diff --git a/core/java/android/net/INetworkStatsService.aidl b/core/java/android/net/INetworkStatsService.aidl
index 0baf11e..dc3b88a 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/INetworkStatsService.aidl
+++ b/core/java/android/net/INetworkStatsService.aidl
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import android.net.DataUsageRequest;
 import android.net.INetworkStatsSession;
 import android.net.Network;
-import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
     /** Force update of ifaces. */
     void forceUpdateIfaces(
          in Network[] defaultNetworks,
-         in NetworkState[] networkStates,
+         in NetworkStateSnapshot[] snapshots,
          in String activeIface,
          in UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos);
     /** Force update of statistics. */
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java b/core/java/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
index 303a407..927db11 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/NetworkIdentity.java
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
 
-import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
@@ -180,29 +179,42 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Build a {@link NetworkIdentity} from the given {@link NetworkState} and {@code subType},
-     * assuming that any mobile networks are using the current IMSI. The subType if applicable,
-     * should be set as one of the TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_* constants, or
-     * {@link android.telephony.TelephonyManager#NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN} if not.
+     * Build a {@link NetworkIdentity} from the given {@link NetworkState} and
+     * {@code subType}, assuming that any mobile networks are using the current IMSI.
+     * The subType if applicable, should be set as one of the TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_*
+     * constants, or {@link android.telephony.TelephonyManager#NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN} if not.
      */
-    public static NetworkIdentity buildNetworkIdentity(Context context, NetworkState state,
-            boolean defaultNetwork, @NetworkType int subType) {
-        final int legacyType = state.legacyNetworkType;
+    // TODO: Delete this function after NetworkPolicyManagerService finishes the migration.
+    public static NetworkIdentity buildNetworkIdentity(Context context,
+            NetworkState state, boolean defaultNetwork, @NetworkType int subType) {
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(state.linkProperties,
+                state.networkCapabilities, state.network, state.subscriberId,
+                state.legacyNetworkType);
+        return buildNetworkIdentity(context, snapshot, defaultNetwork, subType);
+    }
 
-        String subscriberId = null;
+    /**
+     * Build a {@link NetworkIdentity} from the given {@link NetworkStateSnapshot} and
+     * {@code subType}, assuming that any mobile networks are using the current IMSI.
+     * The subType if applicable, should be set as one of the TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_*
+     * constants, or {@link android.telephony.TelephonyManager#NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN} if not.
+     */
+    public static NetworkIdentity buildNetworkIdentity(Context context,
+            NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot, boolean defaultNetwork, @NetworkType int subType) {
+        final int legacyType = snapshot.legacyType;
+
+        final String subscriberId = snapshot.subscriberId;
         String networkId = null;
-        boolean roaming = !state.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+        boolean roaming = !snapshot.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
                 NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
-        boolean metered = !state.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+        boolean metered = !snapshot.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
                 NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
 
-        subscriberId = state.subscriberId;
-
-        final int oemManaged = getOemBitfield(state.networkCapabilities);
+        final int oemManaged = getOemBitfield(snapshot.networkCapabilities);
 
         if (legacyType == TYPE_WIFI) {
-            if (state.networkCapabilities.getSsid() != null) {
-                networkId = state.networkCapabilities.getSsid();
+            if (snapshot.networkCapabilities.getSsid() != null) {
+                networkId = snapshot.networkCapabilities.getSsid();
                 if (networkId == null) {
                     // TODO: Figure out if this code path never runs. If so, remove them.
                     final WifiManager wifi = (WifiManager) context.getSystemService(
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 1bb91d5..d24be9d 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
 import android.net.NetworkStackClient;
 import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
 import android.net.NetworkUtils;
 import android.net.NetworkWatchlistManager;
@@ -7948,8 +7949,16 @@
 
         final UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos = getAllVpnInfo();
         try {
-            mStatsService.forceUpdateIfaces(getDefaultNetworks(), getAllNetworkState(), activeIface,
-                    underlyingNetworkInfos);
+            final ArrayList<NetworkStateSnapshot> snapshots = new ArrayList<>();
+            // TODO: Directly use NetworkStateSnapshot when feasible.
+            for (final NetworkState state : getAllNetworkState()) {
+                final NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot = new NetworkStateSnapshot(state.linkProperties,
+                        state.networkCapabilities, state.network, state.subscriberId,
+                        state.legacyNetworkType);
+                snapshots.add(snapshot);
+            }
+            mStatsService.forceUpdateIfaces(getDefaultNetworks(), snapshots.toArray(
+                    new NetworkStateSnapshot[0]), activeIface, underlyingNetworkInfos);
         } catch (Exception ignored) {
         }
     }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
index 5b9a11b..3a5e10e 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsService.java
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity;
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
-import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStats.NonMonotonicObserver;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
     /** Last states of all networks sent from ConnectivityService. */
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     @Nullable
-    private NetworkState[] mLastNetworkStates = null;
+    private NetworkStateSnapshot[] mLastNetworkStateSnapshots = null;
 
     private final DropBoxNonMonotonicObserver mNonMonotonicObserver =
             new DropBoxNonMonotonicObserver();
@@ -378,8 +378,8 @@
                 }
                 case MSG_UPDATE_IFACES: {
                     // If no cached states, ignore.
-                    if (mLastNetworkStates == null) break;
-                    updateIfaces(mDefaultNetworks, mLastNetworkStates, mActiveIface);
+                    if (mLastNetworkStateSnapshots == null) break;
+                    updateIfaces(mDefaultNetworks, mLastNetworkStateSnapshots, mActiveIface);
                     break;
                 }
                 case MSG_PERFORM_POLL_REGISTER_ALERT: {
@@ -967,10 +967,9 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Override
     public void forceUpdateIfaces(
             Network[] defaultNetworks,
-            NetworkState[] networkStates,
+            NetworkStateSnapshot[] networkStates,
             String activeIface,
             UnderlyingNetworkInfo[] underlyingNetworkInfos) {
         checkNetworkStackPermission(mContext);
@@ -1248,13 +1247,13 @@
 
     private void updateIfaces(
             Network[] defaultNetworks,
-            NetworkState[] networkStates,
+            NetworkStateSnapshot[] snapshots,
             String activeIface) {
         synchronized (mStatsLock) {
             mWakeLock.acquire();
             try {
                 mActiveIface = activeIface;
-                updateIfacesLocked(defaultNetworks, networkStates);
+                updateIfacesLocked(defaultNetworks, snapshots);
             } finally {
                 mWakeLock.release();
             }
@@ -1262,13 +1261,13 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Inspect all current {@link NetworkState} to derive mapping from {@code iface} to {@link
-     * NetworkStatsHistory}. When multiple networks are active on a single {@code iface},
+     * Inspect all current {@link NetworkStateSnapshot}s to derive mapping from {@code iface} to
+     * {@link NetworkStatsHistory}. When multiple networks are active on a single {@code iface},
      * they are combined under a single {@link NetworkIdentitySet}.
      */
     @GuardedBy("mStatsLock")
     private void updateIfacesLocked(@Nullable Network[] defaultNetworks,
-            @NonNull NetworkState[] states) {
+            @NonNull NetworkStateSnapshot[] snapshots) {
         if (!mSystemReady) return;
         if (LOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "updateIfacesLocked()");
 
@@ -1288,21 +1287,21 @@
             mDefaultNetworks = defaultNetworks;
         }
 
-        mLastNetworkStates = states;
+        mLastNetworkStateSnapshots = snapshots;
 
         final boolean combineSubtypeEnabled = mSettings.getCombineSubtypeEnabled();
         final ArraySet<String> mobileIfaces = new ArraySet<>();
-        for (NetworkState state : states) {
-            final boolean isMobile = isNetworkTypeMobile(state.legacyNetworkType);
-            final boolean isDefault = ArrayUtils.contains(mDefaultNetworks, state.network);
+        for (NetworkStateSnapshot snapshot : snapshots) {
+            final boolean isMobile = isNetworkTypeMobile(snapshot.legacyType);
+            final boolean isDefault = ArrayUtils.contains(mDefaultNetworks, snapshot.network);
             final int subType = combineSubtypeEnabled ? SUBTYPE_COMBINED
-                    : getSubTypeForState(state);
-            final NetworkIdentity ident = NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity(mContext, state,
+                    : getSubTypeForStateSnapshot(snapshot);
+            final NetworkIdentity ident = NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity(mContext, snapshot,
                     isDefault, subType);
 
             // Traffic occurring on the base interface is always counted for
             // both total usage and UID details.
-            final String baseIface = state.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            final String baseIface = snapshot.linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
             if (baseIface != null) {
                 findOrCreateNetworkIdentitySet(mActiveIfaces, baseIface).add(ident);
                 findOrCreateNetworkIdentitySet(mActiveUidIfaces, baseIface).add(ident);
@@ -1312,7 +1311,7 @@
                 // If IMS is metered, then the IMS network usage has already included VT usage.
                 // VT is considered always metered in framework's layer. If VT is not metered
                 // per carrier's policy, modem will report 0 usage for VT calls.
-                if (state.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
+                if (snapshot.networkCapabilities.hasCapability(
                         NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_IMS) && !ident.getMetered()) {
 
                     // Copy the identify from IMS one but mark it as metered.
@@ -1358,7 +1357,7 @@
             // (or non eBPF offloaded) TX they would appear on both, however egress interface
             // accounting is explicitly bypassed for traffic from the clat uid.
             //
-            final List<LinkProperties> stackedLinks = state.linkProperties.getStackedLinks();
+            final List<LinkProperties> stackedLinks = snapshot.linkProperties.getStackedLinks();
             for (LinkProperties stackedLink : stackedLinks) {
                 final String stackedIface = stackedLink.getInterfaceName();
                 if (stackedIface != null) {
@@ -1381,7 +1380,7 @@
      * {@link PhoneStateListener}. Otherwise, return 0 given that other networks with different
      * transport types do not actually fill this value.
      */
-    private int getSubTypeForState(@NonNull NetworkState state) {
+    private int getSubTypeForStateSnapshot(@NonNull NetworkStateSnapshot state) {
         if (!state.networkCapabilities.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)) {
             return 0;
         }
diff --git a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java
index 7d7af03..752da31 100644
--- a/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java
+++ b/services/tests/servicestests/src/com/android/server/net/NetworkPolicyManagerServiceTest.java
@@ -2043,7 +2043,8 @@
         final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
         networkCapabilities.addTransportType(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         networkCapabilities.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, prop, networkCapabilities, null, null);
+        return new NetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, prop, networkCapabilities, new Network(TEST_NET_ID),
+                null);
     }
 
     private void expectHasInternetPermission(int uid, boolean hasIt) throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index 27224c2..74c6473 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/net/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -20,14 +20,13 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.SUBTYPE_COMBINED
-import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE;
-import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID;
-import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE;
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity
 import android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkStats.ROAMING_ALL
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_ETHERNET
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI
@@ -50,7 +49,6 @@
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
 import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-import kotlin.test.fail
 
 private const val TEST_IMSI1 = "imsi1"
 private const val TEST_IMSI2 = "imsi2"
@@ -60,17 +58,17 @@
 class NetworkTemplateTest {
     private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
 
-    private fun buildMobileNetworkState(subscriberId: String): NetworkState =
+    private fun buildMobileNetworkState(subscriberId: String): NetworkStateSnapshot =
             buildNetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, subscriberId = subscriberId)
-    private fun buildWifiNetworkState(ssid: String): NetworkState =
+    private fun buildWifiNetworkState(ssid: String): NetworkStateSnapshot =
             buildNetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, ssid = ssid)
 
     private fun buildNetworkState(
         type: Int,
         subscriberId: String? = null,
         ssid: String? = null,
-        oemManaged: Int = OEM_NONE,
-    ): NetworkState {
+        oemManaged: Int = OEM_NONE
+    ): NetworkStateSnapshot {
         val lp = LinkProperties()
         val caps = NetworkCapabilities().apply {
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false)
@@ -81,7 +79,7 @@
             setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
                     (oemManaged and OEM_PRIVATE) == OEM_PRIVATE)
         }
-        return NetworkState(type, lp, caps, mock(Network::class.java), subscriberId)
+        return NetworkStateSnapshot(lp, caps, mock(Network::class.java), subscriberId, type)
     }
 
     private fun NetworkTemplate.assertMatches(ident: NetworkIdentity) =
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@
                 OEM_PAID, OEM_PRIVATE, OEM_PAID or OEM_PRIVATE)
 
         // Verify that "not OEM managed network" constants are equal.
-        assertEquals(OEM_MANAGED_NO, OEM_NONE);
+        assertEquals(OEM_MANAGED_NO, OEM_NONE)
 
         // Verify the constants don't conflict.
         assertEquals(constantValues.size, constantValues.distinct().count())
@@ -201,8 +199,13 @@
      * @param identSsid If networkType is {@code TYPE_WIFI}, this value must *NOT* be null. Provide
      *         one of {@code TEST_SSID*}.
      */
-    private fun matchOemManagedIdent(networkType: Int, matchType:Int, subscriberId: String? = null,
-            templateSsid: String? = null, identSsid: String? = null) {
+    private fun matchOemManagedIdent(
+        networkType: Int,
+        matchType: Int,
+        subscriberId: String? = null,
+        templateSsid: String? = null,
+        identSsid: String? = null
+    ) {
         val oemManagedStates = arrayOf(OEM_NONE, OEM_PAID, OEM_PRIVATE, OEM_PAID or OEM_PRIVATE)
         // A null subscriberId needs a null matchSubscriberIds argument as well.
         val matchSubscriberIds = if (subscriberId == null) null else arrayOf(subscriberId)
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index e7ac3b6..e43770f 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.NetworkStack;
 import android.net.NetworkStackClient;
-import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkTestResultParcelable;
 import android.net.OemNetworkPreferences;
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
@@ -5484,7 +5484,7 @@
                 UnderlyingNetworkInfo[].class);
 
         verify(mStatsService, atLeastOnce()).forceUpdateIfaces(networksCaptor.capture(),
-                any(NetworkState[].class), eq(defaultIface), vpnInfosCaptor.capture());
+                any(NetworkStateSnapshot[].class), eq(defaultIface), vpnInfosCaptor.capture());
 
         assertSameElementsNoDuplicates(networksCaptor.getValue(), networks);
 
@@ -5554,9 +5554,8 @@
         // Temp metered change shouldn't update ifaces
         mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TEMPORARILY_NOT_METERED);
         waitForIdle();
-        verify(mStatsService, never())
-                .forceUpdateIfaces(eq(onlyCell), any(NetworkState[].class), eq(MOBILE_IFNAME),
-                        eq(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]));
+        verify(mStatsService, never()).forceUpdateIfaces(eq(onlyCell), any(
+                NetworkStateSnapshot[].class), eq(MOBILE_IFNAME), eq(new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]));
         reset(mStatsService);
 
         // Roaming change should update ifaces
@@ -5638,7 +5637,7 @@
         // Confirm that we never tell NetworkStatsService that cell is no longer the underlying
         // network for the VPN...
         verify(mStatsService, never()).forceUpdateIfaces(any(Network[].class),
-                any(NetworkState[].class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
+                any(NetworkStateSnapshot[].class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
                 argThat(infos -> infos[0].underlyingIfaces.size() == 1
                         && WIFI_IFNAME.equals(infos[0].underlyingIfaces.get(0))));
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mStatsService);
@@ -5652,7 +5651,7 @@
         mEthernetNetworkAgent.connect(false);
         waitForIdle();
         verify(mStatsService).forceUpdateIfaces(any(Network[].class),
-                any(NetworkState[].class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
+                any(NetworkStateSnapshot[].class), any() /* anyString() doesn't match null */,
                 argThat(vpnInfos -> vpnInfos[0].underlyingIfaces.size() == 1
                         && WIFI_IFNAME.equals(vpnInfos[0].underlyingIfaces.get(0))));
         mEthernetNetworkAgent.disconnect();
diff --git a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index 54d6fb9..6c4532e 100644
--- a/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/net/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -19,9 +19,7 @@
 import static android.content.Intent.ACTION_UID_REMOVED;
 import static android.content.Intent.EXTRA_UID;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
-import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_VPN;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
-import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID;
 import static android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE;
 import static android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL;
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.NetworkState;
+import android.net.NetworkStateSnapshot;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
@@ -286,7 +284,7 @@
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -329,7 +327,7 @@
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -403,7 +401,7 @@
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
         expectSettings(0L, HOUR_IN_MILLIS, WEEK_IN_MILLIS);
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -444,7 +442,7 @@
     public void testUidStatsAcrossNetworks() throws Exception {
         // pretend first mobile network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -475,7 +473,7 @@
         // disappearing, to verify we don't count backwards.
         incrementCurrentTime(HOUR_IN_MILLIS);
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        states = new NetworkState[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_2)};
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_2)};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 1)
                 .insertEntry(TEST_IFACE, 2048L, 16L, 512L, 4L));
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 3)
@@ -519,7 +517,7 @@
     public void testUidRemovedIsMoved() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -583,7 +581,8 @@
                 buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_LTE);
         final NetworkTemplate template5g =
                 buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_NR);
-        final NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
 
         // 3G network comes online.
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
@@ -673,7 +672,8 @@
                 METERED_ALL, ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL, OEM_MANAGED_NO);
 
         // OEM_PAID network comes online.
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
+                buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
                 new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID})};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // OEM_PRIVATE network comes online.
-        states = new NetworkState[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
                 new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE})};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // OEM_PAID + OEM_PRIVATE network comes online.
-        states = new NetworkState[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false,
                 new int[]{NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PRIVATE,
                           NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_OEM_PAID})};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@
         forcePollAndWaitForIdle();
 
         // OEM_NONE network comes online.
-        states = new NetworkState[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false, new int[]{})};
+        states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildOemManagedMobileState(IMSI_1, false, new int[]{})};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_MOBILE, states, getActiveIface(states),
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@
     public void testSummaryForAllUid() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@
     public void testDetailedUidStats() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -871,9 +871,9 @@
         final String stackedIface = "stacked-test0";
         final LinkProperties stackedProp = new LinkProperties();
         stackedProp.setInterfaceName(stackedIface);
-        final NetworkState wifiState = buildWifiState();
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot wifiState = buildWifiState();
         wifiState.linkProperties.addStackedLink(stackedProp);
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {wifiState};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {wifiState};
 
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
@@ -929,7 +929,7 @@
     public void testForegroundBackground() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -986,8 +986,8 @@
     public void testMetered() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states =
-                new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -1026,8 +1026,8 @@
     public void testRoaming() throws Exception {
         // pretend that network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states =
-            new NetworkState[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1, true /* isRoaming */)};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+            new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1, true /* isRoaming */)};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -1065,7 +1065,8 @@
     public void testTethering() throws Exception {
         // pretend first mobile network comes online
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        final NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -1122,7 +1123,7 @@
         // pretend that wifi network comes online; service should ask about full
         // network state, and poll any existing interfaces before updating.
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[] {buildWifiState()};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[] {buildWifiState()};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -1220,8 +1221,8 @@
     public void testStatsProviderUpdateStats() throws Exception {
         // Pretend that network comes online.
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        final NetworkState[] states =
-                new NetworkState[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
 
@@ -1282,8 +1283,8 @@
     public void testStatsProviderSetAlert() throws Exception {
         // Pretend that network comes online.
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states =
-                new NetworkState[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildWifiState(true /* isMetered */, TEST_IFACE)};
         mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
                 new UnderlyingNetworkInfo[0]);
 
@@ -1326,7 +1327,8 @@
                 buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, TelephonyManager.NETWORK_TYPE_UNKNOWN);
         final NetworkTemplate templateAll =
                 buildTemplateMobileWithRatType(null, NETWORK_TYPE_ALL);
-        final NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
+        final NetworkStateSnapshot[] states =
+                new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
 
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
@@ -1401,7 +1403,7 @@
     public void testOperationCount_nonDefault_traffic() throws Exception {
         // Pretend mobile network comes online, but wifi is the default network.
         expectDefaultSettings();
-        NetworkState[] states = new NetworkState[]{
+        NetworkStateSnapshot[] states = new NetworkStateSnapshot[]{
                 buildWifiState(true /*isMetered*/, TEST_IFACE2), buildMobile3gState(IMSI_1)};
         expectNetworkStatsUidDetail(buildEmptyStats());
         mService.forceUpdateIfaces(NETWORKS_WIFI, states, getActiveIface(states),
@@ -1489,7 +1491,7 @@
         expectNetworkStatsSummary(buildEmptyStats());
     }
 
-    private String getActiveIface(NetworkState... states) throws Exception {
+    private String getActiveIface(NetworkStateSnapshot... states) throws Exception {
         if (states == null || states.length == 0 || states[0].linkProperties == null) {
             return null;
         }
@@ -1565,11 +1567,11 @@
         assertEquals("unexpected operations", operations, entry.operations);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkState buildWifiState() {
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildWifiState() {
         return buildWifiState(false, TEST_IFACE);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkState buildWifiState(boolean isMetered, @NonNull String iface) {
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildWifiState(boolean isMetered, @NonNull String iface) {
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(iface);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -1577,35 +1579,30 @@
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, true);
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI);
         capabilities.setSSID(TEST_SSID);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_WIFI, prop, capabilities, WIFI_NETWORK, null);
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(prop, capabilities, WIFI_NETWORK, null, TYPE_WIFI);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkState buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId) {
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId) {
         return buildMobile3gState(subscriberId, false /* isRoaming */);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkState buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming) {
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildMobile3gState(String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming) {
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED, false);
         capabilities.setCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING, !isRoaming);
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId);
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(
+                prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId, TYPE_MOBILE);
     }
 
     private NetworkStats buildEmptyStats() {
         return new NetworkStats(getElapsedRealtime(), 0);
     }
 
-    private static NetworkState buildVpnState() {
-        final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
-        prop.setInterfaceName(TUN_IFACE);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_VPN, prop, new NetworkCapabilities(), VPN_NETWORK, null);
-    }
-
-    private static NetworkState buildOemManagedMobileState(String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming,
-                int[] oemNetCapabilities) {
+    private static NetworkStateSnapshot buildOemManagedMobileState(
+            String subscriberId, boolean isRoaming, int[] oemNetCapabilities) {
         final LinkProperties prop = new LinkProperties();
         prop.setInterfaceName(TEST_IFACE);
         final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -1615,7 +1612,8 @@
             capabilities.setCapability(nc, true);
         }
         capabilities.addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-        return new NetworkState(TYPE_MOBILE, prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId);
+        return new NetworkStateSnapshot(prop, capabilities, MOBILE_NETWORK, subscriberId,
+                TYPE_MOBILE);
     }
 
     private long getElapsedRealtime() {