diff --git a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h
index e482cad..fc6e114 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaOpenGLPipeline.h
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include "SkiaPipeline.h"
+#include <EGL/egl.h>
+#include <system/window.h>
 
+#include "SkiaPipeline.h"
 #include "renderstate/RenderState.h"
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaPipeline.cpp b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaPipeline.cpp
index 29b4dd7..90e49a0 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaPipeline.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/pipeline/skia/SkiaPipeline.cpp
@@ -24,18 +24,19 @@
 #include <SkOverdrawColorFilter.h>
 #include <SkPicture.h>
 #include <SkPictureRecorder.h>
-#include <SkTypeface.h>
 #include <SkSerialProcs.h>
+#include <SkTypeface.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <sstream>
+
 #include "LightingInfo.h"
 #include "VectorDrawable.h"
 #include "thread/CommonPool.h"
 #include "tools/SkSharingProc.h"
-#include "utils/TraceUtils.h"
 #include "utils/String8.h"
-
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include "utils/TraceUtils.h"
 
 using namespace android::uirenderer::renderthread;
 
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp
index 1df3336..4299dd3 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.cpp
@@ -139,15 +139,15 @@
     mAnimationContext->destroy();
 }
 
-void CanvasContext::setSurface(sp<Surface>&& surface, bool enableTimeout) {
+void CanvasContext::setSurface(ANativeWindow* window, bool enableTimeout) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
-    if (surface) {
-        mNativeSurface = std::make_unique<ReliableSurface>(std::move(surface));
+    if (window) {
+        mNativeSurface = std::make_unique<ReliableSurface>(window);
         mNativeSurface->init();
         if (enableTimeout) {
             // TODO: Fix error handling & re-shorten timeout
-            ANativeWindow_setDequeueTimeout(mNativeSurface->getNativeWindow(), 4000_ms);
+            ANativeWindow_setDequeueTimeout(window, 4000_ms);
         }
     } else {
         mNativeSurface = nullptr;
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
 
     mFrameNumber = -1;
 
-    if (hasSurface) {
+    if (window != nullptr && hasSurface) {
         mHaveNewSurface = true;
         mSwapHistory.clear();
         // Enable frame stats after the surface has been bound to the appropriate graphics API.
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h
index 629c741..0f1b8ae 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/CanvasContext.h
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@
 #include <SkRect.h>
 #include <SkSize.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
-#include <gui/Surface.h>
 #include <utils/Functor.h>
 
 #include <functional>
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@
     // Won't take effect until next EGLSurface creation
     void setSwapBehavior(SwapBehavior swapBehavior);
 
-    void setSurface(sp<Surface>&& surface, bool enableTimeout = true);
+    void setSurface(ANativeWindow* window, bool enableTimeout = true);
     bool pauseSurface();
     void setStopped(bool stopped);
     bool hasSurface() const { return mNativeSurface.get(); }
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.cpp b/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.cpp
index e92500f..8a0b4e8 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.cpp
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
 #include "ReliableSurface.h"
 
+#include <log/log_main.h>
 #include <private/android/AHardwareBufferHelpers.h>
+// TODO: this should be including apex instead.
+#include <vndk/window.h>
 
 namespace android::uirenderer::renderthread {
 
@@ -26,8 +29,9 @@
 // to propagate this error back to the caller
 constexpr bool DISABLE_BUFFER_PREFETCH = true;
 
-ReliableSurface::ReliableSurface(sp<Surface>&& surface) : mSurface(std::move(surface)) {
-    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mSurface, "Error, unable to wrap a nullptr");
+ReliableSurface::ReliableSurface(ANativeWindow* window) : mWindow(window) {
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mWindow, "Error, unable to wrap a nullptr");
+    ANativeWindow_acquire(mWindow);
 }
 
 ReliableSurface::~ReliableSurface() {
@@ -36,26 +40,27 @@
     // As a concrete example, if the underlying ANativeWindow is associated with
     // an EGLSurface that is still in use, then if we don't clear out the
     // interceptors then we walk into undefined behavior.
-    ANativeWindow_setCancelBufferInterceptor(mSurface.get(), nullptr, nullptr);
-    ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor(mSurface.get(), nullptr, nullptr);
-    ANativeWindow_setQueueBufferInterceptor(mSurface.get(), nullptr, nullptr);
-    ANativeWindow_setPerformInterceptor(mSurface.get(), nullptr, nullptr);
+    ANativeWindow_setCancelBufferInterceptor(mWindow, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor(mWindow, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ANativeWindow_setQueueBufferInterceptor(mWindow, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ANativeWindow_setPerformInterceptor(mWindow, nullptr, nullptr);
+    ANativeWindow_release(mWindow);
 }
 
 void ReliableSurface::init() {
-    int result = ANativeWindow_setCancelBufferInterceptor(mSurface.get(), hook_cancelBuffer, this);
+    int result = ANativeWindow_setCancelBufferInterceptor(mWindow, hook_cancelBuffer, this);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set cancelBuffer interceptor: error = %d",
                         result);
 
-    result = ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor(mSurface.get(), hook_dequeueBuffer, this);
+    result = ANativeWindow_setDequeueBufferInterceptor(mWindow, hook_dequeueBuffer, this);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set dequeueBuffer interceptor: error = %d",
                         result);
 
-    result = ANativeWindow_setQueueBufferInterceptor(mSurface.get(), hook_queueBuffer, this);
+    result = ANativeWindow_setQueueBufferInterceptor(mWindow, hook_queueBuffer, this);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set queueBuffer interceptor: error = %d",
                         result);
 
-    result = ANativeWindow_setPerformInterceptor(mSurface.get(), hook_perform, this);
+    result = ANativeWindow_setPerformInterceptor(mWindow, hook_perform, this);
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "Failed to set perform interceptor: error = %d",
                         result);
 }
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@
     ANativeWindowBuffer* buffer = nullptr;
 
     // Note that this calls back into our own hooked method.
-    int result = ANativeWindow_dequeueBuffer(mSurface.get(), &buffer, &fenceFd);
+    int result = ANativeWindow_dequeueBuffer(mWindow, &buffer, &fenceFd);
 
     {
         std::lock_guard _lock{mMutex};
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@
         // Note that clearReservedBuffer may be reentrant here, so
         // mReservedBuffer must be cleared once we reach here to avoid recursing
         // forever.
-        ANativeWindow_cancelBuffer(mSurface.get(), buffer, releaseFd);
+        ANativeWindow_cancelBuffer(mWindow, buffer, releaseFd);
     }
 }
 
@@ -239,10 +244,10 @@
             case ANATIVEWINDOW_PERFORM_SET_BUFFERS_GEOMETRY:
                 /* width */ va_arg(args, uint32_t);
                 /* height */ va_arg(args, uint32_t);
-                rs->mFormat = va_arg(args, PixelFormat);
+                rs->mFormat = static_cast<AHardwareBuffer_Format>(va_arg(args, int32_t));
                 break;
             case ANATIVEWINDOW_PERFORM_SET_BUFFERS_FORMAT:
-                rs->mFormat = va_arg(args, PixelFormat);
+                rs->mFormat = static_cast<AHardwareBuffer_Format>(va_arg(args, int32_t));
                 break;
         }
     }
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.h b/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.h
index e3cd8c0..58cd067 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/ReliableSurface.h
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <apex/window.h>
-#include <gui/Surface.h>
+#include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/Macros.h>
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <mutex>
 
 namespace android::uirenderer::renderthread {
 
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@
     PREVENT_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ReliableSurface);
 
 public:
-    ReliableSurface(sp<Surface>&& surface);
+    ReliableSurface(ANativeWindow* window);
     ~ReliableSurface();
 
     // Performs initialization that is not safe to do in the constructor.
@@ -37,12 +39,10 @@
     // passed as the data pointer is not safe.
     void init();
 
-    ANativeWindow* getNativeWindow() { return mSurface.get(); }
+    ANativeWindow* getNativeWindow() { return mWindow; }
 
     int reserveNext();
 
-    int query(int what, int* value) const { return mSurface->query(what, value); }
-
     int getAndClearError() {
         int ret = mBufferQueueState;
         mBufferQueueState = OK;
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    sp<Surface> mSurface;
+    ANativeWindow* mWindow;
 
     mutable std::mutex mMutex;
 
     uint64_t mUsage = AHARDWAREBUFFER_USAGE_GPU_FRAMEBUFFER;
-    PixelFormat mFormat = PIXEL_FORMAT_RGBA_8888;
+    AHardwareBuffer_Format mFormat = AHARDWAREBUFFER_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM;
     std::unique_ptr<AHardwareBuffer, void (*)(AHardwareBuffer*)> mScratchBuffer{
             nullptr, AHardwareBuffer_release};
     ANativeWindowBuffer* mReservedBuffer = nullptr;
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.cpp b/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.cpp
index 1e7fc71..b66a13d 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "RenderProxy.h"
 
-#include <gui/Surface.h>
-
 #include "DeferredLayerUpdater.h"
 #include "DisplayList.h"
 #include "Properties.h"
@@ -78,9 +76,11 @@
     mRenderThread.queue().runSync([this, name]() { mContext->setName(std::string(name)); });
 }
 
-void RenderProxy::setSurface(const sp<Surface>& surface, bool enableTimeout) {
-    mRenderThread.queue().post([this, surf = surface, enableTimeout]() mutable {
-        mContext->setSurface(std::move(surf), enableTimeout);
+void RenderProxy::setSurface(ANativeWindow* window, bool enableTimeout) {
+    ANativeWindow_acquire(window);
+    mRenderThread.queue().post([this, win = window, enableTimeout]() mutable {
+        mContext->setSurface(win, enableTimeout);
+        ANativeWindow_release(win);
     });
 }
 
@@ -314,10 +314,9 @@
             [context = mContext, renderAhead] { context->setRenderAheadDepth(renderAhead); });
 }
 
-int RenderProxy::copySurfaceInto(sp<Surface>& surface, int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
+int RenderProxy::copySurfaceInto(ANativeWindow* window, int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
                                  SkBitmap* bitmap) {
     auto& thread = RenderThread::getInstance();
-    ANativeWindow* window = surface.get();
     return static_cast<int>(thread.queue().runSync([&]() -> auto {
         return thread.readback().copySurfaceInto(window, Rect(left, top, right, bottom), bitmap);
     }));
diff --git a/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.h b/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.h
index ab0dd2b..3baeb2f 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.h
+++ b/libs/hwui/renderthread/RenderProxy.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define RENDERPROXY_H_
 
 #include <SkBitmap.h>
+#include <android/native_window.h>
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 #include <utils/Functor.h>
 
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@
     ANDROID_API bool loadSystemProperties();
     ANDROID_API void setName(const char* name);
 
-    ANDROID_API void setSurface(const sp<Surface>& surface, bool enableTimeout = true);
+    ANDROID_API void setSurface(ANativeWindow* window, bool enableTimeout = true);
     ANDROID_API void allocateBuffers();
     ANDROID_API bool pause();
     ANDROID_API void setStopped(bool stopped);
@@ -140,11 +141,7 @@
      */
     ANDROID_API void setRenderAheadDepth(int renderAhead);
 
-    // TODO: This api will need to take in an ANativeWindow instead, but the
-    // caller, ThreadedRenderer, doesn't have access to libandroid due to a
-    // circular dependency, so it can't use the JNI ANativeWindow methods. Once
-    // that is resolved then replace the surface type here.
-    ANDROID_API static int copySurfaceInto(sp<Surface>& surface, int left, int top, int right,
+    ANDROID_API static int copySurfaceInto(ANativeWindow* window, int left, int top, int right,
                                            int bottom, SkBitmap* bitmap);
     ANDROID_API static void prepareToDraw(Bitmap& bitmap);
 
diff --git a/libs/hwui/tests/common/scenes/MagnifierAnimation.cpp b/libs/hwui/tests/common/scenes/MagnifierAnimation.cpp
index f6cff1c..f4fce27 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/tests/common/scenes/MagnifierAnimation.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/tests/common/scenes/MagnifierAnimation.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
             magnifier->getSkBitmap(&temp);
             constexpr int x = 90;
             constexpr int y = 325;
-            RenderProxy::copySurfaceInto(renderTarget, x, y, x + magnifier->width(),
+            RenderProxy::copySurfaceInto(renderTarget.get(), x, y, x + magnifier->width(),
                                          y + magnifier->height(), &temp);
         }
     }
diff --git a/libs/hwui/tests/macrobench/TestSceneRunner.cpp b/libs/hwui/tests/macrobench/TestSceneRunner.cpp
index 3b6baa7..801cb7d 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/tests/macrobench/TestSceneRunner.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/tests/macrobench/TestSceneRunner.cpp
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
     ContextFactory factory;
     std::unique_ptr<RenderProxy> proxy(new RenderProxy(false, rootNode.get(), &factory));
     proxy->loadSystemProperties();
-    proxy->setSurface(surface);
+    proxy->setSurface(surface.get());
     float lightX = width / 2.0;
     proxy->setLightAlpha(255 * 0.075, 255 * 0.15);
     proxy->setLightGeometry((Vector3){lightX, dp(-200.0f), dp(800.0f)}, dp(800.0f));
diff --git a/libs/hwui/tests/unit/SkiaDisplayListTests.cpp b/libs/hwui/tests/unit/SkiaDisplayListTests.cpp
index 7d999c4..d08aea6 100644
--- a/libs/hwui/tests/unit/SkiaDisplayListTests.cpp
+++ b/libs/hwui/tests/unit/SkiaDisplayListTests.cpp
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
     auto surface = testContext.surface();
     int width = ANativeWindow_getWidth(surface.get());
     int height = ANativeWindow_getHeight(surface.get());
-    canvasContext->setSurface(std::move(surface));
+    canvasContext->setSurface(surface.get());
 
     TreeInfo info(TreeInfo::MODE_FULL, *canvasContext.get());
     DamageAccumulator damageAccumulator;