diff --git a/cmds/incidentd/src/IncidentService.cpp b/cmds/incidentd/src/IncidentService.cpp
index 05a43ad..53c7b74 100644
--- a/cmds/incidentd/src/IncidentService.cpp
+++ b/cmds/incidentd/src/IncidentService.cpp
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@
 Status IncidentService::getIncidentReportList(const String16& pkg16, const String16& cls16,
             vector<String16>* result) {
     status_t err;
-    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).string());
-    const string cls(String8(cls16).string());
+    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).c_str());
+    const string cls(String8(cls16).c_str());
 
     // List the reports
     vector<sp<ReportFile>> all;
@@ -441,9 +441,9 @@
             const String16& id16, IncidentManager::IncidentReport* result) {
     status_t err;
 
-    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).string());
-    const string cls(String8(cls16).string());
-    const string id(String8(id16).string());
+    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).c_str());
+    const string cls(String8(cls16).c_str());
+    const string id(String8(id16).c_str());
 
     IncidentReportArgs args;
     sp<ReportFile> file = mWorkDirectory->getReport(pkg, cls, id, &args);
@@ -470,9 +470,9 @@
 
 Status IncidentService::deleteIncidentReports(const String16& pkg16, const String16& cls16,
             const String16& id16) {
-    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).string());
-    const string cls(String8(cls16).string());
-    const string id(String8(id16).string());
+    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).c_str());
+    const string cls(String8(cls16).c_str());
+    const string id(String8(id16).c_str());
 
     sp<ReportFile> file = mWorkDirectory->getReport(pkg, cls, id, nullptr);
     if (file != nullptr) {
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@
 }
 
 Status IncidentService::deleteAllIncidentReports(const String16& pkg16) {
-    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).string());
+    const string pkg(String8(pkg16).c_str());
 
     mWorkDirectory->commitAll(pkg);
     mBroadcaster->clearPackageBroadcasts(pkg);
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@
             while (SECTION_LIST[idx] != NULL) {
                 const Section* section = SECTION_LIST[idx];
                 if (section->id == id) {
-                    fprintf(out, "Section[%d] %s\n", id, section->name.string());
+                    fprintf(out, "Section[%d] %s\n", id, section->name.c_str());
                     break;
                 }
                 idx++;
@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@
 
 static void printPrivacy(const Privacy* p, FILE* out, String8 indent) {
     if (p == NULL) return;
-    fprintf(out, "%sid:%d, type:%d, dest:%d\n", indent.string(), p->field_id, p->type, p->policy);
+    fprintf(out, "%sid:%d, type:%d, dest:%d\n", indent.c_str(), p->field_id, p->type, p->policy);
     if (p->children == NULL) return;
     for (int i = 0; p->children[i] != NULL; i++) {  // NULL-terminated.
         printPrivacy(p->children[i], out, indent + "  ");
@@ -605,7 +605,7 @@
     const int argCount = args.size();
     if (argCount >= 3) {
         String8 opt = args[1];
-        int sectionId = atoi(args[2].string());
+        int sectionId = atoi(args[2].c_str());
 
         const Privacy* p = get_privacy_of_section(sectionId);
         if (p == NULL) {
diff --git a/cmds/incidentd/src/Reporter.cpp b/cmds/incidentd/src/Reporter.cpp
index 86a78f09..c9cf727 100644
--- a/cmds/incidentd/src/Reporter.cpp
+++ b/cmds/incidentd/src/Reporter.cpp
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
 
-    ALOGD("Start incident report section %d '%s'", sectionId, section->name.string());
+    ALOGD("Start incident report section %d '%s'", sectionId, section->name.c_str());
     IncidentMetadata::SectionStats* sectionMetadata = metadata->add_sections();
 
     // Notify listener of starting
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@
                     sectionId, IIncidentReportStatusListener::STATUS_FINISHED);
     });
 
-    ALOGD("Finish incident report section %d '%s'", sectionId, section->name.string());
+    ALOGD("Finish incident report section %d '%s'", sectionId, section->name.c_str());
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
diff --git a/cmds/incidentd/src/Section.cpp b/cmds/incidentd/src/Section.cpp
index 581367a..c2aa269 100644
--- a/cmds/incidentd/src/Section.cpp
+++ b/cmds/incidentd/src/Section.cpp
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 const char* GZIP[] = {"/system/bin/gzip", NULL};
 
 static pid_t fork_execute_incident_helper(const int id, Fpipe* p2cPipe, Fpipe* c2pPipe) {
-    const char* ihArgs[]{INCIDENT_HELPER, "-s", String8::format("%d", id).string(), NULL};
+    const char* ihArgs[]{INCIDENT_HELPER, "-s", String8::format("%d", id).c_str(), NULL};
     return fork_execute_cmd(const_cast<char**>(ihArgs), p2cPipe, c2pPipe);
 }
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
     // add O_CLOEXEC to make sure it is closed when exec incident helper
     unique_fd fd(open(mFilename, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (fd.get() == -1) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to open file", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to open file", this->name.c_str());
         // There may be some devices/architectures that won't have the file.
         // Just return here without an error.
         return NO_ERROR;
@@ -110,13 +110,13 @@
     Fpipe c2pPipe;
     // initiate pipes to pass data to/from incident_helper
     if (!p2cPipe.init() || !c2pPipe.init()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipes", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipes", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
 
     pid_t pid = fork_execute_incident_helper(this->id, &p2cPipe, &c2pPipe);
     if (pid == -1) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
 
@@ -128,14 +128,14 @@
     writer->setSectionStats(buffer);
     if (readStatus != NO_ERROR || buffer.timedOut()) {
         ALOGW("[%s] failed to read data from incident helper: %s, timedout: %s",
-              this->name.string(), strerror(-readStatus), buffer.timedOut() ? "true" : "false");
+              this->name.c_str(), strerror(-readStatus), buffer.timedOut() ? "true" : "false");
         kill_child(pid);
         return readStatus;
     }
 
     status_t ihStatus = wait_child(pid);
     if (ihStatus != NO_ERROR) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] abnormal child process: %s", this->name.string(), strerror(-ihStatus));
+        ALOGW("[%s] abnormal child process: %s", this->name.c_str(), strerror(-ihStatus));
         return OK; // Not a fatal error.
     }
 
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
         index++;  // look at the next file.
     }
     if (fd.get() == -1) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] can't open all the files", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] can't open all the files", this->name.c_str());
         return NO_ERROR;  // e.g. LAST_KMSG will reach here in user build.
     }
     FdBuffer buffer;
@@ -177,13 +177,13 @@
     Fpipe c2pPipe;
     // initiate pipes to pass data to/from gzip
     if (!p2cPipe.init() || !c2pPipe.init()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipes", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipes", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
 
     pid_t pid = fork_execute_cmd((char* const*)GZIP, &p2cPipe, &c2pPipe);
     if (pid == -1) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
     // parent process
@@ -202,14 +202,14 @@
     size_t editPos = internalBuffer->wp()->pos();
     internalBuffer->wp()->move(8);  // reserve 8 bytes for the varint of the data size.
     size_t dataBeginAt = internalBuffer->wp()->pos();
-    VLOG("[%s] editPos=%zu, dataBeginAt=%zu", this->name.string(), editPos, dataBeginAt);
+    VLOG("[%s] editPos=%zu, dataBeginAt=%zu", this->name.c_str(), editPos, dataBeginAt);
 
     status_t readStatus = buffer.readProcessedDataInStream(
             fd.get(), std::move(p2cPipe.writeFd()), std::move(c2pPipe.readFd()), this->timeoutMs,
             isSysfs(mFilenames[index]));
     writer->setSectionStats(buffer);
     if (readStatus != NO_ERROR || buffer.timedOut()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to read data from gzip: %s, timedout: %s", this->name.string(),
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to read data from gzip: %s, timedout: %s", this->name.c_str(),
               strerror(-readStatus), buffer.timedOut() ? "true" : "false");
         kill_child(pid);
         return readStatus;
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@
 
     status_t gzipStatus = wait_child(pid);
     if (gzipStatus != NO_ERROR) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] abnormal child process: %s", this->name.string(), strerror(-gzipStatus));
+        ALOGW("[%s] abnormal child process: %s", this->name.c_str(), strerror(-gzipStatus));
         return gzipStatus;
     }
     // Revisit the actual size from gzip result and edit the internal buffer accordingly.
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@
     FdBuffer buffer;
     err = buffer.read(data->pipe.readFd().get(), this->timeoutMs);
     if (err != NO_ERROR) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] reader failed with error '%s'", this->name.string(), strerror(-err));
+        ALOGE("[%s] reader failed with error '%s'", this->name.c_str(), strerror(-err));
     }
 
     // If the worker side is finished, then return its error (which may overwrite
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
         data->pipe.close();
         if (data->workerError != NO_ERROR) {
             err = data->workerError;
-            ALOGE("[%s] worker failed with error '%s'", this->name.string(), strerror(-err));
+            ALOGE("[%s] worker failed with error '%s'", this->name.c_str(), strerror(-err));
         }
         workerDone = data->workerDone;
     }
@@ -309,17 +309,17 @@
     if (err != NO_ERROR) {
         char errMsg[128];
         snprintf(errMsg, 128, "[%s] failed with error '%s'",
-            this->name.string(), strerror(-err));
+            this->name.c_str(), strerror(-err));
         writer->error(this, err, "WorkerThreadSection failed.");
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
     if (buffer.truncated()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] too large, truncating", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] too large, truncating", this->name.c_str());
         // Do not write a truncated section. It won't pass through the PrivacyFilter.
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
     if (!workerDone || buffer.timedOut()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] timed out", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] timed out", this->name.c_str());
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -360,18 +360,18 @@
     Fpipe ihPipe;
 
     if (!cmdPipe.init() || !ihPipe.init()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipes", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipes", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
 
     pid_t cmdPid = fork_execute_cmd((char* const*)mCommand, NULL, &cmdPipe);
     if (cmdPid == -1) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
     pid_t ihPid = fork_execute_incident_helper(this->id, &cmdPipe, &ihPipe);
     if (ihPid == -1) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
 
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@
     writer->setSectionStats(buffer);
     if (readStatus != NO_ERROR || buffer.timedOut()) {
         ALOGW("[%s] failed to read data from incident helper: %s, timedout: %s",
-              this->name.string(), strerror(-readStatus), buffer.timedOut() ? "true" : "false");
+              this->name.c_str(), strerror(-readStatus), buffer.timedOut() ? "true" : "false");
         kill_child(cmdPid);
         kill_child(ihPid);
         return readStatus;
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@
     status_t ihStatus = wait_child(ihPid);
     if (cmdStatus != NO_ERROR || ihStatus != NO_ERROR) {
         ALOGW("[%s] abnormal child processes, return status: command: %s, incident helper: %s",
-              this->name.string(), strerror(-cmdStatus), strerror(-ihStatus));
+              this->name.c_str(), strerror(-cmdStatus), strerror(-ihStatus));
         // Not a fatal error.
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@
     sp<IBinder> service = defaultServiceManager()->checkService(mService);
 
     if (service == NULL) {
-        ALOGW("DumpsysSection: Can't lookup service: %s", String8(mService).string());
+        ALOGW("DumpsysSection: Can't lookup service: %s", String8(mService).c_str());
         return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
@@ -463,14 +463,14 @@
     // checkService won't wait for the service to show up like getService will.
     sp<IBinder> service = defaultServiceManager()->checkService(mService);
     if (service == NULL) {
-        ALOGW("TextDumpsysSection: Can't lookup service: %s", String8(mService).string());
+        ALOGW("TextDumpsysSection: Can't lookup service: %s", String8(mService).c_str());
         return NAME_NOT_FOUND;
     }
 
     // Create pipe
     Fpipe dumpPipe;
     if (!dumpPipe.init()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipe", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup pipe", this->name.c_str());
         return -errno;
     }
 
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
         signal(SIGPIPE, sigpipe_handler);
         status_t err = service->dump(write_fd.get(), this->mArgs);
         if (err != OK) {
-            ALOGW("[%s] dump thread failed. Error: %s", this->name.string(), strerror(-err));
+            ALOGW("[%s] dump thread failed. Error: %s", this->name.c_str(), strerror(-err));
         }
         write_fd.reset();
     });
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
     // Collect dump content
     FdBuffer buffer;
     ProtoOutputStream proto;
-    proto.write(TextDumpProto::COMMAND, std::string(name.string()));
+    proto.write(TextDumpProto::COMMAND, std::string(name.c_str()));
     proto.write(TextDumpProto::DUMP_DURATION_NS, int64_t(Nanotime() - start));
     buffer.write(proto.data());
 
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@
     dumpPipe.readFd().reset();
     writer->setSectionStats(buffer);
     if (readStatus != OK || buffer.timedOut()) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to read from dumpsys: %s, timedout: %s", this->name.string(),
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to read from dumpsys: %s, timedout: %s", this->name.c_str(),
               strerror(-readStatus), buffer.timedOut() ? "true" : "false");
         worker.detach();
         return readStatus;
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
     // Hence forking a new process to prevent memory fragmentation.
     pid_t pid = fork();
     if (pid < 0) {
-        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.string());
+        ALOGW("[%s] failed to fork", this->name.c_str());
         return errno;
     }
     if (pid > 0) {
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
             android_logger_list_free);
 
     if (android_logger_open(loggers.get(), mLogID) == NULL) {
-        ALOGE("[%s] Can't get logger.", this->name.string());
+        ALOGE("[%s] Can't get logger.", this->name.c_str());
         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
 
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@
         // status = -EAGAIN, graceful indication for ANDRODI_LOG_NONBLOCK that this is the end.
         if (status <= 0) {
             if (status != -EAGAIN) {
-                ALOGW("[%s] fails to read a log_msg.\n", this->name.string());
+                ALOGW("[%s] fails to read a log_msg.\n", this->name.c_str());
                 err = -status;
             }
             break;
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@
             AndroidLogEntry entry;
             status = android_log_processLogBuffer(&msg.entry, &entry);
             if (status != OK) {
-                ALOGW("[%s] fails to process to an entry.\n", this->name.string());
+                ALOGW("[%s] fails to process to an entry.\n", this->name.c_str());
                 err = status;
                 break;
             }
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@
         }
         if (!proto.flush(pipeWriteFd.get())) {
             if (errno == EPIPE) {
-                ALOGW("[%s] wrote to a broken pipe\n", this->name.string());
+                ALOGW("[%s] wrote to a broken pipe\n", this->name.c_str());
             }
             err = errno;
             break;
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@
         }
         ssize_t exe_name_len = readlink(link_name, exe_name, EXE_NAME_LEN);
         if (exe_name_len < 0 || exe_name_len >= EXE_NAME_LEN) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] Can't read '%s': %s", name.string(), link_name, strerror(errno));
+            ALOGE("[%s] Can't read '%s': %s", name.c_str(), link_name, strerror(errno));
             continue;
         }
         // readlink(2) does not put a null terminator at the end
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@
 
         Fpipe dumpPipe;
         if (!dumpPipe.init()) {
-            ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup dump pipe", this->name.string());
+            ALOGW("[%s] failed to setup dump pipe", this->name.c_str());
             err = -errno;
             break;
         }
@@ -822,12 +822,12 @@
         // Wait on the child to avoid it becoming a zombie process.
         status_t cStatus = wait_child(child);
         if (err != NO_ERROR) {
-            ALOGW("[%s] failed to read stack dump: %d", this->name.string(), err);
+            ALOGW("[%s] failed to read stack dump: %d", this->name.c_str(), err);
             dumpPipe.readFd().reset();
             break;
         }
         if (cStatus != NO_ERROR) {
-            ALOGE("[%s] child had an issue: %s\n", this->name.string(), strerror(-cStatus));
+            ALOGE("[%s] child had an issue: %s\n", this->name.c_str(), strerror(-cStatus));
         }
 
         // Resize dump buffer
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@
         dumpPipe.readFd().reset();
         if (!proto.flush(pipeWriteFd.get())) {
             if (errno == EPIPE) {
-                ALOGE("[%s] wrote to a broken pipe\n", this->name.string());
+                ALOGE("[%s] wrote to a broken pipe\n", this->name.c_str());
             }
             err = errno;
             break;
diff --git a/cmds/incidentd/src/report_directory.cpp b/cmds/incidentd/src/report_directory.cpp
index 7d20a74..6b2fb8e 100644
--- a/cmds/incidentd/src/report_directory.cpp
+++ b/cmds/incidentd/src/report_directory.cpp
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@
             continue;
         }
         String8 filename = dirbase + entry->d_name;
-        if (stat(filename.string(), &st) != 0) {
-            ALOGE("Unable to stat file %s", filename.string());
+        if (stat(filename.c_str(), &st) != 0) {
+            ALOGE("Unable to stat file %s", filename.c_str());
             continue;
         }
         if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
     // Remove files until we're under our limits.
     for (std::vector<std::pair<String8, struct stat>>::iterator it = files.begin();
          it != files.end() && totalSize >= maxSize && totalCount >= maxCount; it++) {
-        remove(it->first.string());
+        remove(it->first.c_str());
         totalSize -= it->second.st_size;
         totalCount--;
     }