diff --git a/apct-tests/perftests/core/src/android/view/HandwritingInitiatorPerfTest.java b/apct-tests/perftests/core/src/android/view/HandwritingInitiatorPerfTest.java
index 123b2ee..0fd2449 100644
--- a/apct-tests/perftests/core/src/android/view/HandwritingInitiatorPerfTest.java
+++ b/apct-tests/perftests/core/src/android/view/HandwritingInitiatorPerfTest.java
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@
 import static android.view.MotionEvent.ACTION_UP;
 import static android.view.MotionEvent.TOOL_TYPE_FINGER;
 import static android.view.MotionEvent.TOOL_TYPE_STYLUS;
+import static android.view.inputmethod.Flags.initiationWithoutInputConnection;
 
 
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
+
 import android.app.Instrumentation;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.perftests.utils.BenchmarkState;
@@ -186,6 +189,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionCreated() {
+        assumeFalse(initiationWithoutInputConnection());
         final BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
         final View view = new View(mContext);
         final EditorInfo editorInfo = new EditorInfo();
@@ -199,6 +203,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionClosed() {
+        assumeFalse(initiationWithoutInputConnection());
         final BenchmarkState state = mPerfStatusReporter.getBenchmarkState();
         final View view = new View(mContext);
         while (state.keepRunning()) {
diff --git a/core/java/android/view/HandwritingInitiator.java b/core/java/android/view/HandwritingInitiator.java
index 0ce1d47..eb28920 100644
--- a/core/java/android/view/HandwritingInitiator.java
+++ b/core/java/android/view/HandwritingInitiator.java
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 import android.graphics.Rect;
 import android.graphics.RectF;
 import android.graphics.Region;
+import android.view.inputmethod.Flags;
 import android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodManager;
 import android.widget.EditText;
+import android.widget.Editor;
 import android.widget.TextView;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
@@ -80,6 +82,16 @@
      * connections and only set mConnectedView to null when mConnectionCount is zero.
      */
     private int mConnectionCount = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * The reference to the View that currently has focus.
+     * This replaces mConnecteView when {@code Flags#intitiationWithoutInputConnection()} is
+     * enabled.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public WeakReference<View> mFocusedView = null;
+
     private final InputMethodManager mImm;
 
     private final int[] mTempLocation = new int[2];
@@ -112,9 +124,15 @@
      *
      * If the stylus is hovering on an unconnected editor that supports handwriting, we always show
      * the hover icon.
+     * TODO(b/308827131): Rename to FocusedView after Flag is flipped.
      */
     private boolean mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = true;
 
+    /** When flag is enabled, touched editors don't wait for InputConnection for initiation.
+     * However, delegation still waits for InputConnection.
+     */
+    private final boolean mInitiateWithoutConnection = Flags.initiationWithoutInputConnection();
+
     @VisibleForTesting
     public HandwritingInitiator(@NonNull ViewConfiguration viewConfiguration,
             @NonNull InputMethodManager inputMethodManager) {
@@ -201,8 +219,8 @@
                     View candidateView = findBestCandidateView(mState.mStylusDownX,
                             mState.mStylusDownY, /* isHover */ false);
                     if (candidateView != null) {
-                        if (candidateView == getConnectedView()) {
-                            if (!candidateView.hasFocus()) {
+                        if (candidateView == getConnectedOrFocusedView()) {
+                            if (!mInitiateWithoutConnection && !candidateView.hasFocus()) {
                                 requestFocusWithoutReveal(candidateView);
                             }
                             startHandwriting(candidateView);
@@ -217,8 +235,17 @@
                             candidateView.getHandwritingDelegatorCallback().run();
                             mState.mHasPreparedHandwritingDelegation = true;
                         } else {
-                            mState.mPendingConnectedView = new WeakReference<>(candidateView);
-                            requestFocusWithoutReveal(candidateView);
+                            if (!mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+                                mState.mPendingConnectedView = new WeakReference<>(candidateView);
+                            }
+                            if (!candidateView.hasFocus()) {
+                                requestFocusWithoutReveal(candidateView);
+                            }
+                            if (mInitiateWithoutConnection
+                                    && updateFocusedView(candidateView,
+                                            /* fromTouchEvent */ true)) {
+                                startHandwriting(candidateView);
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -244,11 +271,7 @@
      */
     public void onDelegateViewFocused(@NonNull View view) {
         if (view == getConnectedView()) {
-            if (tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(view)) {
-                // A handwriting delegate view is accepted and handwriting starts; hide the
-                // hover icon.
-                mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = false;
-            }
+            tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(view);
         }
     }
 
@@ -260,6 +283,10 @@
      * @see  #onInputConnectionClosed(View)
      */
     public void onInputConnectionCreated(@NonNull View view) {
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection && !view.isHandwritingDelegate()) {
+            // When flag is enabled, only delegation continues to wait for InputConnection.
+            return;
+        }
         if (!view.isAutoHandwritingEnabled()) {
             clearConnectedView();
             return;
@@ -274,12 +301,15 @@
             // A new view just gain focus. By default, we should show hover icon for it.
             mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = true;
             if (view.isHandwritingDelegate() && tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(view)) {
-                // A handwriting delegate view is accepted and handwriting starts; hide the
-                // hover icon.
+                // tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation should set boolean below, however, we
+                // cannot mock IMM to return true for acceptStylusDelegation().
+                // TODO(b/324670412): we should move any dependent tests to integration and remove
+                //  the assignment below.
                 mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = false;
                 return;
             }
-            if (mState != null && mState.mPendingConnectedView != null
+            if (!mInitiateWithoutConnection && mState != null
+                    && mState.mPendingConnectedView != null
                     && mState.mPendingConnectedView.get() == view) {
                 startHandwriting(view);
             }
@@ -293,6 +323,9 @@
      * @param view the view that closed the InputConnection.
      */
     public void onInputConnectionClosed(@NonNull View view) {
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection && !view.isHandwritingDelegate()) {
+            return;
+        }
         final View connectedView = getConnectedView();
         if (connectedView == null) return;
         if (connectedView == view) {
@@ -306,6 +339,48 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @Nullable
+    private View getFocusedView() {
+        if (mFocusedView == null) return null;
+        return mFocusedView.get();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear the tracked focused view tracked for handwriting initiation.
+     * @param view the focused view.
+     */
+    public void clearFocusedView(View view) {
+        if (view == null || mFocusedView == null) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if (mFocusedView.get() == view) {
+            mFocusedView = null;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Called when new {@link Editor} is focused.
+     * @return {@code true} if handwriting can initiate for given view.
+     */
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    public boolean updateFocusedView(@NonNull View view, boolean fromTouchEvent) {
+        if (!view.shouldInitiateHandwriting()) {
+            mFocusedView = null;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        final View focusedView = getFocusedView();
+        if (focusedView != view) {
+            mFocusedView = new WeakReference<>(view);
+            // A new view just gain focus. By default, we should show hover icon for it.
+            mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = true;
+        }
+        if (!fromTouchEvent) {
+            tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(view);
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
     /** Starts a stylus handwriting session for the view. */
     @VisibleForTesting
     public void startHandwriting(@NonNull View view) {
@@ -324,6 +399,9 @@
      */
     @VisibleForTesting
     public boolean tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(@NonNull View view) {
+        if (!view.isHandwritingDelegate() || (mState != null && mState.mHasInitiatedHandwriting)) {
+            return false;
+        }
         String delegatorPackageName =
                 view.getAllowedHandwritingDelegatorPackageName();
         if (delegatorPackageName == null) {
@@ -337,6 +415,9 @@
             if (view instanceof TextView) {
                 ((TextView) view).hideHint();
             }
+            // A handwriting delegate view is accepted and handwriting starts; hide the
+            // hover icon.
+            mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = false;
             return true;
         }
         return false;
@@ -377,16 +458,25 @@
             return PointerIcon.getSystemIcon(context, PointerIcon.TYPE_HANDWRITING);
         }
 
-        if (hoverView != getConnectedView()) {
+        if (hoverView != getConnectedOrFocusedView()) {
             // The stylus is hovering on another view that supports handwriting. We should show
-            // hover icon. Also reset the mShowHoverIconForConnectedView so that hover
-            // icon is displayed again next time when the stylus hovers on connected view.
+            // hover icon. Also reset the mShowHoverIconForFocusedView so that hover
+            // icon is displayed again next time when the stylus hovers on focused view.
             mShowHoverIconForConnectedView = true;
             return PointerIcon.getSystemIcon(context, PointerIcon.TYPE_HANDWRITING);
         }
         return null;
     }
 
+    // TODO(b/308827131): Remove once Flag is flipped.
+    private View getConnectedOrFocusedView() {
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            return mFocusedView == null ? null : mFocusedView.get();
+        } else {
+            return mConnectedView == null ? null : mConnectedView.get();
+        }
+    }
+
     private View getCachedHoverTarget() {
         if (mCachedHoverTarget == null) {
             return null;
@@ -458,20 +548,21 @@
      */
     @Nullable
     private View findBestCandidateView(float x, float y, boolean isHover) {
+        // TODO(b/308827131): Rename to FocusedView after Flag is flipped.
         // If the connectedView is not null and do not set any handwriting area, it will check
         // whether the connectedView's boundary contains the initial stylus position. If true,
         // directly return the connectedView.
-        final View connectedView = getConnectedView();
-        if (connectedView != null) {
+        final View connectedOrFocusedView = getConnectedOrFocusedView();
+        if (connectedOrFocusedView != null) {
             Rect handwritingArea = mTempRect;
-            if (getViewHandwritingArea(connectedView, handwritingArea)
-                    && isInHandwritingArea(handwritingArea, x, y, connectedView, isHover)
-                    && shouldTriggerStylusHandwritingForView(connectedView)) {
+            if (getViewHandwritingArea(connectedOrFocusedView, handwritingArea)
+                    && isInHandwritingArea(handwritingArea, x, y, connectedOrFocusedView, isHover)
+                    && shouldTriggerStylusHandwritingForView(connectedOrFocusedView)) {
                 if (!isHover && mState != null) {
                     mState.mStylusDownWithinEditorBounds =
                             contains(handwritingArea, x, y, 0f, 0f, 0f, 0f);
                 }
-                return connectedView;
+                return connectedOrFocusedView;
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/InputMethodManager.java b/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/InputMethodManager.java
index 3d70c5b..3b07f27 100644
--- a/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/InputMethodManager.java
+++ b/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/InputMethodManager.java
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 import static android.os.Trace.TRACE_TAG_WINDOW_MANAGER;
 import static android.view.inputmethod.Flags.FLAG_HOME_SCREEN_HANDWRITING_DELEGATOR;
+import static android.view.inputmethod.Flags.initiationWithoutInputConnection;
 import static android.view.inputmethod.InputConnection.CURSOR_UPDATE_IMMEDIATE;
 import static android.view.inputmethod.InputConnection.CURSOR_UPDATE_MONITOR;
 import static android.view.inputmethod.InputMethodEditorTraceProto.InputMethodClientsTraceProto.ClientSideProto.DISPLAY_ID;
@@ -1950,6 +1951,10 @@
         if (mServedView != null) {
             clearedView = mServedView;
             mServedView = null;
+            if (initiationWithoutInputConnection() && clearedView.getViewRootImpl() != null) {
+                clearedView.getViewRootImpl().getHandwritingInitiator()
+                        .clearFocusedView(clearedView);
+            }
         }
         if (clearedView != null) {
             if (DEBUG) {
@@ -2932,6 +2937,10 @@
             switch (res.result) {
                 case InputBindResult.ResultCode.ERROR_NOT_IME_TARGET_WINDOW:
                     mRestartOnNextWindowFocus = true;
+                    if (initiationWithoutInputConnection()) {
+                        mServedView.getViewRootImpl().getHandwritingInitiator().clearFocusedView(
+                                mServedView);
+                    }
                     mServedView = null;
                     break;
             }
@@ -3094,6 +3103,11 @@
             return false;
         }
         mServedView = mNextServedView;
+        if (initiationWithoutInputConnection() && mServedView.onCheckIsTextEditor()
+                && mServedView.isHandwritingDelegate()) {
+            mServedView.getViewRootImpl().getHandwritingInitiator().onDelegateViewFocused(
+                    mServedView);
+        }
         if (mServedInputConnection != null) {
             mServedInputConnection.finishComposingTextFromImm();
         }
diff --git a/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/flags.aconfig b/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/flags.aconfig
index 7f1cc8e..8b91bcb 100644
--- a/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/flags.aconfig
+++ b/core/java/android/view/inputmethod/flags.aconfig
@@ -62,3 +62,11 @@
     bug: "311791923"
     is_fixed_read_only: true
 }
+
+flag {
+    name: "initiation_without_input_connection"
+    namespace: "input_method"
+    description: "Feature flag for initiating handwriting without InputConnection"
+    bug: "308827131"
+    is_fixed_read_only: true
+}
diff --git a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/view/stylus/HandwritingInitiatorTest.java b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/view/stylus/HandwritingInitiatorTest.java
index f39bddd..51eb41c 100644
--- a/core/tests/coretests/src/android/view/stylus/HandwritingInitiatorTest.java
+++ b/core/tests/coretests/src/android/view/stylus/HandwritingInitiatorTest.java
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@
 import static android.view.MotionEvent.ACTION_HOVER_MOVE;
 import static android.view.MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE;
 import static android.view.MotionEvent.ACTION_UP;
+import static android.view.inputmethod.Flags.initiationWithoutInputConnection;
 import static android.view.stylus.HandwritingTestUtil.createView;
 
 import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertThat;
 
+import static org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyFloat;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
@@ -91,6 +93,7 @@
     private EditText mTestView1;
     private EditText mTestView2;
     private Context mContext;
+    private boolean mInitiateWithoutConnection;
 
     @Before
     public void setup() throws Exception {
@@ -119,6 +122,7 @@
         mHandwritingInitiator.updateHandwritingAreasForView(mTestView1);
         mHandwritingInitiator.updateHandwritingAreasForView(mTestView2);
         doReturn(true).when(mHandwritingInitiator).tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(any());
+        mInitiateWithoutConnection = initiationWithoutInputConnection();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -194,7 +198,9 @@
         mTestView1.setText("hello");
         when(mTestView1.getOffsetForPosition(anyFloat(), anyFloat())).thenReturn(4);
 
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        if (!mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        }
         final int x1 = sHwArea1.left - HW_BOUNDS_OFFSETS_LEFT_PX / 2;
         final int y1 = sHwArea1.top - HW_BOUNDS_OFFSETS_TOP_PX / 2;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -214,7 +220,7 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void onTouchEvent_startHandwriting_inputConnectionBuiltAfterStylusMove() {
+    public void onTouchEvent_startHandwriting_servedViewUpdateAfterStylusMove() {
         final int x1 = (sHwArea1.left + sHwArea1.right) / 2;
         final int y1 = (sHwArea1.top + sHwArea1.bottom) / 2;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -225,14 +231,19 @@
         MotionEvent stylusEvent2 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_MOVE, x2, y2, 0);
         mHandwritingInitiator.onTouchEvent(stylusEvent2);
 
-        // InputConnection is created after stylus movement.
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            // Focus is changed after stylus movement.
+            mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(mTestView1, /*fromTouchEvent*/ true);
+        } else {
+            // InputConnection is created after stylus movement.
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        }
 
         verify(mHandwritingInitiator, times(1)).startHandwriting(mTestView1);
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void onTouchEvent_startHandwriting_inputConnectionBuilt_stylusMoveInExtendedHWArea() {
+    public void onTouchEvent_startHandwriting_servedViewUpdate_stylusMoveInExtendedHWArea() {
         mTestView1.setText("hello");
         when(mTestView1.getOffsetForPosition(anyFloat(), anyFloat())).thenReturn(4);
         // The stylus down point is between mTestView1 and  mTestView2, but it is within the
@@ -247,21 +258,35 @@
         MotionEvent stylusEvent2 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_MOVE, x2, y2, 0);
         mHandwritingInitiator.onTouchEvent(stylusEvent2);
 
-        // First create InputConnection for mTestView2 and verify that handwriting is not started.
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2);
-        verify(mHandwritingInitiator, never()).startHandwriting(mTestView2);
+        if (!mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            // First create InputConnection for mTestView2 and verify that handwriting is not
+            // started.
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2);
+        }
 
-        // Next create InputConnection for mTextView1. Handwriting is started for this view since
-        // the stylus down point is closest to this view.
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        // Note: mTestView2 receives focus when initiationWithoutInputConnection() is enabled.
+        //  verify that handwriting is not started.
+        verify(mHandwritingInitiator, never()).startHandwriting(mTestView2);
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            // Focus is changed after stylus movement.
+            mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(mTestView1, /*fromTouchEvent*/ true);
+        } else {
+            // Next create InputConnection for mTextView1. Handwriting is started for this view
+            // since the stylus down point is closest to this view.
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        }
+        // Handwriting is started for this view since  the stylus down point is closest to this
+        // view.
         verify(mHandwritingInitiator).startHandwriting(mTestView1);
         // Since the stylus down point was outside the TextView's bounds, the handwriting initiator
         // sets the cursor position.
         verify(mTestView1).setSelection(4);
     }
 
+
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_tryAcceptDelegation_delegatorCallbackCreatesInputConnection() {
+        assumeFalse(mInitiateWithoutConnection);
         View delegateView = new EditText(mContext);
         delegateView.setIsHandwritingDelegate(true);
 
@@ -281,6 +306,7 @@
         verify(mHandwritingInitiator, times(1)).tryAcceptStylusHandwritingDelegation(delegateView);
     }
 
+
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_tryAcceptDelegation_delegatorCallbackFocusesDelegate() {
         View delegateView = new EditText(mContext);
@@ -288,8 +314,14 @@
         mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(delegateView);
         reset(mHandwritingInitiator);
 
-        mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(
-                () -> mHandwritingInitiator.onDelegateViewFocused(delegateView));
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(
+                    () -> mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(
+                            delegateView, /*fromTouchEvent*/ false));
+        } else  {
+            mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(
+                    () -> mHandwritingInitiator.onDelegateViewFocused(delegateView));
+        }
 
         final int x1 = (sHwArea1.left + sHwArea1.right) / 2;
         final int y1 = (sHwArea1.top + sHwArea1.bottom) / 2;
@@ -339,6 +371,14 @@
         assertThat(onTouchEventResult4).isTrue();
     }
 
+    private void callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(View view) {
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(view, /*fromTouchEvent*/ true);
+        } else {
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(view);
+        }
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_notStartHandwriting_whenHandwritingNotAvailable() {
         final Rect rect = new Rect(600, 600, 900, 900);
@@ -346,7 +386,7 @@
                 false /* isStylusHandwritingAvailable */);
         mHandwritingInitiator.updateHandwritingAreasForView(testView);
 
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(testView);
+        callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(testView);
         final int x1 = (rect.left + rect.right) / 2;
         final int y1 = (rect.top + rect.bottom) / 2;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -365,7 +405,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_notStartHandwriting_when_stylusTap_withinHWArea() {
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(mTestView1);
         final int x1 = 200;
         final int y1 = 200;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -381,7 +421,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_notStartHandwriting_when_stylusMove_outOfHWArea() {
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(mTestView1);
         final int x1 = 10;
         final int y1 = 10;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -397,7 +437,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_notStartHandwriting_when_stylusMove_afterTimeOut() {
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(mTestView1);
         final int x1 = 10;
         final int y1 = 10;
         final long time1 = 10L;
@@ -433,8 +473,9 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_focusView_inputConnectionAlreadyBuilt_stylusMoveOnce_withinHWArea() {
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
-
+        if (!mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        }
         final int x1 = (sHwArea1.left + sHwArea1.right) / 2;
         final int y1 = (sHwArea1.top + sHwArea1.bottom) / 2;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -487,14 +528,14 @@
 
         verify(mTestView2, times(1)).requestFocus();
 
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2);
+        callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(mTestView2);
         verify(mHandwritingInitiator, times(1)).startHandwriting(mTestView2);
     }
 
     @Test
     public void onTouchEvent_handwritingAreaOverlapped_focusedViewHasPriority() {
         // Simulate the case where mTestView1 is focused.
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        callOnInputConnectionOrUpdateViewFocus(mTestView1);
         // The ACTION_DOWN location is within the handwriting bounds of both mTestView1 and
         // mTestView2. Although it's closer to mTestView2's handwriting bounds, handwriting is
         // initiated for mTestView1 because it's focused.
@@ -559,9 +600,14 @@
         // Set mTextView2 to be the delegate of mTestView1.
         mTestView2.setIsHandwritingDelegate(true);
 
-        mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(
-                () -> mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2));
-
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(
+                    () -> mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(
+                            mTestView2, /*fromTouchEvent*/ false));
+        } else {
+            mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(
+                    () -> mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2));
+        }
         injectStylusEvent(mHandwritingInitiator, sHwArea1.centerX(), sHwArea1.centerY(),
                 /* exceedsHWSlop */ true);
         // Prerequisite check, verify that handwriting started for delegateView.
@@ -610,8 +656,13 @@
         assertThat(icon1).isNull();
 
         // Simulate that focus is switched to mTestView2 first and then switched back.
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2);
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(mTestView2, /*fromTouchEvent*/ true);
+            mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(mTestView1, /*fromTouchEvent*/ true);
+        } else {
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView2);
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
+        }
 
         PointerIcon icon2 = mHandwritingInitiator.onResolvePointerIcon(mContext, hoverEvent1);
         // After the change of focus, hover icon shows again.
@@ -620,9 +671,15 @@
 
     @Test
     public void autoHandwriting_whenDisabled_wontStartHW() {
-        View mockView = createView(sHwArea1, false /* autoHandwritingEnabled */,
-                true /* isStylusHandwritingAvailable */);
-        mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mockView);
+        if (mInitiateWithoutConnection) {
+            mTestView1.setAutoHandwritingEnabled(false);
+            mTestView1.setHandwritingDelegatorCallback(null);
+            mHandwritingInitiator.updateFocusedView(mTestView1, /*fromTouchEvent*/ true);
+        } else {
+            View mockView = createView(sHwArea1, false /* autoHandwritingEnabled */,
+                    true /* isStylusHandwritingAvailable */);
+            mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mockView);
+        }
         final int x1 = (sHwArea1.left + sHwArea1.right) / 2;
         final int y1 = (sHwArea1.top + sHwArea1.bottom) / 2;
         MotionEvent stylusEvent1 = createStylusEvent(ACTION_DOWN, x1, y1, 0);
@@ -639,6 +696,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionCreated() {
+        assumeFalse(mInitiateWithoutConnection);
         mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
         assertThat(mHandwritingInitiator.mConnectedView).isNotNull();
         assertThat(mHandwritingInitiator.mConnectedView.get()).isEqualTo(mTestView1);
@@ -646,6 +704,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionCreated_whenAutoHandwritingIsDisabled() {
+        assumeFalse(mInitiateWithoutConnection);
         View view = new View(mContext);
         view.setAutoHandwritingEnabled(false);
         assertThat(view.isAutoHandwritingEnabled()).isFalse();
@@ -656,6 +715,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionClosed() {
+        assumeFalse(mInitiateWithoutConnection);
         mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(mTestView1);
         mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionClosed(mTestView1);
 
@@ -664,6 +724,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionClosed_whenAutoHandwritingIsDisabled() {
+        assumeFalse(mInitiateWithoutConnection);
         View view = new View(mContext);
         view.setAutoHandwritingEnabled(false);
         mHandwritingInitiator.onInputConnectionCreated(view);
@@ -674,6 +735,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void onInputConnectionCreated_inputConnectionRestarted() {
+        assumeFalse(mInitiateWithoutConnection);
         // When IMM restarts input connection, View#onInputConnectionCreatedInternal might be
         // called before View#onInputConnectionClosedInternal. As a result, we need to handle the
         // case where "one view "2 InputConnections".