Merge "Define exportable full api surface stubs" into main
diff --git a/api/ApiDocs.bp b/api/ApiDocs.bp
index 5744bdf..d7e2583 100644
--- a/api/ApiDocs.bp
+++ b/api/ApiDocs.bp
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@
         "-federationapi AndroidX $(location :current-androidx-api)",
         // doclava contains checks for a few issues that are have been migrated to metalava.
         // disable them in doclava, to avoid mistriggering or double triggering.
+        "-hide 101", // TODO: turn Lint 101 back into an error again
         "-hide 111", // HIDDEN_SUPERCLASS
         "-hide 113", // DEPRECATION_MISMATCH
         "-hide 125", // REQUIRES_PERMISSION
diff --git a/api/api.go b/api/api.go
index f3f1af9..a632582 100644
--- a/api/api.go
+++ b/api/api.go
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@
 
 type CombinedApis struct {
 	android.ModuleBase
+	android.DefaultableModuleBase
 
 	properties CombinedApisProperties
 }
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@
 
 func registerBuildComponents(ctx android.RegistrationContext) {
 	ctx.RegisterModuleType("combined_apis", combinedApisModuleFactory)
+	ctx.RegisterModuleType("combined_apis_defaults", CombinedApisModuleDefaultsFactory)
 }
 
 var PrepareForCombinedApisTest = android.FixtureRegisterWithContext(registerBuildComponents)
@@ -492,6 +494,7 @@
 	module := &CombinedApis{}
 	module.AddProperties(&module.properties)
 	android.InitAndroidModule(module)
+	android.InitDefaultableModule(module)
 	android.AddLoadHook(module, func(ctx android.LoadHookContext) { module.createInternalModules(ctx) })
 	return module
 }
@@ -528,3 +531,16 @@
 	}
 	return s2
 }
+
+// Defaults
+type CombinedApisModuleDefaults struct {
+	android.ModuleBase
+	android.DefaultsModuleBase
+}
+
+func CombinedApisModuleDefaultsFactory() android.Module {
+	module := &CombinedApisModuleDefaults{}
+	module.AddProperties(&CombinedApisProperties{})
+	android.InitDefaultsModule(module)
+	return module
+}
diff --git a/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS b/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
index 073e2d7..497eaf0 100644
--- a/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 charliewang@google.com
+hackz@google.com
 oni@google.com
+tomchan@google.com
 volnov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/java/android/content/OWNERS b/core/java/android/content/OWNERS
index 90c3d04..a37408b 100644
--- a/core/java/android/content/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/content/OWNERS
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 per-file *Content* = file:/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
 per-file *Sync* = file:/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
 per-file IntentFilter.java = file:/PACKAGE_MANAGER_OWNERS
+per-file UriRelativeFilter* = file:/PACKAGE_MANAGER_OWNERS
 per-file IntentFilter.java = file:/services/core/java/com/android/server/am/OWNERS
 per-file Intent.java = file:/INTENT_OWNERS
 per-file AutofillOptions* = file:/core/java/android/service/autofill/OWNERS
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java
index 70cf973..83b7eda 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/VcnManager.java
@@ -80,8 +80,6 @@
      * <p>The VCN will only migrate to a Carrier WiFi network that has a signal strength greater
      * than, or equal to this threshold.
      *
-     * <p>WARNING: The VCN does not listen for changes to this key made after VCN startup.
-     *
      * @hide
      */
     @NonNull
@@ -94,14 +92,39 @@
      * <p>If the VCN's selected Carrier WiFi network has a signal strength less than this threshold,
      * the VCN will attempt to migrate away from the Carrier WiFi network.
      *
-     * <p>WARNING: The VCN does not listen for changes to this key made after VCN startup.
-     *
      * @hide
      */
     @NonNull
     public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_WIFI_EXIT_RSSI_THRESHOLD_KEY =
             "vcn_network_selection_wifi_exit_rssi_threshold";
 
+    /**
+     * Key for the interval to poll IpSecTransformState for packet loss monitoring
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY =
+            "vcn_network_selection_poll_ipsec_state_interval_seconds";
+
+    /**
+     * Key for the threshold of IPSec packet loss rate
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY =
+            "vcn_network_selection_ipsec_packet_loss_percent_threshold";
+
+    /**
+     * Key for the list of timeouts in minute to stop penalizing an underlying network candidate
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY =
+            "vcn_network_selection_penalty_timeout_minutes_list";
+
     // TODO: Add separate signal strength thresholds for 2.4 GHz and 5GHz
 
     /**
@@ -115,6 +138,20 @@
             "vcn_restricted_transports";
 
     /**
+     * Key for number of seconds to wait before entering safe mode
+     *
+     * <p>A VcnGatewayConnection will enter safe mode when it takes over the configured timeout to
+     * enter {@link ConnectedState}.
+     *
+     * <p>Defaults to 30, unless overridden by carrier config
+     *
+     * @hide
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    public static final String VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY =
+            "vcn_safe_mode_timeout_seconds_key";
+
+    /**
      * Key for maximum number of parallel SAs for tunnel aggregation
      *
      * <p>If set to a value > 1, multiple tunnels will be set up, and inbound traffic will be
@@ -134,7 +171,11 @@
             new String[] {
                 VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_WIFI_ENTRY_RSSI_THRESHOLD_KEY,
                 VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_WIFI_EXIT_RSSI_THRESHOLD_KEY,
+                VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY,
+                VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY,
+                VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY,
                 VCN_RESTRICTED_TRANSPORTS_INT_ARRAY_KEY,
+                VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY,
                 VCN_TUNNEL_AGGREGATION_SA_COUNT_MAX_KEY,
             };
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig b/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig
index 6956916..7afd721 100644
--- a/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig
+++ b/core/java/android/net/vcn/flags.aconfig
@@ -5,4 +5,18 @@
     namespace: "vcn"
     description: "Feature flag for safe mode configurability"
     bug: "276358140"
+}
+
+flag {
+    name: "safe_mode_timeout_config"
+    namespace: "vcn"
+    description: "Feature flag for adjustable safe mode timeout"
+    bug: "317406085"
+}
+
+flag{
+    name: "network_metric_monitor"
+    namespace: "vcn"
+    description: "Feature flag for enabling network metric monitor"
+    bug: "282996138"
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java b/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java
index 2cc850d..7bad9c5 100644
--- a/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java
+++ b/core/java/android/provider/Settings.java
@@ -12961,6 +12961,16 @@
         @Readable
         public static final String OTA_DISABLE_AUTOMATIC_UPDATE = "ota_disable_automatic_update";
 
+
+        /**
+         * Whether to boot with 16K page size compatible kernel
+         * 1 = Boot with 16K kernel
+         * 0 = Boot with 4K kernel (default)
+         * @hide
+         */
+        @Readable
+        public static final String ENABLE_16K_PAGES = "enable_16k_pages";
+
         /** Timeout for package verification.
         * @hide */
         @Readable
diff --git a/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS b/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS
index 073e2d7..eca48b7 100644
--- a/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS
+++ b/core/java/android/service/wearable/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-charliewang@google.com
-oni@google.com
-volnov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
+include /core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp b/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp
index b651711..a5b2f65 100644
--- a/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp
+++ b/core/jni/android_os_VintfObject.cpp
@@ -96,8 +96,11 @@
 
 static jint android_os_VintfObject_verifyBuildAtBoot(JNIEnv* env, jclass) {
     std::string error;
+    // Use temporary VintfObject, not the shared instance, to release memory
+    // after check.
     int32_t status =
-            VintfObject::GetInstance()
+            VintfObject::Builder()
+                    .build()
                     ->checkCompatibility(&error, ENABLE_ALL_CHECKS.disableAvb().disableKernel());
     if (status)
         LOG(WARNING) << "VintfObject.verifyBuildAtBoot() returns " << status << ": " << error;
diff --git a/core/proto/OWNERS b/core/proto/OWNERS
index db391f7..a854e36 100644
--- a/core/proto/OWNERS
+++ b/core/proto/OWNERS
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 per-file apphibernationservice.proto = file:/core/java/android/apphibernation/OWNERS
 per-file android/hardware/sensorprivacy.proto = ntmyren@google.com,evanseverson@google.com
 per-file background_install_control.proto = wenhaowang@google.com,georgechan@google.com,billylau@google.com
+per-file android/content/intent.proto = file:/PACKAGE_MANAGER_OWNERS
 
 # Biometrics
 jaggies@google.com
@@ -31,5 +32,3 @@
 
 # Accessibility
 pweaver@google.com
-hongmingjin@google.com
-cbrower@google.com
diff --git a/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml b/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml
index dcc9686..fbe1b8e 100644
--- a/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml
+++ b/data/etc/com.android.settings.xml
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
         <permission name="android.permission.READ_PRIVILEGED_PHONE_STATE"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.READ_SEARCH_INDEXABLES"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.REBOOT"/>
+        <permission name="android.permission.RECOVERY"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.STATUS_BAR"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.SUGGEST_MANUAL_TIME_AND_ZONE"/>
         <permission name="android.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED"/>
diff --git a/libs/WindowManager/Shell/src/com/android/wm/shell/splitscreen/SplitScreenTransitions.java b/libs/WindowManager/Shell/src/com/android/wm/shell/splitscreen/SplitScreenTransitions.java
index 7dec12a..2c0ba92 100644
--- a/libs/WindowManager/Shell/src/com/android/wm/shell/splitscreen/SplitScreenTransitions.java
+++ b/libs/WindowManager/Shell/src/com/android/wm/shell/splitscreen/SplitScreenTransitions.java
@@ -479,18 +479,20 @@
     private void startFadeAnimation(@NonNull SurfaceControl leash, boolean show) {
         final float end = show ? 1.f : 0.f;
         final float start = 1.f - end;
-        final SurfaceControl.Transaction transaction = mTransactionPool.acquire();
         final ValueAnimator va = ValueAnimator.ofFloat(start, end);
         va.setDuration(FADE_DURATION);
         va.setInterpolator(show ? ALPHA_IN : ALPHA_OUT);
         va.addUpdateListener(animation -> {
             float fraction = animation.getAnimatedFraction();
+            final SurfaceControl.Transaction transaction = mTransactionPool.acquire();
             transaction.setAlpha(leash, start * (1.f - fraction) + end * fraction);
             transaction.apply();
+            mTransactionPool.release(transaction);
         });
         va.addListener(new AnimatorListenerAdapter() {
             @Override
             public void onAnimationEnd(Animator animation) {
+                final SurfaceControl.Transaction transaction = mTransactionPool.acquire();
                 transaction.setAlpha(leash, end);
                 transaction.apply();
                 mTransactionPool.release(transaction);
diff --git a/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java b/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java
index 1d433e7..943e3fc 100644
--- a/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java
+++ b/packages/SettingsLib/src/com/android/settingslib/deviceinfo/AbstractWifiMacAddressPreferenceController.java
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 
     @Override
     public boolean isAvailable() {
-        return true;
+        return mWifiManager != null;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -70,10 +70,8 @@
     @Override
     public void displayPreference(PreferenceScreen screen) {
         super.displayPreference(screen);
-        if (isAvailable()) {
-            mWifiMacAddress = screen.findPreference(KEY_WIFI_MAC_ADDRESS);
-            updateConnectivity();
-        }
+        mWifiMacAddress = screen.findPreference(KEY_WIFI_MAC_ADDRESS);
+        updateConnectivity();
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -84,16 +82,16 @@
     @SuppressLint("HardwareIds")
     @Override
     protected void updateConnectivity() {
+        if (mWifiManager == null || mWifiMacAddress == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+
         final String[] macAddresses = mWifiManager.getFactoryMacAddresses();
         String macAddress = null;
         if (macAddresses != null && macAddresses.length > 0) {
             macAddress = macAddresses[0];
         }
 
-        if (mWifiMacAddress == null) {
-            return;
-        }
-
         if (TextUtils.isEmpty(macAddress) || macAddress.equals(WifiInfo.DEFAULT_MAC_ADDRESS)) {
             mWifiMacAddress.setSummary(R.string.status_unavailable);
         } else {
diff --git a/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java b/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java
index 91c72b5..bc93c5b 100644
--- a/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java
+++ b/packages/SettingsProvider/test/src/android/provider/SettingsBackupTest.java
@@ -280,6 +280,7 @@
                     Settings.Global.ENABLE_ADB_INCREMENTAL_INSTALL_DEFAULT,
                     Settings.Global.ENABLE_MULTI_SLOT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS,
                     Settings.Global.ENHANCED_4G_MODE_ENABLED,
+                    Settings.Global.ENABLE_16K_PAGES, // Added for 16K developer option
                     Settings.Global.EPHEMERAL_COOKIE_MAX_SIZE_BYTES,
                     Settings.Global.ERROR_LOGCAT_PREFIX,
                     Settings.Global.EUICC_PROVISIONED,
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/res/drawable/stat_sys_no_internet_branded_vpn.xml b/packages/SystemUI/res/drawable/stat_sys_no_internet_branded_vpn.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2161a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/res/drawable/stat_sys_no_internet_branded_vpn.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+**
+** Copyright 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+**
+** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+** You may obtain a copy of the License at
+**
+**     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+**
+** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+** limitations under the License.
+*/
+-->
+<vector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    android:width="17dp"
+    android:height="17dp"
+    android:viewportWidth="24"
+    android:viewportHeight="24">
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M12.09,9C11.11,7.5 9.43,6.5 7.5,6.5C4.46,6.5 2,8.96 2,12c0,3.04 2.46,5.5 5.5,5.5c1.93,0 3.61,-1 4.59,-2.5H14v3h4V9H12.09zM18,13hv3h-2v-3h-5.16c-0.43,1.44 -1.76,2.5 -3.34,2.5C5.57,15.5 4,13.93 4,12c0,-1.93 1.57,-3.5 3.5,-3.5c1.58,0 2.9,1.06 3.34,2.5H18V13z"/>
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M7.5,12m-1.5,0a1.5,1.5 0,1 1,3 0a1.5,1.5 0,1 1,-3 0"/>
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M22,10h-2v8h2V10z"/>
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M22,20h-2v2h2V20z"/>
+</vector>
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/res/drawable/stat_sys_no_internet_vpn_ic.xml b/packages/SystemUI/res/drawable/stat_sys_no_internet_vpn_ic.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2161a62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/res/drawable/stat_sys_no_internet_vpn_ic.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+**
+** Copyright 2023, The Android Open Source Project
+**
+** Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+** you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+** You may obtain a copy of the License at
+**
+**     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+**
+** Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+** distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+** WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+** See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+** limitations under the License.
+*/
+-->
+<vector xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    android:width="17dp"
+    android:height="17dp"
+    android:viewportWidth="24"
+    android:viewportHeight="24">
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M12.09,9C11.11,7.5 9.43,6.5 7.5,6.5C4.46,6.5 2,8.96 2,12c0,3.04 2.46,5.5 5.5,5.5c1.93,0 3.61,-1 4.59,-2.5H14v3h4V9H12.09zM18,13hv3h-2v-3h-5.16c-0.43,1.44 -1.76,2.5 -3.34,2.5C5.57,15.5 4,13.93 4,12c0,-1.93 1.57,-3.5 3.5,-3.5c1.58,0 2.9,1.06 3.34,2.5H18V13z"/>
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M7.5,12m-1.5,0a1.5,1.5 0,1 1,3 0a1.5,1.5 0,1 1,-3 0"/>
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M22,10h-2v8h2V10z"/>
+    <path
+        android:fillColor="#FFFFFFFF"
+        android:pathData="M22,20h-2v2h2V20z"/>
+</vector>
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/phone/StatusBarSignalPolicy.java b/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/phone/StatusBarSignalPolicy.java
index 344e56c..ae7c170 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/phone/StatusBarSignalPolicy.java
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/phone/StatusBarSignalPolicy.java
@@ -118,15 +118,25 @@
 
     private void updateVpn() {
         boolean vpnVisible = mSecurityController.isVpnEnabled();
-        int vpnIconId = currentVpnIconId(mSecurityController.isVpnBranded());
+        int vpnIconId = currentVpnIconId(
+                mSecurityController.isVpnBranded(),
+                mSecurityController.isVpnValidated());
 
         mIconController.setIcon(mSlotVpn, vpnIconId,
                 mContext.getResources().getString(R.string.accessibility_vpn_on));
         mIconController.setIconVisibility(mSlotVpn, vpnVisible);
     }
 
-    private int currentVpnIconId(boolean isBranded) {
-        return isBranded ? R.drawable.stat_sys_branded_vpn : R.drawable.stat_sys_vpn_ic;
+    private int currentVpnIconId(boolean isBranded, boolean isValidated) {
+        if (isBranded) {
+            return isValidated
+                    ? R.drawable.stat_sys_branded_vpn
+                    : R.drawable.stat_sys_no_internet_branded_vpn;
+        } else {
+            return isValidated
+                    ? R.drawable.stat_sys_vpn_ic
+                    : R.drawable.stat_sys_no_internet_vpn_ic;
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityController.java b/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityController.java
index 3be14bc..10bf068 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityController.java
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityController.java
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
     boolean isNetworkLoggingEnabled();
     boolean isVpnEnabled();
     boolean isVpnRestricted();
+    /** Whether the VPN network is validated. */
+    boolean isVpnValidated();
     /** Whether the VPN app should use branded VPN iconography.  */
     boolean isVpnBranded();
     String getPrimaryVpnName();
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerImpl.java b/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerImpl.java
index 03656f0..ada2196 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerImpl.java
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerImpl.java
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
  */
 package com.android.systemui.statusbar.policy;
 
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
+
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.app.admin.DeviceAdminInfo;
 import android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManager;
@@ -32,7 +35,9 @@
 import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkRequest;
 import android.net.VpnManager;
 import android.os.Handler;
@@ -76,7 +81,10 @@
     private static final boolean DEBUG = Log.isLoggable(TAG, Log.DEBUG);
 
     private static final NetworkRequest REQUEST =
-            new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build();
+            new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                    .clearCapabilities()
+                    .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                    .build();
     private static final int NO_NETWORK = -1;
 
     private static final String VPN_BRANDED_META_DATA = "com.android.systemui.IS_BRANDED";
@@ -99,6 +107,8 @@
     private SparseArray<VpnConfig> mCurrentVpns = new SparseArray<>();
     private int mCurrentUserId;
     private int mVpnUserId;
+    @GuardedBy("mNetworkProperties")
+    private final SparseArray<NetworkProperties> mNetworkProperties = new SparseArray<>();
 
     // Key: userId, Value: whether the user has CACerts installed
     // Needs to be cached here since the query has to be asynchronous
@@ -162,6 +172,21 @@
             pw.print(mCurrentVpns.valueAt(i).user);
         }
         pw.println("}");
+        pw.print("  mNetworkProperties={");
+        synchronized (mNetworkProperties) {
+            for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkProperties.size(); ++i) {
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    pw.print(", ");
+                }
+                pw.print(mNetworkProperties.keyAt(i));
+                pw.print("={");
+                pw.print(mNetworkProperties.valueAt(i).interfaceName);
+                pw.print(", ");
+                pw.print(mNetworkProperties.valueAt(i).validated);
+                pw.print("}");
+            }
+        }
+        pw.println("}");
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -304,6 +329,26 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public boolean isVpnValidated() {
+        // Prioritize reporting the network status of the parent user.
+        final VpnConfig primaryVpnConfig = mCurrentVpns.get(mVpnUserId);
+        if (primaryVpnConfig != null) {
+            return getVpnValidationStatus(primaryVpnConfig);
+        }
+        // Identify any Unvalidated status in each active VPN network within other profiles.
+        for (int profileId : mUserManager.getEnabledProfileIds(mVpnUserId)) {
+            final VpnConfig vpnConfig = mCurrentVpns.get(profileId);
+            if (vpnConfig == null) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!getVpnValidationStatus(vpnConfig)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public boolean hasCACertInCurrentUser() {
         Boolean hasCACerts = mHasCACerts.get(mCurrentUserId);
         return hasCACerts != null && hasCACerts.booleanValue();
@@ -491,11 +536,74 @@
         @Override
         public void onLost(Network network) {
             if (DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onLost " + network.getNetId());
+            synchronized (mNetworkProperties) {
+                mNetworkProperties.delete(network.getNetId());
+            }
             updateState();
             fireCallbacks();
         };
+
+
+        @Override
+        public void onCapabilitiesChanged(Network network, NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+            if (DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onCapabilitiesChanged " + network.getNetId());
+            final NetworkProperties properties;
+            synchronized (mNetworkProperties) {
+                properties = mNetworkProperties.get(network.getNetId());
+            }
+            // When a new network appears, the system first notifies the application about
+            // its capabilities through onCapabilitiesChanged. This initial notification
+            // will be skipped because the interface information is included in the
+            // subsequent onLinkPropertiesChanged call. After validating the network, the
+            // system might send another onCapabilitiesChanged notification if the network
+            // becomes validated.
+            if (properties == null) {
+                return;
+            }
+            final boolean validated = nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED);
+            if (properties.validated != validated) {
+                properties.validated = validated;
+                fireCallbacks();
+            }
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(Network network, LinkProperties linkProperties) {
+            if (DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onLinkPropertiesChanged " + network.getNetId());
+            final String interfaceName = linkProperties.getInterfaceName();
+            if (interfaceName == null) {
+                Log.w(TAG, "onLinkPropertiesChanged event with null interface");
+                return;
+            }
+            synchronized (mNetworkProperties) {
+                final NetworkProperties properties = mNetworkProperties.get(network.getNetId());
+                if (properties == null) {
+                    mNetworkProperties.put(
+                            network.getNetId(),
+                            new NetworkProperties(interfaceName, false));
+                } else {
+                    properties.interfaceName = interfaceName;
+                }
+            }
+        }
     };
 
+    /**
+     *  Retrieve the validation status of the VPN network associated with the given VpnConfig.
+     */
+    private boolean getVpnValidationStatus(@NonNull VpnConfig vpnConfig) {
+        synchronized (mNetworkProperties) {
+            // Find the network has the same interface as the VpnConfig
+            for (int i = 0; i < mNetworkProperties.size(); ++i) {
+                if (mNetworkProperties.valueAt(i).interfaceName.equals(vpnConfig.interfaze)) {
+                    return mNetworkProperties.valueAt(i).validated;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // If no matching network is found, consider it validated.
+        return true;
+    }
+
     private final BroadcastReceiver mBroadcastReceiver = new BroadcastReceiver() {
         @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
             if (KeyChain.ACTION_TRUST_STORE_CHANGED.equals(intent.getAction())) {
@@ -506,4 +614,17 @@
             }
         }
     };
+
+    /**
+     *  A data class to hold specific Network properties received through the NetworkCallback.
+     */
+    private static class NetworkProperties {
+        public String interfaceName;
+        public boolean validated;
+
+        NetworkProperties(@NonNull String interfaceName, boolean validated) {
+            this.interfaceName = interfaceName;
+            this.validated = validated;
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerTest.java b/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerTest.java
index c35bc69..bcc9272 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerTest.java
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/tests/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/SecurityControllerTest.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 package com.android.systemui.statusbar.policy;
 
 import static android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManager.DEVICE_OWNER_TYPE_FINANCED;
+import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
@@ -213,7 +214,8 @@
     public void testNetworkRequest() {
         verify(mConnectivityManager, times(1)).registerNetworkCallback(argThat(
                 (NetworkRequest request) ->
-                        request.equals(new NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities().build())
+                        request.equals(new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                                .clearCapabilities().addTransportType(TRANSPORT_VPN).build())
                 ), any(NetworkCallback.class));
     }
 
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/FakeSecurityController.kt b/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/FakeSecurityController.kt
index 021e7df..ac90a45 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/FakeSecurityController.kt
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/statusbar/policy/FakeSecurityController.kt
@@ -77,6 +77,8 @@
 
     override fun isVpnBranded(): Boolean = fakeState.isVpnBranded
 
+    override fun isVpnValidated(): Boolean = fakeState.isVpnValidated
+
     override fun getPrimaryVpnName(): String? = fakeState.primaryVpnName
 
     override fun getWorkProfileVpnName(): String? = fakeState.workProfileVpnName
@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@
         var isVpnEnabled: Boolean = false,
         var isVpnRestricted: Boolean = false,
         var isVpnBranded: Boolean = false,
+        var isVpnValidated: Boolean = false,
         var primaryVpnName: String? = null,
         var workProfileVpnName: String? = null,
         var hasCACertInCurrentUser: Boolean = false,
diff --git a/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/utils/leaks/FakeSecurityController.java b/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/utils/leaks/FakeSecurityController.java
index 76199e3..791165d 100644
--- a/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/utils/leaks/FakeSecurityController.java
+++ b/packages/SystemUI/tests/utils/src/com/android/systemui/utils/leaks/FakeSecurityController.java
@@ -109,6 +109,11 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public boolean isVpnValidated() {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public String getPrimaryVpnName() {
         return null;
     }
diff --git a/services/companion/java/com/android/server/companion/securechannel/SecureChannel.java b/services/companion/java/com/android/server/companion/securechannel/SecureChannel.java
index 720687e..0e66fbc 100644
--- a/services/companion/java/com/android/server/companion/securechannel/SecureChannel.java
+++ b/services/companion/java/com/android/server/companion/securechannel/SecureChannel.java
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@
 import android.os.Build;
 import android.util.Slog;
 
-import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.BadHandleException;
-import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.CryptoException;
-import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.D2DConnectionContextV1;
-import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.D2DHandshakeContext;
-import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.D2DHandshakeContext.Role;
-import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.HandshakeException;
+import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.ukey2.BadHandleException;
+import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.ukey2.CryptoException;
+import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.ukey2.D2DConnectionContextV1;
+import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.ukey2.D2DHandshakeContext;
+import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.ukey2.D2DHandshakeContext.Role;
+import com.google.security.cryptauth.lib.securegcm.ukey2.HandshakeException;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 import libcore.io.Streams;
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/inputmethod/OWNERS b/services/core/java/com/android/server/inputmethod/OWNERS
index aa638aa..e507c6b 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/inputmethod/OWNERS
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/inputmethod/OWNERS
@@ -6,5 +6,8 @@
 fstern@google.com
 cosminbaies@google.com
 
+# Automotive
+kanant@google.com
+
 ogunwale@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
 jjaggi@google.com #{LAST_RESORT_SUGGESTION}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/rollback/RollbackManagerServiceImpl.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/rollback/RollbackManagerServiceImpl.java
index 720c773..deff3d7 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/rollback/RollbackManagerServiceImpl.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/rollback/RollbackManagerServiceImpl.java
@@ -1231,8 +1231,8 @@
                 ipw.println();
             }
 
-            PackageWatchdog.getInstance(mContext).dump(ipw);
         });
+        PackageWatchdog.getInstance(mContext).dump(ipw);
     }
 
     @AnyThread
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
index 9213d96..ed04e5f 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnContext.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
     @NonNull private final Looper mLooper;
     @NonNull private final VcnNetworkProvider mVcnNetworkProvider;
     @NonNull private final FeatureFlags mFeatureFlags;
+    @NonNull private final com.android.net.flags.FeatureFlags mCoreNetFeatureFlags;
     private final boolean mIsInTestMode;
 
     public VcnContext(
@@ -48,6 +49,7 @@
 
         // Auto-generated class
         mFeatureFlags = new FeatureFlagsImpl();
+        mCoreNetFeatureFlags = new com.android.net.flags.FeatureFlagsImpl();
     }
 
     @NonNull
@@ -69,11 +71,23 @@
         return mIsInTestMode;
     }
 
+    public boolean isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled() {
+        return mFeatureFlags.networkMetricMonitor();
+    }
+
+    public boolean isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled() {
+        return mCoreNetFeatureFlags.ipsecTransformState();
+    }
+
     @NonNull
     public FeatureFlags getFeatureFlags() {
         return mFeatureFlags;
     }
 
+    public boolean isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled() {
+        return mFeatureFlags.safeModeTimeoutConfig();
+    }
+
     /**
      * Verifies that the caller is running on the VcnContext Thread.
      *
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java
index 54c97dd..3094b18 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnection.java
@@ -915,9 +915,11 @@
             // TODO(b/180132994): explore safely removing this Thread check
             mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
 
-            logInfo(
-                    "Selected underlying network changed: "
-                            + (underlying == null ? null : underlying.network));
+            if (!UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isSameNetwork(mUnderlying, underlying)) {
+                logInfo(
+                        "Selected underlying network changed: "
+                                + (underlying == null ? null : underlying.network));
+            }
 
             // TODO(b/179091925): Move the delayed-message handling to BaseState
 
@@ -1242,9 +1244,28 @@
                 createScheduledAlarm(
                         SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_ALARM,
                         delayedMessage,
-                        mVcnContext.isInTestMode()
-                                ? TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_TEST_MODE)
-                                : TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS));
+                        getSafeModeTimeoutMs(mVcnContext, mLastSnapshot, mSubscriptionGroup));
+    }
+
+    /** Gets the safe mode timeout */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static long getSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+            VcnContext vcnContext, TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot, ParcelUuid subGrp) {
+        final int defaultSeconds =
+                vcnContext.isInTestMode()
+                        ? SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_TEST_MODE
+                        : SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS;
+
+        final PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig = snapshot.getCarrierConfigForSubGrp(subGrp);
+        int resultSeconds = defaultSeconds;
+
+        if (vcnContext.isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled() && carrierConfig != null) {
+            resultSeconds =
+                    carrierConfig.getInt(
+                            VcnManager.VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY, defaultSeconds);
+        }
+
+        return TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(resultSeconds);
     }
 
     private void cancelSafeModeAlarm() {
@@ -1889,6 +1910,12 @@
                 // Transforms do not need to be persisted; the IkeSession will keep them alive
                 mIpSecManager.applyTunnelModeTransform(tunnelIface, direction, transform);
 
+                if (direction == IpSecManager.DIRECTION_IN
+                        && mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                        && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                    mUnderlyingNetworkController.updateInboundTransform(mUnderlying, transform);
+                }
+
                 // For inbound transforms, additionally allow forwarded traffic to bridge to DUN (as
                 // needed)
                 final Set<Integer> exposedCaps = mConnectionConfig.getAllExposedCapabilities();
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetector.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetector.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f4852f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetector.java
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.content.IntentFilter;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformState;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.HandlerExecutor;
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+
+import java.util.BitSet;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * IpSecPacketLossDetector is responsible for continuously monitoring IPsec packet loss
+ *
+ * <p>When the packet loss rate surpass the threshold, IpSecPacketLossDetector will report it to the
+ * caller
+ *
+ * <p>IpSecPacketLossDetector will start monitoring when the network being monitored is selected AND
+ * an inbound IpSecTransform has been applied to this network.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is flag gated by "network_metric_monitor" and "ipsec_tramsform_state"
+ */
+public class IpSecPacketLossDetector extends NetworkMetricMonitor {
+    private static final String TAG = IpSecPacketLossDetector.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    static final int PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE = -1;
+
+    // For VoIP, losses between 5% and 10% of the total packet stream will affect the quality
+    // significantly (as per "Computer Networking for LANS to WANS: Hardware, Software and
+    // Security"). For audio and video streaming, above 10-12% packet loss is unacceptable (as per
+    // "ICTP-SDU: About PingER"). Thus choose 12% as a conservative default threshold to declare a
+    // validation failure.
+    private static final int IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT = 12;
+
+    private static final int POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_DEFAULT = 20;
+
+    private long mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs;
+    private final int mPacketLossRatePercentThreshold;
+
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final PowerManager mPowerManager;
+    @NonNull private final Object mCancellationToken = new Object();
+    @NonNull private final PacketLossCalculator mPacketLossCalculator;
+
+    @Nullable private IpSecTransformWrapper mInboundTransform;
+    @Nullable private IpSecTransformState mLastIpSecTransformState;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public IpSecPacketLossDetector(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback,
+            @NonNull Dependencies deps)
+            throws IllegalAccessException {
+        super(vcnContext, network, carrierConfig, callback);
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(deps, "Missing deps");
+
+        if (!vcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+            // Caller error
+            logWtf("ipsecTransformState flag disabled");
+            throw new IllegalAccessException("ipsecTransformState flag disabled");
+        }
+
+        mHandler = new Handler(getVcnContext().getLooper());
+
+        mPowerManager = getVcnContext().getContext().getSystemService(PowerManager.class);
+
+        mPacketLossCalculator = deps.getPacketLossCalculator();
+
+        mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs = getPollIpSecStateIntervalMs(carrierConfig);
+        mPacketLossRatePercentThreshold = getPacketLossRatePercentThreshold(carrierConfig);
+
+        // Register for system broadcasts to monitor idle mode change
+        final IntentFilter intentFilter = new IntentFilter();
+        intentFilter.addAction(PowerManager.ACTION_DEVICE_IDLE_MODE_CHANGED);
+        getVcnContext()
+                .getContext()
+                .registerReceiver(
+                        new BroadcastReceiver() {
+                            @Override
+                            public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
+                                if (PowerManager.ACTION_DEVICE_IDLE_MODE_CHANGED.equals(
+                                                intent.getAction())
+                                        && mPowerManager.isDeviceIdleMode()) {
+                                    mLastIpSecTransformState = null;
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                        intentFilter,
+                        null /* broadcastPermission not required */,
+                        mHandler);
+    }
+
+    public IpSecPacketLossDetector(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback)
+            throws IllegalAccessException {
+        this(vcnContext, network, carrierConfig, callback, new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        public PacketLossCalculator getPacketLossCalculator() {
+            return new PacketLossCalculator();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static long getPollIpSecStateIntervalMs(
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        final int seconds;
+
+        if (carrierConfig != null) {
+            seconds =
+                    carrierConfig.getInt(
+                            VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY,
+                            POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_DEFAULT);
+        } else {
+            seconds = POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_DEFAULT;
+        }
+
+        return TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(seconds);
+    }
+
+    private static int getPacketLossRatePercentThreshold(
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        if (carrierConfig != null) {
+            return carrierConfig.getInt(
+                    VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY,
+                    IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT);
+        }
+        return IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged() {
+        if (!isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork()) {
+            mInboundTransform = null;
+            stop();
+        }
+
+        // No action when the underlying network got selected. Wait for the inbound transform to
+        // start the monitor
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setInboundTransformInternal(@NonNull IpSecTransformWrapper inboundTransform) {
+        Objects.requireNonNull(inboundTransform, "inboundTransform is null");
+
+        if (Objects.equals(inboundTransform, mInboundTransform)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (!isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork()) {
+            logWtf("setInboundTransform called but network not selected");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // When multiple parallel inbound transforms are created, NetworkMetricMonitor will be
+        // enabled on the last one as a sample
+        mInboundTransform = inboundTransform;
+        start();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void setCarrierConfig(@Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        // The already scheduled event will not be affected. The followup events will be scheduled
+        // with the new interval
+        mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs = getPollIpSecStateIntervalMs(carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    protected void start() {
+        super.start();
+        clearTransformStateAndPollingEvents();
+        mHandler.postDelayed(new PollIpSecStateRunnable(), mCancellationToken, 0L);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void stop() {
+        super.stop();
+        clearTransformStateAndPollingEvents();
+    }
+
+    private void clearTransformStateAndPollingEvents() {
+        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(mCancellationToken);
+        mLastIpSecTransformState = null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        super.close();
+
+        if (mInboundTransform != null) {
+            mInboundTransform.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    @Nullable
+    public IpSecTransformState getLastTransformState() {
+        return mLastIpSecTransformState;
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PROTECTED)
+    @Nullable
+    public IpSecTransformWrapper getInboundTransformInternal() {
+        return mInboundTransform;
+    }
+
+    private class PollIpSecStateRunnable implements Runnable {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (!isStarted()) {
+                logWtf("Monitor stopped but PollIpSecStateRunnable not removed from Handler");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            getInboundTransformInternal()
+                    .getIpSecTransformState(
+                            new HandlerExecutor(mHandler), new IpSecTransformStateReceiver());
+
+            // Schedule for next poll
+            mHandler.postDelayed(
+                    new PollIpSecStateRunnable(), mCancellationToken, mPollIpSecStateIntervalMs);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private class IpSecTransformStateReceiver
+            implements OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> {
+        @Override
+        public void onResult(@NonNull IpSecTransformState state) {
+            getVcnContext().ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+            if (!isStarted()) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            onIpSecTransformStateReceived(state);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onError(@NonNull RuntimeException error) {
+            getVcnContext().ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+            // Nothing we can do here
+            logW("TransformStateReceiver#onError " + error.toString());
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void onIpSecTransformStateReceived(@NonNull IpSecTransformState state) {
+        if (mLastIpSecTransformState == null) {
+            // This is first time to poll the state
+            mLastIpSecTransformState = state;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final int packetLossRate =
+                mPacketLossCalculator.getPacketLossRatePercentage(
+                        mLastIpSecTransformState, state, getLogPrefix());
+
+        if (packetLossRate == PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        final String logMsg =
+                "packetLossRate: "
+                        + packetLossRate
+                        + "% in the past "
+                        + (state.getTimestamp() - mLastIpSecTransformState.getTimestamp())
+                        + "ms";
+
+        mLastIpSecTransformState = state;
+        if (packetLossRate < mPacketLossRatePercentThreshold) {
+            logV(logMsg);
+            onValidationResultReceivedInternal(false /* isFailed */);
+        } else {
+            logInfo(logMsg);
+            onValidationResultReceivedInternal(true /* isFailed */);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class PacketLossCalculator {
+        /** Calculate the packet loss rate between two timestamps */
+        public int getPacketLossRatePercentage(
+                @NonNull IpSecTransformState oldState,
+                @NonNull IpSecTransformState newState,
+                String logPrefix) {
+            logVIpSecTransform("oldState", oldState, logPrefix);
+            logVIpSecTransform("newState", newState, logPrefix);
+
+            final int replayWindowSize = oldState.getReplayBitmap().length * 8;
+            final long oldSeqHi = oldState.getRxHighestSequenceNumber();
+            final long oldSeqLow = Math.max(0L, oldSeqHi - replayWindowSize + 1);
+            final long newSeqHi = newState.getRxHighestSequenceNumber();
+            final long newSeqLow = Math.max(0L, newSeqHi - replayWindowSize + 1);
+
+            if (oldSeqHi == newSeqHi || newSeqHi < replayWindowSize) {
+                // The replay window did not proceed and all packets might have been delivered out
+                // of order
+                return PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE;
+            }
+
+            // Get the expected packet count by assuming there is no packet loss. In this case, SA
+            // should receive all packets whose sequence numbers are smaller than the lower bound of
+            // the replay window AND the packets received within the window.
+            // When the lower bound is 0, it's not possible to tell whether packet with seqNo 0 is
+            // received or not. For simplicity just assume that packet is received.
+            final long newExpectedPktCnt = newSeqLow + getPacketCntInReplayWindow(newState);
+            final long oldExpectedPktCnt = oldSeqLow + getPacketCntInReplayWindow(oldState);
+
+            final long expectedPktCntDiff = newExpectedPktCnt - oldExpectedPktCnt;
+            final long actualPktCntDiff = newState.getPacketCount() - oldState.getPacketCount();
+
+            logV(
+                    TAG,
+                    logPrefix
+                            + " expectedPktCntDiff: "
+                            + expectedPktCntDiff
+                            + " actualPktCntDiff: "
+                            + actualPktCntDiff);
+
+            if (expectedPktCntDiff < 0
+                    || expectedPktCntDiff == 0
+                    || actualPktCntDiff < 0
+                    || actualPktCntDiff > expectedPktCntDiff) {
+                logWtf(TAG, "Impossible values for expectedPktCntDiff or" + " actualPktCntDiff");
+                return PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE;
+            }
+
+            return 100 - (int) (actualPktCntDiff * 100 / expectedPktCntDiff);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void logVIpSecTransform(
+            String transformTag, IpSecTransformState state, String logPrefix) {
+        final String stateString =
+                " seqNo: "
+                        + state.getRxHighestSequenceNumber()
+                        + " | pktCnt: "
+                        + state.getPacketCount()
+                        + " | pktCntInWindow: "
+                        + getPacketCntInReplayWindow(state);
+        logV(TAG, logPrefix + " " + transformTag + stateString);
+    }
+
+    /** Get the number of received packets within the replay window */
+    private static long getPacketCntInReplayWindow(@NonNull IpSecTransformState state) {
+        return BitSet.valueOf(state.getReplayBitmap()).cardinality();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkMetricMonitor.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkMetricMonitor.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a79f188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkMetricMonitor.java
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.VcnManagementService.LOCAL_LOG;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformState;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
+import android.util.CloseGuard;
+import android.util.Slog;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+
+/**
+ * NetworkMetricMonitor is responsible for managing metric monitoring and tracking validation
+ * results.
+ *
+ * <p>This class is flag gated by "network_metric_monitor"
+ */
+public abstract class NetworkMetricMonitor implements AutoCloseable {
+    private static final String TAG = NetworkMetricMonitor.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final boolean VDBG = false; // STOPSHIP: if true
+
+    @NonNull private final CloseGuard mCloseGuard = new CloseGuard();
+
+    @NonNull private final VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    @NonNull private final Network mNetwork;
+    @NonNull private final NetworkMetricMonitorCallback mCallback;
+
+    private boolean mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork;
+    private boolean mIsStarted;
+    private boolean mIsValidationFailed;
+
+    protected NetworkMetricMonitor(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback)
+            throws IllegalAccessException {
+        if (!vcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()) {
+            // Caller error
+            logWtf("networkMetricMonitor flag disabled");
+            throw new IllegalAccessException("networkMetricMonitor flag disabled");
+        }
+
+        mVcnContext = Objects.requireNonNull(vcnContext, "Missing vcnContext");
+        mNetwork = Objects.requireNonNull(network, "Missing network");
+        mCallback = Objects.requireNonNull(callback, "Missing callback");
+
+        mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork = false;
+        mIsStarted = false;
+        mIsValidationFailed = false;
+    }
+
+    /** Callback to notify caller of the validation result */
+    public interface NetworkMetricMonitorCallback {
+        /** Called when there is a validation result is ready */
+        void onValidationResultReceived();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start monitoring
+     *
+     * <p>This method might be called on a an already started monitor for updating monitor
+     * properties (e.g. IpSecTransform, carrier config)
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super.start() when overriding this method
+     */
+    protected void start() {
+        mIsStarted = true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop monitoring
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super.stop() when overriding this method
+     */
+    public void stop() {
+        mIsValidationFailed = false;
+        mIsStarted = false;
+    }
+
+    /** Called by the subclasses when the validation result is ready */
+    protected void onValidationResultReceivedInternal(boolean isFailed) {
+        mIsValidationFailed = isFailed;
+        mCallback.onValidationResultReceived();
+    }
+
+    /** Called when the underlying network changes to selected or unselected */
+    protected abstract void onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged();
+
+    /**
+     * Mark the network being monitored selected or unselected
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super when overriding this method
+     */
+    public void setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(boolean isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork) {
+        if (mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork == isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork = isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork;
+        onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged();
+    }
+
+    /** Wrapper that allows injection for testing purposes */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PROTECTED)
+    public static class IpSecTransformWrapper {
+        @NonNull public final IpSecTransform ipSecTransform;
+
+        public IpSecTransformWrapper(@NonNull IpSecTransform ipSecTransform) {
+            this.ipSecTransform = ipSecTransform;
+        }
+
+        /** Poll an IpSecTransformState */
+        public void getIpSecTransformState(
+                @NonNull Executor executor,
+                @NonNull OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> callback) {
+            ipSecTransform.getIpSecTransformState(executor, callback);
+        }
+
+        /** Close this instance and release the underlying resources */
+        public void close() {
+            ipSecTransform.close();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return Objects.hash(ipSecTransform);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (!(o instanceof IpSecTransformWrapper)) {
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            final IpSecTransformWrapper other = (IpSecTransformWrapper) o;
+
+            return Objects.equals(ipSecTransform, other.ipSecTransform);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Set the IpSecTransform that applied to the Network being monitored */
+    public void setInboundTransform(@NonNull IpSecTransform inTransform) {
+        setInboundTransformInternal(new IpSecTransformWrapper(inTransform));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set the IpSecTransform that applied to the Network being monitored *
+     *
+     * <p>Subclasses MUST call super when overriding this method
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public void setInboundTransformInternal(@NonNull IpSecTransformWrapper inTransform) {
+        // Subclasses MUST override it if they care
+    }
+
+    /** Update the carrierconfig */
+    public void setCarrierConfig(@Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        // Subclasses MUST override it if they care
+    }
+
+    public boolean isValidationFailed() {
+        return mIsValidationFailed;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork() {
+        return mIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork;
+    }
+
+    public boolean isStarted() {
+        return mIsStarted;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public VcnContext getVcnContext() {
+        return mVcnContext;
+    }
+
+    // Override methods for AutoCloseable. Subclasses MUST call super when overriding this method
+    @Override
+    public void close() {
+        mCloseGuard.close();
+
+        stop();
+    }
+
+    // Override #finalize() to use closeGuard for flagging that #close() was not called
+    @SuppressWarnings("Finalize")
+    @Override
+    protected void finalize() throws Throwable {
+        try {
+            if (mCloseGuard != null) {
+                mCloseGuard.warnIfOpen();
+            }
+            close();
+        } finally {
+            super.finalize();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private String getClassName() {
+        return this.getClass().getSimpleName();
+    }
+
+    protected String getLogPrefix() {
+        return " [Network " + mNetwork + "] ";
+    }
+
+    protected void logV(String msg) {
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Slog.v(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+            LOCAL_LOG.log("[VERBOSE ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected void logInfo(String msg) {
+        Slog.i(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[INFO ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    protected void logW(String msg) {
+        Slog.w(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WARN ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    protected void logWtf(String msg) {
+        Slog.wtf(getClassName(), getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WTF ] " + getClassName() + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    protected static void logV(String className, String msgWithPrefix) {
+        if (VDBG) {
+            Slog.wtf(className, msgWithPrefix);
+            LOCAL_LOG.log("[VERBOSE ] " + className + msgWithPrefix);
+        }
+    }
+
+    protected static void logWtf(String className, String msgWithPrefix) {
+        Slog.wtf(className, msgWithPrefix);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WTF ] " + className + msgWithPrefix);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java
index 7f129ea..d32e5cc 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifier.java
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
-import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 
 /** @hide */
@@ -86,7 +85,6 @@
      * <p>VCN MUST never select a non-INTERNET network that are unvalidated or fail to match any
      * template as the underlying network.
      */
-    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
     static final int PRIORITY_INVALID = -1;
 
     /** Gives networks a priority class, based on configured VcnGatewayConnectionConfig */
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@
             List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
             ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
             TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         // mRouteSelectionNetworkRequest requires a network be both VALIDATED and NOT_SUSPENDED
 
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@
                     networkRecord,
                     subscriptionGroup,
                     snapshot,
-                    currentlySelected,
+                    isSelected,
                     carrierConfig)) {
                 return priorityIndex;
             }
@@ -140,12 +138,9 @@
             UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord,
             ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
             TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkRecord.networkCapabilities;
-        final boolean isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork =
-                currentlySelected != null
-                        && Objects.equals(currentlySelected.network, networkRecord.network);
 
         final int meteredMatch = networkPriority.getMetered();
         final boolean isMetered = !caps.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
@@ -159,7 +154,7 @@
         if (caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps() < networkPriority.getMinExitUpstreamBandwidthKbps()
                 || (caps.getLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps()
                                 < networkPriority.getMinEntryUpstreamBandwidthKbps()
-                        && !isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork)) {
+                        && !isSelected)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -167,7 +162,7 @@
                         < networkPriority.getMinExitDownstreamBandwidthKbps()
                 || (caps.getLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps()
                                 < networkPriority.getMinEntryDownstreamBandwidthKbps()
-                        && !isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork)) {
+                        && !isSelected)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -191,7 +186,7 @@
             return checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
                     (VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate) networkPriority,
                     networkRecord,
-                    currentlySelected,
+                    isSelected,
                     carrierConfig);
         }
 
@@ -214,7 +209,7 @@
     public static boolean checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
             VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate networkPriority,
             UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkRecord.networkCapabilities;
 
@@ -223,7 +218,7 @@
         }
 
         // TODO: Move the Network Quality check to the network metric monitor framework.
-        if (!isWifiRssiAcceptable(networkRecord, currentlySelected, carrierConfig)) {
+        if (!isWifiRssiAcceptable(networkRecord, isSelected, carrierConfig)) {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -237,15 +232,11 @@
 
     private static boolean isWifiRssiAcceptable(
             UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
         final NetworkCapabilities caps = networkRecord.networkCapabilities;
-        final boolean isSelectedNetwork =
-                currentlySelected != null
-                        && networkRecord.network.equals(currentlySelected.network);
 
-        if (isSelectedNetwork
-                && caps.getSignalStrength() >= getWifiExitRssiThreshold(carrierConfig)) {
+        if (isSelected && caps.getSignalStrength() >= getWifiExitRssiThreshold(carrierConfig)) {
             return true;
         }
 
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java
index 6afa795..3f8d39e 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkController.java
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
@@ -48,9 +49,11 @@
 import android.util.Slog;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.NetworkEvaluatorCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.util.LogUtils;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -83,6 +86,9 @@
     @NonNull private final TelephonyCallback mActiveDataSubIdListener =
             new VcnActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener();
 
+    private final Map<Network, UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> mUnderlyingNetworkRecords =
+            new ArrayMap<>();
+
     @NonNull private final List<NetworkCallback> mCellBringupCallbacks = new ArrayList<>();
     @Nullable private NetworkCallback mWifiBringupCallback;
     @Nullable private NetworkCallback mWifiEntryRssiThresholdCallback;
@@ -105,7 +111,8 @@
         this(vcnContext, connectionConfig, subscriptionGroup, snapshot, cb, new Dependencies());
     }
 
-    private UnderlyingNetworkController(
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    UnderlyingNetworkController(
             @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
             @NonNull VcnGatewayConnectionConfig connectionConfig,
             @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
@@ -197,6 +204,15 @@
         List<NetworkCallback> oldCellCallbacks = new ArrayList<>(mCellBringupCallbacks);
         mCellBringupCallbacks.clear();
 
+        if (mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+            for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+                evaluator.close();
+            }
+        }
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.clear();
+
         // Register new callbacks. Make-before-break; always register new callbacks before removal
         // of old callbacks
         if (!mIsQuitting) {
@@ -395,15 +411,58 @@
         // Update carrier config
         mCarrierConfig = mLastSnapshot.getCarrierConfigForSubGrp(mSubscriptionGroup);
 
+        // Make sure all evaluators use the same updated TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot and carrier
+        // config to calculate their cached priority classes. For simplicity, the
+        // UnderlyingNetworkController does not listen for changes in VCN-related carrier config
+        // keys, and changes are applied at restart of the VcnGatewayConnection
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+            evaluator.reevaluate(
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+        }
+
         // Only trigger re-registration if subIds in this group have changed
         if (oldSnapshot
                 .getAllSubIdsInGroup(mSubscriptionGroup)
                 .equals(newSnapshot.getAllSubIdsInGroup(mSubscriptionGroup))) {
+
+            if (mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                    && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                reevaluateNetworks();
+            }
             return;
         }
         registerOrUpdateNetworkRequests();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Pass the IpSecTransform of the VCN to UnderlyingNetworkController for metric monitoring
+     *
+     * <p>Caller MUST call it when IpSecTransforms have been created for VCN creation or migration
+     */
+    public void updateInboundTransform(
+            @NonNull UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentNetwork, @NonNull IpSecTransform transform) {
+        if (!mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                || !mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+            logWtf("#updateInboundTransform: unexpected call; flags missing");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(currentNetwork, "currentNetwork is null");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(transform, "transform is null");
+
+        if (mCurrentRecord == null
+                || mRouteSelectionCallback == null
+                || !Objects.equals(currentNetwork.network, mCurrentRecord.network)) {
+            // The caller (VcnGatewayConnection) is out-of-dated. Ignore this call.
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(mCurrentRecord.network).setInboundTransform(transform);
+    }
+
     /** Tears down this Tracker, and releases all underlying network requests. */
     public void teardown() {
         mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
@@ -418,32 +477,62 @@
                 .unregisterTelephonyCallback(mActiveDataSubIdListener);
     }
 
+    private TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> getSortedUnderlyingNetworks() {
+        TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> sorted =
+                new TreeSet<>(UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.getComparator(mVcnContext));
+
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+            if (evaluator.getPriorityClass() != NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID) {
+                sorted.add(evaluator);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return sorted;
+    }
+
     private void reevaluateNetworks() {
         if (mIsQuitting || mRouteSelectionCallback == null) {
             return; // UnderlyingNetworkController has quit.
         }
 
-        TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> sorted =
-                mRouteSelectionCallback.getSortedUnderlyingNetworks();
-        UnderlyingNetworkRecord candidate = sorted.isEmpty() ? null : sorted.first();
+        TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> sorted = getSortedUnderlyingNetworks();
+
+        UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator candidateEvaluator = sorted.isEmpty() ? null : sorted.first();
+        UnderlyingNetworkRecord candidate =
+                candidateEvaluator == null ? null : candidateEvaluator.getNetworkRecord();
         if (Objects.equals(mCurrentRecord, candidate)) {
             return;
         }
 
         String allNetworkPriorities = "";
-        for (UnderlyingNetworkRecord record : sorted) {
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator recordEvaluator : sorted) {
             if (!allNetworkPriorities.isEmpty()) {
                 allNetworkPriorities += ", ";
             }
-            allNetworkPriorities += record.network + ": " + record.priorityClass;
+            allNetworkPriorities +=
+                    recordEvaluator.getNetwork() + ": " + recordEvaluator.getPriorityClass();
         }
-        logInfo(
-                "Selected network changed to "
-                        + (candidate == null ? null : candidate.network)
-                        + ", selected from list: "
-                        + allNetworkPriorities);
+
+        if (!UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isSameNetwork(mCurrentRecord, candidate)) {
+            logInfo(
+                    "Selected network changed to "
+                            + (candidate == null ? null : candidate.network)
+                            + ", selected from list: "
+                            + allNetworkPriorities);
+        }
+
         mCurrentRecord = candidate;
         mCb.onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(mCurrentRecord);
+
+        // Need to update all evaluators to ensure the previously selected one is unselected
+        for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator : mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.values()) {
+            evaluator.setIsSelected(
+                    candidateEvaluator == evaluator,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -463,46 +552,32 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     class UnderlyingNetworkListener extends NetworkCallback {
-        private final Map<Network, UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder>
-                mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders = new ArrayMap<>();
-
         UnderlyingNetworkListener() {
             super(NetworkCallback.FLAG_INCLUDE_LOCATION_INFO);
         }
 
-        private TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> getSortedUnderlyingNetworks() {
-            TreeSet<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> sorted =
-                    new TreeSet<>(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.getComparator());
-
-            for (UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder :
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.values()) {
-                if (builder.isValid()) {
-                    final UnderlyingNetworkRecord record =
-                            builder.build(
-                                    mVcnContext,
-                                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
-                                    mSubscriptionGroup,
-                                    mLastSnapshot,
-                                    mCurrentRecord,
-                                    mCarrierConfig);
-                    if (record.priorityClass != NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID) {
-                        sorted.add(record);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            return sorted;
-        }
-
         @Override
         public void onAvailable(@NonNull Network network) {
-            mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.put(
-                    network, new UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder(network));
+            mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.put(
+                    network,
+                    mDeps.newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                            mVcnContext,
+                            network,
+                            mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                            mSubscriptionGroup,
+                            mLastSnapshot,
+                            mCarrierConfig,
+                            new NetworkEvaluatorCallbackImpl()));
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onLost(@NonNull Network network) {
-            mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.remove(network);
+            if (mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                    && mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network).close();
+            }
+
+            mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.remove(network);
 
             reevaluateNetworks();
         }
@@ -510,15 +585,20 @@
         @Override
         public void onCapabilitiesChanged(
                 @NonNull Network network, @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities) {
-            final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder =
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.get(network);
-            if (builder == null) {
+            final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network);
+            if (evaluator == null) {
                 logWtf("Got capabilities change for unknown key: " + network);
                 return;
             }
 
-            builder.setNetworkCapabilities(networkCapabilities);
-            if (builder.isValid()) {
+            evaluator.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                    networkCapabilities,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+
+            if (evaluator.isValid()) {
                 reevaluateNetworks();
             }
         }
@@ -526,35 +606,60 @@
         @Override
         public void onLinkPropertiesChanged(
                 @NonNull Network network, @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties) {
-            final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder =
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.get(network);
-            if (builder == null) {
+            final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network);
+            if (evaluator == null) {
                 logWtf("Got link properties change for unknown key: " + network);
                 return;
             }
 
-            builder.setLinkProperties(linkProperties);
-            if (builder.isValid()) {
+            evaluator.setLinkProperties(
+                    linkProperties,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+
+            if (evaluator.isValid()) {
                 reevaluateNetworks();
             }
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onBlockedStatusChanged(@NonNull Network network, boolean isBlocked) {
-            final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder builder =
-                    mUnderlyingNetworkRecordBuilders.get(network);
-            if (builder == null) {
+            final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = mUnderlyingNetworkRecords.get(network);
+            if (evaluator == null) {
                 logWtf("Got blocked status change for unknown key: " + network);
                 return;
             }
 
-            builder.setIsBlocked(isBlocked);
-            if (builder.isValid()) {
+            evaluator.setIsBlocked(
+                    isBlocked,
+                    mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                    mSubscriptionGroup,
+                    mLastSnapshot,
+                    mCarrierConfig);
+
+            if (evaluator.isValid()) {
                 reevaluateNetworks();
             }
         }
     }
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    class NetworkEvaluatorCallbackImpl implements NetworkEvaluatorCallback {
+        @Override
+        public void onEvaluationResultChanged() {
+            if (!mVcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled()
+                    || !mVcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()) {
+                logWtf("#onEvaluationResultChanged: unexpected call; flags missing");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+            reevaluateNetworks();
+        }
+    }
+
     private String getLogPrefix() {
         return "("
                 + LogUtils.getHashedSubscriptionGroup(mSubscriptionGroup)
@@ -614,16 +719,8 @@
         pw.println("Underlying networks:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         if (mRouteSelectionCallback != null) {
-            for (UnderlyingNetworkRecord record :
-                    mRouteSelectionCallback.getSortedUnderlyingNetworks()) {
-                record.dump(
-                        mVcnContext,
-                        pw,
-                        mConnectionConfig.getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
-                        mSubscriptionGroup,
-                        mLastSnapshot,
-                        mCurrentRecord,
-                        mCarrierConfig);
+            for (UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator recordEvaluator : getSortedUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+                recordEvaluator.dump(pw);
             }
         }
         pw.decreaseIndent();
@@ -653,5 +750,24 @@
                 @Nullable UnderlyingNetworkRecord underlyingNetworkRecord);
     }
 
-    private static class Dependencies {}
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        public UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+                @NonNull Network network,
+                @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+                @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+                @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+                @NonNull NetworkEvaluatorCallback evaluatorCallback) {
+            return new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                    vcnContext,
+                    network,
+                    underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                    subscriptionGroup,
+                    lastSnapshot,
+                    carrierConfig,
+                    evaluatorCallback);
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2f4cf5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.java
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.VcnManagementService.LOCAL_LOG;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.ParcelUuid;
+import android.util.Slog;
+
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
+import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
+import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+/**
+ * UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluates the quality and priority class of a network candidate for
+ * route selection.
+ *
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator {
+    private static final String TAG = UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final int[] PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_DEFAULT = new int[] {5};
+
+    @NonNull private final VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    @NonNull private final Handler mHandler;
+    @NonNull private final Object mCancellationToken = new Object();
+
+    @NonNull private final UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder mNetworkRecordBuilder;
+
+    @NonNull private final NetworkEvaluatorCallback mEvaluatorCallback;
+    @NonNull private final List<NetworkMetricMonitor> mMetricMonitors = new ArrayList<>();
+
+    @NonNull private final Dependencies mDependencies;
+
+    // TODO: Support back-off timeouts
+    private long mPenalizedTimeoutMs;
+
+    private boolean mIsSelected;
+    private boolean mIsPenalized;
+    private int mPriorityClass = NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkEvaluatorCallback evaluatorCallback,
+            @NonNull Dependencies dependencies) {
+        mVcnContext = Objects.requireNonNull(vcnContext, "Missing vcnContext");
+        mHandler = new Handler(mVcnContext.getLooper());
+
+        mDependencies = Objects.requireNonNull(dependencies, "Missing dependencies");
+        mEvaluatorCallback = Objects.requireNonNull(evaluatorCallback, "Missing deps");
+
+        Objects.requireNonNull(underlyingNetworkTemplates, "Missing underlyingNetworkTemplates");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(subscriptionGroup, "Missing subscriptionGroup");
+        Objects.requireNonNull(lastSnapshot, "Missing lastSnapshot");
+
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkRecord.Builder(
+                        Objects.requireNonNull(network, "Missing network"));
+        mIsSelected = false;
+        mIsPenalized = false;
+        mPenalizedTimeoutMs = getPenaltyTimeoutMs(carrierConfig);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+
+        if (isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled()) {
+            try {
+                mMetricMonitors.add(
+                        mDependencies.newIpSecPacketLossDetector(
+                                mVcnContext,
+                                mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork(),
+                                carrierConfig,
+                                new MetricMonitorCallbackImpl()));
+            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
+                // No action. Do not add anything to mMetricMonitors
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    public UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+            @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+            @NonNull Network network,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            @NonNull NetworkEvaluatorCallback evaluatorCallback) {
+        this(
+                vcnContext,
+                network,
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                subscriptionGroup,
+                lastSnapshot,
+                carrierConfig,
+                evaluatorCallback,
+                new Dependencies());
+    }
+
+    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+    public static class Dependencies {
+        /** Get an IpSecPacketLossDetector instance */
+        public IpSecPacketLossDetector newIpSecPacketLossDetector(
+                @NonNull VcnContext vcnContext,
+                @NonNull Network network,
+                @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+                @NonNull NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback callback)
+                throws IllegalAccessException {
+            return new IpSecPacketLossDetector(vcnContext, network, carrierConfig, callback);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Callback to notify caller to reevaluate network selection */
+    public interface NetworkEvaluatorCallback {
+        /**
+         * Called when mIsPenalized changed
+         *
+         * <p>When receiving this call, UnderlyingNetworkController should reevaluate all network
+         * candidates for VCN underlying network selection
+         */
+        void onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    private class MetricMonitorCallbackImpl
+            implements NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback {
+        public void onValidationResultReceived() {
+            mVcnContext.ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+            handleValidationResult();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void updatePriorityClass(
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        if (mNetworkRecordBuilder.isValid()) {
+            mPriorityClass =
+                    NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
+                            mVcnContext,
+                            mNetworkRecordBuilder.build(),
+                            underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                            subscriptionGroup,
+                            lastSnapshot,
+                            mIsSelected,
+                            carrierConfig);
+        } else {
+            mPriorityClass = NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled() {
+        return isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled(mVcnContext);
+    }
+
+    private static boolean isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled(VcnContext vcnContext) {
+        return vcnContext.isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled()
+                && vcnContext.isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
+    }
+
+    /** Get the comparator for UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator */
+    public static Comparator<UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator> getComparator(VcnContext vcnContext) {
+        return (left, right) -> {
+            if (isIpSecPacketLossDetectorEnabled(vcnContext)) {
+                if (left.mIsPenalized != right.mIsPenalized) {
+                    // A penalized network should have lower priority which means a larger index
+                    return left.mIsPenalized ? 1 : -1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            final int leftIndex = left.mPriorityClass;
+            final int rightIndex = right.mPriorityClass;
+
+            // In the case of networks in the same priority class, prioritize based on other
+            // criteria (eg. actively selected network, link metrics, etc)
+            if (leftIndex == rightIndex) {
+                // TODO: Improve the strategy of network selection when both UnderlyingNetworkRecord
+                // fall into the same priority class.
+                if (left.mIsSelected) {
+                    return -1;
+                }
+                if (right.mIsSelected) {
+                    return 1;
+                }
+            }
+            return Integer.compare(leftIndex, rightIndex);
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static long getPenaltyTimeoutMs(@Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        final int[] timeoutMinuteList;
+
+        if (carrierConfig != null) {
+            timeoutMinuteList =
+                    carrierConfig.getIntArray(
+                            VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY,
+                            PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_DEFAULT);
+        } else {
+            timeoutMinuteList = PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_DEFAULT;
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Add the support of back-off timeouts and return the full list
+        return TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(timeoutMinuteList[0]);
+    }
+
+    private void handleValidationResult() {
+        final boolean wasPenalized = mIsPenalized;
+        mIsPenalized = false;
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            mIsPenalized |= monitor.isValidationFailed();
+        }
+
+        if (wasPenalized == mIsPenalized) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        logInfo(
+                "#handleValidationResult: wasPenalized "
+                        + wasPenalized
+                        + " mIsPenalized "
+                        + mIsPenalized);
+
+        if (mIsPenalized) {
+            mHandler.postDelayed(
+                    new ExitPenaltyBoxRunnable(), mCancellationToken, mPenalizedTimeoutMs);
+        } else {
+            // Exit the penalty box
+            mHandler.removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(mCancellationToken);
+        }
+        mEvaluatorCallback.onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    public class ExitPenaltyBoxRunnable implements Runnable {
+        @Override
+        public void run() {
+            if (!mIsPenalized) {
+                logWtf("Evaluator not being penalized but ExitPenaltyBoxRunnable was scheduled");
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: There might be a future metric monitor (e.g. ping) that will require the
+            // validation to pass before exiting the penalty box.
+            mIsPenalized = false;
+            mEvaluatorCallback.onEvaluationResultChanged();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Set the NetworkCapabilities */
+    public void setNetworkCapabilities(
+            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities nc,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder.setNetworkCapabilities(nc);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** Set the LinkProperties */
+    public void setLinkProperties(
+            @NonNull LinkProperties lp,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder.setLinkProperties(lp);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** Set whether the network is blocked */
+    public void setIsBlocked(
+            boolean isBlocked,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mNetworkRecordBuilder.setIsBlocked(isBlocked);
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+    }
+
+    /** Set whether the network is selected as VCN's underlying network */
+    public void setIsSelected(
+            boolean isSelected,
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        mIsSelected = isSelected;
+
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(isSelected);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the last TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot and carrier config to reevaluate the network
+     */
+    public void reevaluate(
+            @NonNull List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+            @NonNull ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
+            @NonNull TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot lastSnapshot,
+            @Nullable PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        updatePriorityClass(
+                underlyingNetworkTemplates, subscriptionGroup, lastSnapshot, carrierConfig);
+
+        // The already scheduled event will not be affected. The followup events will be scheduled
+        // with the new timeout
+        mPenalizedTimeoutMs = getPenaltyTimeoutMs(carrierConfig);
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.setCarrierConfig(carrierConfig);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Update the inbound IpSecTransform applied to the network */
+    public void setInboundTransform(@NonNull IpSecTransform transform) {
+        if (!mIsSelected) {
+            logWtf("setInboundTransform on an unselected evaluator");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.setInboundTransform(transform);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Close the evaluator and stop all the underlying network metric monitors */
+    public void close() {
+        mHandler.removeCallbacksAndEqualMessages(mCancellationToken);
+
+        for (NetworkMetricMonitor monitor : mMetricMonitors) {
+            monitor.close();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether this network evaluator is valid */
+    public boolean isValid() {
+        return mNetworkRecordBuilder.isValid();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the network */
+    public Network getNetwork() {
+        return mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the network record */
+    public UnderlyingNetworkRecord getNetworkRecord() {
+        return mNetworkRecordBuilder.build();
+    }
+
+    /** Return the priority class for network selection */
+    public int getPriorityClass() {
+        return mPriorityClass;
+    }
+
+    /** Return whether the network is being penalized */
+    public boolean isPenalized() {
+        return mIsPenalized;
+    }
+
+    /** Dump the information of this instance */
+    public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
+        pw.println("UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+
+        if (mNetworkRecordBuilder.isValid()) {
+            getNetworkRecord().dump(pw);
+        } else {
+            pw.println(
+                    "UnderlyingNetworkRecord incomplete: mNetwork: "
+                            + mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork());
+        }
+
+        pw.println("mIsSelected: " + mIsSelected);
+        pw.println("mPriorityClass: " + mPriorityClass);
+        pw.println("mIsPenalized: " + mIsPenalized);
+
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+    }
+
+    private String getLogPrefix() {
+        return "[Network " + mNetworkRecordBuilder.getNetwork() + "] ";
+    }
+
+    private void logInfo(String msg) {
+        Slog.i(TAG, getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[INFO ] " + TAG + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+
+    private void logWtf(String msg) {
+        Slog.wtf(TAG, getLogPrefix() + msg);
+        LOCAL_LOG.log("[WTF ] " + TAG + getLogPrefix() + msg);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java
index aea9f4d..7ab8e55 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkRecord.java
@@ -16,24 +16,17 @@
 
 package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
 
-import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
-import android.os.ParcelUuid;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting.Visibility;
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
-import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
-import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
 
-import java.util.Comparator;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 
 /**
@@ -46,54 +39,17 @@
     @NonNull public final NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities;
     @NonNull public final LinkProperties linkProperties;
     public final boolean isBlocked;
-    public final boolean isSelected;
-    public final int priorityClass;
 
     @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
     public UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
             @NonNull Network network,
             @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
-            boolean isBlocked,
-            VcnContext vcnContext,
-            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-            ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
-            TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
-            PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+            boolean isBlocked) {
         this.network = network;
         this.networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities;
         this.linkProperties = linkProperties;
         this.isBlocked = isBlocked;
-
-        this.isSelected = isSelected(this.network, currentlySelected);
-
-        priorityClass =
-                NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
-                        vcnContext,
-                        this,
-                        underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                        subscriptionGroup,
-                        snapshot,
-                        currentlySelected,
-                        carrierConfig);
-    }
-
-    @VisibleForTesting(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-            @NonNull Network network,
-            @NonNull NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
-            @NonNull LinkProperties linkProperties,
-            boolean isBlocked,
-            boolean isSelected,
-            int priorityClass) {
-        this.network = network;
-        this.networkCapabilities = networkCapabilities;
-        this.linkProperties = linkProperties;
-        this.isBlocked = isBlocked;
-        this.isSelected = isSelected;
-
-        this.priorityClass = priorityClass;
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -113,64 +69,20 @@
         return Objects.hash(network, networkCapabilities, linkProperties, isBlocked);
     }
 
-    /** Returns if two records are equal including their priority classes. */
-    public static boolean isEqualIncludingPriorities(
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord left, UnderlyingNetworkRecord right) {
-        if (left != null && right != null) {
-            return left.equals(right)
-                    && left.isSelected == right.isSelected
-                    && left.priorityClass == right.priorityClass;
-        }
-
-        return left == right;
-    }
-
-    static Comparator<UnderlyingNetworkRecord> getComparator() {
-        return (left, right) -> {
-            final int leftIndex = left.priorityClass;
-            final int rightIndex = right.priorityClass;
-
-            // In the case of networks in the same priority class, prioritize based on other
-            // criteria (eg. actively selected network, link metrics, etc)
-            if (leftIndex == rightIndex) {
-                // TODO: Improve the strategy of network selection when both UnderlyingNetworkRecord
-                // fall into the same priority class.
-                if (left.isSelected) {
-                    return -1;
-                }
-                if (right.isSelected) {
-                    return 1;
-                }
-            }
-            return Integer.compare(leftIndex, rightIndex);
-        };
-    }
-
-    private static boolean isSelected(
-            Network networkToCheck, UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected) {
-        if (currentlySelected == null) {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if (currentlySelected.network.equals(networkToCheck)) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        return false;
+    /** Return whether two records represent the same network */
+    public static boolean isSameNetwork(
+            @Nullable UnderlyingNetworkRecord leftRecord,
+            @Nullable UnderlyingNetworkRecord rightRecord) {
+        final Network left = leftRecord == null ? null : leftRecord.network;
+        final Network right = rightRecord == null ? null : rightRecord.network;
+        return Objects.equals(left, right);
     }
 
     /** Dumps the state of this record for logging and debugging purposes. */
-    void dump(
-            VcnContext vcnContext,
-            IndentingPrintWriter pw,
-            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-            ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
-            TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
-            PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+    void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         pw.println("UnderlyingNetworkRecord:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
 
-        pw.println("priorityClass: " + priorityClass);
-        pw.println("isSelected: " + isSelected);
         pw.println("mNetwork: " + network);
         pw.println("mNetworkCapabilities: " + networkCapabilities);
         pw.println("mLinkProperties: " + linkProperties);
@@ -218,29 +130,14 @@
             return mNetworkCapabilities != null && mLinkProperties != null && mWasIsBlockedSet;
         }
 
-        UnderlyingNetworkRecord build(
-                VcnContext vcnContext,
-                List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                ParcelUuid subscriptionGroup,
-                TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot,
-                UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
-                PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig) {
+        UnderlyingNetworkRecord build() {
             if (!isValid()) {
                 throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                         "Called build before UnderlyingNetworkRecord was valid");
             }
 
             return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                    mNetwork,
-                    mNetworkCapabilities,
-                    mLinkProperties,
-                    mIsBlocked,
-                    vcnContext,
-                    underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                    subscriptionGroup,
-                    snapshot,
-                    currentlySelected,
-                    carrierConfig);
+                    mNetwork, mNetworkCapabilities, mLinkProperties, mIsBlocked);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS b/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS
index 073e2d7..eca48b7 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/wearable/OWNERS
@@ -1,3 +1 @@
-charliewang@google.com
-oni@google.com
-volnov@google.com
\ No newline at end of file
+include /core/java/android/app/wearable/OWNERS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java
index f846164..20b7f1f 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionConnectedStateTest.java
@@ -269,6 +269,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testCreatedTransformsAreApplied() throws Exception {
         verifyVcnTransformsApplied(mGatewayConnection, false /* expectForwardTransform */);
+        verify(mUnderlyingNetworkController).updateInboundTransform(any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -327,6 +328,8 @@
                             eq(TEST_IPSEC_TUNNEL_RESOURCE_ID), eq(direction), anyInt(), any());
         }
 
+        verify(mUnderlyingNetworkController).updateInboundTransform(any(), any());
+
         assertEquals(mGatewayConnection.mConnectedState, mGatewayConnection.getCurrentState());
 
         final List<ChildSaProposal> saProposals =
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java
index 692c8a8..49665f7 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTest.java
@@ -27,15 +27,18 @@
 import static android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.VCN_GATEWAY_OPTION_ENABLE_DATA_STALL_RECOVERY_WITH_MOBILITY;
 
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.DUMMY_ADDR;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnChildSessionConfiguration;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnIkeSession;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnNetworkAgent;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyLong;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.CALLS_REAL_METHODS;
@@ -55,6 +58,7 @@
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnTransportInfo;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiInfo;
 import android.os.ParcelUuid;
@@ -81,6 +85,7 @@
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 /** Tests for TelephonySubscriptionTracker */
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
@@ -352,4 +357,71 @@
                         any(Executor.class),
                         any(ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback.class));
     }
+
+    private void verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+            boolean isInTestMode,
+            boolean isConfigTimeoutSupported,
+            PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig,
+            long expectedTimeoutMs)
+            throws Exception {
+        doReturn(isInTestMode).when(mVcnContext).isInTestMode();
+        doReturn(isConfigTimeoutSupported).when(mVcnContext).isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled();
+
+        final TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot snapshot = mock(TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot.class);
+        doReturn(carrierConfig).when(snapshot).getCarrierConfigForSubGrp(TEST_SUB_GRP);
+
+        final long result =
+                VcnGatewayConnection.getSafeModeTimeoutMs(mVcnContext, snapshot, TEST_SUB_GRP);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedTimeoutMs, result);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutUnsupported() throws Exception {
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                false /* isInTestMode */,
+                false /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                null /* carrierConfig */,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutSupported() throws Exception {
+        final int carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds = 20;
+        final PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig = mock(PersistableBundleWrapper.class);
+        doReturn(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds)
+                .when(carrierConfig)
+                .getInt(eq(VcnManager.VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt());
+
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                false /* isInTestMode */,
+                true /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                carrierConfig,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutSupported_carrierConfigNull()
+            throws Exception {
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                false /* isInTestMode */,
+                true /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                null /* carrierConfig */,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(SAFEMODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetSafeModeTimeoutMs_configTimeoutOverrideTestModeDefault() throws Exception {
+        final int carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds = 20;
+        final PersistableBundleWrapper carrierConfig = mock(PersistableBundleWrapper.class);
+        doReturn(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds)
+                .when(carrierConfig)
+                .getInt(eq(VcnManager.VCN_SAFE_MODE_TIMEOUT_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt());
+
+        verifyGetSafeModeTimeoutMs(
+                true /* isInTestMode */,
+                true /* isConfigTimeoutSupported */,
+                carrierConfig,
+                TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(carrierConfigTimeoutSeconds));
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java
index edced87..e29e462 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/VcnGatewayConnectionTestBase.java
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@
 import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
 import com.android.server.vcn.Vcn.VcnGatewayStatusCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnChildSessionCallback;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnIkeSession;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnNetworkAgent;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnGatewayConnection.VcnWakeLock;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkRecord;
@@ -118,13 +120,7 @@
             NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             LinkProperties linkProperties,
             boolean isBlocked) {
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                network,
-                networkCapabilities,
-                linkProperties,
-                isBlocked,
-                false /* isSelected */,
-                0 /* priorityClass */);
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(network, networkCapabilities, linkProperties, isBlocked);
     }
 
     protected static final String TEST_TCP_BUFFER_SIZES_1 = "1,2,3,4";
@@ -226,6 +222,9 @@
         doReturn(mTestLooper.getLooper()).when(mVcnContext).getLooper();
         doReturn(mVcnNetworkProvider).when(mVcnContext).getVcnNetworkProvider();
         doReturn(mFeatureFlags).when(mVcnContext).getFeatureFlags();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagSafeModeTimeoutConfigEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
 
         doReturn(mUnderlyingNetworkController)
                 .when(mDeps)
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9daba6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static android.net.vcn.VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY;
+import static android.net.vcn.VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.IpSecPacketLossDetector.PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyString;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver;
+import android.content.Intent;
+import android.net.IpSecTransformState;
+import android.os.OutcomeReceiver;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.IpSecPacketLossDetector.PacketLossCalculator;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkMetricMonitor.IpSecTransformWrapper;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.BitSet;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest extends NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
+    private static final String TAG = IpSecPacketLossDetectorTest.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final int REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BYTE = 512;
+    private static final int REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BIT = REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BYTE * 8;
+    private static final int IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD = 5;
+    private static final long POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(30L);
+
+    @Mock private IpSecTransformWrapper mIpSecTransform;
+    @Mock private NetworkMetricMonitorCallback mMetricMonitorCallback;
+    @Mock private PersistableBundleWrapper mCarrierConfig;
+    @Mock private IpSecPacketLossDetector.Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @Spy private PacketLossCalculator mPacketLossCalculator = new PacketLossCalculator();
+
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<OutcomeReceiver> mTransformStateReceiverCaptor;
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> mBroadcastReceiverCaptor;
+
+    private IpSecPacketLossDetector mIpSecPacketLossDetector;
+    private IpSecTransformState mTransformStateInitial;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        mTransformStateInitial = newTransformState(0, 0, newReplayBitmap(0));
+
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getInt(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn((int) TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS));
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getInt(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD_KEY),
+                        anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(IPSEC_PACKET_LOSS_PERCENT_THRESHOLD);
+
+        when(mDependencies.getPacketLossCalculator()).thenReturn(mPacketLossCalculator);
+
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector =
+                new IpSecPacketLossDetector(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        mNetwork,
+                        mCarrierConfig,
+                        mMetricMonitorCallback,
+                        mDependencies);
+    }
+
+    private static IpSecTransformState newTransformState(
+            long rxSeqNo, long packtCount, byte[] replayBitmap) {
+        return new IpSecTransformState.Builder()
+                .setRxHighestSequenceNumber(rxSeqNo)
+                .setPacketCount(packtCount)
+                .setReplayBitmap(replayBitmap)
+                .build();
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] newReplayBitmap(int receivedPktCnt) {
+        final BitSet bitSet = new BitSet(REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BIT);
+        for (int i = 0; i < receivedPktCnt; i++) {
+            bitSet.set(i);
+        }
+        return Arrays.copyOf(bitSet.toByteArray(), REPLAY_BITMAP_LEN_BYTE);
+    }
+
+    private void verifyStopped() {
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed());
+        assertNull(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+
+        // No event scheduled
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitialization() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork());
+        verifyStopped();
+    }
+
+    private OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException>
+            startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver() {
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(true /* setIsSelected */);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(mIpSecTransform);
+
+        // Trigger the runnable
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        verify(mIpSecTransform)
+                .getIpSecTransformState(any(), mTransformStateReceiverCaptor.capture());
+        return mTransformStateReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartMonitor() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertFalse(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed());
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isSelectedUnderlyingNetwork());
+        assertEquals(mIpSecTransform, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getInboundTransformInternal());
+
+        // Mock receiving a state
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+
+        // Verify the first polled state is stored
+        assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator, never())
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+
+        // Verify next poll is scheduled
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartedMonitor_enterDozeMoze() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        // Mock receiving a state
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+        assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+
+        // Mock entering doze mode
+        final Intent intent = mock(Intent.class);
+        when(intent.getAction()).thenReturn(PowerManager.ACTION_DEVICE_IDLE_MODE_CHANGED);
+        when(mPowerManagerService.isDeviceIdleMode()).thenReturn(true);
+
+        verify(mContext).registerReceiver(mBroadcastReceiverCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any());
+        final BroadcastReceiver broadcastReceiver = mBroadcastReceiverCaptor.getValue();
+        broadcastReceiver.onReceive(mContext, intent);
+
+        assertNull(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartedMonitor_updateInboundTransform() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        // Mock receiving a state
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+        assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+
+        // Update the inbound transform
+        final IpSecTransformWrapper newTransform = mock(IpSecTransformWrapper.class);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(newTransform);
+
+        // Verifications
+        assertNull(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        verify(newTransform).getIpSecTransformState(any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStartedMonitor_updateCarrierConfig() throws Exception {
+        startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+
+        final int additionalPollIntervalMs = (int) TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(10L);
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getInt(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_SECONDS_KEY), anyInt()))
+                .thenReturn(
+                        (int)
+                                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(
+                                        POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS + additionalPollIntervalMs));
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setCarrierConfig(mCarrierConfig);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        // The already scheduled event is still fired with the old timeout
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        // The next scheduled event will take 10 more seconds to fire
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLL_IPSEC_STATE_INTERVAL_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(additionalPollIntervalMs);
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testStopMonitor() throws Exception {
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(true /* setIsSelected */);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(mIpSecTransform);
+
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+
+        // Unselect the monitor
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(false /* setIsSelected */);
+        verifyStopped();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testClose() throws Exception {
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(true /* setIsSelected */);
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setInboundTransformInternal(mIpSecTransform);
+
+        assertTrue(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isStarted());
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+
+        // Stop the monitor
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.close();
+        verifyStopped();
+        verify(mIpSecTransform).close();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransformStateReceiverOnResultWhenStopped() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+
+        // Unselect the monitor
+        mIpSecPacketLossDetector.setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(false /* setIsSelected */);
+        verifyStopped();
+
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(newTransformState(1, 1, newReplayBitmap(1)));
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator, never())
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testTransformStateReceiverOnError() throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onError(new RuntimeException("Test"));
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator, never())
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+    }
+
+    private void checkHandleLossRate(
+            int mockPacketLossRate, boolean isLastStateExpectedToUpdate, boolean isCallbackExpected)
+            throws Exception {
+        final OutcomeReceiver<IpSecTransformState, RuntimeException> xfrmStateReceiver =
+                startMonitorAndCaptureStateReceiver();
+        doReturn(mockPacketLossRate)
+                .when(mPacketLossCalculator)
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(any(), any(), anyString());
+
+        // Mock receiving two states with mTransformStateInitial and an arbitrary transformNew
+        final IpSecTransformState transformNew = newTransformState(1, 1, newReplayBitmap(1));
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(mTransformStateInitial);
+        xfrmStateReceiver.onResult(transformNew);
+
+        // Verifications
+        verify(mPacketLossCalculator)
+                .getPacketLossRatePercentage(
+                        eq(mTransformStateInitial), eq(transformNew), anyString());
+
+        if (isLastStateExpectedToUpdate) {
+            assertEquals(transformNew, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        } else {
+            assertEquals(mTransformStateInitial, mIpSecPacketLossDetector.getLastTransformState());
+        }
+
+        if (isCallbackExpected) {
+            verify(mMetricMonitorCallback).onValidationResultReceived();
+        } else {
+            verify(mMetricMonitorCallback, never()).onValidationResultReceived();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleLossRate_validationPass() throws Exception {
+        checkHandleLossRate(
+                2, true /* isLastStateExpectedToUpdate */, true /* isCallbackExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleLossRate_validationFail() throws Exception {
+        checkHandleLossRate(
+                22, true /* isLastStateExpectedToUpdate */, true /* isCallbackExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testHandleLossRate_resultUnavalaible() throws Exception {
+        checkHandleLossRate(
+                PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE,
+                false /* isLastStateExpectedToUpdate */,
+                false /* isCallbackExpected */);
+    }
+
+    private void checkGetPacketLossRate(
+            IpSecTransformState oldState, IpSecTransformState newState, int expectedLossRate)
+            throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(
+                expectedLossRate,
+                mPacketLossCalculator.getPacketLossRatePercentage(oldState, newState, TAG));
+    }
+
+    private void checkGetPacketLossRate(
+            IpSecTransformState oldState,
+            int rxSeqNo,
+            int packetCount,
+            int packetInWin,
+            int expectedDataLossRate)
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState newState =
+                newTransformState(rxSeqNo, packetCount, newReplayBitmap(packetInWin));
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, newState, expectedDataLossRate);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPacketLossRate_replayWindowUnchanged() throws Exception {
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(
+                mTransformStateInitial, mTransformStateInitial, PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 3000, 2000, 2000, PACKET_LOSS_UNAVALAIBLE);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPacketLossRate_againstInitialState() throws Exception {
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 7000, 7001, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 7000, 6000, 4096, 15);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(mTransformStateInitial, 7000, 6000, 4000, 14);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqSmallerThanWinSize_overlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(2000, 1500, newReplayBitmap(1500));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 5000, 5001, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 5000, 4000, 4096, 29);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 5000, 4000, 4000, 27);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqSmallerThanWinSize_notOverlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(2000, 1500, newReplayBitmap(1500));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 7000, 7001, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 7000, 5000, 4096, 37);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 7000, 5000, 3000, 21);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqLargerThanWinSize_overlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(10000, 5000, newReplayBitmap(3000));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 12000, 8096, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 12000, 7000, 4096, 36);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 12000, 7000, 3000, 0);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testGetPktLossRate_oldHiSeqLargerThanWinSize_notOverlappedWithNewWin()
+            throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransformState oldState = newTransformState(10000, 5000, newReplayBitmap(3000));
+
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 20000, 16096, 4096, 0);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 20000, 14000, 4096, 19);
+        checkGetPacketLossRate(oldState, 20000, 14000, 3000, 10);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkEvaluationTestBase.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkEvaluationTestBase.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6015e931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkEvaluationTestBase.java
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnTestUtils.setupSystemService;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.getLinkPropertiesWithName;
+
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.LinkProperties;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.net.vcn.FeatureFlags;
+import android.os.Handler;
+import android.os.IPowerManager;
+import android.os.IThermalService;
+import android.os.ParcelUuid;
+import android.os.PowerManager;
+import android.os.test.TestLooper;
+import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
+
+import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
+import com.android.server.vcn.VcnNetworkProvider;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.UUID;
+
+public abstract class NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
+    protected static final String SSID = "TestWifi";
+    protected static final String SSID_OTHER = "TestWifiOther";
+    protected static final String PLMN_ID = "123456";
+    protected static final String PLMN_ID_OTHER = "234567";
+
+    protected static final int SUB_ID = 1;
+    protected static final int WIFI_RSSI = -60;
+    protected static final int WIFI_RSSI_HIGH = -50;
+    protected static final int WIFI_RSSI_LOW = -80;
+    protected static final int CARRIER_ID = 1;
+    protected static final int CARRIER_ID_OTHER = 2;
+
+    protected static final int LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 1024;
+    protected static final int LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 2048;
+
+    protected static final int TEST_MIN_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 100;
+    protected static final int TEST_MIN_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 200;
+
+    protected static final ParcelUuid SUB_GROUP = new ParcelUuid(new UUID(0, 0));
+
+    protected static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
+            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
+                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                    .setSignalStrength(WIFI_RSSI)
+                    .setSsid(SSID)
+                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .build();
+
+    protected static final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER =
+            new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder().setSubscriptionId(SUB_ID).build();
+    protected static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
+            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN)
+                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
+                    .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(SUB_ID))
+                    .setNetworkSpecifier(TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER)
+                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
+                    .build();
+
+    protected static final LinkProperties LINK_PROPERTIES = getLinkPropertiesWithName("test_iface");
+
+    @Mock protected Context mContext;
+    @Mock protected Network mNetwork;
+    @Mock protected FeatureFlags mFeatureFlags;
+    @Mock protected com.android.net.flags.FeatureFlags mCoreNetFeatureFlags;
+    @Mock protected TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot mSubscriptionSnapshot;
+    @Mock protected TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
+    @Mock protected IPowerManager mPowerManagerService;
+
+    protected TestLooper mTestLooper;
+    protected VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    protected PowerManager mPowerManager;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+
+        when(mNetwork.getNetId()).thenReturn(-1);
+
+        mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
+        mVcnContext =
+                spy(
+                        new VcnContext(
+                                mContext,
+                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
+                                mock(VcnNetworkProvider.class),
+                                false /* isInTestMode */));
+        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(mVcnContext).isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled();
+
+        setupSystemService(
+                mContext, mTelephonyManager, Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE, TelephonyManager.class);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(SUB_ID)).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator()).thenReturn(PLMN_ID);
+        when(mTelephonyManager.getSimSpecificCarrierId()).thenReturn(CARRIER_ID);
+
+        mPowerManager =
+                new PowerManager(
+                        mContext,
+                        mPowerManagerService,
+                        mock(IThermalService.class),
+                        mock(Handler.class));
+        setupSystemService(mContext, mPowerManager, Context.POWER_SERVICE, PowerManager.class);
+    }
+
+    protected IpSecTransform makeDummyIpSecTransform() throws Exception {
+        return new IpSecTransform(mContext, new IpSecConfig());
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java
index 2266041..d85c515 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/NetworkPriorityClassifierTest.java
@@ -24,152 +24,48 @@
 import static android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplateTestBase.TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS;
 import static android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplateTestBase.TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS;
 
-import static com.android.server.vcn.VcnTestUtils.setupSystemService;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_FALLBACK;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.checkMatchesCellPriorityRule;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.checkMatchesPriorityRule;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule;
-import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.getLinkPropertiesWithName;
 import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
-import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
-import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.LinkProperties;
-import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
-import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnCellUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnManager;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.vcn.VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate;
-import android.os.ParcelUuid;
 import android.os.PersistableBundle;
-import android.os.test.TestLooper;
-import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 import android.util.ArraySet;
 
-import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
-import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
-import com.android.server.vcn.VcnNetworkProvider;
-
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
-import org.mockito.Mock;
-import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
-import java.util.UUID;
 
-public class NetworkPriorityClassifierTest {
-    private static final String SSID = "TestWifi";
-    private static final String SSID_OTHER = "TestWifiOther";
-    private static final String PLMN_ID = "123456";
-    private static final String PLMN_ID_OTHER = "234567";
-
-    private static final int SUB_ID = 1;
-    private static final int WIFI_RSSI = -60;
-    private static final int WIFI_RSSI_HIGH = -50;
-    private static final int WIFI_RSSI_LOW = -80;
-    private static final int CARRIER_ID = 1;
-    private static final int CARRIER_ID_OTHER = 2;
-
-    private static final int LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 1024;
-    private static final int LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 2048;
-
-    private static final int TEST_MIN_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 100;
-    private static final int TEST_MIN_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS = 200;
-
-    private static final ParcelUuid SUB_GROUP = new ParcelUuid(new UUID(0, 0));
-
-    private static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
-            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
-                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI)
-                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                    .setSignalStrength(WIFI_RSSI)
-                    .setSsid(SSID)
-                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .build();
-
-    private static final TelephonyNetworkSpecifier TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER =
-            new TelephonyNetworkSpecifier.Builder().setSubscriptionId(SUB_ID).build();
-    private static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES =
-            new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
-                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-                    .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_DUN)
-                    .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
-                    .setSubscriptionIds(Set.of(SUB_ID))
-                    .setNetworkSpecifier(TEL_NETWORK_SPECIFIER)
-                    .setLinkUpstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .setLinkDownstreamBandwidthKbps(LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
-                    .build();
-
-    private static final LinkProperties LINK_PROPERTIES = getLinkPropertiesWithName("test_iface");
-
-    @Mock private Network mNetwork;
-    @Mock private TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot mSubscriptionSnapshot;
-    @Mock private TelephonyManager mTelephonyManager;
-
-    private TestLooper mTestLooper;
-    private VcnContext mVcnContext;
+public class NetworkPriorityClassifierTest extends NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
     private UnderlyingNetworkRecord mWifiNetworkRecord;
     private UnderlyingNetworkRecord mCellNetworkRecord;
 
     @Before
-    public void setUp() {
-        MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
 
-        final Context mockContext = mock(Context.class);
-        mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
-        mVcnContext =
-                spy(
-                        new VcnContext(
-                                mockContext,
-                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
-                                mock(VcnNetworkProvider.class),
-                                false /* isInTestMode */));
-        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
-
-        setupSystemService(
-                mockContext, mTelephonyManager, Context.TELEPHONY_SERVICE, TelephonyManager.class);
-        when(mTelephonyManager.createForSubscriptionId(SUB_ID)).thenReturn(mTelephonyManager);
-        when(mTelephonyManager.getNetworkOperator()).thenReturn(PLMN_ID);
-        when(mTelephonyManager.getSimSpecificCarrierId()).thenReturn(CARRIER_ID);
-
-        mWifiNetworkRecord =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(
-                        WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES);
-        mCellNetworkRecord =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(
-                        CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES);
+        mWifiNetworkRecord = getTestNetworkRecord(WIFI_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
+        mCellNetworkRecord = getTestNetworkRecord(CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
     }
 
-    private UnderlyingNetworkRecord getTestNetworkRecord(
-            NetworkCapabilities nc, List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates) {
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                mNetwork,
-                nc,
-                LINK_PROPERTIES,
-                false /* isBlocked */,
-                mVcnContext,
-                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                SUB_GROUP,
-                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
-                null /* carrierConfig */);
+    private UnderlyingNetworkRecord getTestNetworkRecord(NetworkCapabilities nc) {
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(mNetwork, nc, LINK_PROPERTIES, false /* isBlocked */);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -186,14 +82,14 @@
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        null /* currentlySelecetd */,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
     private void verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
             int entryUpstreamBandwidth,
             int exitUpstreamBandwidth,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             boolean expectMatch) {
         final VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate wifiNetworkPriority =
                 new VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate.Builder()
@@ -208,14 +104,14 @@
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        currentlySelected,
+                        isSelected,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
     private void verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
             int entryDownstreamBandwidth,
             int exitDownstreamBandwidth,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected,
+            boolean isSelected,
             boolean expectMatch) {
         final VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate wifiNetworkPriority =
                 new VcnWifiUnderlyingNetworkTemplate.Builder()
@@ -231,7 +127,7 @@
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        currentlySelected,
+                        isSelected,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
@@ -240,7 +136,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_ENTRY_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -249,7 +145,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -258,7 +154,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_ENTRY_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -267,7 +163,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                null /* currentlySelected */,
+                false /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -276,7 +172,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -285,7 +181,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForUpstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_UPSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -294,7 +190,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 true);
     }
 
@@ -303,7 +199,7 @@
         verifyMatchesPriorityRuleForDownstreamBandwidth(
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
                 LINK_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS + 1,
-                mWifiNetworkRecord,
+                true /* isSelected */,
                 false);
     }
 
@@ -318,14 +214,12 @@
                                 TEST_MIN_ENTRY_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS,
                                 TEST_MIN_EXIT_DOWNSTREAM_BANDWIDTH_KBPS)
                         .build();
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord selectedNetworkRecord =
-                isSelectedNetwork ? mWifiNetworkRecord : null;
         assertEquals(
                 expectMatch,
                 checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
                         wifiNetworkPriority,
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
-                        selectedNetworkRecord,
+                        isSelectedNetwork,
                         carrierConfig == null
                                 ? null
                                 : new PersistableBundleWrapper(carrierConfig)));
@@ -381,7 +275,7 @@
                 checkMatchesWifiPriorityRule(
                         wifiNetworkPriority,
                         mWifiNetworkRecord,
-                        null /* currentlySelecetd */,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
@@ -516,7 +410,7 @@
                         mCellNetworkRecord,
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
                         null /* carrierConfig */));
     }
 
@@ -543,7 +437,16 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testCalculatePriorityClass() throws Exception {
-        assertEquals(2, mCellNetworkRecord.priorityClass);
+        final int priorityClass =
+                NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        mCellNetworkRecord,
+                        VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                        SUB_GROUP,
+                        mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
+                        null /* carrierConfig */);
+        assertEquals(2, priorityClass);
     }
 
     private void checkCalculatePriorityClassFailToMatchAny(
@@ -561,10 +464,19 @@
             ncBuilder.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET);
         }
 
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord nonDunNetworkRecord =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(ncBuilder.build(), templatesRequireDun);
+        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord nonDunNetworkRecord = getTestNetworkRecord(ncBuilder.build());
 
-        assertEquals(expectedPriorityClass, nonDunNetworkRecord.priorityClass);
+        final int priorityClass =
+                NetworkPriorityClassifier.calculatePriorityClass(
+                        mVcnContext,
+                        nonDunNetworkRecord,
+                        templatesRequireDun,
+                        SUB_GROUP,
+                        mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                        false /* isSelected */,
+                        null /* carrierConfig */);
+
+        assertEquals(expectedPriorityClass, priorityClass);
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java
index 2941fde..588624b 100644
--- a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkControllerTest.java
@@ -29,13 +29,12 @@
 import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.WIFI_EXIT_RSSI_THRESHOLD_DEFAULT;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.doNothing;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.eq;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
@@ -48,6 +47,8 @@
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.IpSecConfig;
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
@@ -67,9 +68,11 @@
 import com.android.server.vcn.TelephonySubscriptionTracker.TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnContext;
 import com.android.server.vcn.VcnNetworkProvider;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.Dependencies;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.NetworkBringupCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.UnderlyingNetworkControllerCallback;
 import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkController.UnderlyingNetworkListener;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.NetworkEvaluatorCallback;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -77,6 +80,7 @@
 import org.mockito.Captor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
+import org.mockito.Spy;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -152,12 +156,17 @@
     @Mock private CarrierConfigManager mCarrierConfigManager;
     @Mock private TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot mSubscriptionSnapshot;
     @Mock private UnderlyingNetworkControllerCallback mNetworkControllerCb;
+    @Mock private NetworkEvaluatorCallback mEvaluatorCallback;
     @Mock private Network mNetwork;
 
+    @Spy private Dependencies mDependencies = new Dependencies();
+
     @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<UnderlyingNetworkListener> mUnderlyingNetworkListenerCaptor;
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<NetworkEvaluatorCallback> mEvaluatorCallbackCaptor;
 
     private TestLooper mTestLooper;
     private VcnContext mVcnContext;
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator mNetworkEvaluator;
     private UnderlyingNetworkController mUnderlyingNetworkController;
 
     @Before
@@ -172,7 +181,7 @@
                                 mTestLooper.getLooper(),
                                 mVcnNetworkProvider,
                                 false /* isInTestMode */));
-        resetVcnContext();
+        resetVcnContext(mVcnContext);
 
         setupSystemService(
                 mContext,
@@ -189,18 +198,36 @@
 
         when(mSubscriptionSnapshot.getAllSubIdsInGroup(eq(SUB_GROUP))).thenReturn(INITIAL_SUB_IDS);
 
+        mNetworkEvaluator =
+                spy(
+                        new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                                mVcnContext,
+                                mNetwork,
+                                VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig()
+                                        .getVcnUnderlyingNetworkPriorities(),
+                                SUB_GROUP,
+                                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                                null,
+                                mEvaluatorCallback));
+        doReturn(mNetworkEvaluator)
+                .when(mDependencies)
+                .newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
+
         mUnderlyingNetworkController =
                 new UnderlyingNetworkController(
                         mVcnContext,
                         VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig(),
                         SUB_GROUP,
                         mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                        mNetworkControllerCb);
+                        mNetworkControllerCb,
+                        mDependencies);
     }
 
-    private void resetVcnContext() {
-        reset(mVcnContext);
-        doNothing().when(mVcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+    private void resetVcnContext(VcnContext vcnContext) {
+        reset(vcnContext);
+        doNothing().when(vcnContext).ensureRunningOnLooperThread();
+        doReturn(true).when(vcnContext).isFlagNetworkMetricMonitorEnabled();
+        doReturn(true).when(vcnContext).isFlagIpSecTransformStateEnabled();
     }
 
     // Package private for use in NetworkPriorityClassifierTest
@@ -226,11 +253,13 @@
         final ConnectivityManager cm = mock(ConnectivityManager.class);
         setupSystemService(mContext, cm, Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE, ConnectivityManager.class);
         final VcnContext vcnContext =
-                new VcnContext(
-                        mContext,
-                        mTestLooper.getLooper(),
-                        mVcnNetworkProvider,
-                        true /* isInTestMode */);
+                spy(
+                        new VcnContext(
+                                mContext,
+                                mTestLooper.getLooper(),
+                                mVcnNetworkProvider,
+                                true /* isInTestMode */));
+        resetVcnContext(vcnContext);
 
         new UnderlyingNetworkController(
                 vcnContext,
@@ -489,13 +518,7 @@
             NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities,
             LinkProperties linkProperties,
             boolean isBlocked) {
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                network,
-                networkCapabilities,
-                linkProperties,
-                isBlocked,
-                false /* isSelected */,
-                0 /* priorityClass */);
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(network, networkCapabilities, linkProperties, isBlocked);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -515,24 +538,12 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkRecord recordC =
                 new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
                         mNetwork,
-                        INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
-                        false /* isBlocked */,
-                        true /* isSelected */,
-                        -1 /* priorityClass */);
-        UnderlyingNetworkRecord recordD =
-                getTestNetworkRecord(
-                        mNetwork,
                         UPDATED_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
                         UPDATED_LINK_PROPERTIES,
                         false /* isBlocked */);
 
         assertEquals(recordA, recordB);
-        assertEquals(recordA, recordC);
-        assertNotEquals(recordA, recordD);
-
-        assertTrue(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isEqualIncludingPriorities(recordA, recordB));
-        assertFalse(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.isEqualIncludingPriorities(recordA, recordC));
+        assertNotEquals(recordA, recordC);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -540,6 +551,58 @@
         verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
     }
 
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateSubscriptionSnapshotAndCarrierConfig() {
+        verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot subscriptionUpdate =
+                mock(TelephonySubscriptionSnapshot.class);
+        when(subscriptionUpdate.getAllSubIdsInGroup(eq(SUB_GROUP))).thenReturn(UPDATED_SUB_IDS);
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkController.updateSubscriptionSnapshot(subscriptionUpdate);
+
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).reevaluate(any(), any(), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testUpdateIpSecTransform() {
+        verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord expectedRecord =
+                getTestNetworkRecord(
+                        mNetwork,
+                        INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                        INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                        false /* isBlocked */);
+        final IpSecTransform expectedTransform = new IpSecTransform(mContext, new IpSecConfig());
+
+        mUnderlyingNetworkController.updateInboundTransform(expectedRecord, expectedTransform);
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).setInboundTransform(expectedTransform);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnEvaluationResultChanged() {
+        verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
+
+        // Verify #reevaluateNetworks is called by checking #getNetworkRecord
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).getNetworkRecord();
+
+        // Trigger the callback
+        verify(mDependencies)
+                .newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        any(),
+                        mEvaluatorCallbackCaptor.capture());
+        mEvaluatorCallbackCaptor.getValue().onEvaluationResultChanged();
+
+        // Verify #reevaluateNetworks is called again
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator, times(2)).getNetworkRecord();
+    }
+
     private UnderlyingNetworkListener verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback() {
         return verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback(INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES);
     }
@@ -583,6 +646,7 @@
                         INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
                         false /* isBlocked */);
         verifyOnSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(expectedRecord);
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).setIsSelected(eq(true), any(), any(), any(), any());
         return cb;
     }
 
@@ -667,7 +731,7 @@
 
         cb.onBlockedStatusChanged(mNetwork, true /* isBlocked */);
 
-        verifyOnSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(null);
+        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(null);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -675,6 +739,7 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = verifyRegistrationOnAvailableAndGetCallback();
 
         cb.onLost(mNetwork);
+        verify(mNetworkEvaluator).close();
 
         verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(null);
     }
@@ -713,7 +778,8 @@
                 VcnGatewayConnectionConfigTest.buildTestConfig(networkTemplates),
                 SUB_GROUP,
                 mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                mNetworkControllerCb);
+                mNetworkControllerCb,
+                mDependencies);
 
         verify(cm)
                 .registerNetworkCallback(
@@ -724,30 +790,44 @@
         return mUnderlyingNetworkListenerCaptor.getValue();
     }
 
-    private UnderlyingNetworkRecord bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(
             UnderlyingNetworkListener cb,
             NetworkCapabilities requestNetworkCaps,
-            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-            UnderlyingNetworkRecord currentlySelected) {
+            List<VcnUnderlyingNetworkTemplate> underlyingNetworkTemplates) {
         final Network network = mock(Network.class);
         final NetworkCapabilities responseNetworkCaps =
                 buildResponseNwCaps(requestNetworkCaps, INITIAL_SUB_IDS);
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator =
+                spy(
+                        new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                                mVcnContext,
+                                network,
+                                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
+                                SUB_GROUP,
+                                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                                null,
+                                mEvaluatorCallback));
+        doReturn(evaluator)
+                .when(mDependencies)
+                .newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any(), any());
 
         cb.onAvailable(network);
         cb.onCapabilitiesChanged(network, responseNetworkCaps);
         cb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(network, INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES);
         cb.onBlockedStatusChanged(network, false /* isFalse */);
-        return new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
-                network,
-                responseNetworkCaps,
-                INITIAL_LINK_PROPERTIES,
-                false /* isBlocked */,
-                mVcnContext,
-                underlyingNetworkTemplates,
-                SUB_GROUP,
-                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
-                currentlySelected,
-                null /* carrierConfig */);
+
+        return evaluator;
+    }
+
+    private void verifySelectNetwork(UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator expectedEvaluator) {
+        verifyOnSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(expectedEvaluator.getNetworkRecord());
+        verify(expectedEvaluator).setIsSelected(eq(true), any(), any(), any(), any());
+    }
+
+    private void verifyNeverSelectNetwork(UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator expectedEvaluator) {
+        verify(mNetworkControllerCb, never())
+                .onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(expectedEvaluator.getNetworkRecord()));
+        verify(expectedEvaluator, never()).setIsSelected(eq(true), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -759,19 +839,15 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
         // Bring up CBS network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord cbsNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb,
-                        CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        networkTemplates,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(cbsNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator cbsNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(cbsNetworkEvaluator);
 
         // Bring up DUN network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord dunNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb, DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates, cbsNetworkRecord);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(dunNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator dunNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(dunNetworkEvaluator);
+        verify(cbsNetworkEvaluator).setIsSelected(eq(false), any(), any(), any(), any());
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -783,20 +859,14 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
         // Bring up DUN network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord dunNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb,
-                        DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        networkTemplates,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(dunNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator dunNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, DUN_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(dunNetworkEvaluator);
 
         // Bring up CBS network
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord cbsNetworkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates, dunNetworkRecord);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb, never())
-                .onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(cbsNetworkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator cbsNetworkEvaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifyNeverSelectNetwork(cbsNetworkEvaluator);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -808,13 +878,9 @@
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
         // Bring up an Internet network without DUN capability
-        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord networkRecord =
-                bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                        cb,
-                        INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
-                        networkTemplates,
-                        null /* currentlySelected */);
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb).onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(eq(networkRecord));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, INITIAL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifySelectNetwork(evaluator);
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -825,10 +891,8 @@
                 new VcnCellUnderlyingNetworkTemplate.Builder().setDun(MATCH_REQUIRED).build());
         UnderlyingNetworkListener cb = setupControllerAndGetNetworkListener(networkTemplates);
 
-        bringupNetworkAndGetRecord(
-                cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates, null /* currentlySelected */);
-
-        verify(mNetworkControllerCb, never())
-                .onSelectedUnderlyingNetworkChanged(any(UnderlyingNetworkRecord.class));
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator =
+                bringupNetworkAndGetEvaluator(cb, CBS_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES, networkTemplates);
+        verifyNeverSelectNetwork(evaluator);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest.java b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa81efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/vcn/java/com/android/server/vcn/routeselection/UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2023 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.server.vcn.routeselection;
+
+import static android.net.vcn.VcnManager.VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY;
+
+import static com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkPriorityClassifier.PRIORITY_INVALID;
+import static com.android.server.vcn.util.PersistableBundleUtils.PersistableBundleWrapper;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyObject;
+import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.never;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.times;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
+
+import android.net.IpSecTransform;
+import android.net.vcn.VcnGatewayConnectionConfig;
+
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.NetworkMetricMonitor.NetworkMetricMonitorCallback;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.Dependencies;
+import com.android.server.vcn.routeselection.UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.NetworkEvaluatorCallback;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.Captor;
+import org.mockito.Mock;
+
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+
+public class UnderlyingNetworkEvaluatorTest extends NetworkEvaluationTestBase {
+    private static final int PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN = 10;
+    private static final long PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS = TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN);
+
+    @Mock private PersistableBundleWrapper mCarrierConfig;
+    @Mock private IpSecPacketLossDetector mIpSecPacketLossDetector;
+    @Mock private Dependencies mDependencies;
+    @Mock private NetworkEvaluatorCallback mEvaluatorCallback;
+
+    @Captor private ArgumentCaptor<NetworkMetricMonitorCallback> mMetricMonitorCbCaptor;
+
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator mNetworkEvaluator;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+
+        when(mDependencies.newIpSecPacketLossDetector(any(), any(), any(), any()))
+                .thenReturn(mIpSecPacketLossDetector);
+
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getIntArray(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(new int[] {PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN});
+
+        mNetworkEvaluator = newValidUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+    }
+
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator() {
+        return new UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator(
+                mVcnContext,
+                mNetwork,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig,
+                mEvaluatorCallback,
+                mDependencies);
+    }
+
+    private UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator newValidUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator() {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+
+        evaluator.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setLinkProperties(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setIsBlocked(
+                false /* isBlocked */,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+
+        return evaluator;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testInitializedEvaluator() throws Exception {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+
+        assertFalse(evaluator.isValid());
+        assertEquals(mNetwork, evaluator.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(PRIORITY_INVALID, evaluator.getPriorityClass());
+
+        try {
+            evaluator.getNetworkRecord();
+            fail("Expected to fail because evaluator is not valid");
+        } catch (Exception expected) {
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testValidEvaluator() {
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator evaluator = newUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+        evaluator.setNetworkCapabilities(
+                CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setLinkProperties(
+                LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        evaluator.setIsBlocked(
+                false /* isBlocked */,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkRecord expectedRecord =
+                new UnderlyingNetworkRecord(
+                        mNetwork,
+                        CELL_NETWORK_CAPABILITIES,
+                        LINK_PROPERTIES,
+                        false /* isBlocked */);
+
+        assertTrue(evaluator.isValid());
+        assertEquals(mNetwork, evaluator.getNetwork());
+        assertEquals(2, evaluator.getPriorityClass());
+        assertEquals(expectedRecord, evaluator.getNetworkRecord());
+    }
+
+    private void checkSetSelectedNetwork(boolean isSelected) {
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setIsSelected(
+                isSelected,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).setIsSelectedUnderlyingNetwork(isSelected);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIsSelected_selected() throws Exception {
+        checkSetSelectedNetwork(true /* isSelectedExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIsSelected_unselected() throws Exception {
+        checkSetSelectedNetwork(false /* isSelectedExpected */);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIpSecTransform_onSelectedNetwork() throws Exception {
+        final IpSecTransform transform = makeDummyIpSecTransform();
+
+        // Make the network selected
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setIsSelected(
+                true,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setInboundTransform(transform);
+
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).setInboundTransform(transform);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetIpSecTransform_onUnSelectedNetwork() throws Exception {
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setIsSelected(
+                false,
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        mNetworkEvaluator.setInboundTransform(makeDummyIpSecTransform());
+
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector, never()).setInboundTransform(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void close() throws Exception {
+        mNetworkEvaluator.close();
+
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).close();
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    private NetworkMetricMonitorCallback getMetricMonitorCbCaptor() throws Exception {
+        verify(mDependencies)
+                .newIpSecPacketLossDetector(any(), any(), any(), mMetricMonitorCbCaptor.capture());
+
+        return mMetricMonitorCbCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
+    private void checkPenalizeNetwork() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+
+        // Validation failed
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(true);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        // Verify the evaluator is penalized
+        assertTrue(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_penalizeNetwork_penaltyTimeout() throws Exception {
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        // Penalty timeout
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+
+        // Verify the evaluator is not penalized
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback, times(2)).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_penalizeNetwork_passValidation() throws Exception {
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        // Validation passed
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(false);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        // Verify the evaluator is not penalized and penalty timeout is canceled
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback, times(2)).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_penalizeNetwork_closeEvaluator() throws Exception {
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        mNetworkEvaluator.close();
+
+        // Verify penalty timeout is canceled
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testRcvValidationResult_PenaltyStateUnchanged() throws Exception {
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+
+        // Validation passed
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(false);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        // Verifications
+        assertFalse(mNetworkEvaluator.isPenalized());
+        verify(mEvaluatorCallback, never()).onEvaluationResultChanged();
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSetCarrierConfig() throws Exception {
+        final int additionalTimeoutMin = 10;
+        when(mCarrierConfig.getIntArray(
+                        eq(VCN_NETWORK_SELECTION_PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MINUTES_LIST_KEY), anyObject()))
+                .thenReturn(new int[] {PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MIN + additionalTimeoutMin});
+
+        // Update evaluator and penalize the network
+        mNetworkEvaluator.reevaluate(
+                VcnGatewayConnectionConfig.DEFAULT_UNDERLYING_NETWORK_TEMPLATES,
+                SUB_GROUP,
+                mSubscriptionSnapshot,
+                mCarrierConfig);
+        checkPenalizeNetwork();
+
+        // Verify penalty timeout is changed
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(PENALTY_TIMEOUT_MS);
+        assertNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+        mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(TimeUnit.MINUTES.toMillis(additionalTimeoutMin));
+        assertNotNull(mTestLooper.nextMessage());
+
+        // Verify NetworkMetricMonitor is notified
+        verify(mIpSecPacketLossDetector).setCarrierConfig(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testCompare() throws Exception {
+        when(mIpSecPacketLossDetector.isValidationFailed()).thenReturn(true);
+        getMetricMonitorCbCaptor().onValidationResultReceived();
+
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator penalized = mNetworkEvaluator;
+        final UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator notPenalized = newValidUnderlyingNetworkEvaluator();
+
+        assertEquals(penalized.getPriorityClass(), notPenalized.getPriorityClass());
+
+        final int result =
+                UnderlyingNetworkEvaluator.getComparator(mVcnContext)
+                        .compare(penalized, notPenalized);
+        assertEquals(1, result);
+    }
+}