PowerExemptionManager;
 import android.os.PowerExemptionManager.ReasonCode;
 import android.os.PowerManager;
 import android.os.PowerManager.ServiceType;
 import android.os.PowerManagerInternal;
 import android.os.PowerSaveState;
-import android.os.PowerWhitelistManager;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.RemoteCallbackList;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
@@ -242,6 +246,7 @@
 import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 import android.util.SparseLongArray;
 import android.util.SparseSetArray;
+import android.util.TimeUtils;
 import android.util.Xml;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
@@ -457,6 +462,12 @@
      */
     private static final int MSG_UIDS_BLOCKED_REASONS_CHANGED = 23;
 
+    /**
+     * Message to update background restriction rules for uids that should lose network access
+     * due to being in the background.
+     */
+    private static final int MSG_PROCESS_BACKGROUND_TRANSITIONING_UIDS = 24;
+
     private static final int UID_MSG_STATE_CHANGED = 100;
     private static final int UID_MSG_GONE = 101;
 
@@ -475,7 +486,7 @@
 
     private ConnectivityManager mConnManager;
     private PowerManagerInternal mPowerManagerInternal;
-    private PowerWhitelistManager mPowerWhitelistManager;
+    private PowerExemptionManager mPowerExemptionManager;
     @NonNull
     private final Dependencies mDeps;
 
@@ -490,6 +501,12 @@
     // Denotes the status of restrict background read from disk.
     private boolean mLoadedRestrictBackground;
 
+    /**
+     * Whether or not network for apps in proc-states greater than
+     * {@link NetworkPolicyManager#BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE} is always blocked.
+     */
+    private boolean mBackgroundNetworkRestricted;
+
     // See main javadoc for instructions on how to use these locks.
     final Object mUidRulesFirstLock = new Object();
     final Object mNetworkPoliciesSecondLock = new Object();
@@ -514,6 +531,15 @@
 
     private volatile boolean mNetworkManagerReady;
 
+    /**
+     * Delay after which a uid going into a process state greater than or equal to
+     * {@link NetworkPolicyManager#BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE} will lose network access.
+     * The delay is meant to prevent churn due to quick process-state changes.
+     * Note that there is no delay while granting network access.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    long mBackgroundRestrictionDelayMs = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(5);
+
     /** Defined network policies. */
     @GuardedBy("mNetworkPoliciesSecondLock")
     final ArrayMap<NetworkTemplate, NetworkPolicy> mNetworkPolicy = new ArrayMap<>();
@@ -545,6 +571,8 @@
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
     final SparseIntArray mUidFirewallPowerSaveRules = new SparseIntArray();
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
+    final SparseIntArray mUidFirewallBackgroundRules = new SparseIntArray();
+    @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
     final SparseIntArray mUidFirewallRestrictedModeRules = new SparseIntArray();
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
     final SparseIntArray mUidFirewallLowPowerStandbyModeRules = new SparseIntArray();
@@ -624,6 +652,14 @@
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
     private final SparseArray<UidBlockedState> mTmpUidBlockedState = new SparseArray<>();
 
+    /**
+     * Stores a map of uids to the time their transition to background is considered complete. They
+     * will lose network access after this time. This is used to prevent churn in rules due to quick
+     * process-state transitions.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
+    private final SparseLongArray mBackgroundTransitioningUids = new SparseLongArray();
+
     /** Map from network ID to last observed meteredness state */
     @GuardedBy("mNetworkPoliciesSecondLock")
     private final SparseBooleanArray mNetworkMetered = new SparseBooleanArray();
@@ -823,7 +859,7 @@
         mContext = Objects.requireNonNull(context, "missing context");
         mActivityManager = Objects.requireNonNull(activityManager, "missing activityManager");
         mNetworkManager = Objects.requireNonNull(networkManagement, "missing networkManagement");
-        mPowerWhitelistManager = mContext.getSystemService(PowerWhitelistManager.class);
+        mPowerExemptionManager = mContext.getSystemService(PowerExemptionManager.class);
         mClock = Objects.requireNonNull(clock, "missing Clock");
         mUserManager = (UserManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE);
         mCarrierConfigManager = mContext.getSystemService(CarrierConfigManager.class);
@@ -859,15 +895,15 @@
 
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
     private void updatePowerSaveAllowlistUL() {
-        int[] whitelist = mPowerWhitelistManager.getWhitelistedAppIds(/* includingIdle */ false);
+        int[] allowlist = mPowerExemptionManager.getAllowListedAppIds(/* includingIdle */ false);
         mPowerSaveWhitelistExceptIdleAppIds.clear();
-        for (int uid : whitelist) {
+        for (int uid : allowlist) {
             mPowerSaveWhitelistExceptIdleAppIds.put(uid, true);
         }
 
-        whitelist = mPowerWhitelistManager.getWhitelistedAppIds(/* includingIdle */ true);
+        allowlist = mPowerExemptionManager.getAllowListedAppIds(/* includingIdle */ true);
         mPowerSaveWhitelistAppIds.clear();
-        for (int uid : whitelist) {
+        for (int uid : allowlist) {
             mPowerSaveWhitelistAppIds.put(uid, true);
         }
     }
@@ -1017,6 +1053,14 @@
                         writePolicyAL();
                     }
 
+                    // The flag is boot-stable.
+                    mBackgroundNetworkRestricted = Flags.networkBlockedForTopSleepingAndAbove();
+                    if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+                        // Firewall rules and UidBlockedState will get updated in
+                        // updateRulesForGlobalChangeAL below.
+                        enableFirewallChainUL(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, true);
+                    }
+
                     setRestrictBackgroundUL(mLoadedRestrictBackground, "init_service");
                     updateRulesForGlobalChangeAL(false);
                     updateNotificationsNL();
@@ -1027,17 +1071,22 @@
                 final int changes = ActivityManager.UID_OBSERVER_PROCSTATE
                         | ActivityManager.UID_OBSERVER_GONE
                         | ActivityManager.UID_OBSERVER_CAPABILITY;
+
+                final int cutpoint = mBackgroundNetworkRestricted ? PROCESS_STATE_UNKNOWN
+                        : NetworkPolicyManager.FOREGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE;
+                // TODO (b/319728914): Filter out the unnecessary changes when using no cutpoint.
+
                 mActivityManagerInternal.registerNetworkPolicyUidObserver(mUidObserver, changes,
-                        NetworkPolicyManager.FOREGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE, "android");
+                        cutpoint, "android");
                 mNetworkManager.registerObserver(mAlertObserver);
             } catch (RemoteException e) {
                 // ignored; both services live in system_server
             }
 
             // listen for changes to power save allowlist
-            final IntentFilter whitelistFilter = new IntentFilter(
+            final IntentFilter allowlistFilter = new IntentFilter(
                     PowerManager.ACTION_POWER_SAVE_WHITELIST_CHANGED);
-            mContext.registerReceiver(mPowerSaveWhitelistReceiver, whitelistFilter, null, mHandler);
+            mContext.registerReceiver(mPowerSaveAllowlistReceiver, allowlistFilter, null, mHandler);
 
             // watch for network interfaces to be claimed
             final IntentFilter connFilter = new IntentFilter(CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
@@ -1188,12 +1237,15 @@
         }
     }
 
-    final private BroadcastReceiver mPowerSaveWhitelistReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
+    private final BroadcastReceiver mPowerSaveAllowlistReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
         @Override
         public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
             // on background handler thread, and POWER_SAVE_WHITELIST_CHANGED is protected
             synchronized (mUidRulesFirstLock) {
                 updatePowerSaveAllowlistUL();
+                if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+                    updateRulesForBackgroundChainUL();
+                }
                 updateRulesForRestrictPowerUL();
                 updateRulesForAppIdleUL();
             }
@@ -3901,6 +3953,11 @@
                 }
 
                 fout.println();
+                fout.println("Flags:");
+                fout.println("Network blocked for TOP_SLEEPING and above: "
+                        + mBackgroundNetworkRestricted);
+
+                fout.println();
                 fout.println("mRestrictBackgroundLowPowerMode: " + mRestrictBackgroundLowPowerMode);
                 fout.println("mRestrictBackgroundBeforeBsm: " + mRestrictBackgroundBeforeBsm);
                 fout.println("mLoadedRestrictBackground: " + mLoadedRestrictBackground);
@@ -4042,6 +4099,22 @@
                     fout.decreaseIndent();
                 }
 
+                size = mBackgroundTransitioningUids.size();
+                if (size > 0) {
+                    final long nowUptime = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
+                    fout.println("Uids transitioning to background:");
+                    fout.increaseIndent();
+                    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+                        fout.print("UID=");
+                        fout.print(mBackgroundTransitioningUids.keyAt(i));
+                        fout.print(", ");
+                        TimeUtils.formatDuration(mBackgroundTransitioningUids.valueAt(i), nowUptime,
+                                fout);
+                        fout.println();
+                    }
+                    fout.decreaseIndent();
+                }
+
                 final SparseBooleanArray knownUids = new SparseBooleanArray();
                 collectKeys(mUidState, knownUids);
                 synchronized (mUidBlockedState) {
@@ -4163,6 +4236,12 @@
         return isProcStateAllowedWhileInLowPowerStandby(uidState);
     }
 
+    @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
+    private boolean isUidExemptFromBackgroundRestrictions(int uid) {
+        return mBackgroundTransitioningUids.indexOfKey(uid) >= 0
+                || isProcStateAllowedNetworkWhileBackground(mUidState.get(uid));
+    }
+
     /**
      * Process state of UID changed; if needed, will trigger
      * {@link #updateRulesForDataUsageRestrictionsUL(int)} and
@@ -4188,6 +4267,8 @@
                 // state changed, push updated rules
                 mUidState.put(uid, newUidState);
                 updateRestrictBackgroundRulesOnUidStatusChangedUL(uid, oldUidState, newUidState);
+
+                boolean updatePowerRestrictionRules = false;
                 boolean allowedWhileIdleOrPowerSaveModeChanged =
                         isProcStateAllowedWhileIdleOrPowerSaveMode(oldUidState)
                                 != isProcStateAllowedWhileIdleOrPowerSaveMode(newUidState);
@@ -4199,19 +4280,44 @@
                     if (mRestrictPower) {
                         updateRuleForRestrictPowerUL(uid);
                     }
-                    updateRulesForPowerRestrictionsUL(uid, procState);
+                    updatePowerRestrictionRules = true;
+                }
+                if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+                    final boolean wasAllowed = isProcStateAllowedNetworkWhileBackground(
+                            oldUidState);
+                    final boolean isAllowed = isProcStateAllowedNetworkWhileBackground(newUidState);
+                    if (!wasAllowed && isAllowed) {
+                        mBackgroundTransitioningUids.delete(uid);
+                        updateRuleForBackgroundUL(uid);
+                        updatePowerRestrictionRules = true;
+                    } else if (wasAllowed && !isAllowed) {
+                        final long completionTimeMs = SystemClock.uptimeMillis()
+                                + mBackgroundRestrictionDelayMs;
+                        if (mBackgroundTransitioningUids.indexOfKey(uid) < 0) {
+                            // This is just a defensive check in case the upstream code ever makes
+                            // multiple calls for the same process state change.
+                            mBackgroundTransitioningUids.put(uid, completionTimeMs);
+                        }
+                        if (!mHandler.hasMessages(MSG_PROCESS_BACKGROUND_TRANSITIONING_UIDS)) {
+                            // Many uids may be in this "transitioning" state at the same time, so
+                            // using one message at a time to avoid congestion in the MessageQueue.
+                            mHandler.sendEmptyMessageAtTime(
+                                    MSG_PROCESS_BACKGROUND_TRANSITIONING_UIDS, completionTimeMs);
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
                 if (mLowPowerStandbyActive) {
                     boolean allowedInLpsChanged =
                             isProcStateAllowedWhileInLowPowerStandby(oldUidState)
                                     != isProcStateAllowedWhileInLowPowerStandby(newUidState);
                     if (allowedInLpsChanged) {
-                        if (!allowedWhileIdleOrPowerSaveModeChanged) {
-                            updateRulesForPowerRestrictionsUL(uid, procState);
-                        }
                         updateRuleForLowPowerStandbyUL(uid);
+                        updatePowerRestrictionRules = true;
                     }
                 }
+                if (updatePowerRestrictionRules) {
+                    updateRulesForPowerRestrictionsUL(uid, procState);
+                }
                 return true;
             }
         } finally {
@@ -4234,6 +4340,12 @@
                 if (mRestrictPower) {
                     updateRuleForRestrictPowerUL(uid);
                 }
+                if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+                    // Uid is no longer running, there is no point in any grace period of network
+                    // access during transitions to lower importance proc-states.
+                    mBackgroundTransitioningUids.delete(uid);
+                    updateRuleForBackgroundUL(uid);
+                }
                 updateRulesForPowerRestrictionsUL(uid);
                 if (mLowPowerStandbyActive) {
                     updateRuleForLowPowerStandbyUL(uid);
@@ -4441,11 +4553,41 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Updates the rules for apps allowlisted to use network while in the background.
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
+    private void updateRulesForBackgroundChainUL() {
+        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "updateRulesForBackgroundChainUL");
+        try {
+            final SparseIntArray uidRules = mUidFirewallBackgroundRules;
+            uidRules.clear();
+
+            final List<UserInfo> users = mUserManager.getUsers();
+            for (int ui = users.size() - 1; ui >= 0; ui--) {
+                final UserInfo user = users.get(ui);
+                updateRulesForAllowlistedAppIds(uidRules, mPowerSaveTempWhitelistAppIds, user.id);
+                updateRulesForAllowlistedAppIds(uidRules, mPowerSaveWhitelistAppIds, user.id);
+                updateRulesForAllowlistedAppIds(uidRules, mPowerSaveWhitelistExceptIdleAppIds,
+                        user.id);
+            }
+            for (int i = mUidState.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                if (mBackgroundTransitioningUids.indexOfKey(mUidState.keyAt(i)) >= 0
+                        || isProcStateAllowedNetworkWhileBackground(mUidState.valueAt(i))) {
+                    uidRules.put(mUidState.keyAt(i), FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
+                }
+            }
+            setUidFirewallRulesUL(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, uidRules);
+        } finally {
+            Trace.traceEnd(TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
+        }
+    }
+
     private void updateRulesForAllowlistedAppIds(final SparseIntArray uidRules,
-            final SparseBooleanArray whitelistedAppIds, int userId) {
-        for (int i = whitelistedAppIds.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-            if (whitelistedAppIds.valueAt(i)) {
-                final int appId = whitelistedAppIds.keyAt(i);
+            final SparseBooleanArray allowlistedAppIds, int userId) {
+        for (int i = allowlistedAppIds.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+            if (allowlistedAppIds.valueAt(i)) {
+                final int appId = allowlistedAppIds.keyAt(i);
                 final int uid = UserHandle.getUid(userId, appId);
                 uidRules.put(uid, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
             }
@@ -4504,12 +4646,12 @@
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
     private boolean isAllowlistedFromPowerSaveUL(int uid, boolean deviceIdleMode) {
         final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(uid);
-        boolean isWhitelisted = mPowerSaveTempWhitelistAppIds.get(appId)
+        boolean allowlisted = mPowerSaveTempWhitelistAppIds.get(appId)
                 || mPowerSaveWhitelistAppIds.get(appId);
         if (!deviceIdleMode) {
-            isWhitelisted = isWhitelisted || isAllowlistedFromPowerSaveExceptIdleUL(uid);
+            allowlisted = allowlisted || isAllowlistedFromPowerSaveExceptIdleUL(uid);
         }
-        return isWhitelisted;
+        return allowlisted;
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4598,6 +4740,38 @@
     }
 
     /**
+     * Update firewall rule for a single uid whenever there are any interesting changes in the uid.
+     * Currently, it is called when:
+     * - The uid is added to or removed from power allowlists
+     * - The uid undergoes a process-state change
+     * - A package belonging to this uid is added
+     * - The uid is evicted from memory
+     */
+    @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
+    void updateRuleForBackgroundUL(int uid) {
+        if (!isUidValidForAllowlistRulesUL(uid)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_NETWORK, "updateRuleForBackgroundUL: " + uid);
+        try {
+            // The uid should be absent from mUidState and mBackgroundTransitioningUids if it is
+            // not running when this method is called. Then, the firewall state will depend on the
+            // allowlist alone. This is the desired behavior.
+            if (isAllowlistedFromPowerSaveUL(uid, false)
+                    || isUidExemptFromBackgroundRestrictions(uid)) {
+                setUidFirewallRuleUL(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
+                if (LOGD) Log.d(TAG, "updateRuleForBackgroundUL ALLOW " + uid);
+            } else {
+                setUidFirewallRuleUL(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, uid, FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT);
+                if (LOGD) Log.d(TAG, "updateRuleForBackgroundUL " + uid + " to DEFAULT");
+            }
+        } finally {
+            Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_NETWORK);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
      * Toggle the firewall standby chain and inform listeners if the uid rules have effectively
      * changed.
      */
@@ -4644,6 +4818,9 @@
                     "updateRulesForGlobalChangeAL: " + (restrictedNetworksChanged ? "R" : "-"));
         }
         try {
+            if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+                updateRulesForBackgroundChainUL();
+            }
             updateRulesForAppIdleUL();
             updateRulesForRestrictPowerUL();
             updateRulesForRestrictBackgroundUL();
@@ -4803,6 +4980,9 @@
             updateRuleForAppIdleUL(uid, PROCESS_STATE_UNKNOWN);
             updateRuleForDeviceIdleUL(uid);
             updateRuleForRestrictPowerUL(uid);
+            if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+                updateRuleForBackgroundUL(uid);
+            }
             // Update internal rules.
             updateRulesForPowerRestrictionsUL(uid);
         }
@@ -4940,6 +5120,8 @@
         mUidFirewallStandbyRules.delete(uid);
         mUidFirewallDozableRules.delete(uid);
         mUidFirewallPowerSaveRules.delete(uid);
+        mUidFirewallBackgroundRules.delete(uid);
+        mBackgroundTransitioningUids.delete(uid);
         mPowerSaveWhitelistExceptIdleAppIds.delete(uid);
         mPowerSaveWhitelistAppIds.delete(uid);
         mPowerSaveTempWhitelistAppIds.delete(uid);
@@ -4973,6 +5155,9 @@
         updateRuleForDeviceIdleUL(uid);
         updateRuleForAppIdleUL(uid, PROCESS_STATE_UNKNOWN);
         updateRuleForRestrictPowerUL(uid);
+        if (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted) {
+            updateRuleForBackgroundUL(uid);
+        }
 
         // If the uid has the necessary permissions, then it should be added to the restricted mode
         // firewall allowlist.
@@ -5157,7 +5342,6 @@
      * Similar to above but ignores idle state if app standby is currently disabled by parole.
      *
      * @param uid the uid of the app to update rules for
-     * @param oldUidRules the current rules for the uid, in order to determine if there's a change
      * @param isUidIdle whether uid is idle or not
      */
     @GuardedBy("mUidRulesFirstLock")
@@ -5203,6 +5387,7 @@
             newBlockedReasons |= (mLowPowerStandbyActive ? BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY : 0);
             newBlockedReasons |= (isUidIdle ? BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY : 0);
             newBlockedReasons |= (uidBlockedState.blockedReasons & BLOCKED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE);
+            newBlockedReasons |= mBackgroundNetworkRestricted ? BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND : 0;
 
             newAllowedReasons |= (isSystem(uid) ? ALLOWED_REASON_SYSTEM : 0);
             newAllowedReasons |= (isForeground ? ALLOWED_REASON_FOREGROUND : 0);
@@ -5215,6 +5400,9 @@
                     & ALLOWED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS);
             newAllowedReasons |= (isAllowlistedFromLowPowerStandbyUL(uid))
                     ? ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST : 0;
+            newAllowedReasons |= (mBackgroundNetworkRestricted
+                    && isUidExemptFromBackgroundRestrictions(uid))
+                    ? ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND : 0;
 
             uidBlockedState.blockedReasons = (uidBlockedState.blockedReasons
                     & BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_MASK) | newBlockedReasons;
@@ -5236,7 +5424,7 @@
 
             oldEffectiveBlockedReasons = previousUidBlockedState.effectiveBlockedReasons;
             newEffectiveBlockedReasons = uidBlockedState.effectiveBlockedReasons;
-            uidRules = oldEffectiveBlockedReasons == newEffectiveBlockedReasons
+            uidRules = (oldEffectiveBlockedReasons == newEffectiveBlockedReasons)
                     ? RULE_NONE
                     : uidBlockedState.deriveUidRules();
         }
@@ -5429,6 +5617,28 @@
                     mContext.sendBroadcastAsUser(intent, UserHandle.ALL);
                     return true;
                 }
+                case MSG_PROCESS_BACKGROUND_TRANSITIONING_UIDS: {
+                    final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
+                    long nextCheckTime = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+                    synchronized (mUidRulesFirstLock) {
+                        for (int i = mBackgroundTransitioningUids.size() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+                            final long completionTimeMs = mBackgroundTransitioningUids.valueAt(i);
+                            if (completionTimeMs > now) {
+                                nextCheckTime = Math.min(nextCheckTime, completionTimeMs);
+                                continue;
+                            }
+                            final int uid = mBackgroundTransitioningUids.keyAt(i);
+                            mBackgroundTransitioningUids.removeAt(i);
+                            updateRuleForBackgroundUL(uid);
+                            updateRulesForPowerRestrictionsUL(uid, false);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    if (nextCheckTime < Long.MAX_VALUE) {
+                        mHandler.sendEmptyMessageAtTime(MSG_PROCESS_BACKGROUND_TRANSITIONING_UIDS,
+                                nextCheckTime);
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }
                 case MSG_POLICIES_CHANGED: {
                     final int uid = msg.arg1;
                     final int policy = msg.arg2;
@@ -5840,6 +6050,8 @@
                 mUidFirewallRestrictedModeRules.put(uid, rule);
             } else if (chain == FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY) {
                 mUidFirewallLowPowerStandbyModeRules.put(uid, rule);
+            } else if (chain == FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND) {
+                mUidFirewallBackgroundRules.put(uid, rule);
             }
 
             try {
@@ -5896,6 +6108,8 @@
                     FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT);
             mNetworkManager.setFirewallUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY, uid,
                     FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT);
+            mNetworkManager.setFirewallUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, uid,
+                    FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT);
             mNetworkManager.setUidOnMeteredNetworkAllowlist(uid, false);
             mLogger.meteredAllowlistChanged(uid, false);
             mNetworkManager.setUidOnMeteredNetworkDenylist(uid, false);
@@ -6420,10 +6634,12 @@
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER;
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE;
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY;
+                effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND;
             }
             if ((allowedReasons & ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_EXCEPT_IDLE_ALLOWLIST) != 0) {
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER;
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY;
+                effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND;
             }
             if ((allowedReasons & ALLOWED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS) != 0) {
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE;
@@ -6434,19 +6650,24 @@
             if ((allowedReasons & ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST) != 0) {
                 effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
             }
+            if ((allowedReasons & ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND) != 0) {
+                effectiveBlockedReasons &= ~BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND;
+            }
 
             return effectiveBlockedReasons;
         }
 
         static int getAllowedReasonsForProcState(int procState) {
-            if (procState > NetworkPolicyManager.FOREGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE) {
-                return ALLOWED_REASON_NONE;
-            } else if (procState <= NetworkPolicyManager.TOP_THRESHOLD_STATE) {
+            if (procState <= NetworkPolicyManager.TOP_THRESHOLD_STATE) {
                 return ALLOWED_REASON_TOP | ALLOWED_REASON_FOREGROUND
-                        | ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_FOREGROUND;
-            } else {
-                return ALLOWED_REASON_FOREGROUND | ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_FOREGROUND;
+                        | ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_FOREGROUND | ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND;
+            } else if (procState <= NetworkPolicyManager.FOREGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE) {
+                return ALLOWED_REASON_FOREGROUND | ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_FOREGROUND
+                        | ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND;
+            } else if (procState < NetworkPolicyManager.BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE) {
+                return ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND;
             }
+            return ALLOWED_REASON_NONE;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -6471,6 +6692,7 @@
                 BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY,
                 BLOCKED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE,
                 BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
+                BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND,
                 BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER,
                 BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED,
                 BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_ADMIN_DISABLED,
@@ -6484,6 +6706,7 @@
                 ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_EXCEPT_IDLE_ALLOWLIST,
                 ALLOWED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS,
                 ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST,
+                ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND,
                 ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_USER_EXEMPTED,
                 ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_SYSTEM,
                 ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_FOREGROUND,
@@ -6503,6 +6726,8 @@
                     return "RESTRICTED_MODE";
                 case BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY:
                     return "LOW_POWER_STANDBY";
+                case BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND:
+                    return "APP_BACKGROUND";
                 case BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER:
                     return "DATA_SAVER";
                 case BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED:
@@ -6533,6 +6758,8 @@
                     return "RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS";
                 case ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST:
                     return "LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST";
+                case ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND:
+                    return "NOT_IN_BACKGROUND";
                 case ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_USER_EXEMPTED:
                     return "METERED_USER_EXEMPTED";
                 case ALLOWED_METERED_REASON_SYSTEM:
@@ -6600,7 +6827,8 @@
             int powerBlockedReasons = BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY
                     | BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE
                     | BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER
-                    | BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
+                    | BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY
+                    | BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND;
             if ((effectiveBlockedReasons & powerBlockedReasons) != 0) {
                 uidRule |= RULE_REJECT_ALL;
             } else if ((blockedReasons & powerBlockedReasons) != 0) {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/flags.aconfig b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/flags.aconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..419665a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/flags.aconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package: "com.android.server.net"
+
+flag {
+    name: "network_blocked_for_top_sleeping_and_above"
+    namespace: "backstage_power"
+    description: "Block network access for apps in a low importance background state"
+    bug: "304347838"
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/os/NativeTombstoneManager.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/os/NativeTombstoneManager.java
index b7e7374..ab0d0d2 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/os/NativeTombstoneManager.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/os/NativeTombstoneManager.java
@@ -41,13 +41,14 @@
 import android.system.StructStat;
 import android.util.Slog;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
+import android.util.proto.ProtoInputStream;
+import android.util.proto.ProtoParseException;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
 import com.android.server.BootReceiver;
 import com.android.server.ServiceThread;
 import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos.Cause;
 import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos.Tombstone;
-import com.android.server.os.protobuf.CodedInputStream;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 
@@ -127,21 +128,18 @@
             return;
         }
 
+        String processName = "UNKNOWN";
         final boolean isProtoFile = filename.endsWith(".pb");
-        if (!isProtoFile) {
-            return;
-        }
+        File protoPath = isProtoFile ? path : new File(path.getAbsolutePath() + ".pb");
 
-        Optional<ParsedTombstone> parsedTombstone = handleProtoTombstone(path, true);
+        Optional<TombstoneFile> parsedTombstone = handleProtoTombstone(protoPath, isProtoFile);
         if (parsedTombstone.isPresent()) {
-            BootReceiver.addTombstoneToDropBox(
-                    mContext, path, parsedTombstone.get().getTombstone(),
-                    parsedTombstone.get().getProcessName(), mTmpFileLock);
+            processName = parsedTombstone.get().getProcessName();
         }
+        BootReceiver.addTombstoneToDropBox(mContext, path, isProtoFile, processName, mTmpFileLock);
     }
 
-    private Optional<ParsedTombstone> handleProtoTombstone(
-            File path, boolean addToList) {
+    private Optional<TombstoneFile> handleProtoTombstone(File path, boolean addToList) {
         final String filename = path.getName();
         if (!filename.endsWith(".pb")) {
             Slog.w(TAG, "unexpected tombstone name: " + path);
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@
             return Optional.empty();
         }
 
-        final Optional<ParsedTombstone> parsedTombstone = TombstoneFile.parse(pfd);
+        final Optional<TombstoneFile> parsedTombstone = TombstoneFile.parse(pfd);
         if (!parsedTombstone.isPresent()) {
             IoUtils.closeQuietly(pfd);
             return Optional.empty();
@@ -184,7 +182,7 @@
                     previous.dispose();
                 }
 
-                mTombstones.put(number, parsedTombstone.get().getTombstoneFile());
+                mTombstones.put(number, parsedTombstone.get());
             }
         }
 
@@ -332,27 +330,6 @@
         }
     }
 
-    static class ParsedTombstone {
-        TombstoneFile mTombstoneFile;
-        Tombstone mTombstone;
-        ParsedTombstone(TombstoneFile tombstoneFile, Tombstone tombstone) {
-            mTombstoneFile = tombstoneFile;
-            mTombstone = tombstone;
-        }
-
-        public String getProcessName() {
-            return mTombstoneFile.getProcessName();
-        }
-
-        public TombstoneFile getTombstoneFile() {
-            return mTombstoneFile;
-        }
-
-        public Tombstone getTombstone() {
-            return mTombstone;
-        }
-    }
-
     static class TombstoneFile {
         final ParcelFileDescriptor mPfd;
 
@@ -435,21 +412,67 @@
             }
         }
 
-        static Optional<ParsedTombstone> parse(ParcelFileDescriptor pfd) {
-            Tombstone tombstoneProto;
-            try (FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(pfd.getFileDescriptor())) {
-                final byte[] tombstoneBytes = is.readAllBytes();
+        static Optional<TombstoneFile> parse(ParcelFileDescriptor pfd) {
+            final FileInputStream is = new FileInputStream(pfd.getFileDescriptor());
+            final ProtoInputStream stream = new ProtoInputStream(is);
 
-                tombstoneProto = Tombstone.parseFrom(
-                        CodedInputStream.newInstance(tombstoneBytes));
-            } catch (IOException ex) {
+            int pid = 0;
+            int uid = 0;
+            String processName = null;
+            String crashReason = "";
+            String selinuxLabel = "";
+
+            try {
+                while (stream.nextField() != ProtoInputStream.NO_MORE_FIELDS) {
+                    switch (stream.getFieldNumber()) {
+                        case (int) Tombstone.PID:
+                            pid = stream.readInt(Tombstone.PID);
+                            break;
+
+                        case (int) Tombstone.UID:
+                            uid = stream.readInt(Tombstone.UID);
+                            break;
+
+                        case (int) Tombstone.COMMAND_LINE:
+                            if (processName == null) {
+                                processName = stream.readString(Tombstone.COMMAND_LINE);
+                            }
+                            break;
+
+                        case (int) Tombstone.CAUSES:
+                            if (!crashReason.equals("")) {
+                                // Causes appear in decreasing order of likelihood. For now we only
+                                // want the most likely crash reason here, so ignore all others.
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            long token = stream.start(Tombstone.CAUSES);
+                        cause:
+                            while (stream.nextField() != ProtoInputStream.NO_MORE_FIELDS) {
+                                switch (stream.getFieldNumber()) {
+                                    case (int) Cause.HUMAN_READABLE:
+                                        crashReason = stream.readString(Cause.HUMAN_READABLE);
+                                        break cause;
+
+                                    default:
+                                        break;
+                                }
+                            }
+                            stream.end(token);
+                            break;
+
+                        case (int) Tombstone.SELINUX_LABEL:
+                            selinuxLabel = stream.readString(Tombstone.SELINUX_LABEL);
+                            break;
+
+                        default:
+                            break;
+                    }
+                }
+            } catch (IOException | ProtoParseException ex) {
                 Slog.e(TAG, "Failed to parse tombstone", ex);
                 return Optional.empty();
             }
 
-            int pid = tombstoneProto.getPid();
-            int uid = tombstoneProto.getUid();
-
             if (!UserHandle.isApp(uid)) {
                 Slog.e(TAG, "Tombstone's UID (" + uid + ") not an app, ignoring");
                 return Optional.empty();
@@ -466,7 +489,6 @@
             final int userId = UserHandle.getUserId(uid);
             final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(uid);
 
-            String selinuxLabel = tombstoneProto.getSelinuxLabel();
             if (!selinuxLabel.startsWith("u:r:untrusted_app")) {
                 Slog.e(TAG, "Tombstone has invalid selinux label (" + selinuxLabel + "), ignoring");
                 return Optional.empty();
@@ -478,30 +500,11 @@
             result.mAppId = appId;
             result.mPid = pid;
             result.mUid = uid;
-            result.mProcessName = getCmdLineProcessName(tombstoneProto);
+            result.mProcessName = processName == null ? "" : processName;
             result.mTimestampMs = timestampMs;
-            result.mCrashReason = getCrashReason(tombstoneProto);
+            result.mCrashReason = crashReason;
 
-            return Optional.of(new ParsedTombstone(result, tombstoneProto));
-        }
-
-        private static String getCmdLineProcessName(Tombstone tombstoneProto) {
-            for (String cmdline : tombstoneProto.getCommandLineList()) {
-                if (cmdline != null) {
-                    return cmdline;
-                }
-            }
-            return "";
-        }
-
-        private static String getCrashReason(Tombstone tombstoneProto) {
-            for (Cause cause : tombstoneProto.getCausesList()) {
-                if (cause.getHumanReadable() != null
-                        && !cause.getHumanReadable().equals("")) {
-                    return cause.getHumanReadable();
-                }
-            }
-            return "";
+            return Optional.of(result);
         }
 
         public IParcelFileDescriptorRetriever getPfdRetriever() {
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/UserDataPreparer.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/UserDataPreparer.java
index 4c42c2d..1d41401 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/UserDataPreparer.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/UserDataPreparer.java
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
                 // If internal storage of the system user fails to prepare on first boot, then
                 // things are *really* broken, so we might as well reboot to recovery right away.
                 try {
-                    Log.wtf(TAG, "prepareUserData failed for user " + userId, e);
+                    Log.e(TAG, "prepareUserData failed for user " + userId, e);
                     if (isNewUser && userId == UserHandle.USER_SYSTEM && volumeUuid == null) {
                         RecoverySystem.rebootPromptAndWipeUserData(mContext,
                                 "failed to prepare internal storage for system user");
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerService.java
index ed9445c..ba8a76c 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerService.java
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@
 import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
 import android.hardware.biometrics.BiometricManager;
 import android.hardware.biometrics.BiometricSourceType;
+import android.hardware.biometrics.SensorProperties;
+import android.hardware.face.FaceManager;
+import android.hardware.fingerprint.FingerprintManager;
 import android.os.Binder;
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
@@ -157,6 +160,8 @@
     private final LockPatternUtils mLockPatternUtils;
     private final UserManager mUserManager;
     private final ActivityManager mActivityManager;
+    private FingerprintManager mFingerprintManager;
+    private FaceManager mFaceManager;
     private VirtualDeviceManagerInternal mVirtualDeviceManager;
 
     private enum TrustState {
@@ -294,6 +299,8 @@
             mPackageMonitor.register(mContext, mHandler.getLooper(), UserHandle.ALL, true);
             mReceiver.register(mContext);
             mLockPatternUtils.registerStrongAuthTracker(mStrongAuthTracker);
+            mFingerprintManager = mContext.getSystemService(FingerprintManager.class);
+            mFaceManager = mContext.getSystemService(FaceManager.class);
         } else if (phase == SystemService.PHASE_THIRD_PARTY_APPS_CAN_START) {
             mTrustAgentsCanRun = true;
             refreshAgentList(UserHandle.USER_ALL);
@@ -895,7 +902,19 @@
 
     private void notifyKeystoreOfDeviceLockState(int userId, boolean isLocked) {
         if (isLocked) {
-            Authorization.onDeviceLocked(userId, getBiometricSids(userId));
+            if (android.security.Flags.fixUnlockedDeviceRequiredKeysV2()) {
+                // A profile with unified challenge is unlockable not by its own biometrics and
+                // trust agents, but rather by those of the parent user.  Therefore, when protecting
+                // the profile's UnlockedDeviceRequired keys, we must use the parent's list of
+                // biometric SIDs and weak unlock methods, not the profile's.
+                int authUserId = mLockPatternUtils.isProfileWithUnifiedChallenge(userId)
+                        ? resolveProfileParent(userId) : userId;
+
+                Authorization.onDeviceLocked(userId, getBiometricSids(authUserId),
+                        isWeakUnlockMethodEnabled(authUserId));
+            } else {
+                Authorization.onDeviceLocked(userId, getBiometricSids(userId), false);
+            }
         } else {
             // Notify Keystore that the device is now unlocked for the user.  Note that for unlocks
             // with LSKF, this is redundant with the call from LockSettingsService which provides
@@ -1442,16 +1461,59 @@
         if (biometricManager == null) {
             return new long[0];
         }
-        if (android.security.Flags.fixUnlockedDeviceRequiredKeysV2()
-                && mLockPatternUtils.isProfileWithUnifiedChallenge(userId)) {
-            // Profiles with unified challenge have their own set of biometrics, but the device
-            // unlock happens via the parent user.  In this case Keystore needs to be given the list
-            // of biometric SIDs from the parent user, not the profile.
-            userId = resolveProfileParent(userId);
-        }
         return biometricManager.getAuthenticatorIds(userId);
     }
 
+    // Returns whether the device can become unlocked for the specified user via one of that user's
+    // non-strong biometrics or trust agents.  This assumes that the device is currently locked, or
+    // is becoming locked, for the user.
+    private boolean isWeakUnlockMethodEnabled(int userId) {
+
+        // Check whether the system currently allows the use of non-strong biometrics for the user,
+        // *and* the user actually has a non-strong biometric enrolled.
+        //
+        // The biometrics framework ostensibly supports multiple sensors per modality.  However,
+        // that feature is unused and untested.  So, we simply consider one sensor per modality.
+        //
+        // Also, currently we just consider fingerprint and face, matching Keyguard.  If Keyguard
+        // starts supporting other biometric modalities, this will need to be updated.
+        if (mStrongAuthTracker.isBiometricAllowedForUser(/* isStrongBiometric= */ false, userId)) {
+            DevicePolicyManager dpm = mLockPatternUtils.getDevicePolicyManager();
+            int disabledFeatures = dpm.getKeyguardDisabledFeatures(null, userId);
+
+            if (mFingerprintManager != null
+                    && (disabledFeatures & DevicePolicyManager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FINGERPRINT) == 0
+                    && mFingerprintManager.hasEnrolledTemplates(userId)
+                    && isWeakOrConvenienceSensor(
+                            mFingerprintManager.getSensorProperties().get(0))) {
+                Slog.i(TAG, "User is unlockable by non-strong fingerprint auth");
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            if (mFaceManager != null
+                    && (disabledFeatures & DevicePolicyManager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FACE) == 0
+                    && mFaceManager.hasEnrolledTemplates(userId)
+                    && isWeakOrConvenienceSensor(mFaceManager.getSensorProperties().get(0))) {
+                Slog.i(TAG, "User is unlockable by non-strong face auth");
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Check whether it's possible for the device to be actively unlocked by a trust agent.
+        if (getUserTrustStateInner(userId) == TrustState.TRUSTABLE
+                || (isAutomotive() && isTrustUsuallyManagedInternal(userId))) {
+            Slog.i(TAG, "User is unlockable by trust agent");
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isWeakOrConvenienceSensor(SensorProperties sensor) {
+        return sensor.getSensorStrength() == SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK
+                || sensor.getSensorStrength() == SensorProperties.STRENGTH_CONVENIENCE;
+    }
+
     // User lifecycle
 
     @Override
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
index 9213d96..ed04e5f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
     @NonNull private final Looper mLooper;
     @NonNull private final VcnNetworkProvider mVcnNetworkProvider;
     @NonNull private final FeatureFlags mFeatureFlags;
+    @NonNull private final com.android.net.flags.FeatureFlags mCoreNetFeatureFlags;
     private final boolean mIsInTestMode;
 
     public VcnContext(
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 
         // Auto-generated class
         mFeatureFlags = new FeatureFlagsImpl();
+        mCoreNetFeatureFlags = new com.android.net.flags.FeatureFlagsImpl();
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -69,11 +71,23 @@
         return mIsInTestMode;
     }
 
+    public boolean isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled() {
+        return mFeatureFlags.networkMetricMonitor();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled() {
+        return mCoreNetFeatureFlags.ipsecTransformState();
+    }
+
     @NonNull
     public FeatureFlags getFeatureFlags() {
         return mFeatureFlags;
     }
 
+    public boolean isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled() {
+        return mFeatureFlags.safeModeTimeoutConfig();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Verifies that the caller is running on the VcnContext Thread.
      *
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java
index 54c97dd..3094b18 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java
@@ -915,9 +915,11 @@
             // TODO(b/180132994): explore safely removing this Thread check
             mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
 
-            logInfo(
-                    "Selected underlying network changed: "
-                            + (underlying == null ? null : underlying.network));
+            if (!UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isSameNetwork(mUnderlying, underlying)) {
+                logInfo(
+                        "Selected underlying network changed: "
+                                + (underlying == null ? null : underlying.network));
+            }
 
             // TODO(b/179091925): Move the delayed-message handling to BaseState
 
@@ -1242,9 +1244,28 @@
                 createScheduledAlarm(
                         SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_ALARM,
                         delayedMessage,
-                        mVcnContext.isInTestMode()
-                                ? TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_TEST_MODE)
-                                : TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS));
+                        getSafeModeTimeoutMs(mVcnContext, mLastSnapshot, mSubscriptionGroup));
+    }
+
+    /** Gets the safe mode timeout */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static long getSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+            VcnContext vcnContext, TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot, ParcelUuid subGrp) {
+        final int defaultSeconds =
+                vcnContext.isInTestMode()
+                        ? SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_TEST_MODE
+                        : SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS;
+
+        final PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig = snapshot.getCarrierConfigForSubGrp(subGrp);
+        int resultSeconds = defaultSeconds;
+
+        if (vcnContext.isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled() && carrierConfig != null) {
+            resultSeconds =
+                    carrierConfig.getInt(
+                            VcnManager.VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY, defaultSeconds);
+        }
+
+        return TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(resultSeconds);
     }
 
     private void cancelSafeModeAlarm() {
@@ -1889,6 +1910,12 @@
                 // Transforms do not need to be persisted; the IkeSession will keep them alive
                 mIpSecManager.applyTunnelModeTransform(tunnelIface, direction, transform);
 
+                if (direction == IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN
+                        && mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                        && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                    mUnderlyingNetworkController.updateInboundTransform(mUnderlying, transform);
+                }
+
                 // For inbound transforms, additionally allow forwarded traffic to bridge to DUN (as
                 // needed)
                 final Set<Integer> exposedCaps = mConnectionConfig.getAllExposedCapabilities();
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetector.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetector.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f4852f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetector.java
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformState;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerExecutor;
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+
+import java.util.BitSet;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * IpSecPacketLossDetector is responsible for continuously monitoring IPsec packet loss
+ *
+ * <p>When the packet loss rate surpass the threshold, IpSecPacketLossDetector will report it to the
+ * caller
+ *
+ * <p>IpSecPacketLossDetector will start monitoring when the network being monitored is selected AND
+ * an inbound IpSecTransform has been applied to this network.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is flag gated by "network_metric_monitor" and "ipsec_tramsform_state"
+ */
+public class IpSecPacketLossDetector extends NetworkMetricMonitor {
+    private static final String TAG = IpSecPacketLossDetector.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    static final int PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE = -1;
+
+    // For VoIP, losses between 5% and 10% of the total packet stream will affect the quality
+    // significantly (as per "Computer Networking for LANS to WANS: Hardware, Software and
+    // Security"). For audio and video streaming, above 10-12% packet loss is unacceptable (as per
+    // "ICTP-SDU: About PingER"). Thus choose 12% as a conservative default threshold to declare a
+    // validation failure.
+    private static final int IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT = 12;
+
+    private static final int POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_DEFAULT = 20;
+
+    private long mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs;
+    private final int mPacketLossRatePercentThreshold;
+
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final PowerManager mPowerManager;
+    @NonNull private final Object mCancellationToken = new Object();
+    @NonNull private final PacketLossCalculator mPacketLossCalculator;
+
+    @Nullable private IpSecTransformWrapper mInboundTransform;
+    @Nullable private IpSecTransformState mLastIpSecTransformState;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public IpSecPacketLossDetector(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback,
+            @NonNull Dependencies deps)
+            throws IllegalAccessException {
+        super(vcnContext, network, carrierConfig, callback);
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(deps, "Missing deps");
+
+        if (!vcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+            // Caller error
+            logWtf("ipsecTransformState flag disabled");
+            throw new IllegalAccessException("ipsecTransformState flag disabled");
+        }
+
+        mHandler = new Handler(getVcnContext().getLooper());
+
+        mPowerManager = getVcnContext().getContext().getSystemService(PowerManager.class);
+
+        mPacketLossCalculator = deps.getPacketLossCalculator();
+
+        mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs = getPollIpSecStateIntervalMs(carrierConfig);
+        mPacketLossRatePercentThreshold = getPacketLossRatePercentThreshold(carrierConfig);
+
+        // Register for system broadcasts to monitor idle mode change
+        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        intentFilter.addAction(PowerManager.ACTION_DEVICE_IDLE_MODE_CHANGED);
+        getVcnContext()
+                .getContext()
+                .registerReceiver(
+                        new BroadcastReceiver() {
+                            @Override
+                            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+                                if (PowerManager.ACTION_DEVICE_IDLE_MODE_CHANGED.equals(
+                                                intent.getAction())
+                                        && mPowerManager.isDeviceIdleMode()) {
+                                    mLastIpSecTransformState = null;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                        intentFilter,
+                        null /* broadcastPermission not required */,
+                        mHandler);
+    }
+
+    public IpSecPacketLossDetector(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback)
+            throws IllegalAccessException {
+        this(vcnContext, network, carrierConfig, callback, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        public PacketLossCalculator getPacketLossCalculator() {
+            return new PacketLossCalculator();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static long getPollIpSecStateIntervalMs(
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        final int seconds;
+
+        if (carrierConfig != null) {
+            seconds =
+                    carrierConfig.getInt(
+                            VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY,
+                            POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_DEFAULT);
+        } else {
+            seconds = POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_DEFAULT;
+        }
+
+        return TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(seconds);
+    }
+
+    private static int getPacketLossRatePercentThreshold(
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        if (carrierConfig != null) {
+            return carrierConfig.getInt(
+                    VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY,
+                    IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT);
+        }
+        return IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged() {
+        if (!isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork()) {
+            mInboundTransform = null;
+            stop();
+        }
+
+        // No action when the underlying network got selected. Wait for the inbound transform to
+        // start the monitor
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setInboundTransformInternal(@NonNull IpSecTransformWrapper inboundTransform) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(inboundTransform, "inboundTransform is null");
+
+        if (Objects.equals(inboundTransform, mInboundTransform)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork()) {
+            logWtf("setInboundTransform called but network not selected");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // When multiple parallel inbound transforms are created, NetworkMetricMonitor will be
+        // enabled on the last one as a sample
+        mInboundTransform = inboundTransform;
+        start();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setCarrierConfig(@Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        // The already scheduled event will not be affected. The followup events will be scheduled
+        // with the new interval
+        mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs = getPollIpSecStateIntervalMs(carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void start() {
+        super.start();
+        clearTransformStateAndPollingEvents();
+        mHandler.postDelayed(new PollIpSecStateRunnable(), mCancellationToken, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+        super.stop();
+        clearTransformStateAndPollingEvents();
+    }
+
+    private void clearTransformStateAndPollingEvents() {
+        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(mCancellationToken);
+        mLastIpSecTransformState = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        super.close();
+
+        if (mInboundTransform != null) {
+            mInboundTransform.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    @Nullable
+    public IpSecTransformState getLastTransformState() {
+        return mLastIpSecTransformState;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PROTECTED)
+    @Nullable
+    public IpSecTransformWrapper getInboundTransformInternal() {
+        return mInboundTransform;
+    }
+
+    private class PollIpSecStateRunnable implements Runnable {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (!isStarted()) {
+                logWtf("Monitor stopped but PollIpSecStateRunnable not removed from Handler");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            getInboundTransformInternal()
+                    .getIpSecTransformState(
+                            new HandlerExecutor(mHandler), new IpSecTransformStateReceiver());
+
+            // Schedule for next poll
+            mHandler.postDelayed(
+                    new PollIpSecStateRunnable(), mCancellationToken, mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class IpSecTransformStateReceiver
+            implements OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> {
+        @Override
+        public void onResult(@NonNull IpSecTransformState state) {
+            getVcnContext().ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+            if (!isStarted()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            onIpSecTransformStateReceived(state);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(@NonNull RuntimeException error) {
+            getVcnContext().ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+            // Nothing we can do here
+            logW("TransformStateReceiver#onError " + error.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onIpSecTransformStateReceived(@NonNull IpSecTransformState state) {
+        if (mLastIpSecTransformState == null) {
+            // This is first time to poll the state
+            mLastIpSecTransformState = state;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final int packetLossRate =
+                mPacketLossCalculator.getPacketLossRatePercentage(
+                        mLastIpSecTransformState, state, getLogPrefix());
+
+        if (packetLossRate == PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final String logMsg =
+                "packetLossRate: "
+                        + packetLossRate
+                        + "% in the past "
+                        + (state.getTimestamp() - mLastIpSecTransformState.getTimestamp())
+                        + "ms";
+
+        mLastIpSecTransformState = state;
+        if (packetLossRate < mPacketLossRatePercentThreshold) {
+            logV(logMsg);
+            onValidationResultReceivedInternal(false /* isFailed */);
+        } else {
+            logInfo(logMsg);
+            onValidationResultReceivedInternal(true /* isFailed */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class PacketLossCalculator {
+        /** Calculate the packet loss rate between two timestamps */
+        public int getPacketLossRatePercentage(
+                @NonNull IpSecTransformState oldState,
+                @NonNull IpSecTransformState newState,
+                String logPrefix) {
+            logVIpSecTransform("oldState", oldState, logPrefix);
+            logVIpSecTransform("newState", newState, logPrefix);
+
+            final int replayWindowSize = oldState.getReplayBitmap().length * 8;
+            final long oldSeqHi = oldState.getRxHighestSequenceNumber();
+            final long oldSeqLow = Math.max(0L, oldSeqHi - replayWindowSize + 1);
+            final long newSeqHi = newState.getRxHighestSequenceNumber();
+            final long newSeqLow = Math.max(0L, newSeqHi - replayWindowSize + 1);
+
+            if (oldSeqHi == newSeqHi || newSeqHi < replayWindowSize) {
+                // The replay window did not proceed and all packets might have been delivered out
+                // of order
+                return PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE;
+            }
+
+            // Get the expected packet count by assuming there is no packet loss. In this case, SA
+            // should receive all packets whose sequence numbers are smaller than the lower bound of
+            // the replay window AND the packets received within the window.
+            // When the lower bound is 0, it's not possible to tell whether packet with seqNo 0 is
+            // received or not. For simplicity just assume that packet is received.
+            final long newExpectedPktCnt = newSeqLow + getPacketCntInReplayWindow(newState);
+            final long oldExpectedPktCnt = oldSeqLow + getPacketCntInReplayWindow(oldState);
+
+            final long expectedPktCntDiff = newExpectedPktCnt - oldExpectedPktCnt;
+            final long actualPktCntDiff = newState.getPacketCount() - oldState.getPacketCount();
+
+            logV(
+                    TAG,
+                    logPrefix
+                            + " expectedPktCntDiff: "
+                            + expectedPktCntDiff
+                            + " actualPktCntDiff: "
+                            + actualPktCntDiff);
+
+            if (expectedPktCntDiff < 0
+                    || expectedPktCntDiff == 0
+                    || actualPktCntDiff < 0
+                    || actualPktCntDiff > expectedPktCntDiff) {
+                logWtf(TAG, "Impossible values for expectedPktCntDiff or" + " actualPktCntDiff");
+                return PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE;
+            }
+
+            return 100 - (int) (actualPktCntDiff * 100 / expectedPktCntDiff);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void logVIpSecTransform(
+            String transformTag, IpSecTransformState state, String logPrefix) {
+        final String stateString =
+                " seqNo: "
+                        + state.getRxHighestSequenceNumber()
+                        + " | pktCnt: "
+                        + state.getPacketCount()
+                        + " | pktCntInWindow: "
+                        + getPacketCntInReplayWindow(state);
+        logV(TAG, logPrefix + " " + transformTag + stateString);
+    }
+
+    /** Get the number of received packets within the replay window */
+    private static long getPacketCntInReplayWindow(@NonNull IpSecTransformState state) {
+        return BitSet.valueOf(state.getReplayBitmap()).cardinality();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkMetricMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkMetricMonitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a79f188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkMetricMonitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.VcnManagementService.LOCAL_LOG;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformState;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
+import android.util.CloseGuard;
+import android.util.Slog;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+
+/**
+ * NetworkMetricMonitor is responsible for managing metric monitoring and tracking validation
+ * results.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is flag gated by "network_metric_monitor"
+ */
+public abstract class NetworkMetricMonitor implements AutoCloseable {
+    private static final String TAG = NetworkMetricMonitor.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final boolean VDBG = false; // STOPSHIP: if true
+
+    @NonNull private final CloseGuard mCloseGuard = new CloseGuard();
+
+    @NonNull private final VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    @NonNull private final Network mNetwork;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkMetricMonitorCallback mCallback;
+
+    private boolean mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork;
+    private boolean mIsStarted;
+    private boolean mIsValidationFailed;
+
+    protected NetworkMetricMonitor(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback)
+            throws IllegalAccessException {
+        if (!vcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()) {
+            // Caller error
+            logWtf("networkMetricMonitor flag disabled");
+            throw new IllegalAccessException("networkMetricMonitor flag disabled");
+        }
+
+        mVcnContext = Objects.requireNonNull(vcnContext, "Missing vcnContext");
+        mNetwork = Objects.requireNonNull(network, "Missing network");
+        mCallback = Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "Missing callback");
+
+        mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork = false;
+        mIsStarted = false;
+        mIsValidationFailed = false;
+    }
+
+    /** Callback to notify caller of the validation result */
+    public interface NetworkMetricMonitorCallback {
+        /** Called when there is a validation result is ready */
+        void onValidationResultReceived();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start monitoring
+     *
+     * <p>This method might be called on a an already started monitor for updating monitor
+     * properties (e.g. IpSecTransform, carrier config)
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super.start() when overriding this method
+     */
+    protected void start() {
+        mIsStarted = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop monitoring
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super.stop() when overriding this method
+     */
+    public void stop() {
+        mIsValidationFailed = false;
+        mIsStarted = false;
+    }
+
+    /** Called by the subclasses when the validation result is ready */
+    protected void onValidationResultReceivedInternal(boolean isFailed) {
+        mIsValidationFailed = isFailed;
+        mCallback.onValidationResultReceived();
+    }
+
+    /** Called when the underlying network changes to selected or unselected */
+    protected abstract void onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged();
+
+    /**
+     * Mark the network being monitored selected or unselected
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super when overriding this method
+     */
+    public void setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(boolean isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork) {
+        if (mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork == isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork = isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork;
+        onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged();
+    }
+
+    /** Wrapper that allows injection for testing purposes */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PROTECTED)
+    public static class IpSecTransformWrapper {
+        @NonNull public final IpSecTransform ipSecTransform;
+
+        public IpSecTransformWrapper(@NonNull IpSecTransform ipSecTransform) {
+            this.ipSecTransform = ipSecTransform;
+        }
+
+        /** Poll an IpSecTransformState */
+        public void getIpSecTransformState(
+                @NonNull Executor executor,
+                @NonNull OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> callback) {
+            ipSecTransform.getIpSecTransformState(executor, callback);
+        }
+
+        /** Close this instance and release the underlying resources */
+        public void close() {
+            ipSecTransform.close();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(ipSecTransform);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof IpSecTransformWrapper)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            final IpSecTransformWrapper other = (IpSecTransformWrapper) o;
+
+            return Objects.equals(ipSecTransform, other.ipSecTransform);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Set the IpSecTransform that applied to the Network being monitored */
+    public void setInboundTransform(@NonNull IpSecTransform inTransform) {
+        setInboundTransformInternal(new IpSecTransformWrapper(inTransform));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the IpSecTransform that applied to the Network being monitored *
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super when overriding this method
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public void setInboundTransformInternal(@NonNull IpSecTransformWrapper inTransform) {
+        // Subclasses MUST override it if they care
+    }
+
+    /** Update the carrierconfig */
+    public void setCarrierConfig(@Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        // Subclasses MUST override it if they care
+    }
+
+    public boolean isValidationFailed() {
+        return mIsValidationFailed;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork() {
+        return mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isStarted() {
+        return mIsStarted;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public VcnContext getVcnContext() {
+        return mVcnContext;
+    }
+
+    // Override methods for AutoCloseable. Subclasses MUST call super when overriding this method
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        mCloseGuard.close();
+
+        stop();
+    }
+
+    // Override #finalize() to use closeGuard for flagging that #close() was not called
+    @SuppressWarnings("Finalize")
+    @Override
+    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            if (mCloseGuard != null) {
+                mCloseGuard.warnIfOpen();
+            }
+            close();
+        } finally {
+            super.finalize();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getClassName() {
+        return this.getClass().getSimpleName();
+    }
+
+    protected String getLogPrefix() {
+        return " [Network " + mNetwork + "] ";
+    }
+
+    protected void logV(String msg) {
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Slog.v(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+            LOCAL_LOG.log("[VERBOSE ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void logInfo(String msg) {
+        Slog.i(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[INFO ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    protected void logW(String msg) {
+        Slog.w(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WARN ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    protected void logWtf(String msg) {
+        Slog.wtf(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WTF ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    protected static void logV(String className, String msgWithPrefix) {
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Slog.wtf(className, msgWithPrefix);
+            LOCAL_LOG.log("[VERBOSE ] " + className + msgWithPrefix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void logWtf(String className, String msgWithPrefix) {
+        Slog.wtf(className, msgWithPrefix);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WTF ] " + className + msgWithPrefix);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java
index 7f129ea..d32e5cc 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 /** @hide */
@@ -86,7 +85,6 @@
      * <p>VCN MUST never select a non-INTERNET network that are unvalidated or fail to match any
      * template as the underlying network.
      */
-    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
     static final int PRIORITY_INVALID = -1;
 
     /** Gives networks a priority class, based on configured VcnGatewayConnectionConfig */
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@
             List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
             ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
             TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         // mRouteSelectionNetworkRequest requires a network be both VALIDATED and NOT_SUSPENDED
 
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@
                     networkRecord,
                     subscriptionGroup,
                     snapshot,
-                    currentlySelected,
+                    isSelected,
                     carrierConfig)) {
                 return priorityIndex;
             }
@@ -140,12 +138,9 @@
             UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord,
             ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
             TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkRecord.networkCapabilities;
-        final boolean isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork =
-                currentlySelected != null
-                        && Objects.equals(currentlySelected.network, networkRecord.network);
 
         final int meteredMatch = networkPriority.getMetered();
         final boolean isMetered = !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
@@ -159,7 +154,7 @@
         if (caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps() < networkPriority.getMinExitUpstreamBandwidthKbps()
                 || (caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps()
                                 < networkPriority.getMinEntryUpstreamBandwidthKbps()
-                        && !isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork)) {
+                        && !isSelected)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -167,7 +162,7 @@
                         < networkPriority.getMinExitDownstreamBandwidthKbps()
                 || (caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps()
                                 < networkPriority.getMinEntryDownstreamBandwidthKbps()
-                        && !isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork)) {
+                        && !isSelected)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -191,7 +186,7 @@
             return checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
                     (VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate) networkPriority,
                     networkRecord,
-                    currentlySelected,
+                    isSelected,
                     carrierConfig);
         }
 
@@ -214,7 +209,7 @@
     public static boolean checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
             VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate networkPriority,
             UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkRecord.networkCapabilities;
 
@@ -223,7 +218,7 @@
         }
 
         // TODO: Move the Network Quality check to the network metric monitor framework.
-        if (!isWifiRssiAcceptable(networkRecord, currentlySelected, carrierConfig)) {
+        if (!isWifiRssiAcceptable(networkRecord, isSelected, carrierConfig)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -237,15 +232,11 @@
 
     private static boolean isWifiRssiAcceptable(
             UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkRecord.networkCapabilities;
-        final boolean isSelectedNetwork =
-                currentlySelected != null
-                        && networkRecord.network.equals(currentlySelected.network);
 
-        if (isSelectedNetwork
-                && caps.getSignalStrength() >= getWifiExitRssiThreshold(carrierConfig)) {
+        if (isSelected && caps.getSignalStrength() >= getWifiExitRssiThreshold(carrierConfig)) {
             return true;
         }
 
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java
index 6afa795..3f8d39e 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
@@ -48,9 +49,11 @@
 import android.util.Slog;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.NetworkEvaluatorCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.util.LogUtils;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -83,6 +86,9 @@
     @NonNull private final TelephonyCallback mActiveDataSubIdListener =
             new VcnActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener();
 
+    private final Map<Network, UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> mUnderlyingNetworkRecords =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+
     @NonNull private final List<NetworkCallback> mCellBringupCallbacks = new ArrayList<>();
     @Nullable private NetworkCallback mWifiBringupCallback;
     @Nullable private NetworkCallback mWifiEntryRssiThresholdCallback;
@@ -105,7 +111,8 @@
         this(vcnContext, connectionConfig, subscriptionGroup, snapshot, cb, new Dependencies());
     }
 
-    private UnderlyingNetworkController(
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    UnderlyingNetworkController(
             @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
             @NonNull VcnGatewayConnectionConfig connectionConfig,
             @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
@@ -197,6 +204,15 @@
         List<NetworkCallback> oldCellCallbacks = new ArrayList<>(mCellBringupCallbacks);
         mCellBringupCallbacks.clear();
 
+        if (mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+            for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+                evaluator.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.clear();
+
         // Register new callbacks. Make-before-break; always register new callbacks before removal
         // of old callbacks
         if (!mIsQuitting) {
@@ -395,15 +411,58 @@
         // Update carrier config
         mCarrierConfig = mLastSnapshot.getCarrierConfigForSubGrp(mSubscriptionGroup);
 
+        // Make sure all evaluators use the same updated TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot and carrier
+        // config to calculate their cached priority classes. For simplicity, the
+        // UnderlyingNetworkController does not listen for changes in VCN-related carrier config
+        // keys, and changes are applied at restart of the VcnGatewayConnection
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+            evaluator.reevaluate(
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+        }
+
         // Only trigger re-registration if subIds in this group have changed
         if (oldSnapshot
                 .getAllSubIdsInGroup(mSubscriptionGroup)
                 .equals(newSnapshot.getAllSubIdsInGroup(mSubscriptionGroup))) {
+
+            if (mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                    && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                reevaluateNetworks();
+            }
             return;
         }
         registerOrUpdateNetworkRequests();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Pass the IpSecTransform of the VCN to UnderlyingNetworkController for metric monitoring
+     *
+     * <p>Caller MUST call it when IpSecTransforms have been created for VCN creation or migration
+     */
+    public void updateInboundTransform(
+            @NonNull UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentNetwork, @NonNull IpSecTransform transform) {
+        if (!mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                || !mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+            logWtf("#updateInboundTransform: unexpected call; flags missing");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(currentNetwork, "currentNetwork is null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(transform, "transform is null");
+
+        if (mCurrentRecord == null
+                || mRouteSelectionCallback == null
+                || !Objects.equals(currentNetwork.network, mCurrentRecord.network)) {
+            // The caller (VcnGatewayConnection) is out-of-dated. Ignore this call.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(mCurrentRecord.network).setInboundTransform(transform);
+    }
+
     /** Tears down this Tracker, and releases all underlying network requests. */
     public void teardown() {
         mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
@@ -418,32 +477,62 @@
                 .unregisterTelephonyCallback(mActiveDataSubIdListener);
     }
 
+    private TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> getSortedUnderlyingNetworks() {
+        TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> sorted =
+                new TreeSet<>(UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.getComparator(mVcnContext));
+
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+            if (evaluator.getPriorityClass() != NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID) {
+                sorted.add(evaluator);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return sorted;
+    }
+
     private void reevaluateNetworks() {
         if (mIsQuitting || mRouteSelectionCallback == null) {
             return; // UnderlyingNetworkController has quit.
         }
 
-        TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> sorted =
-                mRouteSelectionCallback.getSortedUnderlyingNetworks();
-        UnderlyingNetworkRecord candidate = sorted.isEmpty() ? null : sorted.first();
+        TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> sorted = getSortedUnderlyingNetworks();
+
+        UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator candidateEvaluator = sorted.isEmpty() ? null : sorted.first();
+        UnderlyingNetworkRecord candidate =
+                candidateEvaluator == null ? null : candidateEvaluator.getNetworkRecord();
         if (Objects.equals(mCurrentRecord, candidate)) {
             return;
         }
 
         String allNetworkPriorities = "";
-        for (UnderlyingNetworkRecord record : sorted) {
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator recordEvaluator : sorted) {
             if (!allNetworkPriorities.isEmpty()) {
                 allNetworkPriorities += ", ";
             }
-            allNetworkPriorities += record.network + ": " + record.priorityClass;
+            allNetworkPriorities +=
+                    recordEvaluator.getNetwork() + ": " + recordEvaluator.getPriorityClass();
         }
-        logInfo(
-                "Selected network changed to "
-                        + (candidate == null ? null : candidate.network)
-                        + ", selected from list: "
-                        + allNetworkPriorities);
+
+        if (!UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isSameNetwork(mCurrentRecord, candidate)) {
+            logInfo(
+                    "Selected network changed to "
+                            + (candidate == null ? null : candidate.network)
+                            + ", selected from list: "
+                            + allNetworkPriorities);
+        }
+
         mCurrentRecord = candidate;
         mCb.onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(mCurrentRecord);
+
+        // Need to update all evaluators to ensure the previously selected one is unselected
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+            evaluator.setIsSelected(
+                    candidateEvaluator == evaluator,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -463,46 +552,32 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     class UnderlyingNetworkListener extends NetworkCallback {
-        private final Map<Network, UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder>
-                mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders = new ArrayMap<>();
-
         UnderlyingNetworkListener() {
             super(NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO);
         }
 
-        private TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> getSortedUnderlyingNetworks() {
-            TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> sorted =
-                    new TreeSet<>(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.getComparator());
-
-            for (UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder :
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.values()) {
-                if (builder.isValid()) {
-                    final UnderlyingNetworkRecord record =
-                            builder.build(
-                                    mVcnContext,
-                                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
-                                    mSubscriptionGroup,
-                                    mLastSnapshot,
-                                    mCurrentRecord,
-                                    mCarrierConfig);
-                    if (record.priorityClass != NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID) {
-                        sorted.add(record);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            return sorted;
-        }
-
         @Override
         public void onAvailable(@NonNull Network network) {
-            mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.put(
-                    network, new UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder(network));
+            mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.put(
+                    network,
+                    mDeps.newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                            mVcnContext,
+                            network,
+                            mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                            mSubscriptionGroup,
+                            mLastSnapshot,
+                            mCarrierConfig,
+                            new NetworkEvaluatorCallbackImpl()));
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onLost(@NonNull Network network) {
-            mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.remove(network);
+            if (mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                    && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network).close();
+            }
+
+            mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.remove(network);
 
             reevaluateNetworks();
         }
@@ -510,15 +585,20 @@
         @Override
         public void onCapabilitiesChanged(
                 @NonNull Network network, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
-            final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder =
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.get(network);
-            if (builder == null) {
+            final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network);
+            if (evaluator == null) {
                 logWtf("Got capabilities change for unknown key: " + network);
                 return;
             }
 
-            builder.setNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
-            if (builder.isValid()) {
+            evaluator.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                    networkCapabilities,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+
+            if (evaluator.isValid()) {
                 reevaluateNetworks();
             }
         }
@@ -526,35 +606,60 @@
         @Override
         public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(
                 @NonNull Network network, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties) {
-            final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder =
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.get(network);
-            if (builder == null) {
+            final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network);
+            if (evaluator == null) {
                 logWtf("Got link properties change for unknown key: " + network);
                 return;
             }
 
-            builder.setLinkProperties(linkProperties);
-            if (builder.isValid()) {
+            evaluator.setLinkProperties(
+                    linkProperties,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+
+            if (evaluator.isValid()) {
                 reevaluateNetworks();
             }
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onBlockedStatusChanged(@NonNull Network network, boolean isBlocked) {
-            final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder =
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.get(network);
-            if (builder == null) {
+            final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network);
+            if (evaluator == null) {
                 logWtf("Got blocked status change for unknown key: " + network);
                 return;
             }
 
-            builder.setIsBlocked(isBlocked);
-            if (builder.isValid()) {
+            evaluator.setIsBlocked(
+                    isBlocked,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+
+            if (evaluator.isValid()) {
                 reevaluateNetworks();
             }
         }
     }
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    class NetworkEvaluatorCallbackImpl implements NetworkEvaluatorCallback {
+        @Override
+        public void onEvaluationResultChanged() {
+            if (!mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                    || !mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                logWtf("#onEvaluationResultChanged: unexpected call; flags missing");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+            reevaluateNetworks();
+        }
+    }
+
     private String getLogPrefix() {
         return "("
                 + LogUtils.getHashedSubscriptionGroup(mSubscriptionGroup)
@@ -614,16 +719,8 @@
         pw.println("Underlying networks:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         if (mRouteSelectionCallback != null) {
-            for (UnderlyingNetworkRecord record :
-                    mRouteSelectionCallback.getSortedUnderlyingNetworks()) {
-                record.dump(
-                        mVcnContext,
-                        pw,
-                        mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
-                        mSubscriptionGroup,
-                        mLastSnapshot,
-                        mCurrentRecord,
-                        mCarrierConfig);
+            for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator recordEvaluator : getSortedUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                recordEvaluator.dump(pw);
             }
         }
         pw.decreaseIndent();
@@ -653,5 +750,24 @@
                 @Nullable UnderlyingNetworkRecord underlyingNetworkRecord);
     }
 
-    private static class Dependencies {}
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        public UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+                @NonNull Network network,
+                @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+                @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+                @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+                @NonNull NetworkEvaluatorCallback evaluatorCallback) {
+            return new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                    vcnContext,
+                    network,
+                    underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                    subscriptionGroup,
+                    lastSnapshot,
+                    carrierConfig,
+                    evaluatorCallback);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f4cf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.VcnManagementService.LOCAL_LOG;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.ParcelUuid;
+import android.util.Slog;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluates the quality and priority class of a network candidate for
+ * route selection.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator {
+    private static final String TAG = UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final int[] PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_DEFAULT = new int[] {5};
+
+    @NonNull private final VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final Object mCancellationToken = new Object();
+
+    @NonNull private final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder mNetworkRecordBuilder;
+
+    @NonNull private final NetworkEvaluatorCallback mEvaluatorCallback;
+    @NonNull private final List<NetworkMetricMonitor> mMetricMonitors = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @NonNull private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+
+    // TODO: Support back-off timeouts
+    private long mPenalizedTimeoutMs;
+
+    private boolean mIsSelected;
+    private boolean mIsPenalized;
+    private int mPriorityClass = NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkEvaluatorCallback evaluatorCallback,
+            @NonNull Dependencies dependencies) {
+        mVcnContext = Objects.requireNonNull(vcnContext, "Missing vcnContext");
+        mHandler = new Handler(mVcnContext.getLooper());
+
+        mDependencies = Objects.requireNonNull(dependencies, "Missing dependencies");
+        mEvaluatorCallback = Objects.requireNonNull(evaluatorCallback, "Missing deps");
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(underlyingNetworkTemplates, "Missing underlyingNetworkTemplates");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(subscriptionGroup, "Missing subscriptionGroup");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(lastSnapshot, "Missing lastSnapshot");
+
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder(
+                        Objects.requireNonNull(network, "Missing network"));
+        mIsSelected = false;
+        mIsPenalized = false;
+        mPenalizedTimeoutMs = getPenaltyTimeoutMs(carrierConfig);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+
+        if (isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled()) {
+            try {
+                mMetricMonitors.add(
+                        mDependencies.newIpSecPacketLossDetector(
+                                mVcnContext,
+                                mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork(),
+                                carrierConfig,
+                                new MetricMonitorCallbackImpl()));
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                // No action. Do not add anything to mMetricMonitors
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkEvaluatorCallback evaluatorCallback) {
+        this(
+                vcnContext,
+                network,
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                subscriptionGroup,
+                lastSnapshot,
+                carrierConfig,
+                evaluatorCallback,
+                new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /** Get an IpSecPacketLossDetector instance */
+        public IpSecPacketLossDetector newIpSecPacketLossDetector(
+                @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+                @NonNull Network network,
+                @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+                @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback)
+                throws IllegalAccessException {
+            return new IpSecPacketLossDetector(vcnContext, network, carrierConfig, callback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Callback to notify caller to reevaluate network selection */
+    public interface NetworkEvaluatorCallback {
+        /**
+         * Called when mIsPenalized changed
+         *
+         * <p>When receiving this call, UnderlyingNetworkController should reevaluate all network
+         * candidates for VCN underlying network selection
+         */
+        void onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    private class MetricMonitorCallbackImpl
+            implements NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback {
+        public void onValidationResultReceived() {
+            mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+            handleValidationResult();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updatePriorityClass(
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        if (mNetworkRecordBuilder.isValid()) {
+            mPriorityClass =
+                    NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
+                            mVcnContext,
+                            mNetworkRecordBuilder.build(),
+                            underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                            subscriptionGroup,
+                            lastSnapshot,
+                            mIsSelected,
+                            carrierConfig);
+        } else {
+            mPriorityClass = NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled() {
+        return isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled(mVcnContext);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled(VcnContext vcnContext) {
+        return vcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()
+                && vcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
+    }
+
+    /** Get the comparator for UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator */
+    public static Comparator<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> getComparator(VcnContext vcnContext) {
+        return (left, right) -> {
+            if (isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled(vcnContext)) {
+                if (left.mIsPenalized != right.mIsPenalized) {
+                    // A penalized network should have lower priority which means a larger index
+                    return left.mIsPenalized ? 1 : -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            final int leftIndex = left.mPriorityClass;
+            final int rightIndex = right.mPriorityClass;
+
+            // In the case of networks in the same priority class, prioritize based on other
+            // criteria (eg. actively selected network, link metrics, etc)
+            if (leftIndex == rightIndex) {
+                // TODO: Improve the strategy of network selection when both UnderlyingNetworkRecord
+                // fall into the same priority class.
+                if (left.mIsSelected) {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (right.mIsSelected) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+            }
+            return Integer.compare(leftIndex, rightIndex);
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static long getPenaltyTimeoutMs(@Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        final int[] timeoutMinuteList;
+
+        if (carrierConfig != null) {
+            timeoutMinuteList =
+                    carrierConfig.getIntArray(
+                            VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY,
+                            PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_DEFAULT);
+        } else {
+            timeoutMinuteList = PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_DEFAULT;
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Add the support of back-off timeouts and return the full list
+        return TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(timeoutMinuteList[0]);
+    }
+
+    private void handleValidationResult() {
+        final boolean wasPenalized = mIsPenalized;
+        mIsPenalized = false;
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            mIsPenalized |= monitor.isValidationFailed();
+        }
+
+        if (wasPenalized == mIsPenalized) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logInfo(
+                "#handleValidationResult: wasPenalized "
+                        + wasPenalized
+                        + " mIsPenalized "
+                        + mIsPenalized);
+
+        if (mIsPenalized) {
+            mHandler.postDelayed(
+                    new ExitPenaltyBoxRunnable(), mCancellationToken, mPenalizedTimeoutMs);
+        } else {
+            // Exit the penalty box
+            mHandler.removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(mCancellationToken);
+        }
+        mEvaluatorCallback.onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    public class ExitPenaltyBoxRunnable implements Runnable {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (!mIsPenalized) {
+                logWtf("Evaluator not being penalized but ExitPenaltyBoxRunnable was scheduled");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: There might be a future metric monitor (e.g. ping) that will require the
+            // validation to pass before exiting the penalty box.
+            mIsPenalized = false;
+            mEvaluatorCallback.onEvaluationResultChanged();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Set the NetworkCapabilities */
+    public void setNetworkCapabilities(
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder.setNetworkCapabilities(nc);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** Set the LinkProperties */
+    public void setLinkProperties(
+            @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder.setLinkProperties(lp);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** Set whether the network is blocked */
+    public void setIsBlocked(
+            boolean isBlocked,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder.setIsBlocked(isBlocked);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** Set whether the network is selected as VCN's underlying network */
+    public void setIsSelected(
+            boolean isSelected,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mIsSelected = isSelected;
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(isSelected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the last TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot and carrier config to reevaluate the network
+     */
+    public void reevaluate(
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+
+        // The already scheduled event will not be affected. The followup events will be scheduled
+        // with the new timeout
+        mPenalizedTimeoutMs = getPenaltyTimeoutMs(carrierConfig);
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.setCarrierConfig(carrierConfig);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Update the inbound IpSecTransform applied to the network */
+    public void setInboundTransform(@NonNull IpSecTransform transform) {
+        if (!mIsSelected) {
+            logWtf("setInboundTransform on an unselected evaluator");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.setInboundTransform(transform);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Close the evaluator and stop all the underlying network metric monitors */
+    public void close() {
+        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(mCancellationToken);
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this network evaluator is valid */
+    public boolean isValid() {
+        return mNetworkRecordBuilder.isValid();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the network */
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the network record */
+    public UnderlyingNetworkRecord getNetworkRecord() {
+        return mNetworkRecordBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the priority class for network selection */
+    public int getPriorityClass() {
+        return mPriorityClass;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether the network is being penalized */
+    public boolean isPenalized() {
+        return mIsPenalized;
+    }
+
+    /** Dump the information of this instance */
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+
+        if (mNetworkRecordBuilder.isValid()) {
+            getNetworkRecord().dump(pw);
+        } else {
+            pw.println(
+                    "UnderlyingNetworkRecord incomplete: mNetwork: "
+                            + mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork());
+        }
+
+        pw.println("mIsSelected: " + mIsSelected);
+        pw.println("mPriorityClass: " + mPriorityClass);
+        pw.println("mIsPenalized: " + mIsPenalized);
+
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    private String getLogPrefix() {
+        return "[Network " + mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork() + "] ";
+    }
+
+    private void logInfo(String msg) {
+        Slog.i(TAG, getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[INFO ] " + TAG + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    private void logWtf(String msg) {
+        Slog.wtf(TAG, getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WTF ] " + TAG + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java
index aea9f4d..7ab8e55 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java
@@ -16,24 +16,17 @@
 
 package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
 
-import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
-import android.os.ParcelUuid;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
-import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
-import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
 
-import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -46,54 +39,17 @@
     @NonNull public final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities;
     @NonNull public final LinkProperties linkProperties;
     public final boolean isBlocked;
-    public final boolean isSelected;
-    public final int priorityClass;
 
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
     public UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
             @NonNull Network network,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
-            boolean isBlocked,
-            VcnContext vcnContext,
-            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-            ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
-            TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
-            PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+            boolean isBlocked) {
         this.network = network;
         this.networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities;
         this.linkProperties = linkProperties;
         this.isBlocked = isBlocked;
-
-        this.isSelected = isSelected(this.network, currentlySelected);
-
-        priorityClass =
-                NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
-                        vcnContext,
-                        this,
-                        underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                        subscriptionGroup,
-                        snapshot,
-                        currentlySelected,
-                        carrierConfig);
-    }
-
-    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-            @NonNull Network network,
-            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
-            @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
-            boolean isBlocked,
-            boolean isSelected,
-            int priorityClass) {
-        this.network = network;
-        this.networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities;
-        this.linkProperties = linkProperties;
-        this.isBlocked = isBlocked;
-        this.isSelected = isSelected;
-
-        this.priorityClass = priorityClass;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -113,64 +69,20 @@
         return Objects.hash(network, networkCapabilities, linkProperties, isBlocked);
     }
 
-    /** Returns if two records are equal including their priority classes. */
-    public static boolean isEqualIncludingPriorities(
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord left, UnderlyingNetworkRecord right) {
-        if (left != null && right != null) {
-            return left.equals(right)
-                    && left.isSelected == right.isSelected
-                    && left.priorityClass == right.priorityClass;
-        }
-
-        return left == right;
-    }
-
-    static Comparator<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> getComparator() {
-        return (left, right) -> {
-            final int leftIndex = left.priorityClass;
-            final int rightIndex = right.priorityClass;
-
-            // In the case of networks in the same priority class, prioritize based on other
-            // criteria (eg. actively selected network, link metrics, etc)
-            if (leftIndex == rightIndex) {
-                // TODO: Improve the strategy of network selection when both UnderlyingNetworkRecord
-                // fall into the same priority class.
-                if (left.isSelected) {
-                    return -1;
-                }
-                if (right.isSelected) {
-                    return 1;
-                }
-            }
-            return Integer.compare(leftIndex, rightIndex);
-        };
-    }
-
-    private static boolean isSelected(
-            Network networkToCheck, UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected) {
-        if (currentlySelected == null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (currentlySelected.network.equals(networkToCheck)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
+    /** Return whether two records represent the same network */
+    public static boolean isSameNetwork(
+            @Nullable UnderlyingNetworkRecord leftRecord,
+            @Nullable UnderlyingNetworkRecord rightRecord) {
+        final Network left = leftRecord == null ? null : leftRecord.network;
+        final Network right = rightRecord == null ? null : rightRecord.network;
+        return Objects.equals(left, right);
     }
 
     /** Dumps the state of this record for logging and debugging purposes. */
-    void dump(
-            VcnContext vcnContext,
-            IndentingPrintWriter pw,
-            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-            ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
-            TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
-            PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+    void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         pw.println("UnderlyingNetworkRecord:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
 
-        pw.println("priorityClass: " + priorityClass);
-        pw.println("isSelected: " + isSelected);
         pw.println("mNetwork: " + network);
         pw.println("mNetworkCapabilities: " + networkCapabilities);
         pw.println("mLinkProperties: " + linkProperties);
@@ -218,29 +130,14 @@
             return mNetworkCapabilities != null && mLinkProperties != null && mWasIsBlockedSet;
         }
 
-        UnderlyingNetworkRecord build(
-                VcnContext vcnContext,
-                List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
-                TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-                UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
-                PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        UnderlyingNetworkRecord build() {
             if (!isValid()) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                         "Called build before UnderlyingNetworkRecord was valid");
             }
 
             return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                    mNetwork,
-                    mNetworkCapabilities,
-                    mLinkProperties,
-                    mIsBlocked,
-                    vcnContext,
-                    underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                    subscriptionGroup,
-                    snapshot,
-                    currentlySelected,
-                    carrierConfig);
+                    mNetwork, mNetworkCapabilities, mLinkProperties, mIsBlocked);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS b/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS
index 073e2d7..eca48b7 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-charliewang@google.com
-oni@google.com
-volnov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
+include /core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/services/core/jni/Android.bp b/services/core/jni/Android.bp
index 591a559..8cd55c7 100644
--- a/services/core/jni/Android.bp
+++ b/services/core/jni/Android.bp
@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@
         "com_android_server_adb_AdbDebuggingManager.cpp",
         "com_android_server_am_BatteryStatsService.cpp",
         "com_android_server_biometrics_SurfaceToNativeHandleConverter.cpp",
-        "com_android_server_BootReceiver.cpp",
         "com_android_server_ConsumerIrService.cpp",
         "com_android_server_companion_virtual_InputController.cpp",
         "com_android_server_devicepolicy_CryptoTestHelper.cpp",
@@ -92,16 +91,6 @@
     header_libs: [
         "bionic_libc_platform_headers",
     ],
-
-    static_libs: [
-        "libunwindstack",
-    ],
-
-    whole_static_libs: [
-        "libdebuggerd_tombstone_proto_to_text",
-    ],
-
-    runtime_libs: ["libdexfile"],
 }
 
 cc_defaults {
diff --git a/services/core/jni/OWNERS b/services/core/jni/OWNERS
index 33d3686..d4f6312 100644
--- a/services/core/jni/OWNERS
+++ b/services/core/jni/OWNERS
@@ -32,7 +32,3 @@
 
 # Bug component : 158088 = per-file *AnrTimer*
 per-file *AnrTimer* = file:/PERFORMANCE_OWNERS
-
-# Bug component : 158088 = per-file com_android_server_utils_AnrTimer*.java
-per-file com_android_server_utils_AnrTimer*.java = file:/PERFORMANCE_OWNERS
-per-file com_android_server_BootReceiver.cpp = file:/STABILITY_OWNERS
diff --git a/services/core/jni/com_android_server_BootReceiver.cpp b/services/core/jni/com_android_server_BootReceiver.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3892d28..0000000
--- a/services/core/jni/com_android_server_BootReceiver.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <libdebuggerd/tombstone.h>
-#include <nativehelper/JNIHelp.h>
-
-#include <sstream>
-
-#include "jni.h"
-#include "tombstone.pb.h"
-
-namespace android {
-
-static void writeToString(std::stringstream& ss, const std::string& line, bool should_log) {
-    ss << line << std::endl;
-}
-
-static jstring com_android_server_BootReceiver_getTombstoneText(JNIEnv* env, jobject,
-                                                                jbyteArray tombstoneBytes) {
-    Tombstone tombstone;
-    tombstone.ParseFromArray(env->GetByteArrayElements(tombstoneBytes, 0),
-                             env->GetArrayLength(tombstoneBytes));
-
-    std::stringstream tombstoneString;
-
-    tombstone_proto_to_text(tombstone,
-                            std::bind(&writeToString, std::ref(tombstoneString),
-                                      std::placeholders::_1, std::placeholders::_2));
-
-    return env->NewStringUTF(tombstoneString.str().c_str());
-}
-
-static const JNINativeMethod sMethods[] = {
-        /* name, signature, funcPtr */
-        {"getTombstoneText", "([B)Ljava/lang/String;",
-         (jstring*)com_android_server_BootReceiver_getTombstoneText},
-};
-
-int register_com_android_server_BootReceiver(JNIEnv* env) {
-    return jniRegisterNativeMethods(env, "com/android/server/BootReceiver", sMethods,
-                                    NELEM(sMethods));
-}
-
-} // namespace android
diff --git a/services/core/jni/onload.cpp b/services/core/jni/onload.cpp
index e7de081..a87902f 100644
--- a/services/core/jni/onload.cpp
+++ b/services/core/jni/onload.cpp
@@ -63,7 +63,6 @@
 int register_android_server_sensor_SensorService(JavaVM* vm, JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_companion_virtual_InputController(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(JNIEnv* env);
-int register_com_android_server_BootReceiver(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_wm_TaskFpsCallbackController(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_display_DisplayControl(JNIEnv* env);
 int register_com_android_server_SystemClockTime(JNIEnv* env);
@@ -123,7 +122,6 @@
     register_android_server_sensor_SensorService(vm, env);
     register_android_server_companion_virtual_InputController(env);
     register_android_server_app_GameManagerService(env);
-    register_com_android_server_BootReceiver(env);
     register_com_android_server_wm_TaskFpsCallbackController(env);
     register_com_android_server_display_DisplayControl(env);
     register_com_android_server_SystemClockTime(env);
diff --git a/services/profcollect/Android.bp b/services/profcollect/Android.bp
index 2040bb6..fe431f5 100644
--- a/services/profcollect/Android.bp
+++ b/services/profcollect/Android.bp
@@ -22,24 +22,25 @@
 }
 
 filegroup {
-  name: "services.profcollect-javasources",
-  srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],
-  path: "src",
-  visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
+    name: "services.profcollect-javasources",
+    srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],
+    path: "src",
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services"],
 }
 
 filegroup {
-  name: "services.profcollect-sources",
-  srcs: [
-    ":services.profcollect-javasources",
-    ":profcollectd_aidl",
-  ],
-  visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services:__subpackages__"],
+    name: "services.profcollect-sources",
+    srcs: [
+        ":services.profcollect-javasources",
+        ":profcollectd_aidl",
+    ],
+    visibility: ["//frameworks/base/services:__subpackages__"],
 }
 
 java_library_static {
-  name: "services.profcollect",
-  defaults: ["platform_service_defaults"],
-  srcs: [":services.profcollect-sources"],
-  libs: ["services.core"],
+    name: "services.profcollect",
+    defaults: ["platform_service_defaults"],
+    srcs: [":services.profcollect-sources"],
+    static_libs: ["services.core"],
+    libs: ["service-art.stubs.system_server"],
 }
diff --git a/services/profcollect/src/com/android/server/profcollect/ProfcollectForwardingService.java b/services/profcollect/src/com/android/server/profcollect/ProfcollectForwardingService.java
index 4007672..582b712 100644
--- a/services/profcollect/src/com/android/server/profcollect/ProfcollectForwardingService.java
+++ b/services/profcollect/src/com/android/server/profcollect/ProfcollectForwardingService.java
@@ -41,12 +41,15 @@
 import com.android.internal.R;
 import com.android.internal.os.BackgroundThread;
 import com.android.server.IoThread;
+import com.android.server.LocalManagerRegistry;
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
 import com.android.server.SystemService;
+import com.android.server.art.ArtManagerLocal;
 import com.android.server.wm.ActivityMetricsLaunchObserver;
 import com.android.server.wm.ActivityMetricsLaunchObserverRegistry;
 import com.android.server.wm.ActivityTaskManagerInternal;
 
+import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
@@ -261,6 +264,7 @@
         BackgroundThread.get().getThreadHandler().post(
                 () -> {
                     registerAppLaunchObserver();
+                    registerDex2oatObserver();
                     registerOTAObserver();
                 });
     }
@@ -304,6 +308,44 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void registerDex2oatObserver() {
+        ArtManagerLocal aml = LocalManagerRegistry.getManager(ArtManagerLocal.class);
+        if (aml == null) {
+            Log.w(LOG_TAG, "Couldn't get ArtManagerLocal");
+            return;
+        }
+        aml.setBatchDexoptStartCallback(ForkJoinPool.commonPool(),
+                (snapshot, reason, defaultPackages, builder, passedSignal) -> {
+                    traceOnDex2oatStart();
+                });
+    }
+
+    private void traceOnDex2oatStart() {
+        if (mIProfcollect == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        // Sample for a fraction of dex2oat runs.
+        final int traceFrequency =
+            DeviceConfig.getInt(DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_PROFCOLLECT_NATIVE_BOOT,
+                "dex2oat_trace_freq", 10);
+        int randomNum = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(100);
+        if (randomNum < traceFrequency) {
+            if (DEBUG) {
+                Log.d(LOG_TAG, "Tracing on dex2oat event");
+            }
+            BackgroundThread.get().getThreadHandler().post(() -> {
+                try {
+                    // Dex2oat could take a while before it starts. Add a short delay before start
+                    // tracing.
+                    Thread.sleep(1000);
+                    mIProfcollect.trace_once("dex2oat");
+                } catch (RemoteException | InterruptedException e) {
+                    Log.e(LOG_TAG, "Failed to initiate trace: " + e.getMessage());
+                }
+            });
+        }
+    }
+
     private void registerOTAObserver() {
         UpdateEngine updateEngine = new UpdateEngine();
         updateEngine.bind(new UpdateEngineCallback() {
diff --git a/services/tests/mockingservicestests/src/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerServiceTest.java b/services/tests/mockingservicestests/src/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerServiceTest.java
index 37ca09d..b415682 100644
--- a/services/tests/mockingservicestests/src/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerServiceTest.java
+++ b/services/tests/mockingservicestests/src/com/android/server/trust/TrustManagerServiceTest.java
@@ -47,6 +47,10 @@
 import android.content.pm.ServiceInfo;
 import android.content.pm.UserInfo;
 import android.hardware.biometrics.BiometricManager;
+import android.hardware.biometrics.SensorProperties;
+import android.hardware.face.FaceManager;
+import android.hardware.face.FaceSensorProperties;
+import android.hardware.fingerprint.FingerprintManager;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
@@ -69,6 +73,7 @@
 import androidx.test.core.app.ApplicationProvider;
 
 import com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils;
+import com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils.StrongAuthTracker;
 import com.android.modules.utils.testing.ExtendedMockitoRule;
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
 import com.android.server.SystemService;
@@ -105,6 +110,8 @@
 
     private static final String URI_SCHEME_PACKAGE = "package";
     private static final int TEST_USER_ID = 50;
+    private static final UserInfo TEST_USER =
+            new UserInfo(TEST_USER_ID, "user", UserInfo.FLAG_FULL);
     private static final int PARENT_USER_ID = 60;
     private static final int PROFILE_USER_ID = 70;
     private static final long[] PARENT_BIOMETRIC_SIDS = new long[] { 600L, 601L };
@@ -117,6 +124,8 @@
     private @Mock ActivityManager mActivityManager;
     private @Mock BiometricManager mBiometricManager;
     private @Mock DevicePolicyManager mDevicePolicyManager;
+    private @Mock FaceManager mFaceManager;
+    private @Mock FingerprintManager mFingerprintManager;
     private @Mock IKeystoreAuthorization mKeystoreAuthorization;
     private @Mock LockPatternUtils mLockPatternUtils;
     private @Mock PackageManager mPackageManager;
@@ -133,6 +142,9 @@
         when(mActivityManager.isUserRunning(TEST_USER_ID)).thenReturn(true);
         doReturn(mock(IActivityManager.class)).when(() -> ActivityManager.getService());
 
+        when(mFaceManager.getSensorProperties()).thenReturn(List.of());
+        when(mFingerprintManager.getSensorProperties()).thenReturn(List.of());
+
         doReturn(mKeystoreAuthorization).when(() -> Authorization.getService());
 
         when(mLockPatternUtils.getDevicePolicyManager()).thenReturn(mDevicePolicyManager);
@@ -161,13 +173,16 @@
         when(mPackageManager.checkPermission(any(), any())).thenReturn(
                 PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED);
 
-        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(
-                List.of(new UserInfo(TEST_USER_ID, "user", UserInfo.FLAG_FULL)));
+        when(mUserManager.getAliveUsers()).thenReturn(List.of(TEST_USER));
+        when(mUserManager.getEnabledProfileIds(TEST_USER_ID)).thenReturn(new int[0]);
+        when(mUserManager.getUserInfo(TEST_USER_ID)).thenReturn(TEST_USER);
 
         when(mWindowManager.isKeyguardLocked()).thenReturn(true);
 
         mMockContext.addMockSystemService(ActivityManager.class, mActivityManager);
         mMockContext.addMockSystemService(BiometricManager.class, mBiometricManager);
+        mMockContext.addMockSystemService(FaceManager.class, mFaceManager);
+        mMockContext.addMockSystemService(FingerprintManager.class, mFingerprintManager);
         mMockContext.setMockPackageManager(mPackageManager);
         mMockContext.addMockSystemService(UserManager.class, mUserManager);
         doReturn(mWindowManager).when(() -> WindowManagerGlobal.getWindowManagerService());
@@ -362,9 +377,9 @@
         when(mWindowManager.isKeyguardLocked()).thenReturn(true);
         mTrustManager.reportKeyguardShowingChanged();
         verify(mKeystoreAuthorization)
-                .onDeviceLocked(eq(PARENT_USER_ID), eq(PARENT_BIOMETRIC_SIDS));
+                .onDeviceLocked(eq(PARENT_USER_ID), eq(PARENT_BIOMETRIC_SIDS), eq(false));
         verify(mKeystoreAuthorization)
-                .onDeviceLocked(eq(PROFILE_USER_ID), eq(PARENT_BIOMETRIC_SIDS));
+                .onDeviceLocked(eq(PROFILE_USER_ID), eq(PARENT_BIOMETRIC_SIDS), eq(false));
     }
 
     // Tests that when the device is locked for a managed profile with a *separate* challenge, the
@@ -381,7 +396,188 @@
 
         mTrustManager.setDeviceLockedForUser(PROFILE_USER_ID, true);
         verify(mKeystoreAuthorization)
-                .onDeviceLocked(eq(PROFILE_USER_ID), eq(PROFILE_BIOMETRIC_SIDS));
+                .onDeviceLocked(eq(PROFILE_USER_ID), eq(PROFILE_BIOMETRIC_SIDS), eq(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockEnabled_whenWeakFingerprintIsSetupAndAllowed()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFingerprint(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK);
+        verifyWeakUnlockEnabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockEnabled_whenWeakFaceIsSetupAndAllowed() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK);
+        verifyWeakUnlockEnabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockEnabled_whenConvenienceFingerprintIsSetupAndAllowed()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFingerprint(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_CONVENIENCE);
+        verifyWeakUnlockEnabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockEnabled_whenConvenienceFaceIsSetupAndAllowed()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_CONVENIENCE);
+        verifyWeakUnlockEnabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenStrongAuthRequired() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTracker(StrongAuthTracker.STRONG_AUTH_REQUIRED_AFTER_USER_LOCKDOWN, true);
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenNonStrongBiometricNotAllowed() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTracker(StrongAuthTracker.STRONG_AUTH_NOT_REQUIRED,
+                /* isNonStrongBiometricAllowed= */ false);
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenWeakFingerprintSensorIsPresentButNotEnrolled()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFingerprint(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK, /* enrolled= */ false);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenWeakFaceSensorIsPresentButNotEnrolled()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK, /* enrolled= */ false);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void
+            testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenWeakFingerprintIsSetupButForbiddenByDevicePolicy()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFingerprint(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK);
+        when(mDevicePolicyManager.getKeyguardDisabledFeatures(null, TEST_USER_ID))
+                .thenReturn(DevicePolicyManager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FINGERPRINT);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenWeakFaceIsSetupButForbiddenByDevicePolicy()
+            throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_WEAK);
+        when(mDevicePolicyManager.getKeyguardDisabledFeatures(null, TEST_USER_ID))
+                .thenReturn(DevicePolicyManager.KEYGUARD_DISABLE_FACE);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenOnlyStrongFingerprintIsSetup() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFingerprint(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_STRONG);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenOnlyStrongFaceIsSetup() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        setupFace(SensorProperties.STRENGTH_STRONG);
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(android.security.Flags.FLAG_FIX_UNLOCKED_DEVICE_REQUIRED_KEYS_V2)
+    public void testKeystoreWeakUnlockDisabled_whenNoBiometricsAreSetup() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything();
+        verifyWeakUnlockDisabled();
+    }
+
+    private void setupStrongAuthTrackerToAllowEverything() throws Exception {
+        setupStrongAuthTracker(StrongAuthTracker.STRONG_AUTH_NOT_REQUIRED, true);
+    }
+
+    private void setupStrongAuthTracker(int strongAuthFlags, boolean isNonStrongBiometricAllowed)
+            throws Exception {
+        bootService();
+        mService.onUserSwitching(null, new SystemService.TargetUser(TEST_USER));
+
+        ArgumentCaptor<StrongAuthTracker> strongAuthTracker =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(StrongAuthTracker.class);
+        verify(mLockPatternUtils).registerStrongAuthTracker(strongAuthTracker.capture());
+        strongAuthTracker.getValue().getStub().onStrongAuthRequiredChanged(
+                strongAuthFlags, TEST_USER_ID);
+        strongAuthTracker.getValue().getStub().onIsNonStrongBiometricAllowedChanged(
+                isNonStrongBiometricAllowed, TEST_USER_ID);
+        mService.waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    private void setupFingerprint(int strength) {
+        setupFingerprint(strength, /* enrolled= */ true);
+    }
+
+    private void setupFingerprint(int strength, boolean enrolled) {
+        int sensorId = 100;
+        List<SensorProperties.ComponentInfo> componentInfo = List.of();
+        SensorProperties sensor = new SensorProperties(sensorId, strength, componentInfo);
+        when(mFingerprintManager.getSensorProperties()).thenReturn(List.of(sensor));
+        when(mFingerprintManager.hasEnrolledTemplates(TEST_USER_ID)).thenReturn(enrolled);
+    }
+
+    private void setupFace(int strength) {
+        setupFace(strength, /* enrolled= */ true);
+    }
+
+    private void setupFace(int strength, boolean enrolled) {
+        int sensorId = 100;
+        List<SensorProperties.ComponentInfo> componentInfo = List.of();
+        FaceSensorProperties sensor = new FaceSensorProperties(
+                sensorId, strength, componentInfo, FaceSensorProperties.TYPE_RGB);
+        when(mFaceManager.getSensorProperties()).thenReturn(List.of(sensor));
+        when(mFaceManager.hasEnrolledTemplates(TEST_USER_ID)).thenReturn(enrolled);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyWeakUnlockEnabled() throws Exception {
+        verifyWeakUnlockValue(true);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyWeakUnlockDisabled() throws Exception {
+        verifyWeakUnlockValue(false);
+    }
+
+    // Simulates a device unlock and a device lock, then verifies that the expected
+    // weakUnlockEnabled flag was passed to Keystore's onDeviceLocked method.
+    private void verifyWeakUnlockValue(boolean expectedWeakUnlockEnabled) throws Exception {
+        when(mWindowManager.isKeyguardLocked()).thenReturn(false);
+        mTrustManager.reportKeyguardShowingChanged();
+        verify(mKeystoreAuthorization).onDeviceUnlocked(TEST_USER_ID, null);
+
+        when(mWindowManager.isKeyguardLocked()).thenReturn(true);
+        mTrustManager.reportKeyguardShowingChanged();
+        verify(mKeystoreAuthorization).onDeviceLocked(eq(TEST_USER_ID), any(),
+                eq(expectedWeakUnlockEnabled));
     }
 
     private void setupMocksForProfile(boolean unifiedChallenge) {
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/Android.bp b/services/tests/servicestests/Android.bp
index 27fd8a6..5cce1c2 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/Android.bp
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/Android.bp
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@
         "coretests-aidl",
         "securebox",
         "flag-junit",
+        "net_flags_lib",
     ],
 
     libs: [
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/BootReceiverTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/BootReceiverTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 523c5c0..0000000
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/BootReceiverTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server;
-
-import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
-
-import android.test.AndroidTestCase;
-
-import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos;
-import com.android.server.os.TombstoneProtos.Tombstone;
-
-public class BootReceiverTest extends AndroidTestCase {
-    private static final String TAG = "BootReceiverTest";
-
-    public void testRemoveMemoryFromTombstone() {
-        Tombstone tombstoneBase = Tombstone.newBuilder()
-                .setBuildFingerprint("build_fingerprint")
-                .setRevision("revision")
-                .setPid(123)
-                .setTid(23)
-                .setUid(34)
-                .setSelinuxLabel("selinux_label")
-                .addCommandLine("cmd1")
-                .addCommandLine("cmd2")
-                .addCommandLine("cmd3")
-                .setProcessUptime(300)
-                .setAbortMessage("abort")
-                .addCauses(TombstoneProtos.Cause.newBuilder()
-                        .setHumanReadable("cause1")
-                        .setMemoryError(TombstoneProtos.MemoryError.newBuilder()
-                                .setTool(TombstoneProtos.MemoryError.Tool.SCUDO)
-                                .setType(TombstoneProtos.MemoryError.Type.DOUBLE_FREE)))
-                .addLogBuffers(TombstoneProtos.LogBuffer.newBuilder().setName("name").addLogs(
-                        TombstoneProtos.LogMessage.newBuilder()
-                                .setTimestamp("123")
-                                .setMessage("message")))
-                .addOpenFds(TombstoneProtos.FD.newBuilder().setFd(1).setPath("path"))
-                .build();
-
-        Tombstone tombstoneWithoutMemory = tombstoneBase.toBuilder()
-                .putThreads(1, TombstoneProtos.Thread.newBuilder()
-                        .setId(1)
-                        .setName("thread1")
-                        .addRegisters(TombstoneProtos.Register.newBuilder().setName("r1").setU64(1))
-                        .addRegisters(TombstoneProtos.Register.newBuilder().setName("r2").setU64(2))
-                        .addBacktraceNote("backtracenote1")
-                        .addUnreadableElfFiles("files1")
-                        .setTaggedAddrCtrl(1)
-                        .setPacEnabledKeys(10)
-                        .build())
-                .build();
-
-        Tombstone tombstoneWithMemory = tombstoneBase.toBuilder()
-                .addMemoryMappings(TombstoneProtos.MemoryMapping.newBuilder()
-                        .setBeginAddress(1)
-                        .setEndAddress(100)
-                        .setOffset(10)
-                        .setRead(true)
-                        .setWrite(true)
-                        .setExecute(false)
-                        .setMappingName("mapping")
-                        .setBuildId("build")
-                        .setLoadBias(70))
-                .putThreads(1, TombstoneProtos.Thread.newBuilder()
-                        .setId(1)
-                        .setName("thread1")
-                        .addRegisters(TombstoneProtos.Register.newBuilder().setName("r1").setU64(1))
-                        .addRegisters(TombstoneProtos.Register.newBuilder().setName("r2").setU64(2))
-                        .addBacktraceNote("backtracenote1")
-                        .addUnreadableElfFiles("files1")
-                        .addMemoryDump(TombstoneProtos.MemoryDump.newBuilder()
-                                .setRegisterName("register1")
-                                .setMappingName("mapping")
-                                .setBeginAddress(10))
-                        .setTaggedAddrCtrl(1)
-                        .setPacEnabledKeys(10)
-                        .build())
-                .build();
-
-        assertThat(BootReceiver.removeMemoryFromTombstone(tombstoneWithMemory))
-                .isEqualTo(tombstoneWithoutMemory);
-    }
-}
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsServiceTests.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsServiceTests.java
index 5a62d92..5081198 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsServiceTests.java
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/locksettings/LockSettingsServiceTests.java
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 package com.android.server.locksettings;
 
+import static android.security.Flags.FLAG_REPORT_PRIMARY_AUTH_ATTEMPTS;
+
 import static com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils.CREDENTIAL_TYPE_NONE;
 import static com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils.CREDENTIAL_TYPE_PASSWORD;
 import static com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils.CREDENTIAL_TYPE_PATTERN;
@@ -30,25 +32,30 @@
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.app.PropertyInvalidatedCache;
+import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.Presubmit;
+import android.platform.test.flag.junit.SetFlagsRule;
 import android.service.gatekeeper.GateKeeperResponse;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
+import com.android.internal.widget.ILockSettingsStateListener;
 import com.android.internal.widget.LockPatternUtils;
 import com.android.internal.widget.LockscreenCredential;
 import com.android.internal.widget.VerifyCredentialResponse;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
@@ -59,6 +66,7 @@
 @Presubmit
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 public class LockSettingsServiceTests extends BaseLockSettingsServiceTests {
+    @Rule public final SetFlagsRule mSetFlagsRule = new SetFlagsRule();
 
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
@@ -399,6 +407,60 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testVerifyCredential_notifyLockSettingsStateListeners_whenGoodPassword()
+            throws Exception {
+        mSetFlagsRule.enableFlags(FLAG_REPORT_PRIMARY_AUTH_ATTEMPTS);
+        final LockscreenCredential password = newPassword("password");
+        setCredential(PRIMARY_USER_ID, password);
+        final ILockSettingsStateListener listener = mockLockSettingsStateListener();
+        mLocalService.registerLockSettingsStateListener(listener);
+
+        assertEquals(VerifyCredentialResponse.RESPONSE_OK,
+                mService.verifyCredential(password, PRIMARY_USER_ID, 0 /* flags */)
+                        .getResponseCode());
+
+        verify(listener).onAuthenticationSucceeded(PRIMARY_USER_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testVerifyCredential_notifyLockSettingsStateListeners_whenBadPassword()
+            throws Exception {
+        mSetFlagsRule.enableFlags(FLAG_REPORT_PRIMARY_AUTH_ATTEMPTS);
+        final LockscreenCredential password = newPassword("password");
+        setCredential(PRIMARY_USER_ID, password);
+        final LockscreenCredential badPassword = newPassword("badPassword");
+        final ILockSettingsStateListener listener = mockLockSettingsStateListener();
+        mLocalService.registerLockSettingsStateListener(listener);
+
+        assertEquals(VerifyCredentialResponse.RESPONSE_ERROR,
+                mService.verifyCredential(badPassword, PRIMARY_USER_ID, 0 /* flags */)
+                        .getResponseCode());
+
+        verify(listener).onAuthenticationFailed(PRIMARY_USER_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testLockSettingsStateListener_registeredThenUnregistered() throws Exception {
+        mSetFlagsRule.enableFlags(FLAG_REPORT_PRIMARY_AUTH_ATTEMPTS);
+        final LockscreenCredential password = newPassword("password");
+        setCredential(PRIMARY_USER_ID, password);
+        final LockscreenCredential badPassword = newPassword("badPassword");
+        final ILockSettingsStateListener listener = mockLockSettingsStateListener();
+
+        mLocalService.registerLockSettingsStateListener(listener);
+        assertEquals(VerifyCredentialResponse.RESPONSE_OK,
+                mService.verifyCredential(password, PRIMARY_USER_ID, 0 /* flags */)
+                        .getResponseCode());
+        verify(listener).onAuthenticationSucceeded(PRIMARY_USER_ID);
+
+        mLocalService.unregisterLockSettingsStateListener(listener);
+        assertEquals(VerifyCredentialResponse.RESPONSE_ERROR,
+                mService.verifyCredential(badPassword, PRIMARY_USER_ID, 0 /* flags */)
+                        .getResponseCode());
+        verify(listener, never()).onAuthenticationFailed(PRIMARY_USER_ID);
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetCredentialNotPossibleInSecureFrpModeDuringSuw() {
         setUserSetupComplete(false);
         setSecureFrpMode(true);
@@ -537,4 +599,12 @@
             assertNotEquals(0, mGateKeeperService.getSecureUserId(userId));
         }
     }
+
+    private ILockSettingsStateListener mockLockSettingsStateListener() {
+        ILockSettingsStateListener listener = mock(ILockSettingsStateListener.Stub.class);
+        IBinder binder = mock(IBinder.class);
+        when(binder.isBinderAlive()).thenReturn(true);
+        when(listener.asBinder()).thenReturn(binder);
+        return listener;
+    }
 }
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
index 13dc120..d6d2b6d 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 package com.android.server.net;
 
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE;
@@ -327,12 +328,20 @@
         isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
         expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY, isRestrictedForLowPowerStandby);
 
+        // Background chain
+        final ArrayMap<Integer, Boolean> isRestrictedInBackground = new ArrayMap<>();
+        isRestrictedInBackground.put(NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT, true);
+        isRestrictedInBackground.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, false);
+        isRestrictedInBackground.put(INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_DENY, true);
+        expected.put(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, isRestrictedInBackground);
+
         final int[] chains = {
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_STANDBY,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_POWERSAVE,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_DOZABLE,
                 FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED,
-                FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
+                FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND
         };
         final int[] states = {
                 INetd.FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW,
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java
index 2a76452..4451cae 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java
@@ -26,12 +26,14 @@
 import static android.app.ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_TOP;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_DATA_SAVER;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_METERED_REASON_USER_RESTRICTED;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_APP_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.BLOCKED_REASON_NONE;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_LOW_POWER_STANDBY;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.FIREWALL_CHAIN_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
@@ -48,8 +50,13 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_FOREGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_NONE;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_ALLOWLIST;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_EXCEPT_IDLE_ALLOWLIST;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_SYSTEM;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.ALLOWED_REASON_TOP;
+import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.POLICY_ALLOW_METERED_BACKGROUND;
 import static android.net.NetworkPolicyManager.POLICY_NONE;
@@ -64,6 +71,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_CARRIER;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE;
 import static android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI;
+import static android.os.PowerExemptionManager.REASON_OTHER;
 import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.ACTION_CARRIER_CONFIG_CHANGED;
 import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.DATA_CYCLE_THRESHOLD_DISABLED;
 import static android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager.DATA_CYCLE_USE_PLATFORM_DEFAULT;
@@ -146,6 +154,8 @@
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.INetworkManagementService;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
+import android.os.PowerExemptionManager;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
 import android.os.PowerManagerInternal;
 import android.os.PowerSaveState;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
@@ -153,6 +163,9 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.os.UserManager;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.Presubmit;
+import android.platform.test.annotations.RequiresFlagsEnabled;
+import android.platform.test.flag.junit.CheckFlagsRule;
+import android.platform.test.flag.junit.DeviceFlagsValueProvider;
 import android.telephony.CarrierConfigManager;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionInfo;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
@@ -169,6 +182,7 @@
 import android.util.Range;
 import android.util.RecurrenceRule;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
+import android.util.SparseIntArray;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.FlakyTest;
@@ -243,6 +257,9 @@
 public class NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest";
 
+    @Rule
+    public final CheckFlagsRule mCheckFlagsRule = DeviceFlagsValueProvider.createCheckFlagsRule();
+
     private static final long TEST_START = 1194220800000L;
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
     private static final String TEST_WIFI_NETWORK_KEY = "TestWifiNetworkKey";
@@ -285,6 +302,7 @@
     private @Mock TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
     private @Mock UserManager mUserManager;
     private @Mock NetworkStatsManager mStatsManager;
+    private @Mock PowerExemptionManager mPowerExemptionManager;
     private TestDependencies mDeps;
 
     private ArgumentCaptor<ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback> mNetworkCallbackCaptor =
@@ -302,6 +320,7 @@
     private NetworkPolicyManagerService mService;
 
     private final ArraySet<BroadcastReceiver> mRegisteredReceivers = new ArraySet<>();
+    private BroadcastReceiver mPowerAllowlistReceiver;
 
     /**
      * In some of the tests while initializing NetworkPolicyManagerService,
@@ -446,6 +465,7 @@
     @Before
     public void callSystemReady() throws Exception {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+        when(mPowerExemptionManager.getAllowListedAppIds(anyBoolean())).thenReturn(new int[0]);
 
         final Context context = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
 
@@ -482,6 +502,8 @@
                         return mUserManager;
                     case Context.NETWORK_STATS_SERVICE:
                         return mStatsManager;
+                    case Context.POWER_EXEMPTION_SERVICE:
+                        return mPowerExemptionManager;
                     default:
                         return super.getSystemService(name);
                 }
@@ -495,6 +517,9 @@
             @Override
             public Intent registerReceiver(BroadcastReceiver receiver,
                     IntentFilter filter, String broadcastPermission, Handler scheduler) {
+                if (filter.hasAction(PowerManager.ACTION_POWER_SAVE_WHITELIST_CHANGED)) {
+                    mPowerAllowlistReceiver = receiver;
+                }
                 mRegisteredReceivers.add(receiver);
                 return super.registerReceiver(receiver, filter, broadcastPermission, scheduler);
             }
@@ -2066,6 +2091,12 @@
         expectHasUseRestrictedNetworksPermission(UID_A, true);
         expectHasUseRestrictedNetworksPermission(UID_B, false);
 
+        // Set low enough proc-states to ensure these uids are allowed in the background chain.
+        // To maintain clean separation between separate firewall chains, the tests could
+        // check for the specific blockedReasons in the uidBlockedState.
+        callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_A, BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE - 1, 21);
+        callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_B, BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE - 1, 21);
+
         Map<Integer, Integer> firewallUidRules = new ArrayMap<>();
         doAnswer(arg -> {
             int[] uids = arg.getArgument(1);
@@ -2113,7 +2144,111 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(Flags.FLAG_NETWORK_BLOCKED_FOR_TOP_SLEEPING_AND_ABOVE)
+    public void testBackgroundChainEnabled() throws Exception {
+        verify(mNetworkManager).setFirewallChainEnabled(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, true);
+    }
+
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(Flags.FLAG_NETWORK_BLOCKED_FOR_TOP_SLEEPING_AND_ABOVE)
+    public void testBackgroundChainOnProcStateChange() throws Exception {
+        // initialization calls setFirewallChainEnabled, so we want to reset the invocations.
+        clearInvocations(mNetworkManager);
+
+        mService.mBackgroundRestrictionDelayMs = 500; // To avoid waiting too long in tests.
+
+        // The app will be blocked when there is no prior proc-state.
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+
+        int procStateSeq = 23;
+        callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_A, BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE - 1, procStateSeq++);
+
+        verify(mNetworkManager).setFirewallUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, UID_A,
+                FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
+        assertFalse(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+
+        callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_A, BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE + 1, procStateSeq++);
+
+        // The app should be blocked after a delay. Posting a message just after the delay and
+        // waiting for it to complete to ensure that the blocking code has executed.
+        waitForDelayedMessageOnHandler(mService.mBackgroundRestrictionDelayMs + 1);
+
+        verify(mNetworkManager).setFirewallUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, UID_A,
+                FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT);
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(Flags.FLAG_NETWORK_BLOCKED_FOR_TOP_SLEEPING_AND_ABOVE)
+    public void testBackgroundChainOnAllowlistChange() throws Exception {
+        // initialization calls setFirewallChainEnabled, so we want to reset the invocations.
+        clearInvocations(mNetworkManager);
+
+        // The apps will be blocked when there is no prior proc-state.
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_B, false));
+
+        final int procStateSeq = 29;
+        callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_A, BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE + 1, procStateSeq);
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+
+        when(mPowerExemptionManager.getAllowListedAppIds(anyBoolean()))
+                .thenReturn(new int[]{APP_ID_A, APP_ID_B});
+        final SparseIntArray firewallUidRules = new SparseIntArray();
+        doAnswer(arg -> {
+            final int[] uids = arg.getArgument(1);
+            final int[] rules = arg.getArgument(2);
+            assertTrue(uids.length == rules.length);
+
+            for (int i = 0; i < uids.length; ++i) {
+                firewallUidRules.put(uids[i], rules[i]);
+            }
+            return null;
+        }).when(mNetworkManager).setFirewallUidRules(eq(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND),
+                any(int[].class), any(int[].class));
+
+        mPowerAllowlistReceiver.onReceive(mServiceContext, null);
+
+        assertEquals(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, firewallUidRules.get(UID_A, -1));
+        assertEquals(FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW, firewallUidRules.get(UID_B, -1));
+
+        assertFalse(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+        assertFalse(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_B, false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @RequiresFlagsEnabled(Flags.FLAG_NETWORK_BLOCKED_FOR_TOP_SLEEPING_AND_ABOVE)
+    public void testBackgroundChainOnTempAllowlistChange() throws Exception {
+        // initialization calls setFirewallChainEnabled, so we want to reset the invocations.
+        clearInvocations(mNetworkManager);
+
+        // The app will be blocked as is no prior proc-state.
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+
+        final int procStateSeq = 19;
+        callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_A, BACKGROUND_THRESHOLD_STATE + 1, procStateSeq);
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+
+        final NetworkPolicyManagerInternal internal = LocalServices.getService(
+                NetworkPolicyManagerInternal.class);
+
+        internal.onTempPowerSaveWhitelistChange(APP_ID_A, true, REASON_OTHER, "testing");
+
+        verify(mNetworkManager).setFirewallUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, UID_A,
+                FIREWALL_RULE_ALLOW);
+        assertFalse(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+
+        internal.onTempPowerSaveWhitelistChange(APP_ID_A, false, REASON_OTHER, "testing");
+
+        verify(mNetworkManager).setFirewallUidRule(FIREWALL_CHAIN_BACKGROUND, UID_A,
+                FIREWALL_RULE_DEFAULT);
+        assertTrue(mService.isUidNetworkingBlocked(UID_A, false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testLowPowerStandbyAllowlist() throws Exception {
+        // Chain background is also enabled but these procstates are important enough to be exempt.
         callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_A, PROCESS_STATE_TOP, 0);
         callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_B, ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE, 0);
         callAndWaitOnUidStateChanged(UID_C, ActivityManager.PROCESS_STATE_FOREGROUND_SERVICE, 0);
@@ -2200,7 +2335,21 @@
                 ALLOWED_REASON_TOP), BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
         effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY,
                 ALLOWED_REASON_LOW_POWER_STANDBY_ALLOWLIST), BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
-        // TODO: test more combinations of blocked reasons.
+
+        effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND,
+                ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND), BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND
+                        | BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER, ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND),
+                BLOCKED_REASON_BATTERY_SAVER);
+        effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND
+                        | BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE, ALLOWED_REASON_NOT_IN_BACKGROUND),
+                BLOCKED_REASON_DOZE);
+        effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND,
+                        ALLOWED_REASON_RESTRICTED_MODE_PERMISSIONS), BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND);
+        effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND,
+                ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_ALLOWLIST), BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
+        effectiveBlockedReasons.put(Pair.create(BLOCKED_REASON_APP_BACKGROUND,
+                ALLOWED_REASON_POWER_SAVE_EXCEPT_IDLE_ALLOWLIST), BLOCKED_REASON_NONE);
 
         for (Map.Entry<Pair<Integer, Integer>, Integer> test : effectiveBlockedReasons.entrySet()) {
             final int expectedEffectiveBlockedReasons = test.getValue();
@@ -2529,7 +2678,6 @@
     private FutureIntent mRestrictBackgroundChanged;
 
     private void postMsgAndWaitForCompletion() throws InterruptedException {
-        final Handler handler = mService.getHandlerForTesting();
         final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
         mService.getHandlerForTesting().post(latch::countDown);
         if (!latch.await(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
@@ -2537,6 +2685,14 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private void waitForDelayedMessageOnHandler(long delayMs) throws InterruptedException {
+        final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
+        mService.getHandlerForTesting().postDelayed(latch::countDown, delayMs);
+        if (!latch.await(delayMs + 5_000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) {
+            fail("Timed out waiting for delayed msg to be handled");
+        }
+    }
+
     private void setSubscriptionPlans(int subId, SubscriptionPlan[] plans, String callingPackage)
             throws InterruptedException {
         mService.setSubscriptionPlans(subId, plans, 0, callingPackage);
diff --git a/services/usage/java/com/android/server/usage/BroadcastResponseStatsLogger.java b/services/usage/java/com/android/server/usage/BroadcastResponseStatsLogger.java
index 336bfdd..a8fd6f2 100644
--- a/services/usage/java/com/android/server/usage/BroadcastResponseStatsLogger.java
+++ b/services/usage/java/com/android/server/usage/BroadcastResponseStatsLogger.java
@@ -35,11 +35,13 @@
 import android.util.TimeUtils;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.GuardedBy;
-import com.android.internal.annotations.Keep;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.internal.util.RingBuffer;
 import com.android.server.usage.BroadcastResponseStatsTracker.NotificationEventType;
 
+import java.util.function.IntFunction;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+
 public class BroadcastResponseStatsLogger {
 
     private static final int MAX_LOG_SIZE =
@@ -49,10 +51,10 @@
 
     @GuardedBy("mLock")
     private final LogBuffer mBroadcastEventsBuffer = new LogBuffer(
-            BroadcastEvent.class, MAX_LOG_SIZE);
+            BroadcastEvent::new, BroadcastEvent[]::new, MAX_LOG_SIZE);
     @GuardedBy("mLock")
     private final LogBuffer mNotificationEventsBuffer = new LogBuffer(
-            NotificationEvent.class, MAX_LOG_SIZE);
+            NotificationEvent::new, NotificationEvent[]::new, MAX_LOG_SIZE);
 
     void logBroadcastDispatchEvent(int sourceUid, @NonNull String targetPackage,
             UserHandle targetUser, long idForResponseEvent,
@@ -96,8 +98,8 @@
 
     private static final class LogBuffer<T extends Data> extends RingBuffer<T> {
 
-        LogBuffer(Class<T> classType, int capacity) {
-            super(classType, capacity);
+        LogBuffer(Supplier<T> newItem, IntFunction<T[]> newBacking, int capacity) {
+            super(newItem, newBacking, capacity);
         }
 
         void logBroadcastDispatchEvent(int sourceUid, @NonNull String targetPackage,
@@ -179,8 +181,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Keep
-    public static final class BroadcastEvent implements Data {
+    private static final class BroadcastEvent implements Data {
         public int sourceUid;
         public int targetUserId;
         public int targetUidProcessState;
@@ -200,8 +201,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Keep
-    public static final class NotificationEvent implements Data {
+    private static final class NotificationEvent implements Data {
         public int type;
         public String packageName;
         public int userId;
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    public interface Data {
+    private interface Data {
         void reset();
     }
 }
diff --git a/test-base/Android.bp b/test-base/Android.bp
index 527159a..70a9540 100644
--- a/test-base/Android.bp
+++ b/test-base/Android.bp
@@ -120,12 +120,13 @@
     path: "src",
 }
 
-// Make the current.txt available for use by the cts/tests/signature tests.
+// Make the current.txt available for use by the cts/tests/signature and /vendor tests.
 // ========================================================================
 filegroup {
     name: "android-test-base-current.txt",
     visibility: [
         "//cts/tests/signature/api",
+        "//vendor:__subpackages__",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "api/current.txt",
diff --git a/test-mock/Android.bp b/test-mock/Android.bp
index 22320fd..7c4d12e 100644
--- a/test-mock/Android.bp
+++ b/test-mock/Android.bp
@@ -54,12 +54,13 @@
     dist_group: "android",
 }
 
-// Make the current.txt available for use by the cts/tests/signature tests.
+// Make the current.txt available for use by the cts/tests/signature and /vendor tests.
 // ========================================================================
 filegroup {
     name: "android-test-mock-current.txt",
     visibility: [
         "//cts/tests/signature/api",
+        "//vendor:__subpackages__",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "api/current.txt",
diff --git a/test-runner/Android.bp b/test-runner/Android.bp
index 13a5dac..21e09d3 100644
--- a/test-runner/Android.bp
+++ b/test-runner/Android.bp
@@ -79,12 +79,13 @@
     ],
 }
 
-// Make the current.txt available for use by the cts/tests/signature tests.
+// Make the current.txt available for use by the cts/tests/signature and /vendor tests.
 // ========================================================================
 filegroup {
     name: "android-test-runner-current.txt",
     visibility: [
         "//cts/tests/signature/api",
+        "//vendor:__subpackages__",
     ],
     srcs: [
         "api/current.txt",
diff --git a/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/Android.bp b/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8339a2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package {
+    // See: http://go/android-license-faq
+    default_applicable_licenses: [
+        "frameworks_base_license",
+    ],
+}
+
+android_test {
+    name: "CameraTooTests",
+    instrumentation_for: "CameraToo",
+    srcs: ["src/**/*.java"],
+    sdk_version: "current",
+    static_libs: [
+        "androidx.test.rules",
+        "mockito-target-minus-junit4",
+    ],
+    data: [
+        ":CameraToo",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/Android.mk b/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index dfa64f1..0000000
--- a/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME := CameraTooTests
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE  := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_INSTRUMENTATION_FOR := CameraToo
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under,src)
-LOCAL_STATIC_JAVA_LIBRARIES := androidx.test.rules mockito-target-minus-junit4
-
-include $(BUILD_PACKAGE)
diff --git a/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..884c095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Camera2Tests/CameraToo/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Runs CameraToo tests.">
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct-instrumentation" />
+
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.suite.SuiteApkInstaller">
+        <option name="cleanup-apks" value="true" />
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="CameraTooTests.apk" />
+        <option name="test-file-name" value="CameraToo.apk" />
+    </target_preparer>
+
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
+        <option name="package" value="com.example.android.camera2.cameratoo.tests" />
+        <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java
index f846164..20b7f1f 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testCreatedTransformsAreApplied() throws Exception {
         verifyVcnTransformsApplied(mGatewayConnection, false /* expectForwardTransform */);
+        verify(mUnderlyingNetworkController).updateInboundTransform(any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -327,6 +328,8 @@
                             eq(TEST_IPSEC_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(direction), anyInt(), any());
         }
 
+        verify(mUnderlyingNetworkController).updateInboundTransform(any(), any());
+
         assertEquals(mGatewayConnection.mConnectedState, mGatewayConnection.getCurrentState());
 
         final List<ChildSaProposal> saProposals =
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java
index 692c8a8..49665f7 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java
@@ -27,15 +27,18 @@
 import static android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.VCN_GATEWAY_OPTION_ENABLE_DATA_STALL_RECOVERY_WITH_MOBILITY;
 
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.DUMMY_ADDR;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnChildSessionConfiguration;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnIkeSession;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnNetworkAgent;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.CALLS_REAL_METHODS;
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.ParcelUuid;
@@ -81,6 +85,7 @@
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /** Tests for TelephonySubscriptionTracker */
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
@@ -352,4 +357,71 @@
                         any(Executor.class),
                         any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.class));
     }
+
+    private void verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+            boolean isInTestMode,
+            boolean isConfigTimeoutSupported,
+            PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            long expectedTimeoutMs)
+            throws Exception {
+        doReturn(isInTestMode).when(mVcnContext).isInTestMode();
+        doReturn(isConfigTimeoutSupported).when(mVcnContext).isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled();
+
+        final TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot = mock(TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot.class);
+        doReturn(carrierConfig).when(snapshot).getCarrierConfigForSubGrp(TEST_SUB_GRP);
+
+        final long result =
+                VcnGatewayConnection.getSafeModeTimeoutMs(mVcnContext, snapshot, TEST_SUB_GRP);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedTimeoutMs, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutUnsupported() throws Exception {
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                false /* isInTestMode */,
+                false /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                null /* carrierConfig */,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutSupported() throws Exception {
+        final int carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds = 20;
+        final PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig = mock(PersistableBundleWrapper.class);
+        doReturn(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds)
+                .when(carrierConfig)
+                .getInt(eq(VcnManager.VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt());
+
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                false /* isInTestMode */,
+                true /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                carrierConfig,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutSupported_carrierConfigNull()
+            throws Exception {
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                false /* isInTestMode */,
+                true /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                null /* carrierConfig */,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutOverrideTestModeDefault() throws Exception {
+        final int carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds = 20;
+        final PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig = mock(PersistableBundleWrapper.class);
+        doReturn(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds)
+                .when(carrierConfig)
+                .getInt(eq(VcnManager.VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt());
+
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                true /* isInTestMode */,
+                true /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                carrierConfig,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java
index edced87..e29e462 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@
 import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
 import com.android.server.vcn.Vcn.VcnGatewayStatusCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnChildSessionCallback;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnIkeSession;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnNetworkAgent;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnWakeLock;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkRecord;
@@ -118,13 +120,7 @@
             NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             LinkProperties linkProperties,
             boolean isBlocked) {
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                network,
-                networkCapabilities,
-                linkProperties,
-                isBlocked,
-                false /* isSelected */,
-                0 /* priorityClass */);
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(network, networkCapabilities, linkProperties, isBlocked);
     }
 
     protected static final String TEST_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES_1 = "1,2,3,4";
@@ -226,6 +222,9 @@
         doReturn(mTestLooper.getLooper()).when(mVcnContext).getLooper();
         doReturn(mVcnNetworkProvider).when(mVcnContext).getVcnNetworkProvider();
         doReturn(mFeatureFlags).when(mVcnContext).getFeatureFlags();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
 
         doReturn(mUnderlyingNetworkController)
                 .when(mDeps)
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9daba6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static android.net.vcn.VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY;
+import static android.net.vcn.VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.IpSecPacketLossDetector.PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformState;
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.IpSecPacketLossDetector.PacketLossCalculator;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkMetricMonitor.IpSecTransformWrapper;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.BitSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest extends NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
+    private static final String TAG = IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final int REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BYTE = 512;
+    private static final int REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BIT = REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BYTE * 8;
+    private static final int IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD = 5;
+    private static final long POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(30L);
+
+    @Mock private IpSecTransformWrapper mIpSecTransform;
+    @Mock private NetworkMetricMonitorCallback mMetricMonitorCallback;
+    @Mock private PersistableBundleWrapper mCarrierConfig;
+    @Mock private IpSecPacketLossDetector.Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @Spy private PacketLossCalculator mPacketLossCalculator = new PacketLossCalculator();
+
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<OutcomeReceiver> mTransformStateReceiverCaptor;
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> mBroadcastReceiverCaptor;
+
+    private IpSecPacketLossDetector mIpSecPacketLossDetector;
+    private IpSecTransformState mTransformStateInitial;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        mTransformStateInitial = newTransformState(0, 0, newReplayBitmap(0));
+
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getInt(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn((int) TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS));
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getInt(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY),
+                        anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD);
+
+        when(mDependencies.getPacketLossCalculator()).thenReturn(mPacketLossCalculator);
+
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector =
+                new IpSecPacketLossDetector(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        mNetwork,
+                        mCarrierConfig,
+                        mMetricMonitorCallback,
+                        mDependencies);
+    }
+
+    private static IpSecTransformState newTransformState(
+            long rxSeqNo, long packtCount, byte[] replayBitmap) {
+        return new IpSecTransformState.Builder()
+                .setRxHighestSequenceNumber(rxSeqNo)
+                .setPacketCount(packtCount)
+                .setReplayBitmap(replayBitmap)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] newReplayBitmap(int receivedPktCnt) {
+        final BitSet bitSet = new BitSet(REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BIT);
+        for (int i = 0; i < receivedPktCnt; i++) {
+            bitSet.set(i);
+        }
+        return Arrays.copyOf(bitSet.toByteArray(), REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BYTE);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyStopped() {
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed());
+        assertNull(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+
+        // No event scheduled
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitialization() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork());
+        verifyStopped();
+    }
+
+    private OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException>
+            startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver() {
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(true /* setIsSelected */);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(mIpSecTransform);
+
+        // Trigger the runnable
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        verify(mIpSecTransform)
+                .getIpSecTransformState(any(), mTransformStateReceiverCaptor.capture());
+        return mTransformStateReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartMonitor() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed());
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mIpSecTransform, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getInboundTransformInternal());
+
+        // Mock receiving a state
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+
+        // Verify the first polled state is stored
+        assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator, never())
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+
+        // Verify next poll is scheduled
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartedMonitor_enterDozeMoze() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        // Mock receiving a state
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+        assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+
+        // Mock entering doze mode
+        final Intent intent = mock(Intent.class);
+        when(intent.getAction()).thenReturn(PowerManager.ACTION_DEVICE_IDLE_MODE_CHANGED);
+        when(mPowerManagerService.isDeviceIdleMode()).thenReturn(true);
+
+        verify(mContext).registerReceiver(mBroadcastReceiverCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any());
+        final BroadcastReceiver broadcastReceiver = mBroadcastReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+        broadcastReceiver.onReceive(mContext, intent);
+
+        assertNull(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartedMonitor_updateInboundTransform() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        // Mock receiving a state
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+        assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+
+        // Update the inbound transform
+        final IpSecTransformWrapper newTransform = mock(IpSecTransformWrapper.class);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(newTransform);
+
+        // Verifications
+        assertNull(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(newTransform).getIpSecTransformState(any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartedMonitor_updateCarrierConfig() throws Exception {
+        startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        final int additionalPollIntervalMs = (int) TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(10L);
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getInt(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(
+                        (int)
+                                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(
+                                        POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS + additionalPollIntervalMs));
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setCarrierConfig(mCarrierConfig);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        // The already scheduled event is still fired with the old timeout
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        // The next scheduled event will take 10 more seconds to fire
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(additionalPollIntervalMs);
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopMonitor() throws Exception {
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(true /* setIsSelected */);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(mIpSecTransform);
+
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+
+        // Unselect the monitor
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(false /* setIsSelected */);
+        verifyStopped();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(true /* setIsSelected */);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(mIpSecTransform);
+
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+
+        // Stop the monitor
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.close();
+        verifyStopped();
+        verify(mIpSecTransform).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransformStateReceiverOnResultWhenStopped() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+
+        // Unselect the monitor
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(false /* setIsSelected */);
+        verifyStopped();
+
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(newTransformState(1, 1, newReplayBitmap(1)));
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator, never())
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransformStateReceiverOnError() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onError(new RuntimeException("Test"));
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator, never())
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+    }
+
+    private void checkHandleLossRate(
+            int mockPacketLossRate, boolean isLastStateExpectedToUpdate, boolean isCallbackExpected)
+            throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+        doReturn(mockPacketLossRate)
+                .when(mPacketLossCalculator)
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+
+        // Mock receiving two states with mTransformStateInitial and an arbitrary transformNew
+        final IpSecTransformState transformNew = newTransformState(1, 1, newReplayBitmap(1));
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(transformNew);
+
+        // Verifications
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator)
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(
+                        eq(mTransformStateInitial), eq(transformNew), anyString());
+
+        if (isLastStateExpectedToUpdate) {
+            assertEquals(transformNew, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        }
+
+        if (isCallbackExpected) {
+            verify(mMetricMonitorCallback).onValidationResultReceived();
+        } else {
+            verify(mMetricMonitorCallback, never()).onValidationResultReceived();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleLossRate_validationPass() throws Exception {
+        checkHandleLossRate(
+                2, true /* isLastStateExpectedToUpdate */, true /* isCallbackExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleLossRate_validationFail() throws Exception {
+        checkHandleLossRate(
+                22, true /* isLastStateExpectedToUpdate */, true /* isCallbackExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleLossRate_resultUnavalaible() throws Exception {
+        checkHandleLossRate(
+                PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE,
+                false /* isLastStateExpectedToUpdate */,
+                false /* isCallbackExpected */);
+    }
+
+    private void checkGetPacketLossRate(
+            IpSecTransformState oldState, IpSecTransformState newState, int expectedLossRate)
+            throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(
+                expectedLossRate,
+                mPacketLossCalculator.getPacketLossRatePercentage(oldState, newState, TAG));
+    }
+
+    private void checkGetPacketLossRate(
+            IpSecTransformState oldState,
+            int rxSeqNo,
+            int packetCount,
+            int packetInWin,
+            int expectedDataLossRate)
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState newState =
+                newTransformState(rxSeqNo, packetCount, newReplayBitmap(packetInWin));
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, newState, expectedDataLossRate);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPacketLossRate_replayWindowUnchanged() throws Exception {
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(
+                mTransformStateInitial, mTransformStateInitial, PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 3000, 2000, 2000, PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPacketLossRate_againstInitialState() throws Exception {
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 7000, 7001, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 7000, 6000, 4096, 15);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 7000, 6000, 4000, 14);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqSmallerThanWinSize_overlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(2000, 1500, newReplayBitmap(1500));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 5000, 5001, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 5000, 4000, 4096, 29);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 5000, 4000, 4000, 27);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqSmallerThanWinSize_notOverlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(2000, 1500, newReplayBitmap(1500));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 7000, 7001, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 7000, 5000, 4096, 37);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 7000, 5000, 3000, 21);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqLargerThanWinSize_overlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(10000, 5000, newReplayBitmap(3000));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 12000, 8096, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 12000, 7000, 4096, 36);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 12000, 7000, 3000, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqLargerThanWinSize_notOverlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(10000, 5000, newReplayBitmap(3000));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 20000, 16096, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 20000, 14000, 4096, 19);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 20000, 14000, 3000, 10);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkEvaluationTestBase.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkEvaluationTestBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6015e931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkEvaluationTestBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnTestUtils.setupSystemService;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.getLinkPropertiesWithName;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.vcn.FeatureFlags;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.IPowerManager;
+import android.os.IThermalService;
+import android.os.ParcelUuid;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+
+import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnNetworkProvider;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+public abstract class NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
+    protected static final String SSID = "TestWifi";
+    protected static final String SSID_OTHER = "TestWifiOther";
+    protected static final String PLMN_ID = "123456";
+    protected static final String PLMN_ID_OTHER = "234567";
+
+    protected static final int SUB_ID = 1;
+    protected static final int WIFI_RSSI = -60;
+    protected static final int WIFI_RSSI_HIGH = -50;
+    protected static final int WIFI_RSSI_LOW = -80;
+    protected static final int CARRIER_ID = 1;
+    protected static final int CARRIER_ID_OTHER = 2;
+
+    protected static final int LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 1024;
+    protected static final int LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 2048;
+
+    protected static final int TEST_MIN_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 100;
+    protected static final int TEST_MIN_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 200;
+
+    protected static final ParcelUuid SUB_GROUP = new ParcelUuid(new UUID(0, 0));
+
+    protected static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
+            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                    .setSignalStrength(WIFI_RSSI)
+                    .setSsid(SSID)
+                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .build();
+
+    protected static final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER =
+            new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder().setSubscriptionId(SUB_ID).build();
+    protected static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
+            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN)
+                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                    .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(SUB_ID))
+                    .setNetworkSpecifier(TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER)
+                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .build();
+
+    protected static final LinkProperties LINK_PROPERTIES = getLinkPropertiesWithName("test_iface");
+
+    @Mock protected Context mContext;
+    @Mock protected Network mNetwork;
+    @Mock protected FeatureFlags mFeatureFlags;
+    @Mock protected com.android.net.flags.FeatureFlags mCoreNetFeatureFlags;
+    @Mock protected TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot mSubscriptionSnapshot;
+    @Mock protected TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    @Mock protected IPowerManager mPowerManagerService;
+
+    protected TestLooper mTestLooper;
+    protected VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    protected PowerManager mPowerManager;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        when(mNetwork.getNetId()).thenReturn(-1);
+
+        mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
+        mVcnContext =
+                spy(
+                        new VcnContext(
+                                mContext,
+                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
+                                mock(VcnNetworkProvider.class),
+                                false /* isInTestMode */));
+        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled();
+
+        setupSystemService(
+                mContext, mTelephonyManager, Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE, TelephonyManager.class);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(SUB_ID)).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator()).thenReturn(PLMN_ID);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.getSimSpecificCarrierId()).thenReturn(CARRIER_ID);
+
+        mPowerManager =
+                new PowerManager(
+                        mContext,
+                        mPowerManagerService,
+                        mock(IThermalService.class),
+                        mock(Handler.class));
+        setupSystemService(mContext, mPowerManager, Context.POWER_SERVICE, PowerManager.class);
+    }
+
+    protected IpSecTransform makeDummyIpSecTransform() throws Exception {
+        return new IpSecTransform(mContext, new IpSecConfig());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java
index 2266041..d85c515 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java
@@ -24,152 +24,48 @@
 import static android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplateTestBase.TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS;
 import static android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplateTestBase.TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS;
 
-import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnTestUtils.setupSystemService;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_FALLBACK;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.checkMatchesCellPriorityRule;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.checkMatchesPriorityRule;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule;
-import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.getLinkPropertiesWithName;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.LinkProperties;
-import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnCellUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
-import android.os.ParcelUuid;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
-import android.os.test.TestLooper;
-import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 
-import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
-import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
-import com.android.server.vcn.VcnNetworkProvider;
-
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.UUID;
 
-public class NetworkPriorityClassifierTest {
-    private static final String SSID = "TestWifi";
-    private static final String SSID_OTHER = "TestWifiOther";
-    private static final String PLMN_ID = "123456";
-    private static final String PLMN_ID_OTHER = "234567";
-
-    private static final int SUB_ID = 1;
-    private static final int WIFI_RSSI = -60;
-    private static final int WIFI_RSSI_HIGH = -50;
-    private static final int WIFI_RSSI_LOW = -80;
-    private static final int CARRIER_ID = 1;
-    private static final int CARRIER_ID_OTHER = 2;
-
-    private static final int LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 1024;
-    private static final int LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 2048;
-
-    private static final int TEST_MIN_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 100;
-    private static final int TEST_MIN_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 200;
-
-    private static final ParcelUuid SUB_GROUP = new ParcelUuid(new UUID(0, 0));
-
-    private static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
-            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
-                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                    .setSignalStrength(WIFI_RSSI)
-                    .setSsid(SSID)
-                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .build();
-
-    private static final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER =
-            new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder().setSubscriptionId(SUB_ID).build();
-    private static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
-            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
-                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN)
-                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
-                    .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(SUB_ID))
-                    .setNetworkSpecifier(TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER)
-                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .build();
-
-    private static final LinkProperties LINK_PROPERTIES = getLinkPropertiesWithName("test_iface");
-
-    @Mock private Network mNetwork;
-    @Mock private TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot mSubscriptionSnapshot;
-    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
-
-    private TestLooper mTestLooper;
-    private VcnContext mVcnContext;
+public class NetworkPriorityClassifierTest extends NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
     private UnderlyingNetworkRecord mWifiNetworkRecord;
     private UnderlyingNetworkRecord mCellNetworkRecord;
 
     @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
 
-        final Context mockContext = mock(Context.class);
-        mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
-        mVcnContext =
-                spy(
-                        new VcnContext(
-                                mockContext,
-                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
-                                mock(VcnNetworkProvider.class),
-                                false /* isInTestMode */));
-        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
-
-        setupSystemService(
-                mockContext, mTelephonyManager, Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE, TelephonyManager.class);
-        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(SUB_ID)).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
-        when(mTelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator()).thenReturn(PLMN_ID);
-        when(mTelephonyManager.getSimSpecificCarrierId()).thenReturn(CARRIER_ID);
-
-        mWifiNetworkRecord =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(
-                        WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES);
-        mCellNetworkRecord =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(
-                        CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES);
+        mWifiNetworkRecord = getTestNetworkRecord(WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
+        mCellNetworkRecord = getTestNetworkRecord(CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
     }
 
-    private UnderlyingNetworkRecord getTestNetworkRecord(
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates) {
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                mNetwork,
-                nc,
-                LINK_PROPERTIES,
-                false /* isBlocked */,
-                mVcnContext,
-                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                SUB_GROUP,
-                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
-                null /* carrierConfig */);
+    private UnderlyingNetworkRecord getTestNetworkRecord(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(mNetwork, nc, LINK_PROPERTIES, false /* isBlocked */);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -186,14 +82,14 @@
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        null /* currentlySelecetd */,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
     private void verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
             int entryUpstreamBandwidth,
             int exitUpstreamBandwidth,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             boolean expectMatch) {
         final VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate wifiNetworkPriority =
                 new VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate.Builder()
@@ -208,14 +104,14 @@
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        currentlySelected,
+                        isSelected,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
     private void verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
             int entryDownstreamBandwidth,
             int exitDownstreamBandwidth,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             boolean expectMatch) {
         final VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate wifiNetworkPriority =
                 new VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate.Builder()
@@ -231,7 +127,7 @@
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        currentlySelected,
+                        isSelected,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
@@ -240,7 +136,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_ENTRY_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -249,7 +145,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -258,7 +154,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_ENTRY_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -267,7 +163,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -276,7 +172,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -285,7 +181,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -294,7 +190,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -303,7 +199,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -318,14 +214,12 @@
                                 TEST_MIN_ENTRY_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
                         .build();
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord selectedNetworkRecord =
-                isSelectedNetwork ? mWifiNetworkRecord : null;
         assertEquals(
                 expectMatch,
                 checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
                         wifiNetworkPriority,
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
-                        selectedNetworkRecord,
+                        isSelectedNetwork,
                         carrierConfig == null
                                 ? null
                                 : new PersistableBundleWrapper(carrierConfig)));
@@ -381,7 +275,7 @@
                 checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
                         wifiNetworkPriority,
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
-                        null /* currentlySelecetd */,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
@@ -516,7 +410,7 @@
                         mCellNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
@@ -543,7 +437,16 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testCalculatePriorityClass() throws Exception {
-        assertEquals(2, mCellNetworkRecord.priorityClass);
+        final int priorityClass =
+                NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        mCellNetworkRecord,
+                        VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                        SUB_GROUP,
+                        mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
+                        null /* carrierConfig */);
+        assertEquals(2, priorityClass);
     }
 
     private void checkCalculatePriorityClassFailToMatchAny(
@@ -561,10 +464,19 @@
             ncBuilder.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
         }
 
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord nonDunNetworkRecord =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(ncBuilder.build(), templatesRequireDun);
+        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord nonDunNetworkRecord = getTestNetworkRecord(ncBuilder.build());
 
-        assertEquals(expectedPriorityClass, nonDunNetworkRecord.priorityClass);
+        final int priorityClass =
+                NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        nonDunNetworkRecord,
+                        templatesRequireDun,
+                        SUB_GROUP,
+                        mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
+                        null /* carrierConfig */);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedPriorityClass, priorityClass);
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java
index 2941fde..588624b 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java
@@ -29,13 +29,12 @@
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.WIFI_EXIT_RSSI_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
@@ -48,6 +47,8 @@
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
@@ -67,9 +68,11 @@
 import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnNetworkProvider;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.Dependencies;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.NetworkBringupCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.UnderlyingNetworkControllerCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.UnderlyingNetworkListener;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.NetworkEvaluatorCallback;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@
 import org.mockito.Captor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -152,12 +156,17 @@
     @Mock private CarrierConfigManager mCarrierConfigManager;
     @Mock private TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot mSubscriptionSnapshot;
     @Mock private UnderlyingNetworkControllerCallback mNetworkControllerCb;
+    @Mock private NetworkEvaluatorCallback mEvaluatorCallback;
     @Mock private Network mNetwork;
 
+    @Spy private Dependencies mDependencies = new Dependencies();
+
     @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<UnderlyingNetworkListener> mUnderlyingNetworkListenerCaptor;
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<NetworkEvaluatorCallback> mEvaluatorCallbackCaptor;
 
     private TestLooper mTestLooper;
     private VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator mNetworkEvaluator;
     private UnderlyingNetworkController mUnderlyingNetworkController;
 
     @Before
@@ -172,7 +181,7 @@
                                 mTestLooper.getLooper(),
                                 mVcnNetworkProvider,
                                 false /* isInTestMode */));
-        resetVcnContext();
+        resetVcnContext(mVcnContext);
 
         setupSystemService(
                 mContext,
@@ -189,18 +198,36 @@
 
         when(mSubscriptionSnapshot.getAllSubIdsInGroup(eq(SUB_GROUP))).thenReturn(INITIAL_SUB_IDS);
 
+        mNetworkEvaluator =
+                spy(
+                        new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                                mVcnContext,
+                                mNetwork,
+                                VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig()
+                                        .getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                                SUB_GROUP,
+                                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                                null,
+                                mEvaluatorCallback));
+        doReturn(mNetworkEvaluator)
+                .when(mDependencies)
+                .newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+
         mUnderlyingNetworkController =
                 new UnderlyingNetworkController(
                         mVcnContext,
                         VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig(),
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        mNetworkControllerCb);
+                        mNetworkControllerCb,
+                        mDependencies);
     }
 
-    private void resetVcnContext() {
-        reset(mVcnContext);
-        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+    private void resetVcnContext(VcnContext vcnContext) {
+        reset(vcnContext);
+        doNothing().when(vcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+        doReturn(true).when(vcnContext).isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(vcnContext).isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled();
     }
 
     // Package private for use in NetworkPriorityClassifierTest
@@ -226,11 +253,13 @@
         final ConnectivityManager cm = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
         setupSystemService(mContext, cm, Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, ConnectivityManager.class);
         final VcnContext vcnContext =
-                new VcnContext(
-                        mContext,
-                        mTestLooper.getLooper(),
-                        mVcnNetworkProvider,
-                        true /* isInTestMode */);
+                spy(
+                        new VcnContext(
+                                mContext,
+                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
+                                mVcnNetworkProvider,
+                                true /* isInTestMode */));
+        resetVcnContext(vcnContext);
 
         new UnderlyingNetworkController(
                 vcnContext,
@@ -489,13 +518,7 @@
             NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             LinkProperties linkProperties,
             boolean isBlocked) {
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                network,
-                networkCapabilities,
-                linkProperties,
-                isBlocked,
-                false /* isSelected */,
-                0 /* priorityClass */);
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(network, networkCapabilities, linkProperties, isBlocked);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -515,24 +538,12 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkRecord recordC =
                 new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
                         mNetwork,
-                        INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
-                        false /* isBlocked */,
-                        true /* isSelected */,
-                        -1 /* priorityClass */);
-        UnderlyingNetworkRecord recordD =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(
-                        mNetwork,
                         UPDATED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
                         UPDATED_LINK_PROPERTIES,
                         false /* isBlocked */);
 
         assertEquals(recordA, recordB);
-        assertEquals(recordA, recordC);
-        assertNotEquals(recordA, recordD);
-
-        assertTrue(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isEqualIncludingPriorities(recordA, recordB));
-        assertFalse(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isEqualIncludingPriorities(recordA, recordC));
+        assertNotEquals(recordA, recordC);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -540,6 +551,58 @@
         verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSubscriptionSnapshotAndCarrierConfig() {
+        verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot subscriptionUpdate =
+                mock(TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot.class);
+        when(subscriptionUpdate.getAllSubIdsInGroup(eq(SUB_GROUP))).thenReturn(UPDATED_SUB_IDS);
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkController.updateSubscriptionSnapshot(subscriptionUpdate);
+
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).reevaluate(any(), any(), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateIpSecTransform() {
+        verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord expectedRecord =
+                getTestNetworkRecord(
+                        mNetwork,
+                        INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                        INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                        false /* isBlocked */);
+        final IpSecTransform expectedTransform = new IpSecTransform(mContext, new IpSecConfig());
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkController.updateInboundTransform(expectedRecord, expectedTransform);
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).setInboundTransform(expectedTransform);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnEvaluationResultChanged() {
+        verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        // Verify #reevaluateNetworks is called by checking #getNetworkRecord
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).getNetworkRecord();
+
+        // Trigger the callback
+        verify(mDependencies)
+                .newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        mEvaluatorCallbackCaptor.capture());
+        mEvaluatorCallbackCaptor.getValue().onEvaluationResultChanged();
+
+        // Verify #reevaluateNetworks is called again
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator, times(2)).getNetworkRecord();
+    }
+
     private UnderlyingNetworkListener verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback() {
         return verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback(INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
     }
@@ -583,6 +646,7 @@
                         INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
                         false /* isBlocked */);
         verifyOnSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(expectedRecord);
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).setIsSelected(eq(true), any(), any(), any(), any());
         return cb;
     }
 
@@ -667,7 +731,7 @@
 
         cb.onBlockedStatusChanged(mNetwork, true /* isBlocked */);
 
-        verifyOnSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(null);
+        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(null);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -675,6 +739,7 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         cb.onLost(mNetwork);
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).close();
 
         verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(null);
     }
@@ -713,7 +778,8 @@
                 VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig(networkTemplates),
                 SUB_GROUP,
                 mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                mNetworkControllerCb);
+                mNetworkControllerCb,
+                mDependencies);
 
         verify(cm)
                 .registerNetworkCallback(
@@ -724,30 +790,44 @@
         return mUnderlyingNetworkListenerCaptor.getValue();
     }
 
-    private UnderlyingNetworkRecord bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(
             UnderlyingNetworkListener cb,
             NetworkCapabilities requestNetworkCaps,
-            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected) {
+            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates) {
         final Network network = mock(Network.class);
         final NetworkCapabilities responseNetworkCaps =
                 buildResponseNwCaps(requestNetworkCaps, INITIAL_SUB_IDS);
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator =
+                spy(
+                        new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                                mVcnContext,
+                                network,
+                                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                                SUB_GROUP,
+                                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                                null,
+                                mEvaluatorCallback));
+        doReturn(evaluator)
+                .when(mDependencies)
+                .newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
 
         cb.onAvailable(network);
         cb.onCapabilitiesChanged(network, responseNetworkCaps);
         cb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(network, INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES);
         cb.onBlockedStatusChanged(network, false /* isFalse */);
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                network,
-                responseNetworkCaps,
-                INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
-                false /* isBlocked */,
-                mVcnContext,
-                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                SUB_GROUP,
-                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                currentlySelected,
-                null /* carrierConfig */);
+
+        return evaluator;
+    }
+
+    private void verifySelectNetwork(UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator expectedEvaluator) {
+        verifyOnSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(expectedEvaluator.getNetworkRecord());
+        verify(expectedEvaluator).setIsSelected(eq(true), any(), any(), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNeverSelectNetwork(UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator expectedEvaluator) {
+        verify(mNetworkControllerCb, never())
+                .onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(expectedEvaluator.getNetworkRecord()));
+        verify(expectedEvaluator, never()).setIsSelected(eq(true), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -759,19 +839,15 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
         // Bring up CBS network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord cbsNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb,
-                        CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        networkTemplates,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(cbsNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator cbsNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(cbsNetworkEvaluator);
 
         // Bring up DUN network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord dunNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb, DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates, cbsNetworkRecord);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(dunNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator dunNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(dunNetworkEvaluator);
+        verify(cbsNetworkEvaluator).setIsSelected(eq(false), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -783,20 +859,14 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
         // Bring up DUN network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord dunNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb,
-                        DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        networkTemplates,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(dunNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator dunNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(dunNetworkEvaluator);
 
         // Bring up CBS network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord cbsNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates, dunNetworkRecord);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb, never())
-                .onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(cbsNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator cbsNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifyNeverSelectNetwork(cbsNetworkEvaluator);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -808,13 +878,9 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
         // Bring up an Internet network without DUN capability
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb,
-                        INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        networkTemplates,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(networkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(evaluator);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -825,10 +891,8 @@
                 new VcnCellUnderlyingNetworkTemplate.Builder().setDun(MATCH_REQUIRED).build());
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
-        bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates, null /* currentlySelected */);
-
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb, never())
-                .onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(any(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.class));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifyNeverSelectNetwork(evaluator);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa81efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static android.net.vcn.VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyObject;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig;
+
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.Dependencies;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.NetworkEvaluatorCallback;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest extends NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
+    private static final int PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN = 10;
+    private static final long PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN);
+
+    @Mock private PersistableBundleWrapper mCarrierConfig;
+    @Mock private IpSecPacketLossDetector mIpSecPacketLossDetector;
+    @Mock private Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @Mock private NetworkEvaluatorCallback mEvaluatorCallback;
+
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<NetworkMetricMonitorCallback> mMetricMonitorCbCaptor;
+
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator mNetworkEvaluator;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+
+        when(mDependencies.newIpSecPacketLossDetector(any(), any(), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(mIpSecPacketLossDetector);
+
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getIntArray(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(new int[] {PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN});
+
+        mNetworkEvaluator = newValidUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+    }
+
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator() {
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                mVcnContext,
+                mNetwork,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig,
+                mEvaluatorCallback,
+                mDependencies);
+    }
+
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator newValidUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator() {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+
+        evaluator.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setLinkProperties(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setIsBlocked(
+                false /* isBlocked */,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+
+        return evaluator;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitializedEvaluator() throws Exception {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+
+        assertFalse(evaluator.isValid());
+        assertEquals(mNetwork, evaluator.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(PRIORITY_INVALID, evaluator.getPriorityClass());
+
+        try {
+            evaluator.getNetworkRecord();
+            fail("Expected to fail because evaluator is not valid");
+        } catch (Exception expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidEvaluator() {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+        evaluator.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setLinkProperties(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setIsBlocked(
+                false /* isBlocked */,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord expectedRecord =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
+                        mNetwork,
+                        CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                        LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                        false /* isBlocked */);
+
+        assertTrue(evaluator.isValid());
+        assertEquals(mNetwork, evaluator.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(2, evaluator.getPriorityClass());
+        assertEquals(expectedRecord, evaluator.getNetworkRecord());
+    }
+
+    private void checkSetSelectedNetwork(boolean isSelected) {
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setIsSelected(
+                isSelected,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(isSelected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIsSelected_selected() throws Exception {
+        checkSetSelectedNetwork(true /* isSelectedExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIsSelected_unselected() throws Exception {
+        checkSetSelectedNetwork(false /* isSelectedExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIpSecTransform_onSelectedNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransform transform = makeDummyIpSecTransform();
+
+        // Make the network selected
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setIsSelected(
+                true,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setInboundTransform(transform);
+
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).setInboundTransform(transform);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIpSecTransform_onUnSelectedNetwork() throws Exception {
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setIsSelected(
+                false,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setInboundTransform(makeDummyIpSecTransform());
+
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector, never()).setInboundTransform(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void close() throws Exception {
+        mNetworkEvaluator.close();
+
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).close();
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    private NetworkMetricMonitorCallback getMetricMonitorCbCaptor() throws Exception {
+        verify(mDependencies)
+                .newIpSecPacketLossDetector(any(), any(), any(), mMetricMonitorCbCaptor.capture());
+
+        return mMetricMonitorCbCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    private void checkPenalizeNetwork() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+
+        // Validation failed
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(true);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        // Verify the evaluator is penalized
+        assertTrue(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_penalizeNetwork_penaltyTimeout() throws Exception {
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        // Penalty timeout
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        // Verify the evaluator is not penalized
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback, times(2)).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_penalizeNetwork_passValidation() throws Exception {
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        // Validation passed
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(false);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        // Verify the evaluator is not penalized and penalty timeout is canceled
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback, times(2)).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_penalizeNetwork_closeEvaluator() throws Exception {
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        mNetworkEvaluator.close();
+
+        // Verify penalty timeout is canceled
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_PenaltyStateUnchanged() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+
+        // Validation passed
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(false);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        // Verifications
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback, never()).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetCarrierConfig() throws Exception {
+        final int additionalTimeoutMin = 10;
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getIntArray(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(new int[] {PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN + additionalTimeoutMin});
+
+        // Update evaluator and penalize the network
+        mNetworkEvaluator.reevaluate(
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        // Verify penalty timeout is changed
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(additionalTimeoutMin));
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+
+        // Verify NetworkMetricMonitor is notified
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).setCarrierConfig(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompare() throws Exception {
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(true);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator penalized = mNetworkEvaluator;
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator notPenalized = newValidUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+
+        assertEquals(penalized.getPriorityClass(), notPenalized.getPriorityClass());
+
+        final int result =
+                UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.getComparator(mVcnContext)
+                        .compare(penalized, notPenalized);
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.cpp b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.cpp
index cf4dd79..24699bf 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.cpp
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 #include "java/JavaClassGenerator.h"
 #include "java/ManifestClassGenerator.h"
 #include "java/ProguardRules.h"
+#include "link/FeatureFlagsFilter.h"
 #include "link/Linkers.h"
 #include "link/ManifestFixer.h"
 #include "link/NoDefaultResourceRemover.h"
@@ -1986,6 +1987,19 @@
     context_->SetNameManglerPolicy(NameManglerPolicy{context_->GetCompilationPackage()});
     context_->SetSplitNameDependencies(app_info_.split_name_dependencies);
 
+    FeatureFlagsFilterOptions flags_filter_options;
+    if (context_->GetMinSdkVersion() > SDK_UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
+      // For API version > U, PackageManager will dynamically read the flag values and disable
+      // manifest elements accordingly when parsing the manifest.
+      // For API version <= U, we remove disabled elements from the manifest with the filter.
+      flags_filter_options.remove_disabled_elements = false;
+      flags_filter_options.flags_must_have_value = false;
+    }
+    FeatureFlagsFilter flags_filter(options_.feature_flag_values, flags_filter_options);
+    if (!flags_filter.Consume(context_, manifest_xml.get())) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+
     // Override the package ID when it is "android".
     if (context_->GetCompilationPackage() == "android") {
       context_->SetPackageId(kAndroidPackageId);
@@ -2530,7 +2544,7 @@
   }
 
   for (const std::string& arg : all_feature_flags_args) {
-    if (ParseFeatureFlagsParameter(arg, context.GetDiagnostics(), &options_.feature_flag_values)) {
+    if (!ParseFeatureFlagsParameter(arg, context.GetDiagnostics(), &options_.feature_flag_values)) {
       return 1;
     }
   }
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.h b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.h
index 26713fd..dc18b1c 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.h
+++ b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link.h
@@ -330,7 +330,11 @@
             "should only be used together with the --static-lib flag.",
         &options_.merge_only);
     AddOptionalSwitch("-v", "Enables verbose logging.", &verbose_);
-    AddOptionalFlagList("--feature-flags", "Placeholder, to be implemented.", &feature_flags_args_);
+    AddOptionalFlagList("--feature-flags",
+                        "Specify the values of feature flags. The pairs in the argument\n"
+                        "are separated by ',' and the name is separated from the value by '='.\n"
+                        "Example: \"flag1=true,flag2=false,flag3=\" (flag3 has no given value).",
+                        &feature_flags_args_);
   }
 
   int Action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) override;
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp
index 725a1b8..7ceb351 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/cmd/Link_test.cpp
@@ -16,11 +16,10 @@
 
 #include "Link.h"
 
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-
-#include "AppInfo.h"
 #include "Diagnostics.h"
 #include "LoadedApk.h"
+#include "android-base/file.h"
+#include "android-base/stringprintf.h"
 #include "test/Test.h"
 
 using testing::Eq;
@@ -993,4 +992,213 @@
   ASSERT_FALSE(Link(link_args, &diag));
 }
 
+static void BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(const std::string& apk_path, const std::string& java_path,
+                                        CommandTestFixture* fixture, android::IDiagnostics* diag) {
+  const std::string android_values =
+      R"(<resources>
+          <staging-public-group type="attr" first-id="0x01fe0063">
+            <public name="featureFlag" />
+          </staging-public-group>
+          <attr name="featureFlag" format="string" />
+         </resources>)";
+
+  SourceXML source_xml{.res_file_path = "/res/values/values.xml", .file_contents = android_values};
+  BuildSDK({source_xml}, apk_path, java_path, fixture, diag);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LinkTest, FeatureFlagDisabled_SdkAtMostUDC) {
+  StdErrDiagnostics diag;
+  const std::string android_apk = GetTestPath("android.apk");
+  const std::string android_java = GetTestPath("android-java");
+  BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(android_apk, android_java, this, &diag);
+
+  const std::string manifest_contents = android::base::StringPrintf(
+      R"(<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="%d" />"
+          <permission android:name="FOO" android:featureFlag="flag" />)",
+      SDK_UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE);
+  auto app_manifest = ManifestBuilder(this)
+                          .SetPackageName("com.example.app")
+                          .AddContents(manifest_contents)
+                          .Build();
+
+  auto app_link_args = LinkCommandBuilder(this)
+                           .SetManifestFile(app_manifest)
+                           .AddParameter("-I", android_apk)
+                           .AddParameter("--feature-flags", "flag=false");
+
+  const std::string app_apk = GetTestPath("app.apk");
+  BuildApk({}, app_apk, std::move(app_link_args), this, &diag);
+
+  // Permission element should be removed if flag is disabled
+  auto apk = LoadedApk::LoadApkFromPath(app_apk, &diag);
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk, NotNull());
+  auto apk_manifest = apk->GetManifest();
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk_manifest, NotNull());
+  auto root = apk_manifest->root.get();
+  ASSERT_THAT(root, NotNull());
+  auto maybe_removed = root->FindChild({}, "permission");
+  ASSERT_THAT(maybe_removed, IsNull());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LinkTest, FeatureFlagEnabled_SdkAtMostUDC) {
+  StdErrDiagnostics diag;
+  const std::string android_apk = GetTestPath("android.apk");
+  const std::string android_java = GetTestPath("android-java");
+  BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(android_apk, android_java, this, &diag);
+
+  const std::string manifest_contents = android::base::StringPrintf(
+      R"(<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="%d" />"
+          <permission android:name="FOO" android:featureFlag="flag" />)",
+      SDK_UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE);
+  auto app_manifest = ManifestBuilder(this)
+                          .SetPackageName("com.example.app")
+                          .AddContents(manifest_contents)
+                          .Build();
+
+  auto app_link_args = LinkCommandBuilder(this)
+                           .SetManifestFile(app_manifest)
+                           .AddParameter("-I", android_apk)
+                           .AddParameter("--feature-flags", "flag=true");
+
+  const std::string app_apk = GetTestPath("app.apk");
+  BuildApk({}, app_apk, std::move(app_link_args), this, &diag);
+
+  // Permission element should be kept if flag is enabled
+  auto apk = LoadedApk::LoadApkFromPath(app_apk, &diag);
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk, NotNull());
+  auto apk_manifest = apk->GetManifest();
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk_manifest, NotNull());
+  auto root = apk_manifest->root.get();
+  ASSERT_THAT(root, NotNull());
+  auto maybe_removed = root->FindChild({}, "permission");
+  ASSERT_THAT(maybe_removed, NotNull());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LinkTest, FeatureFlagWithNoValue_SdkAtMostUDC) {
+  StdErrDiagnostics diag;
+  const std::string android_apk = GetTestPath("android.apk");
+  const std::string android_java = GetTestPath("android-java");
+  BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(android_apk, android_java, this, &diag);
+
+  const std::string manifest_contents = android::base::StringPrintf(
+      R"(<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="%d" />"
+          <permission android:name="FOO" android:featureFlag="flag" />)",
+      SDK_UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE);
+  auto app_manifest = ManifestBuilder(this)
+                          .SetPackageName("com.example.app")
+                          .AddContents(manifest_contents)
+                          .Build();
+
+  auto app_link_args = LinkCommandBuilder(this)
+                           .SetManifestFile(app_manifest)
+                           .AddParameter("-I", android_apk)
+                           .AddParameter("--feature-flags", "flag=");
+
+  // Flags must have values if <= UDC
+  const std::string app_apk = GetTestPath("app.apk");
+  ASSERT_FALSE(Link(app_link_args.Build(app_apk), &diag));
+}
+
+TEST_F(LinkTest, FeatureFlagDisabled_SdkAfterUDC) {
+  StdErrDiagnostics diag;
+  const std::string android_apk = GetTestPath("android.apk");
+  const std::string android_java = GetTestPath("android-java");
+  BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(android_apk, android_java, this, &diag);
+
+  const std::string manifest_contents = android::base::StringPrintf(
+      R"(<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="%d" />"
+          <permission android:name="FOO" android:featureFlag="flag" />)",
+      SDK_CUR_DEVELOPMENT);
+  auto app_manifest = ManifestBuilder(this)
+                          .SetPackageName("com.example.app")
+                          .AddContents(manifest_contents)
+                          .Build();
+
+  auto app_link_args = LinkCommandBuilder(this)
+                           .SetManifestFile(app_manifest)
+                           .AddParameter("-I", android_apk)
+                           .AddParameter("--feature-flags", "flag=false");
+
+  const std::string app_apk = GetTestPath("app.apk");
+  BuildApk({}, app_apk, std::move(app_link_args), this, &diag);
+
+  // Permission element should be kept if > UDC, regardless of flag value
+  auto apk = LoadedApk::LoadApkFromPath(app_apk, &diag);
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk, NotNull());
+  auto apk_manifest = apk->GetManifest();
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk_manifest, NotNull());
+  auto root = apk_manifest->root.get();
+  ASSERT_THAT(root, NotNull());
+  auto maybe_removed = root->FindChild({}, "permission");
+  ASSERT_THAT(maybe_removed, NotNull());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LinkTest, FeatureFlagEnabled_SdkAfterUDC) {
+  StdErrDiagnostics diag;
+  const std::string android_apk = GetTestPath("android.apk");
+  const std::string android_java = GetTestPath("android-java");
+  BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(android_apk, android_java, this, &diag);
+
+  const std::string manifest_contents = android::base::StringPrintf(
+      R"(<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="%d" />"
+          <permission android:name="FOO" android:featureFlag="flag" />)",
+      SDK_CUR_DEVELOPMENT);
+  auto app_manifest = ManifestBuilder(this)
+                          .SetPackageName("com.example.app")
+                          .AddContents(manifest_contents)
+                          .Build();
+
+  auto app_link_args = LinkCommandBuilder(this)
+                           .SetManifestFile(app_manifest)
+                           .AddParameter("-I", android_apk)
+                           .AddParameter("--feature-flags", "flag=true");
+
+  const std::string app_apk = GetTestPath("app.apk");
+  BuildApk({}, app_apk, std::move(app_link_args), this, &diag);
+
+  // Permission element should be kept if > UDC, regardless of flag value
+  auto apk = LoadedApk::LoadApkFromPath(app_apk, &diag);
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk, NotNull());
+  auto apk_manifest = apk->GetManifest();
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk_manifest, NotNull());
+  auto root = apk_manifest->root.get();
+  ASSERT_THAT(root, NotNull());
+  auto maybe_removed = root->FindChild({}, "permission");
+  ASSERT_THAT(maybe_removed, NotNull());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LinkTest, FeatureFlagWithNoValue_SdkAfterUDC) {
+  StdErrDiagnostics diag;
+  const std::string android_apk = GetTestPath("android.apk");
+  const std::string android_java = GetTestPath("android-java");
+  BuildSDKWithFeatureFlagAttr(android_apk, android_java, this, &diag);
+
+  const std::string manifest_contents = android::base::StringPrintf(
+      R"(<uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="%d" />"
+          <permission android:name="FOO" android:featureFlag="flag" />)",
+      SDK_CUR_DEVELOPMENT);
+  auto app_manifest = ManifestBuilder(this)
+                          .SetPackageName("com.example.app")
+                          .AddContents(manifest_contents)
+                          .Build();
+
+  auto app_link_args = LinkCommandBuilder(this)
+                           .SetManifestFile(app_manifest)
+                           .AddParameter("-I", android_apk)
+                           .AddParameter("--feature-flags", "flag=");
+
+  const std::string app_apk = GetTestPath("app.apk");
+  BuildApk({}, app_apk, std::move(app_link_args), this, &diag);
+
+  // Permission element should be kept if > UDC, regardless of flag value
+  auto apk = LoadedApk::LoadApkFromPath(app_apk, &diag);
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk, NotNull());
+  auto apk_manifest = apk->GetManifest();
+  ASSERT_THAT(apk_manifest, NotNull());
+  auto root = apk_manifest->root.get();
+  ASSERT_THAT(root, NotNull());
+  auto maybe_removed = root->FindChild({}, "permission");
+  ASSERT_THAT(maybe_removed, NotNull());
+}
+
 }  // namespace aapt
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 6361f9b..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-include $(call all-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH))
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/App/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/App/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 27b6068..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/App/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME := AaptTestMergeOnly_App
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE  := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_EXPORT_PACKAGE_RESOURCES := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_STATIC_ANDROID_LIBRARIES := \
-    AaptTestMergeOnly_LeafLib \
-    AaptTestMergeOnly_LocalLib
-include $(BUILD_PACKAGE)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/LeafLib/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/LeafLib/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index c084849..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/LeafLib/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_MODULE := AaptTestMergeOnly_LeafLib
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_RESOURCE_DIR := $(LOCAL_PATH)/res
-LOCAL_MIN_SDK_VERSION := 21
-LOCAL_AAPT_FLAGS := --merge-only
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_JAVA_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/LocalLib/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/LocalLib/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 699ad79..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/MergeOnlyTest/LocalLib/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-//
-// Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-//
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_MODULE := AaptTestMergeOnly_LocalLib
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_RESOURCE_DIR := $(LOCAL_PATH)/res
-LOCAL_MIN_SDK_VERSION := 21
-LOCAL_AAPT_FLAGS := --merge-only
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_JAVA_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 6361f9b..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-include $(call all-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH))
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/App/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/App/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 98b7440..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/App/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME := AaptTestNamespace_App
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE  := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_EXPORT_PACKAGE_RESOURCES := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under,src)
-LOCAL_STATIC_ANDROID_LIBRARIES := \
-    AaptTestNamespace_LibOne \
-    AaptTestNamespace_LibTwo
-include $(BUILD_PACKAGE)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/LibOne/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/LibOne/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index dd41702..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/LibOne/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_MODULE := AaptTestNamespace_LibOne
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_RESOURCE_DIR := $(LOCAL_PATH)/res
-LOCAL_MIN_SDK_VERSION := 21
-
-# We need this to retain the R.java generated for this library.
-LOCAL_JAR_EXCLUDE_FILES := none
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_JAVA_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/LibTwo/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/LibTwo/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 0d11bcb..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/LibTwo/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_MODULE := AaptTestNamespace_LibTwo
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under,src)
-LOCAL_RESOURCE_DIR := $(LOCAL_PATH)/res
-LOCAL_MIN_SDK_VERSION := 21
-
-# We need this to retain the R.java generated for this library.
-LOCAL_JAR_EXCLUDE_FILES := none
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_JAVA_LIBRARY)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/Split/Android.mk b/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/Split/Android.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 30375728..0000000
--- a/tools/aapt2/integration-tests/NamespaceTest/Split/Android.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-#
-
-LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_USE_AAPT2 := true
-LOCAL_AAPT_NAMESPACES := true
-LOCAL_PACKAGE_NAME := AaptTestNamespace_Split
-LOCAL_LICENSE_KINDS := SPDX-license-identifier-Apache-2.0
-LOCAL_LICENSE_CONDITIONS := notice
-LOCAL_NOTICE_FILE  := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../../../../../NOTICE
-LOCAL_SDK_VERSION := current
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(call all-java-files-under,src)
-LOCAL_APK_LIBRARIES := AaptTestNamespace_App
-LOCAL_RES_LIBRARIES := AaptTestNamespace_App
-LOCAL_AAPT_FLAGS := --package-id 0x80 --rename-manifest-package com.android.aapt.namespace.app
-include $(BUILD_PACKAGE)
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/util/Files.cpp b/tools/aapt2/util/Files.cpp
index 93c1b61..02e4beae 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/util/Files.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/util/Files.cpp
@@ -251,10 +251,13 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  for (StringPiece line : util::Tokenize(contents, ' ')) {
+  for (StringPiece line : util::Tokenize(contents, '\n')) {
     line = util::TrimWhitespace(line);
-    if (!line.empty()) {
-      out_arglist->emplace_back(line);
+    for (StringPiece arg : util::Tokenize(line, ' ')) {
+      arg = util::TrimWhitespace(arg);
+      if (!arg.empty()) {
+        out_arglist->emplace_back(arg);
+      }
     }
   }
   return true;
@@ -270,10 +273,13 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  for (StringPiece line : util::Tokenize(contents, ' ')) {
+  for (StringPiece line : util::Tokenize(contents, '\n')) {
     line = util::TrimWhitespace(line);
-    if (!line.empty()) {
-      out_argset->emplace(line);
+    for (StringPiece arg : util::Tokenize(line, ' ')) {
+      arg = util::TrimWhitespace(arg);
+      if (!arg.empty()) {
+        out_argset->emplace(arg);
+      }
     }
   }
   return true;
diff --git a/tools/aapt2/util/Files_test.cpp b/tools/aapt2/util/Files_test.cpp
index 6c38080..618a3e0 100644
--- a/tools/aapt2/util/Files_test.cpp
+++ b/tools/aapt2/util/Files_test.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
 
 using ::android::base::StringPrintf;
 
+using ::testing::ElementsAre;
+using ::testing::UnorderedElementsAre;
+
 namespace aapt {
 namespace file {
 
@@ -34,9 +37,11 @@
 constexpr const char sTestDirSep = '/';
 #endif
 
-class FilesTest : public ::testing::Test {
+class FilesTest : public TestDirectoryFixture {
  public:
   void SetUp() override {
+    TestDirectoryFixture::SetUp();
+
     std::stringstream builder;
     builder << "hello" << sDirSep << "there";
     expected_path_ = builder.str();
@@ -66,6 +71,42 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(expected_path_, base);
 }
 
+TEST_F(FilesTest, AppendArgsFromFile) {
+  const std::string args_file = GetTestPath("args.txt");
+  WriteFile(args_file,
+            "  \n"
+            "arg1 arg2   arg3  \n"
+            "   arg4 arg5");
+  std::vector<std::string> args;
+  std::string error;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(AppendArgsFromFile(args_file, &args, &error));
+  EXPECT_THAT(args, ElementsAre("arg1", "arg2", "arg3", "arg4", "arg5"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FilesTest, AppendArgsFromFile_InvalidFile) {
+  std::vector<std::string> args;
+  std::string error;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(AppendArgsFromFile(GetTestPath("not_found.txt"), &args, &error));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FilesTest, AppendSetArgsFromFile) {
+  const std::string args_file = GetTestPath("args.txt");
+  WriteFile(args_file,
+            "  \n"
+            "arg2 arg4   arg1  \n"
+            "   arg5 arg3");
+  std::unordered_set<std::string> args;
+  std::string error;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(AppendSetArgsFromFile(args_file, &args, &error));
+  EXPECT_THAT(args, UnorderedElementsAre("arg1", "arg2", "arg3", "arg4", "arg5"));
+}
+
+TEST_F(FilesTest, AppendSetArgsFromFile_InvalidFile) {
+  std::unordered_set<std::string> args;
+  std::string error;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(AppendSetArgsFromFile(GetTestPath("not_found.txt"), &args, &error));
+}
+
 #ifdef _WIN32
 TEST_F(FilesTest, WindowsMkdirsLongPath) {
   // Creating directory paths longer than the Windows maximum path length (260 charatcers) should