diff --git a/include/radio/Radio.h b/include/radio/Radio.h
index 302bf16..a4dfdd1 100644
--- a/include/radio/Radio.h
+++ b/include/radio/Radio.h
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 private:
             Radio(radio_handle_t handle,
                             const sp<RadioCallback>&);
-            static const sp<IRadioService>& getRadioService();
+            static const sp<IRadioService> getRadioService();
 
             Mutex                   mLock;
             sp<IRadio>              mIRadio;
diff --git a/include/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.h b/include/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.h
index bf5e1de..9a05cac 100644
--- a/include/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.h
+++ b/include/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.h
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 private:
             SoundTrigger(sound_trigger_module_handle_t module,
                             const sp<SoundTriggerCallback>&);
-            static const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService>& getSoundTriggerHwService();
+            static const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService> getSoundTriggerHwService();
 
             Mutex                               mLock;
             sp<ISoundTrigger>                   mISoundTrigger;
diff --git a/radio/Radio.cpp b/radio/Radio.cpp
index e3554c2..3c04fb0 100644
--- a/radio/Radio.cpp
+++ b/radio/Radio.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
     sp<DeathNotifier>         gDeathNotifier;
 }; // namespace anonymous
 
-const sp<IRadioService>& Radio::getRadioService()
+const sp<IRadioService> Radio::getRadioService()
 {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(gLock);
     if (gRadioService.get() == 0) {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
                             uint32_t *numModules)
 {
     ALOGV("listModules()");
-    const sp<IRadioService>& service = getRadioService();
+    const sp<IRadioService> service = getRadioService();
     if (service == 0) {
         return NO_INIT;
     }
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 {
     ALOGV("attach()");
     sp<Radio> radio;
-    const sp<IRadioService>& service = getRadioService();
+    const sp<IRadioService> service = getRadioService();
     if (service == 0) {
         return radio;
     }
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
index 79f4a66..1785a03 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
@@ -1104,14 +1104,20 @@
     // AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE means the parameters are global to the audio hardware interface
     if (ioHandle == AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE) {
         Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
-        status_t final_result = NO_ERROR;
+        // result will remain NO_INIT if no audio device is present
+        status_t final_result = NO_INIT;
         {
             AutoMutex lock(mHardwareLock);
             mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_SET_PARAMETER;
             for (size_t i = 0; i < mAudioHwDevs.size(); i++) {
                 audio_hw_device_t *dev = mAudioHwDevs.valueAt(i)->hwDevice();
                 status_t result = dev->set_parameters(dev, keyValuePairs.string());
-                final_result = result ?: final_result;
+                // return success if at least one audio device accepts the parameters as not all
+                // HALs are requested to support all parameters. If no audio device supports the
+                // requested parameters, the last error is reported.
+                if (final_result != NO_ERROR) {
+                    final_result = result;
+                }
             }
             mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_IDLE;
         }
diff --git a/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.cpp b/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.cpp
index 2138cb7..e959b83 100644
--- a/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.cpp
+++ b/soundtrigger/SoundTrigger.cpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
     sp<DeathNotifier>         gDeathNotifier;
 }; // namespace anonymous
 
-const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService>& SoundTrigger::getSoundTriggerHwService()
+const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService> SoundTrigger::getSoundTriggerHwService()
 {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(gLock);
     if (gSoundTriggerHwService.get() == 0) {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
                                  uint32_t *numModules)
 {
     ALOGV("listModules()");
-    const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService>& service = getSoundTriggerHwService();
+    const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService> service = getSoundTriggerHwService();
     if (service == 0) {
         return NO_INIT;
     }
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 {
     ALOGV("attach()");
     sp<SoundTrigger> soundTrigger;
-    const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService>& service = getSoundTriggerHwService();
+    const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService> service = getSoundTriggerHwService();
     if (service == 0) {
         return soundTrigger;
     }
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 status_t SoundTrigger::setCaptureState(bool active)
 {
     ALOGV("setCaptureState(%d)", active);
-    const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService>& service = getSoundTriggerHwService();
+    const sp<ISoundTriggerHwService> service = getSoundTriggerHwService();
     if (service == 0) {
         return NO_INIT;
     }