diff --git a/media/codec2/hal/client/Android.bp b/media/codec2/hal/client/Android.bp
index 7a0525b..61ec10e 100644
--- a/media/codec2/hal/client/Android.bp
+++ b/media/codec2/hal/client/Android.bp
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@
         "output.cpp",
     ],
 
+    defaults: [
+        "libcodec2-aidl-client-defaults",
+    ],
+
     header_libs: [
         "libcodec2_internal", // private
     ],
diff --git a/media/codec2/hal/client/client.cpp b/media/codec2/hal/client/client.cpp
index eb3b936..b0ce733 100644
--- a/media/codec2/hal/client/client.cpp
+++ b/media/codec2/hal/client/client.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <bufferpool/ClientManager.h>
+#include <codec2/aidl/ParamTypes.h>
 #include <codec2/hidl/1.0/types.h>
 #include <codec2/hidl/1.1/types.h>
 #include <codec2/hidl/1.2/types.h>
@@ -584,33 +585,202 @@
         const std::vector<C2Param::Index> &heapParamIndices,
         c2_blocking_t mayBlock,
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<C2Param>>* const heapParams) const {
-    (void)stackParams, (void)heapParamIndices, (void)mayBlock, (void)heapParams;
-    // TODO: implementation
-    return C2_OMITTED;
+    std::vector<int> indices(
+            stackParams.size() + heapParamIndices.size());
+    size_t numIndices = 0;
+    for (C2Param* const& stackParam : stackParams) {
+        if (!stackParam) {
+            LOG(WARNING) << "query -- null stack param encountered.";
+            continue;
+        }
+        indices[numIndices++] = int(stackParam->index());
+    }
+    size_t numStackIndices = numIndices;
+    for (const C2Param::Index& index : heapParamIndices) {
+        indices[numIndices++] = int(static_cast<uint32_t>(index));
+    }
+    indices.resize(numIndices);
+    if (heapParams) {
+        heapParams->reserve(heapParams->size() + numIndices);
+    }
+    c2_aidl::Params result;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus transStatus = mBase->query(indices, (mayBlock == C2_MAY_BLOCK), &result);
+    if (!transStatus.isOk()) {
+        if (transStatus.getExceptionCode() == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC) {
+            c2_status_t status = static_cast<c2_status_t>(transStatus.getServiceSpecificError());
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "query -- call failed: " << status << ".";
+            return status;
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "query -- transaction failed.";
+            return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    c2_status_t status = C2_OK;
+    std::vector<C2Param*> paramPointers;
+    if (!c2_aidl::utils::ParseParamsBlob(&paramPointers, result)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "query -- error while parsing params.";
+        return C2_CORRUPTED;
+    }
+    size_t i = 0;
+    for (auto it = paramPointers.begin();
+            it != paramPointers.end(); ) {
+        C2Param* paramPointer = *it;
+        if (numStackIndices > 0) {
+            --numStackIndices;
+            if (!paramPointer) {
+                LOG(DEBUG) << "query -- null stack param.";
+                ++it;
+                continue;
+            }
+            for (; i < stackParams.size() && !stackParams[i]; ) {
+                ++i;
+            }
+            if (i >= stackParams.size()) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "query -- unexpected error.";
+                status = C2_CORRUPTED;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (stackParams[i]->index() != paramPointer->index()) {
+                LOG(DEBUG) << "query -- param skipped: "
+                              "index = "
+                           << stackParams[i]->index() << ".";
+                stackParams[i++]->invalidate();
+                // this means that the param could not be queried.
+                // signalling C2_BAD_INDEX to the client.
+                status = C2_BAD_INDEX;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!stackParams[i++]->updateFrom(*paramPointer)) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << "query -- param update failed: "
+                                "index = "
+                             << paramPointer->index() << ".";
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!paramPointer) {
+                LOG(DEBUG) << "query -- null heap param.";
+                ++it;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (!heapParams) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << "query -- "
+                                "unexpected extra stack param.";
+            } else {
+                heapParams->emplace_back(C2Param::Copy(*paramPointer));
+            }
+        }
+        ++it;
+    }
+    return status;
 }
 
 c2_status_t Codec2ConfigurableClient::AidlImpl::config(
         const std::vector<C2Param*> &params,
         c2_blocking_t mayBlock,
         std::vector<std::unique_ptr<C2SettingResult>>* const failures) {
-    (void)params, (void)mayBlock, (void)failures;
-    // TODO: implementation
-    return C2_OMITTED;
+    c2_aidl::Params aidlParams;
+    if (!c2_aidl::utils::CreateParamsBlob(&aidlParams, params)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "config -- bad input.";
+        return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
+    }
+    c2_aidl::IConfigurable::ConfigResult result;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus transStatus = mBase->config(aidlParams, (mayBlock == C2_MAY_BLOCK), &result);
+    if (!transStatus.isOk()) {
+        if (transStatus.getExceptionCode() == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC) {
+            c2_status_t status = static_cast<c2_status_t>(transStatus.getServiceSpecificError());
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "config -- call failed: " << status << ".";
+            return status;
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "config -- transaction failed.";
+            return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
+        }
+    }
+    c2_status_t status = C2_OK;
+    size_t i = failures->size();
+    failures->resize(i + result.failures.size());
+    for (const c2_aidl::SettingResult& sf : result.failures) {
+        if (!c2_aidl::utils::FromAidl(&(*failures)[i++], sf)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "config -- invalid SettingResult returned.";
+            return C2_CORRUPTED;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!c2_aidl::utils::UpdateParamsFromBlob(params, result.params)) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "config -- "
+                   << "failed to parse returned params.";
+        status = C2_CORRUPTED;
+    }
+    return status;
 }
 
 c2_status_t Codec2ConfigurableClient::AidlImpl::querySupportedParams(
         std::vector<std::shared_ptr<C2ParamDescriptor>>* const params) const {
-    (void)params;
-    // TODO: implementation
-    return C2_OMITTED;
+    // TODO: Cache and query properly!
+    std::vector<c2_aidl::ParamDescriptor> result;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus transStatus = mBase->querySupportedParams(
+            std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::min(),
+            std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max(),
+            &result);
+    if (!transStatus.isOk()) {
+        if (transStatus.getExceptionCode() == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC) {
+            c2_status_t status = static_cast<c2_status_t>(transStatus.getServiceSpecificError());
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "querySupportedParams -- call failed: " << status << ".";
+            return status;
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "querySupportedParams -- transaction failed.";
+            return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
+        }
+    }
+    c2_status_t status = C2_OK;
+    size_t i = params->size();
+    params->resize(i + result.size());
+    for (const c2_aidl::ParamDescriptor& sp : result) {
+        if (!c2_aidl::utils::FromAidl(&(*params)[i++], sp)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "querySupportedParams -- invalid returned ParamDescriptor.";
+            return C2_CORRUPTED;
+        }
+    }
+    return status;
 }
 
 c2_status_t Codec2ConfigurableClient::AidlImpl::querySupportedValues(
         std::vector<C2FieldSupportedValuesQuery>& fields,
         c2_blocking_t mayBlock) const {
-    (void)fields, (void)mayBlock;
-    // TODO: implementation
-    return C2_OMITTED;
+    std::vector<c2_aidl::FieldSupportedValuesQuery> inFields(fields.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < fields.size(); ++i) {
+        if (!c2_aidl::utils::ToAidl(&inFields[i], fields[i])) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "querySupportedValues -- bad input";
+            return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<c2_aidl::FieldSupportedValuesQueryResult> result;
+    ndk::ScopedAStatus transStatus = mBase->querySupportedValues(
+            inFields, (mayBlock == C2_MAY_BLOCK), &result);
+    if (!transStatus.isOk()) {
+        if (transStatus.getExceptionCode() == EX_SERVICE_SPECIFIC) {
+            c2_status_t status = static_cast<c2_status_t>(transStatus.getServiceSpecificError());
+            LOG(DEBUG) << "querySupportedValues -- call failed: " << status << ".";
+            return status;
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "querySupportedValues -- transaction failed.";
+            return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
+        }
+    }
+    c2_status_t status = C2_OK;
+    if (result.size() != fields.size()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "querySupportedValues -- "
+                      "input and output lists "
+                      "have different sizes.";
+        return C2_CORRUPTED;
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < fields.size(); ++i) {
+        if (!c2_aidl::utils::FromAidl(&fields[i], inFields[i], result[i])) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "querySupportedValues -- "
+                          "invalid returned value.";
+            return C2_CORRUPTED;
+        }
+    }
+    return status;
 }
 
 // Codec2ConfigurableClient
@@ -1719,6 +1889,8 @@
                     static_cast<uint64_t>(blockPoolId),
                     bqId == 0 ? nullHgbp : igbp);
 
+    mOutputBufferQueue->expireOldWaiters();
+
     if (!transStatus.isOk()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "setOutputSurface -- transaction failed.";
         return C2_TRANSACTION_FAILED;
@@ -1764,6 +1936,7 @@
                        << status << ".";
         }
     }
+    mOutputBufferQueue->expireOldWaiters();
 }
 
 c2_status_t Codec2Client::Component::connectToInputSurface(
diff --git a/media/codec2/hal/client/include/codec2/hidl/output.h b/media/codec2/hal/client/include/codec2/hidl/output.h
index 35a0224..2e89c3b 100644
--- a/media/codec2/hal/client/include/codec2/hidl/output.h
+++ b/media/codec2/hal/client/include/codec2/hidl/output.h
@@ -51,6 +51,10 @@
                    int maxDequeueBufferCount,
                    std::shared_ptr<V1_2::SurfaceSyncObj> *syncObj);
 
+    // If there are waiters to allocate from the old surface, wake up and expire
+    // them.
+    void expireOldWaiters();
+
     // Stop using the current output surface. Pending buffer opeations will not
     // perform anymore.
     void stop();
@@ -90,6 +94,8 @@
     std::weak_ptr<_C2BlockPoolData> mPoolDatas[BufferQueueDefs::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS];
     std::shared_ptr<C2SurfaceSyncMemory> mSyncMem;
     bool mStopped;
+    std::mutex mOldMutex;
+    std::shared_ptr<C2SurfaceSyncMemory> mOldMem;
 
     bool registerBuffer(const C2ConstGraphicBlock& block);
 };
diff --git a/media/codec2/hal/client/output.cpp b/media/codec2/hal/client/output.cpp
index dd10691..a42229f 100644
--- a/media/codec2/hal/client/output.cpp
+++ b/media/codec2/hal/client/output.cpp
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffers[BufferQueueDefs::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS];
     std::weak_ptr<_C2BlockPoolData>
             poolDatas[BufferQueueDefs::NUM_BUFFER_SLOTS];
+    std::shared_ptr<C2SurfaceSyncMemory> oldMem;
     {
         std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> l(mMutex);
         bool stopped = mStopped;
@@ -238,7 +239,7 @@
             }
             return false;
         }
-        std::shared_ptr<C2SurfaceSyncMemory> oldMem = mSyncMem;
+        oldMem = mSyncMem;
         C2SyncVariables *oldSync = mSyncMem ? mSyncMem->mem() : nullptr;
         if (oldSync) {
             oldSync->lock();
@@ -314,11 +315,26 @@
             newSync->unlock();
         }
     }
+    {
+        std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> l(mOldMutex);
+        mOldMem = oldMem;
+    }
     ALOGD("remote graphic buffer migration %zu/%zu",
           success, tryNum);
     return true;
 }
 
+void OutputBufferQueue::expireOldWaiters() {
+    std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> l(mOldMutex);
+    if (mOldMem) {
+        C2SyncVariables *oldSync = mOldMem->mem();
+        if (oldSync) {
+            oldSync->notifyAll();
+        }
+        mOldMem.reset();
+    }
+}
+
 void OutputBufferQueue::stop() {
     std::scoped_lock<std::mutex> l(mMutex);
     mStopped = true;
diff --git a/media/codec2/vndk/include/C2SurfaceSyncObj.h b/media/codec2/vndk/include/C2SurfaceSyncObj.h
index d858f27..b193b4a 100644
--- a/media/codec2/vndk/include/C2SurfaceSyncObj.h
+++ b/media/codec2/vndk/include/C2SurfaceSyncObj.h
@@ -112,6 +112,11 @@
      */
     c2_status_t waitForChange(uint32_t waitId, c2_nsecs_t timeoutNs);
 
+    /**
+     * Wake up and expire all waitors.
+     */
+    void notifyAll();
+
     C2SyncVariables() {}
 
 private:
diff --git a/media/codec2/vndk/platform/C2SurfaceSyncObj.cpp b/media/codec2/vndk/platform/C2SurfaceSyncObj.cpp
index 01fd30b..d8c2292 100644
--- a/media/codec2/vndk/platform/C2SurfaceSyncObj.cpp
+++ b/media/codec2/vndk/platform/C2SurfaceSyncObj.cpp
@@ -278,6 +278,12 @@
     return C2_BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
+void C2SyncVariables::notifyAll() {
+    this->lock();
+    this->broadcast();
+    this->unlock();
+}
+
 int C2SyncVariables::signal() {
     mCond++;
 
diff --git a/media/img_utils/src/FileInput.cpp b/media/img_utils/src/FileInput.cpp
index 4c85a51..1eb614b 100644
--- a/media/img_utils/src/FileInput.cpp
+++ b/media/img_utils/src/FileInput.cpp
@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@
 
 status_t FileInput::open() {
     if (mOpen) {
-        ALOGW("%s: Open called when file %s already open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGW("%s: Open called when file %s already open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return OK;
     }
     mFp = ::fopen(mPath, "rb");
     if (!mFp) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Could not open file %s", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Could not open file %s", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     mOpen = true;
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@
 
 ssize_t FileInput::read(uint8_t* buf, size_t offset, size_t count) {
     if (!mOpen) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Could not read file %s, file not open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Could not read file %s, file not open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
     size_t bytesRead = ::fread(buf + offset, sizeof(uint8_t), count, mFp);
     int error = ::ferror(mFp);
     if (error != 0) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Error %d occurred while reading file %s.", __FUNCTION__, error, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Error %d occurred while reading file %s.", __FUNCTION__, error, mPath.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -68,13 +68,13 @@
 
 status_t FileInput::close() {
     if(!mOpen) {
-        ALOGW("%s: Close called when file %s already close.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGW("%s: Close called when file %s already close.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return OK;
     }
 
     status_t ret = OK;
     if(::fclose(mFp) != 0) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Failed to close file %s.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Failed to close file %s.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         ret = BAD_VALUE;
     }
     mOpen = false;
diff --git a/media/img_utils/src/FileOutput.cpp b/media/img_utils/src/FileOutput.cpp
index 0346762..5e37324 100644
--- a/media/img_utils/src/FileOutput.cpp
+++ b/media/img_utils/src/FileOutput.cpp
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@
 
 FileOutput::~FileOutput() {
     if (mOpen) {
-        ALOGW("%s: Destructor called with %s still open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGW("%s: Destructor called with %s still open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         close();
     }
 }
 
 status_t FileOutput::open() {
     if (mOpen) {
-        ALOGW("%s: Open called when file %s already open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGW("%s: Open called when file %s already open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return OK;
     }
     mFp = ::fopen(mPath, "wb");
     if (!mFp) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Could not open file %s", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Could not open file %s", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     mOpen = true;
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 
 status_t FileOutput::write(const uint8_t* buf, size_t offset, size_t count) {
     if (!mOpen) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Could not write file %s, file not open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Could not write file %s, file not open.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
     int error = ::ferror(mFp);
     if (error != 0) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Error %d occurred while writing file %s.", __FUNCTION__, error, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Error %d occurred while writing file %s.", __FUNCTION__, error, mPath.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     return OK;
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@
 
 status_t FileOutput::close() {
     if(!mOpen) {
-        ALOGW("%s: Close called when file %s already close.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGW("%s: Close called when file %s already close.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         return OK;
     }
 
     status_t ret = OK;
     if(::fclose(mFp) != 0) {
-        ALOGE("%s: Failed to close file %s.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.string());
+        ALOGE("%s: Failed to close file %s.", __FUNCTION__, mPath.c_str());
         ret = BAD_VALUE;
     }
     mOpen = false;
diff --git a/media/img_utils/src/TiffIfd.cpp b/media/img_utils/src/TiffIfd.cpp
index 3fb00cc..b272814 100644
--- a/media/img_utils/src/TiffIfd.cpp
+++ b/media/img_utils/src/TiffIfd.cpp
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@
     size_t s = mEntries.size();
     ALOGI("[ifd: %x, num_entries: %zu, entries:\n", getId(), s);
     for(size_t i = 0; i < s; ++i) {
-        ALOGI("\t%s", mEntries[i]->toString().string());
+        ALOGI("\t%s", mEntries[i]->toString().c_str());
     }
     ALOGI(", next_ifd: %x]", ((mNextIfd != NULL) ? mNextIfd->getId() : 0));
 }
diff --git a/media/janitors/avic_OWNERS b/media/janitors/avic_OWNERS
index eca9978..81aac3a 100644
--- a/media/janitors/avic_OWNERS
+++ b/media/janitors/avic_OWNERS
@@ -3,4 +3,3 @@
 arifdikici@google.com
 dichenzhang@google.com
 kyslov@google.com
-richardxie@google.com
diff --git a/media/libaudioclient/AudioRecord.cpp b/media/libaudioclient/AudioRecord.cpp
index 91b54a8..00c6d63 100644
--- a/media/libaudioclient/AudioRecord.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudioclient/AudioRecord.cpp
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@
                         mInput, mLatency, mSelectedDeviceId, mRoutedDeviceId);
     result.appendFormat("  mic direction(%d) mic field dimension(%f)",
                         mSelectedMicDirection, mSelectedMicFieldDimension);
-    ::write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    ::write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
diff --git a/media/libaudioclient/AudioSystem.cpp b/media/libaudioclient/AudioSystem.cpp
index d58181c..377c242 100644
--- a/media/libaudioclient/AudioSystem.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudioclient/AudioSystem.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 void AudioSystem::setAudioFlingerBinder(const sp<IBinder>& audioFlinger) {
     if (audioFlinger->getInterfaceDescriptor() != media::IAudioFlingerService::descriptor) {
         ALOGE("setAudioFlingerBinder: received a binder of type %s",
-              String8(audioFlinger->getInterfaceDescriptor()).string());
+              String8(audioFlinger->getInterfaceDescriptor()).c_str());
         return;
     }
     Mutex::Autolock _l(gLock);
diff --git a/media/libaudioclient/AudioTrack.cpp b/media/libaudioclient/AudioTrack.cpp
index 0fa814c..97306c4 100644
--- a/media/libaudioclient/AudioTrack.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudioclient/AudioTrack.cpp
@@ -3005,7 +3005,7 @@
     param.addInt(String8(AudioParameter::keyPresentationId), presentationId);
     param.addInt(String8(AudioParameter::keyProgramId), programId);
     ALOGV("%s(%d): PresentationId/ProgramId[%s]",
-            __func__, mPortId, param.toString().string());
+            __func__, mPortId, param.toString().c_str());
 
     status_t status;
     mAudioTrack->setParameters(param.toString().c_str(), &status);
@@ -3448,7 +3448,7 @@
     if (output != AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE) {
         return AudioSystem::getParameters(output, keys);
     } else {
-        return String8::empty();
+        return String8();
     }
 }
 
@@ -3494,7 +3494,7 @@
                         mLatency, mSelectedDeviceId, mRoutedDeviceId);
     result.appendFormat("  output(%d) AF latency (%u) AF frame count(%zu) AF SampleRate(%u)\n",
                         mOutput, mAfLatency, mAfFrameCount, mAfSampleRate);
-    ::write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    ::write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/ConversionHelperAidl.cpp b/media/libaudiohal/impl/ConversionHelperAidl.cpp
index 7197bf2..46abfda 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/ConversionHelperAidl.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/ConversionHelperAidl.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
         // Re-parse the vendor-provided string to ensure that it is correct.
         AudioParameter reparse(String8(vendorParameters.c_str()));
         if (reparse.size() != 0) {
-            if (!values->empty()) {
+            if (values->length() > 0) {
                 values->append(";");
             }
             values->append(reparse.toString().c_str());
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/CoreConversionHelperHidl.cpp b/media/libaudiohal/impl/CoreConversionHelperHidl.cpp
index 2ac8a42..bd18902 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/CoreConversionHelperHidl.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/CoreConversionHelperHidl.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
             keepValueParam.add(key, value);
             key = keepValueParam.toString();
         }
-        (*hidlKeys)[i] = key.string();
+        (*hidlKeys)[i] = key.c_str();
     }
     return OK;
 }
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@
         String8 key, value;
         status_t status = params.getAt(i, key, value);
         if (status != OK) return status;
-        (*hidlParams)[i].key = key.string();
-        (*hidlParams)[i].value = value.string();
+        (*hidlParams)[i].key = key.c_str();
+        (*hidlParams)[i].value = value.c_str();
     }
     return OK;
 }
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.cpp b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.cpp
index 9cf0cb8..4e34fca 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <media/AidlConversionCppNdk.h>
 #include <media/AidlConversionNdk.h>
 #include <media/AidlConversionEffect.h>
+#include <media/AudioContainers.h>
 #include <system/audio_effects/effect_visualizer.h>
 
 #include <utils/Log.h>
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@
                 {EFFECT_CMD_RESET, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleReset},
                 {EFFECT_CMD_ENABLE, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleEnable},
                 {EFFECT_CMD_DISABLE, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleDisable},
+                {EFFECT_CMD_SET_AUDIO_MODE, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleSetAudioMode},
                 {EFFECT_CMD_SET_AUDIO_SOURCE, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleSetAudioSource},
                 {EFFECT_CMD_SET_DEVICE, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleSetDevice},
                 {EFFECT_CMD_SET_INPUT_DEVICE, &EffectConversionHelperAidl::handleSetDevice},
@@ -279,6 +281,10 @@
               pReplyData);
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
+    if (!getDescriptor().common.flags.audioSourceIndication) {
+        ALOGW("%s parameter no audioSourceIndication, skipping", __func__);
+        return OK;
+    }
 
     audio_source_t source = *(audio_source_t*)pCmdData;
     AudioSource aidlSource =
@@ -295,6 +301,10 @@
               pReplyData);
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
+    if (!getDescriptor().common.flags.audioModeIndication) {
+        ALOGW("%s parameter no audioModeIndication, skipping", __func__);
+        return OK;
+    }
     audio_mode_t mode = *(audio_mode_t *)pCmdData;
     AudioMode aidlMode =
             VALUE_OR_RETURN_STATUS(::aidl::android::legacy2aidl_audio_mode_t_AudioMode(mode));
@@ -310,9 +320,26 @@
               pReplyData);
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
-    // TODO: convert from audio_devices_t to std::vector<AudioDeviceDescription>
-    // const auto& legacyDevice = *(uint32_t*)(pCmdData);
+    if (!getDescriptor().common.flags.deviceIndication) {
+        ALOGW("%s parameter no deviceIndication, skipping", __func__);
+        return OK;
+    }
+    // convert from bitmask of audio_devices_t to std::vector<AudioDeviceDescription>
+    auto legacyDevices = *(uint32_t*)(pCmdData);
+    // extract the input bit and remove it from bitmasks
+    const auto inputBit = legacyDevices & AUDIO_DEVICE_BIT_IN;
+    legacyDevices &= ~AUDIO_DEVICE_BIT_IN;
     std::vector<AudioDeviceDescription> aidlDevices;
+    while (legacyDevices) {
+        // get audio_devices_t represented by the last true bit and convert to AIDL
+        const auto lowestBitDevice = legacyDevices & -legacyDevices;
+        AudioDeviceDescription deviceDesc = VALUE_OR_RETURN_STATUS(
+                ::aidl::android::legacy2aidl_audio_devices_t_AudioDeviceDescription(
+                        static_cast<audio_devices_t>(lowestBitDevice | inputBit)));
+        aidlDevices.emplace_back(deviceDesc);
+        legacyDevices -= lowestBitDevice;
+    }
+
     RETURN_STATUS_IF_ERROR(statusTFromBinderStatus(
             mEffect->setParameter(Parameter::make<Parameter::deviceDescription>(aidlDevices))));
     return *static_cast<int32_t*>(pReplyData) = OK;
@@ -435,5 +462,19 @@
             (mIsProxyEffect && std::static_pointer_cast<EffectProxy>(mEffect)->isBypassing()));
 }
 
+Descriptor EffectConversionHelperAidl::getDescriptor() const {
+    if (!mIsProxyEffect) {
+        return mDesc;
+    }
+
+    Descriptor desc;
+    if (const auto status = mEffect->getDescriptor(&desc); !status.isOk()) {
+        ALOGE("%s failed to get proxy descriptor (%d:%s), using default", __func__,
+              status.getStatus(), status.getMessage());
+        return mDesc;
+    }
+    return desc;
+}
+
 }  // namespace effect
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.h b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.h
index 7c8f11b..85e877e 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.h
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectConversionHelperAidl.h
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
     std::shared_ptr<android::hardware::EventFlag> getEventFlagGroup() { return mEfGroup; }
     bool isBypassing() const;
 
+    ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Descriptor getDescriptor() const;
+
   protected:
     const int32_t mSessionId;
     const int32_t mIoId;
@@ -134,7 +136,6 @@
     virtual status_t visualizerMeasure(uint32_t* replySize __unused, void* pReplyData __unused) {
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
-
 };
 
 }  // namespace effect
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.cpp b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.cpp
index b8e62ae..642d352 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.cpp
@@ -69,7 +69,6 @@
       mEffect(effect),
       mSessionId(sessionId),
       mIoId(ioId),
-      mDesc(desc),
       mIsProxyEffect(isProxyEffect) {
     createAidlConversion(effect, sessionId, ioId, desc);
 }
@@ -169,7 +168,8 @@
     State state = State::INIT;
     if (mConversion->isBypassing() || !mEffect->getState(&state).isOk() ||
         state != State::PROCESSING) {
-        ALOGI("%s skipping %s process because it's %s", __func__, mDesc.common.name.c_str(),
+        ALOGI("%s skipping %s process because it's %s", __func__,
+              mConversion->getDescriptor().common.name.c_str(),
               mConversion->isBypassing()
                       ? "bypassing"
                       : aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::toString(state).c_str());
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@
         return INVALID_OPERATION;
     }
 
-    ALOGD("%s %s consumed %zu produced %zu", __func__, mDesc.common.name.c_str(), floatsToWrite,
-          floatsToRead);
+    ALOGD("%s %s consumed %zu produced %zu", __func__,
+          mConversion->getDescriptor().common.name.c_str(), floatsToWrite, floatsToRead);
     return OK;
 }
 
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.h b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.h
index 1b7a3d6..bbcb7e2 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.h
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectHalAidl.h
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@
     const std::shared_ptr<::aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::IEffect> mEffect;
     const int32_t mSessionId;
     const int32_t mIoId;
-    const ::aidl::android::hardware::audio::effect::Descriptor mDesc;
     const bool mIsProxyEffect;
 
     std::unique_ptr<EffectConversionHelperAidl> mConversion;
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectProxy.cpp b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectProxy.cpp
index 5e465d9..7b5e195 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectProxy.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/impl/EffectProxy.cpp
@@ -169,12 +169,6 @@
             common.flags.hwAcceleratorMode = Flags::HardwareAccelerator::TUNNEL;
         }
 
-        // initial flag values before we know which sub-effect to active (with setOffloadParam)
-        // same as HIDL EffectProxy flags
-        common.flags.type = Flags::Type::INSERT;
-        common.flags.insert = Flags::Insert::LAST;
-        common.flags.volume = Flags::Volume::NONE;
-
         // set indication if any sub-effect indication was set
         common.flags.offloadIndication |= desc.common.flags.offloadIndication;
         common.flags.deviceIndication |= desc.common.flags.deviceIndication;
@@ -238,7 +232,10 @@
     }
 
     // proceed with others
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < mSubEffects.size() && i != mActiveSubIdx; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < mSubEffects.size(); i++) {
+        if (i == mActiveSubIdx) {
+            continue;
+        }
         if (!mSubEffects[i].handle) {
             ALOGE("%s null sub-effect interface for %s", __func__,
                   mSubEffects[i].descriptor.common.id.uuid.toString().c_str());
diff --git a/media/libaudiohal/tests/EffectsFactoryHalInterface_test.cpp b/media/libaudiohal/tests/EffectsFactoryHalInterface_test.cpp
index 2854496..0cb654c 100644
--- a/media/libaudiohal/tests/EffectsFactoryHalInterface_test.cpp
+++ b/media/libaudiohal/tests/EffectsFactoryHalInterface_test.cpp
@@ -347,6 +347,45 @@
     }
 }
 
+TEST_P(libAudioHalEffectParamTest, deviceIndicationUpdate) {
+    for (auto& interface : mHalInterfaces) {
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(initEffect(interface));
+
+        // output device
+        uint32_t deviceTypes = AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_SPEAKER | AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_BLE_SPEAKER;
+        status_t cmdStatus;
+        uint32_t replySize = sizeof(cmdStatus);
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, interface->command(EFFECT_CMD_SET_DEVICE, sizeof(uint32_t), &deviceTypes,
+                                         &replySize, &cmdStatus));
+        // input device
+        deviceTypes = AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_WIRED_HEADSET | AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_BLUETOOTH_BLE;
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, interface->command(EFFECT_CMD_SET_DEVICE, sizeof(uint32_t), &deviceTypes,
+                                         &replySize, &cmdStatus));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(libAudioHalEffectParamTest, audioModeIndicationUpdate) {
+    for (auto& interface : mHalInterfaces) {
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(initEffect(interface));
+        uint32_t mode = AUDIO_MODE_IN_CALL;
+        status_t cmdStatus;
+        uint32_t replySize = sizeof(cmdStatus);
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, interface->command(EFFECT_CMD_SET_AUDIO_MODE, sizeof(uint32_t), &mode,
+                                         &replySize, &cmdStatus));
+    }
+}
+
+TEST_P(libAudioHalEffectParamTest, audioSourceIndicationUpdate) {
+    for (auto& interface : mHalInterfaces) {
+        EXPECT_NO_FATAL_FAILURE(initEffect(interface));
+        uint32_t source = AUDIO_SOURCE_MIC;
+        status_t cmdStatus;
+        uint32_t replySize = sizeof(cmdStatus);
+        EXPECT_EQ(OK, interface->command(EFFECT_CMD_SET_AUDIO_SOURCE, sizeof(uint32_t), &source,
+                                         &replySize, &cmdStatus));
+    }
+}
+
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(
         libAudioHalEffectParamTest, libAudioHalEffectParamTest, ::testing::ValuesIn(testPairs),
         [](const testing::TestParamInfo<libAudioHalEffectParamTest::ParamType>& info) {
diff --git a/media/libdatasource/MediaHTTP.cpp b/media/libdatasource/MediaHTTP.cpp
index 58c1ce8..b1f2140 100644
--- a/media/libdatasource/MediaHTTP.cpp
+++ b/media/libdatasource/MediaHTTP.cpp
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
 
 String8 MediaHTTP::getUri() {
     if (mInitCheck != OK) {
-        return String8::empty();
+        return String8();
     }
 
     String8 uri;
diff --git a/media/libmedia/IMediaExtractor.cpp b/media/libmedia/IMediaExtractor.cpp
index 499569b..8485ac0 100644
--- a/media/libmedia/IMediaExtractor.cpp
+++ b/media/libmedia/IMediaExtractor.cpp
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
             if (source != NULL) {
                 instance.trackDescriptions.push_front(source->getFormat()->toString());
             } else {
-                instance.trackDescriptions.push_front(String8::empty());
+                instance.trackDescriptions.push_front(String8());
             }
             break;
         }
diff --git a/media/libmediahelper/AudioParameter.cpp b/media/libmediahelper/AudioParameter.cpp
index c081629..f21ea53 100644
--- a/media/libmediahelper/AudioParameter.cpp
+++ b/media/libmediahelper/AudioParameter.cpp
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
     mKeyValuePairs = keyValuePairs;
     char *last;
 
-    strcpy(str, keyValuePairs.string());
+    strcpy(str, keyValuePairs.c_str());
     char *pair = strtok_r(str, ";", &last);
     while (pair != NULL) {
         if (strlen(pair) != 0) {
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
     value = 0;
     if (result == NO_ERROR) {
         int val;
-        if (sscanf(str8.string(), "%d", &val) == 1) {
+        if (sscanf(str8.c_str(), "%d", &val) == 1) {
             value = val;
         } else {
             result = INVALID_OPERATION;
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
     value = 0;
     if (result == NO_ERROR) {
         float val;
-        if (sscanf(str8.string(), "%f", &val) == 1) {
+        if (sscanf(str8.c_str(), "%f", &val) == 1) {
             value = val;
         } else {
             result = INVALID_OPERATION;
diff --git a/media/libmediaplayerservice/MediaPlayerService.cpp b/media/libmediaplayerservice/MediaPlayerService.cpp
index 2a2a37b..f08c516 100644
--- a/media/libmediaplayerservice/MediaPlayerService.cpp
+++ b/media/libmediaplayerservice/MediaPlayerService.cpp
@@ -2007,7 +2007,7 @@
 String8  MediaPlayerService::AudioOutput::getParameters(const String8& keys)
 {
     Mutex::Autolock lock(mLock);
-    if (mTrack == 0) return String8::empty();
+    if (mTrack == 0) return String8();
     return mTrack->getParameters(keys);
 }
 
diff --git a/media/libmediaplayerservice/include/MediaPlayerInterface.h b/media/libmediaplayerservice/include/MediaPlayerInterface.h
index 1cbd8a0..994c64a 100644
--- a/media/libmediaplayerservice/include/MediaPlayerInterface.h
+++ b/media/libmediaplayerservice/include/MediaPlayerInterface.h
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
         virtual bool        needsTrailingPadding() { return true; }
 
         virtual status_t    setParameters(const String8& /* keyValuePairs */) { return NO_ERROR; }
-        virtual String8     getParameters(const String8& /* keys */) { return String8::empty(); }
+        virtual String8     getParameters(const String8& /* keys */) { return String8(); }
 
         virtual media::VolumeShaper::Status applyVolumeShaper(
                                     const sp<media::VolumeShaper::Configuration>& configuration,
diff --git a/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.cpp b/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.cpp
index 57c4791..b37a131 100644
--- a/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.cpp
+++ b/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.cpp
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@
       mMediaClock(mediaClock),
       mPlaybackSettings(AUDIO_PLAYBACK_RATE_DEFAULT),
       mAudioFirstAnchorTimeMediaUs(-1),
+      mAudioAnchorTimeMediaUs(-1),
       mAnchorTimeMediaUs(-1),
       mAnchorNumFramesWritten(-1),
       mVideoLateByUs(0LL),
@@ -433,6 +434,7 @@
 // Called on renderer looper.
 void NuPlayer::Renderer::clearAnchorTime() {
     mMediaClock->clearAnchor();
+    mAudioAnchorTimeMediaUs = -1;
     mAnchorTimeMediaUs = -1;
     mAnchorNumFramesWritten = -1;
 }
@@ -1261,7 +1263,7 @@
     Mutex::Autolock autoLock(mLock);
     // TRICKY: vorbis decoder generates multiple frames with the same
     // timestamp, so only update on the first frame with a given timestamp
-    if (mediaTimeUs == mAnchorTimeMediaUs) {
+    if (mediaTimeUs == mAudioAnchorTimeMediaUs) {
         return;
     }
     setAudioFirstAnchorTimeIfNeeded_l(mediaTimeUs);
@@ -1299,6 +1301,7 @@
         }
     }
     mAnchorNumFramesWritten = mNumFramesWritten;
+    mAudioAnchorTimeMediaUs = mediaTimeUs;
     mAnchorTimeMediaUs = mediaTimeUs;
 }
 
diff --git a/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/include/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.h b/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/include/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.h
index 2659979..5c62ec6 100644
--- a/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/include/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.h
+++ b/media/libmediaplayerservice/nuplayer/include/nuplayer/NuPlayerRenderer.h
@@ -177,6 +177,9 @@
     float mVideoFpsHint;
 
     int64_t mAudioFirstAnchorTimeMediaUs;
+    // previous audio anchor timestamp, in media time base.
+    int64_t mAudioAnchorTimeMediaUs;
+    // previous anchor timestamp (audio or video), in media time base.
     int64_t mAnchorTimeMediaUs;
     int64_t mAnchorNumFramesWritten;
     int64_t mVideoLateByUs;
diff --git a/media/libnblog/PerformanceAnalysis.cpp b/media/libnblog/PerformanceAnalysis.cpp
index e91a511..507295a 100644
--- a/media/libnblog/PerformanceAnalysis.cpp
+++ b/media/libnblog/PerformanceAnalysis.cpp
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
 
 // Writes a string into specified file descriptor
 void dumpLine(int fd, int indent, const String8 &body) {
-    dprintf(fd, "%.*s%s \n", indent, "", body.string());
+    dprintf(fd, "%.*s%s \n", indent, "", body.c_str());
 }
 
 } // namespace ReportPerformance
diff --git a/media/libnblog/Reader.cpp b/media/libnblog/Reader.cpp
index 67d028d..36e4da5 100644
--- a/media/libnblog/Reader.cpp
+++ b/media/libnblog/Reader.cpp
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
             break;
         }
         if (!body.isEmpty()) {
-            dprintf(fd, "%.*s%s %s\n", (int)indent, "", timestamp.string(), body.string());
+            dprintf(fd, "%.*s%s %s\n", (int)indent, "", timestamp.c_str(), body.c_str());
             body.clear();
         }
         timestamp.clear();
diff --git a/media/module/codecs/m4v_h263/OWNERS b/media/module/codecs/m4v_h263/OWNERS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e537138
--- /dev/null
+++ b/media/module/codecs/m4v_h263/OWNERS
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# owners for frameworks/av/media/module/codecs/m4v_h263
+include platform/frameworks/av:/media/janitors/avic_OWNERS
+include platform/frameworks/av:/media/janitors/codec_OWNERS
+essick@google.com
diff --git a/media/module/extractors/mp3/MP3Extractor.cpp b/media/module/extractors/mp3/MP3Extractor.cpp
index 328b790..d0e9852 100644
--- a/media/module/extractors/mp3/MP3Extractor.cpp
+++ b/media/module/extractors/mp3/MP3Extractor.cpp
@@ -379,8 +379,8 @@
             String8 commentdesc;
             String8 commentvalue;
             com->getString(&commentdesc, &commentvalue);
-            const char * desc = commentdesc.string();
-            const char * value = commentvalue.string();
+            const char * desc = commentdesc.c_str();
+            const char * value = commentvalue.c_str();
 
             // first 3 characters are the language, which we don't care about
             if(strlen(desc) > 3 && strcmp(desc + 3, "iTunSMPB") == 0) {
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@
         it->getString(&s);
         delete it;
 
-        AMediaFormat_setString(meta, kMap[i].key, s.string());
+        AMediaFormat_setString(meta, kMap[i].key, s.c_str());
     }
 
     size_t dataSize;
diff --git a/media/module/extractors/mp4/MPEG4Extractor.cpp b/media/module/extractors/mp4/MPEG4Extractor.cpp
index 38cf29d..6a1c5f1 100644
--- a/media/module/extractors/mp4/MPEG4Extractor.cpp
+++ b/media/module/extractors/mp4/MPEG4Extractor.cpp
@@ -1794,7 +1794,7 @@
                 String8 mimeFormat(str + 8 + encoding_length + 1,
                         chunk_data_size - 8 - encoding_length - 1);
                 AMediaFormat_setString(mLastTrack->meta,
-                        AMEDIAFORMAT_KEY_MIME, mimeFormat.string());
+                        AMEDIAFORMAT_KEY_MIME, mimeFormat.c_str());
             }
             break;
         }
@@ -2813,7 +2813,7 @@
 
             String8 s;
             if (convertTimeToDate(creationTime, &s)) {
-                AMediaFormat_setString(mFileMetaData, AMEDIAFORMAT_KEY_DATE, s.string());
+                AMediaFormat_setString(mFileMetaData, AMEDIAFORMAT_KEY_DATE, s.c_str());
             }
 
             break;
@@ -4368,7 +4368,7 @@
         } else {
             // Convert from UTF-16 string to UTF-8 string.
             String8 tmpUTF8str(framedata, len16);
-            AMediaFormat_setString(mFileMetaData, metadataKey, tmpUTF8str.string());
+            AMediaFormat_setString(mFileMetaData, metadataKey, tmpUTF8str.c_str());
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/media/module/foundation/ALooperRoster.cpp b/media/module/foundation/ALooperRoster.cpp
index 4334f1e..451725d 100644
--- a/media/module/foundation/ALooperRoster.cpp
+++ b/media/module/foundation/ALooperRoster.cpp
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
         }
         s.append("\n");
     }
-    (void)write(fd, s.string(), s.size());
+    (void)write(fd, s.c_str(), s.size());
 }
 
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/media/module/foundation/AString.cpp b/media/module/foundation/AString.cpp
index a5e0ff8..2f8011d 100644
--- a/media/module/foundation/AString.cpp
+++ b/media/module/foundation/AString.cpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
     : mData(NULL),
       mSize(0),
       mAllocSize(1) {
-    setTo(from.string(), from.length());
+    setTo(from.c_str(), from.length());
 }
 
 AString::AString(const AString &from)
diff --git a/media/module/foundation/MetaDataBase.cpp b/media/module/foundation/MetaDataBase.cpp
index 3370748..da383fa 100644
--- a/media/module/foundation/MetaDataBase.cpp
+++ b/media/module/foundation/MetaDataBase.cpp
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@
         char cc[5];
         MakeFourCCString(key, cc);
         const typed_data &item = mInternalData->mItems.valueAt(i);
-        s.appendFormat("%s: %s", cc, item.asString(false).string());
+        s.appendFormat("%s: %s", cc, item.asString(false).c_str());
         if (i != 0) {
             s.append(", ");
         }
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
         char cc[5];
         MakeFourCCString(key, cc);
         const typed_data &item = mInternalData->mItems.valueAt(i);
-        ALOGI("%s: %s", cc, item.asString(true /* verbose */).string());
+        ALOGI("%s: %s", cc, item.asString(true /* verbose */).c_str());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/media/module/foundation/tests/Base64_test.cpp b/media/module/foundation/tests/Base64_test.cpp
index 7a4289e..a3f93d9 100644
--- a/media/module/foundation/tests/Base64_test.cpp
+++ b/media/module/foundation/tests/Base64_test.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
                 paddedText.append(kBase64Padding);
             }
         }
-        sp<ABuffer> result = decodeBase64(AString(paddedText.string()));
+        sp<ABuffer> result = decodeBase64(AString(paddedText.c_str()));
 
         ASSERT_EQ(AStringUtils::Compare(expected[i].c_str(),
                 reinterpret_cast<char*>(result->data()),
diff --git a/media/module/id3/test/ID3Test.cpp b/media/module/id3/test/ID3Test.cpp
index a0a84ec..9da28d2 100644
--- a/media/module/id3/test/ID3Test.cpp
+++ b/media/module/id3/test/ID3Test.cpp
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
                 String8 text;
                 countTextFrames++;
                 it.getString(&text);
-                ALOGV("Found text frame %s : %s \n", id.string(), text.string());
+                ALOGV("Found text frame %s : %s \n", id.c_str(), text.c_str());
             }
             it.next();
         }
@@ -106,10 +106,10 @@
             ASSERT_GT(id.length(), 0) << "Found an ID3 tag of 0 size";
             it.getString(&text);
             // if the tag has a value
-            if (strcmp(text.string(), "")) {
+            if (strcmp(text.c_str(), "")) {
                 countTextFrames++;
                 ALOGV("ID: %s\n", id.c_str());
-                ALOGV("Text string: %s\n", text.string());
+                ALOGV("Text string: %s\n", text.c_str());
             }
             it.next();
         }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 
     if (albumArtPresent) {
         if (data) {
-            ALOGV("Found album art: size = %zu mime = %s \n", dataSize, mime.string());
+            ALOGV("Found album art: size = %zu mime = %s \n", dataSize, mime.c_str());
         }
         ASSERT_NE(data, nullptr) << "Expected album art, found none! " << path;
     } else {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
             String8 mime;
             const void *data = tag.getAlbumArt(&dataSize, &mime);
             if (data) {
-                ALOGV("Found album art: size = %zu mime = %s \n", dataSize, mime.string());
+                ALOGV("Found album art: size = %zu mime = %s \n", dataSize, mime.c_str());
 #if (LOG_NDEBUG == 0)
                 hexdump(data, dataSize > 128 ? 128 : dataSize);
 #endif
diff --git a/media/module/id3/testid3.cpp b/media/module/id3/testid3.cpp
index 5cd51cf..e4f524b 100644
--- a/media/module/id3/testid3.cpp
+++ b/media/module/id3/testid3.cpp
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@
                 String8 text;
                 it.getString(&text);
 
-                printf("  found text frame '%s': %s\n", id.string(), text.string());
+                printf("  found text frame '%s': %s\n", id.c_str(), text.c_str());
             } else {
-                printf("  found frame '%s'.\n", id.string());
+                printf("  found frame '%s'.\n", id.c_str());
             }
 
             it.next();
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 
         if (data) {
             printf("found album art: size=%zu mime='%s'\n", dataSize,
-                   mime.string());
+                   mime.c_str());
 
             hexdump(data, dataSize > 128 ? 128 : dataSize);
         }
diff --git a/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingClientManager.cpp b/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingClientManager.cpp
index 6dbcaf9..18702a4 100644
--- a/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingClientManager.cpp
+++ b/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingClientManager.cpp
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@
         result.append(buffer);
     }
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 bool TranscodingClientManager::isTrustedCaller(pid_t pid, uid_t uid) {
diff --git a/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingSessionController.cpp b/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingSessionController.cpp
index ea3e518..e9d19d3 100644
--- a/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingSessionController.cpp
+++ b/media/module/libmediatranscoding/TranscodingSessionController.cpp
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@
         dumpSession_l(session, result, true /*closedSession*/);
     }
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/MediaTranscodingService.cpp b/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/MediaTranscodingService.cpp
index 2a20981..2c73f3e 100644
--- a/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/MediaTranscodingService.cpp
+++ b/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/MediaTranscodingService.cpp
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
                     "Permission Denial: "
                     "can't dump MediaTranscodingService from pid=%d, uid=%d\n",
                     AIBinder_getCallingPid(), AIBinder_getCallingUid());
-            write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+            write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
             return PERMISSION_DENIED;
         }
     }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 
     snprintf(buffer, SIZE, "MediaTranscodingService: %p\n", this);
     result.append(buffer);
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 
     Vector<String16> args;
     mClientManager->dumpAllClients(fd, args);
diff --git a/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/tests/MediaTranscodingServiceTestHelper.h b/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/tests/MediaTranscodingServiceTestHelper.h
index 8e17f55..723bd77 100644
--- a/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/tests/MediaTranscodingServiceTestHelper.h
+++ b/media/module/service.mediatranscoding/tests/MediaTranscodingServiceTestHelper.h
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
     PermissionController pc;
     uid = pc.getPackageUid(packageName, 0);
     if (uid <= 0) {
-        ALOGE("Unknown package: '%s'", String8(packageName).string());
+        ALOGE("Unknown package: '%s'", String8(packageName).c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
diff --git a/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_data_packet_fuzzer.cpp b/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_data_packet_fuzzer.cpp
index f5faf77..83c6076 100644
--- a/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_data_packet_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_data_packet_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@
                     if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
                         std::string str = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxLength);
                         android::String16 s(str.c_str());
-                        char16_t* data = const_cast<char16_t*>(s.string());
+                        char16_t* data = const_cast<char16_t*>(s.c_str());
                         mtpDataPacket.putString(reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(data));
                     } else {
                         mtpDataPacket.putString(static_cast<uint16_t*>(nullptr));
diff --git a/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_property_fuzzer.cpp b/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_property_fuzzer.cpp
index b4e659c..6300256 100644
--- a/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_property_fuzzer.cpp
+++ b/media/mtp/tests/MtpFuzzer/mtp_property_fuzzer.cpp
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
                     std::string str = mFdp.ConsumeRandomLengthString(kMaxLength);
                     android::String16 s(str.c_str());
                     if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
-                        data = const_cast<char16_t*>(s.string());
+                        data = const_cast<char16_t*>(s.c_str());
                     }
 
                     if (mFdp.ConsumeBool()) {
diff --git a/media/ndk/NdkImageReader.cpp b/media/ndk/NdkImageReader.cpp
index 9270499..27b2c84 100644
--- a/media/ndk/NdkImageReader.cpp
+++ b/media/ndk/NdkImageReader.cpp
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
     }
 
     mCbLooper = new ALooper;
-    mCbLooper->setName(consumerName.string());
+    mCbLooper->setName(consumerName.c_str());
     res = mCbLooper->start(
             /*runOnCallingThread*/false,
             /*canCallJava*/       true,
diff --git a/media/ndk/NdkMediaDrm.cpp b/media/ndk/NdkMediaDrm.cpp
index 0df7636..28a0233 100644
--- a/media/ndk/NdkMediaDrm.cpp
+++ b/media/ndk/NdkMediaDrm.cpp
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@
         *keyRequest = mObj->mKeyRequest.array();
         *keyRequestSize = mObj->mKeyRequest.size();
         if (defaultUrl != NULL)
-            *defaultUrl = mObj->mDefaultUrl.string();
+            *defaultUrl = mObj->mDefaultUrl.c_str();
         switch(requestType) {
             case DrmPlugin::kKeyRequestType_Initial:
                 mObj->mkeyRequestType = KEY_REQUEST_TYPE_INITIAL;
@@ -606,8 +606,8 @@
     }
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mObj->mQueryResults.size(); i++) {
-        keyValuePairs[i].mKey = mObj->mQueryResults.keyAt(i).string();
-        keyValuePairs[i].mValue = mObj->mQueryResults.valueAt(i).string();
+        keyValuePairs[i].mKey = mObj->mQueryResults.keyAt(i).c_str();
+        keyValuePairs[i].mValue = mObj->mQueryResults.valueAt(i).c_str();
     }
     *numPairs = mObj->mQueryResults.size();
     return AMEDIA_OK;
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@
     } else {
         *provisionRequest = mObj->mProvisionRequest.array();
         *provisionRequestSize = mObj->mProvisionRequest.size();
-        *serverUrl = mObj->mProvisionUrl.string();
+        *serverUrl = mObj->mProvisionUrl.c_str();
     }
     return AMEDIA_OK;
 }
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@
             mObj->mPropertyString);
 
     if (status == OK) {
-        *propertyValue = mObj->mPropertyString.string();
+        *propertyValue = mObj->mPropertyString.c_str();
     } else {
         *propertyValue = NULL;
     }
diff --git a/media/ndk/NdkMediaFormat.cpp b/media/ndk/NdkMediaFormat.cpp
index a95e874..8f691b7 100644
--- a/media/ndk/NdkMediaFormat.cpp
+++ b/media/ndk/NdkMediaFormat.cpp
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
     }
     ret.append("}");
     mData->mDebug = ret;
-    return mData->mDebug.string();
+    return mData->mDebug.c_str();
 }
 
 EXPORT
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
         return false;
     }
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mData->mStringCache.size(); i++) {
-        if (strcmp(mData->mStringCache.keyAt(i).string(), name) == 0) {
+        if (strcmp(mData->mStringCache.keyAt(i).c_str(), name) == 0) {
             mData->mStringCache.removeItemsAt(i, 1);
             break;
         }
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
         if (i < 0) {
             return false;
         }
-        *out = mData->mStringCache.valueAt(i).string();
+        *out = mData->mStringCache.valueAt(i).c_str();
         return true;
     }
     return false;
diff --git a/media/utils/ServiceUtilities.cpp b/media/utils/ServiceUtilities.cpp
index 83b84e3..eef460f 100644
--- a/media/utils/ServiceUtilities.cpp
+++ b/media/utils/ServiceUtilities.cpp
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
     PermissionController{}.getPackagesForUid(uid, str16PackageNames);
     std::vector<std::string> packageNames;
     for (const auto& str16PackageName : str16PackageNames) {
-        packageNames.emplace_back(String8(str16PackageName).string());
+        packageNames.emplace_back(String8(str16PackageName).c_str());
     }
     if (packageNames.empty()) {
         ALOGW("%s: Playback capture for uid %u is denied as no package name could be retrieved "
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
index dd84bd5..18627bd 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@
         result.appendFormat("  %7d %4d %7d %6u  %s\n", r->mSessionid, r->mCnt, r->mPid,
                 r->mUid, info.package.c_str());
     }
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@
                             hardwareStatus,
                             (uint32_t)(mStandbyTimeInNsecs / 1000000));
     result.append(buffer);
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::dumpPermissionDenial(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args __unused)
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@
             IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid(),
             IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid());
     result.append(buffer);
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 bool AudioFlinger::dumpTryLock(Mutex& mutex)
@@ -854,7 +854,7 @@
         bool hardwareLocked = dumpTryLock(mHardwareLock);
         if (!hardwareLocked) {
             String8 result(kHardwareLockedString);
-            write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+            write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
         } else {
             mHardwareLock.unlock();
         }
@@ -864,20 +864,20 @@
         // failed to lock - AudioFlinger is probably deadlocked
         if (!locked) {
             String8 result(kDeadlockedString);
-            write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+            write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
         }
 
         bool clientLocked = dumpTryLock(mClientLock);
         if (!clientLocked) {
             String8 result(kClientLockedString);
-            write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+            write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
         }
 
         if (mEffectsFactoryHal != 0) {
             mEffectsFactoryHal->dumpEffects(fd);
         } else {
             String8 result(kNoEffectsFactory);
-            write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+            write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
         }
 
         dumpClients(fd, args);
@@ -1871,7 +1871,7 @@
 status_t AudioFlinger::setParameters(audio_io_handle_t ioHandle, const String8& keyValuePairs)
 {
     ALOGV("setParameters(): io %d, keyvalue %s, calling pid %d calling uid %d",
-            ioHandle, keyValuePairs.string(),
+            ioHandle, keyValuePairs.c_str(),
             IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid(), IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid());
 
     // check calling permissions
@@ -1882,7 +1882,7 @@
     String8 filteredKeyValuePairs = keyValuePairs;
     filterReservedParameters(filteredKeyValuePairs, IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid());
 
-    ALOGV("%s: filtered keyvalue %s", __func__, filteredKeyValuePairs.string());
+    ALOGV("%s: filtered keyvalue %s", __func__, filteredKeyValuePairs.c_str());
 
     // AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE means the parameters are global to the audio hardware interface
     if (ioHandle == AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE) {
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@
 String8 AudioFlinger::getParameters(audio_io_handle_t ioHandle, const String8& keys) const
 {
     ALOGVV("getParameters() io %d, keys %s, calling pid %d",
-            ioHandle, keys.string(), IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid());
+            ioHandle, keys.c_str(), IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid());
 
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
 
@@ -2970,7 +2970,7 @@
             deviceType,
             flags,
             halConfig,
-            address.string());
+            address.c_str());
 
     mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_IDLE;
 
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp b/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp
index 8484f95..cc9e367 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp
@@ -166,16 +166,16 @@
     const bool locked = dumpTryLock(mLock);
     if (!locked) {
         String8 result("DeviceEffectManager may be deadlocked\n");
-        write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+        write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     }
 
     String8 heading("\nDevice Effects:\n");
-    write(fd, heading.string(), heading.size());
+    write(fd, heading.c_str(), heading.size());
     for (const auto& iter : mDeviceEffects) {
         String8 outStr;
         outStr.appendFormat("%*sEffect for device %s address %s:\n", 2, "",
                 ::android::toString(iter.first.mType).c_str(), iter.first.getAddress());
-        write(fd, outStr.string(), outStr.size());
+        write(fd, outStr.c_str(), outStr.size());
         iter.second->dump(fd, 4);
     }
 
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp b/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp
index c3735be..42c4986 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
     result.appendFormat("\t\t- apiVersion: %08X\n\t\t- flags: %08X (%s)\n",
             mDescriptor.apiVersion,
             mDescriptor.flags,
-            effectFlagsToString(mDescriptor.flags).string());
+            effectFlagsToString(mDescriptor.flags).c_str());
     result.appendFormat("\t\t- name: %s\n",
             mDescriptor.name);
 
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
         mLock.unlock();
     }
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.length());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.length());
 }
 
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1653,7 +1653,7 @@
             dumpInOutBuffer(false /* isInput */, mOutBuffer).c_str(),
             dumpInOutBuffer(false /* isInput */, mOutConversionBuffer).c_str());
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.length());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.length());
 
     if (mEffectInterface != 0) {
         dprintf(fd, "\tEffect ID %d HAL dump:\n", mId);
@@ -2635,7 +2635,7 @@
                 (int)outBufferStr.size(), "Out buffer      ");
         result.appendFormat("\t%s   %s   %d\n",
                 inBufferStr.c_str(), outBufferStr.c_str(), mActiveTrackCnt);
-        write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+        write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 
         for (size_t i = 0; i < numEffects; ++i) {
             sp<EffectModule> effect = mEffects[i];
@@ -2648,7 +2648,7 @@
             mLock.unlock();
         }
     } else {
-        write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+        write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     }
 }
 
@@ -3432,7 +3432,7 @@
     const bool locked = dumpTryLock(mProxyLock);
     if (!locked) {
         String8 result("DeviceEffectProxy may be deadlocked\n");
-        write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+        write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     }
 
     String8 outStr;
@@ -3441,16 +3441,16 @@
     } else {
         outStr.appendFormat("%*sNO HAL Effect\n", spaces, "");
     }
-    write(fd, outStr.string(), outStr.size());
+    write(fd, outStr.c_str(), outStr.size());
     outStr.clear();
 
     outStr.appendFormat("%*sSub Effects:\n", spaces, "");
-    write(fd, outStr.string(), outStr.size());
+    write(fd, outStr.c_str(), outStr.size());
     outStr.clear();
 
     for (const auto& iter : mEffectHandles) {
         outStr.appendFormat("%*sEffect for patch handle %d:\n", spaces + 2, "", iter.first);
-        write(fd, outStr.string(), outStr.size());
+        write(fd, outStr.c_str(), outStr.size());
         outStr.clear();
         sp<EffectBase> effect = iter.second->effect().promote();
         if (effect != nullptr) {
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.cpp b/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.cpp
index b54b41f..972c870 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.cpp
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@
             patchPanelDump += "\nPatches:\n";
             headerPrinted = true;
         }
-        patchPanelDump.appendFormat("%s%s\n", indent, iter.second.dump(iter.first).string());
+        patchPanelDump.appendFormat("%s%s\n", indent, iter.second.dump(iter.first).c_str());
     }
 
     headerPrinted = false;
@@ -924,12 +924,12 @@
             for (const auto& patch : module.second.sw_patches) {
                 moduleDump.appendFormat("%d ", patch);
             }
-            patchPanelDump.appendFormat("%s%s\n", indent, moduleDump.string());
+            patchPanelDump.appendFormat("%s%s\n", indent, moduleDump.c_str());
         }
     }
 
     if (!patchPanelDump.isEmpty()) {
-        write(fd, patchPanelDump.string(), patchPanelDump.size());
+        write(fd, patchPanelDump.c_str(), patchPanelDump.size());
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/PlaybackTracks.h b/services/audioflinger/PlaybackTracks.h
index 2602efb..181829f 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/PlaybackTracks.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/PlaybackTracks.h
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 
     sp<PlayAudioOpCallback> mOpCallback;
     // called by PlayAudioOpCallback when OP_PLAY_AUDIO is updated in AppOp callback
-    void checkPlayAudioForUsage();
+    void checkPlayAudioForUsage(bool doBroadcast);
 
     wp<AudioFlinger::ThreadBase> mThread;
     std::atomic_bool mHasOpPlayAudio;
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp b/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp
index ef5e727..6aafa07 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
                 "  us per mix loop: mean=%.0f stddev=%.0f min=%.0f max=%.0f\n"
                 "  %% of wall: mean=%.1f stddev=%.1f min=%.1f max=%.1f\n"
                 "  MHz: mean=%.1f, stddev=%.1f, min=%.1f max=%.1f",
-                    title.string(),
+                    title.c_str(),
                     elapsed * .000000001, n, perLoop * .000001,
                     mean * .001,
                     stddev * .001,
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::setParameters(const String8& keyValuePairs)
 {
-    ALOGV("ThreadBase::setParameters() %s", keyValuePairs.string());
+    ALOGV("ThreadBase::setParameters() %s", keyValuePairs.c_str());
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
 
     return sendSetParameterConfigEvent_l(keyValuePairs);
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@
             if (checkForNewParameter_l(data->mKeyValuePairs, event->mStatus)) {
                 configChanged = true;
                 mLocalLog.log("CFG_EVENT_SET_PARAMETER: (%s) configuration changed",
-                        data->mKeyValuePairs.string());
+                        data->mKeyValuePairs.c_str());
             }
         } break;
         case CFG_EVENT_CREATE_AUDIO_PATCH: {
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@
     dprintf(fd, "  HAL buffer size: %zu bytes\n", mBufferSize);
     dprintf(fd, "  Channel count: %u\n", mChannelCount);
     dprintf(fd, "  Channel mask: 0x%08x (%s)\n", mChannelMask,
-            channelMaskToString(mChannelMask, mType != RECORD).string());
+            channelMaskToString(mChannelMask, mType != RECORD).c_str());
     dprintf(fd, "  Processing format: 0x%x (%s)\n", mFormat, formatToString(mFormat).c_str());
     dprintf(fd, "  Processing frame size: %zu bytes\n", mFrameSize);
     dprintf(fd, "  Pending config events:");
@@ -1918,7 +1918,7 @@
     if (mLocalLog != nullptr) {
         String8 result;
         track->appendDump(result, false /* active */);
-        mLocalLog->log("AT::%-10s(%p) %s", funcName, track.get(), result.string());
+        mLocalLog->log("AT::%-10s(%p) %s", funcName, track.get(), result.c_str());
     }
 }
 
@@ -2171,7 +2171,7 @@
         }
     }
     result.append("\n");
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.length());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.length());
     result.clear();
 
     // These values are "raw"; they will wrap around.  See prepareTracks_l() for a better way.
@@ -2217,7 +2217,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::dumpInternals_l(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args)
@@ -2827,7 +2827,7 @@
 
     String8 result;
     track->appendDump(result, false /* active */);
-    mLocalLog.log("removeTrack_l (%p) %s", track.get(), result.string());
+    mLocalLog.log("removeTrack_l (%p) %s", track.get(), result.c_str());
 
     mTracks.remove(track);
     {
@@ -3886,9 +3886,9 @@
 
                     releaseWakeLock_l();
                     // wait until we have something to do...
-                    ALOGV("%s going to sleep", myName.string());
+                    ALOGV("%s going to sleep", myName.c_str());
                     mWaitWorkCV.wait(mLock);
-                    ALOGV("%s waking up", myName.string());
+                    ALOGV("%s waking up", myName.c_str());
                     acquireWakeLock_l();
 
                     mMixerStatus = MIXER_IDLE;
@@ -8817,7 +8817,7 @@
 {
     String8 result;
     track->appendDump(result, false /* active */);
-    mLocalLog.log("removeTrack_l (%p) %s", track.get(), result.string());
+    mLocalLog.log("removeTrack_l (%p) %s", track.get(), result.c_str());
 
     mTracks.remove(track);
     // need anything related to effects here?
@@ -8896,7 +8896,7 @@
         }
 
     }
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::RecordThread::setRecordSilenced(audio_port_handle_t portId, bool silenced)
@@ -9933,9 +9933,9 @@
                 }
 
                 // wait until we have something to do...
-                ALOGV("%s going to sleep", myName.string());
+                ALOGV("%s going to sleep", myName.c_str());
                 mWaitWorkCV.wait(mLock);
-                ALOGV("%s waking up", myName.string());
+                ALOGV("%s waking up", myName.c_str());
 
                 checkSilentMode_l();
 
@@ -10303,7 +10303,7 @@
     } else {
         dprintf(fd, "\n");
     }
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 AudioFlinger::MmapPlaybackThread::MmapPlaybackThread(
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Threads.h b/services/audioflinger/Threads.h
index b867774..1d00a34 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Threads.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Threads.h
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
             mKeyValuePairs(keyValuePairs) {}
 
         virtual  void dump(char *buffer, size_t size) {
-            snprintf(buffer, size, "- KeyValue: %s\n", mKeyValuePairs.string());
+            snprintf(buffer, size, "- KeyValue: %s\n", mKeyValuePairs.c_str());
         }
 
         const String8 mKeyValuePairs;
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp b/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp
index 4f4ad93..14c45f7 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp
@@ -564,7 +564,9 @@
 
 void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::OpPlayAudioMonitor::onFirstRef()
 {
-    checkPlayAudioForUsage();
+    // make sure not to broadcast the initial state since it is not needed and could
+    // cause a deadlock since this method can be called with the mThread->mLock held
+    checkPlayAudioForUsage(/*doBroadcast=*/false);
     if (mAttributionSource.packageName.has_value()) {
         mOpCallback = new PlayAudioOpCallback(this);
         mAppOpsManager.startWatchingMode(AppOpsManager::OP_PLAY_AUDIO,
@@ -579,7 +581,7 @@
 // Note this method is never called (and never to be) for audio server / patch record track
 // - not called from constructor due to check on UID,
 // - not called from PlayAudioOpCallback because the callback is not installed in this case
-void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::OpPlayAudioMonitor::checkPlayAudioForUsage()
+void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::OpPlayAudioMonitor::checkPlayAudioForUsage(bool doBroadcast)
 {
     const bool hasAppOps = mAttributionSource.packageName.has_value()
         && mAppOpsManager.checkAudioOpNoThrow(
@@ -589,11 +591,13 @@
     bool shouldChange = !hasAppOps;  // check if we need to update.
     if (mHasOpPlayAudio.compare_exchange_strong(shouldChange, hasAppOps)) {
         ALOGD("OpPlayAudio: track:%d usage:%d %smuted", mId, mUsage, hasAppOps ? "not " : "");
-        auto thread = mThread.promote();
-        if (thread != nullptr && thread->type() == AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::OFFLOAD) {
-            // Wake up Thread if offloaded, otherwise it may be several seconds for update.
-            Mutex::Autolock _l(thread->mLock);
-            thread->broadcast_l();
+        if (doBroadcast) {
+            auto thread = mThread.promote();
+            if (thread != nullptr && thread->type() == AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::OFFLOAD) {
+                // Wake up Thread if offloaded, otherwise it may be several seconds for update.
+                Mutex::Autolock _l(thread->mLock);
+                thread->broadcast_l();
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -611,7 +615,7 @@
     }
     sp<OpPlayAudioMonitor> monitor = mMonitor.promote();
     if (monitor != NULL) {
-        monitor->checkPlayAudioForUsage();
+        monitor->checkPlayAudioForUsage(/*doBroadcast=*/true);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/include/HwModule.h b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/include/HwModule.h
index e994758..cf20260 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/include/HwModule.h
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/include/HwModule.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
     HwModule(const char *name, uint32_t halVersion = 0);
     ~HwModule();
 
-    const char *getName() const { return mName.string(); }
+    const char *getName() const { return mName.c_str(); }
 
     const DeviceVector &getDeclaredDevices() const { return mDeclaredDevices; }
     void setDeclaredDevices(const DeviceVector &devices);
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/AudioPolicyMix.cpp b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/AudioPolicyMix.cpp
index 56c0603..f5cf7e3 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/AudioPolicyMix.cpp
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/AudioPolicyMix.cpp
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 
     dst->appendFormat("%*s- device type: %s\n", spaces, "", toString(mDeviceType).c_str());
 
-    dst->appendFormat("%*s- device address: %s\n", spaces, "", mDeviceAddress.string());
+    dst->appendFormat("%*s- device address: %s\n", spaces, "", mDeviceAddress.c_str());
 
     dst->appendFormat("%*s- output: %d\n", spaces, "",
             mOutput == nullptr ? 0 : mOutput->mIoHandle);
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
         if (mix.mDeviceType == registeredMix->mDeviceType
                 && mix.mDeviceAddress.compare(registeredMix->mDeviceAddress) == 0) {
             ALOGE("registerMix(): mix already registered for dev=0x%x addr=%s",
-                    mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress.string());
+                    mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress.c_str());
             return BAD_VALUE;
         }
     }
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
     sp<AudioPolicyMix> policyMix = sp<AudioPolicyMix>::make(mix);
     add(policyMix);
     ALOGD("registerMix(): adding mix for dev=0x%x addr=%s",
-            policyMix->mDeviceType, policyMix->mDeviceAddress.string());
+            policyMix->mDeviceType, policyMix->mDeviceAddress.c_str());
 
     if (desc != nullptr) {
         desc->mPolicyMix = policyMix;
@@ -198,14 +198,14 @@
         if (mix.mDeviceType == registeredMix->mDeviceType
                 && mix.mDeviceAddress.compare(registeredMix->mDeviceAddress) == 0) {
             ALOGD("unregisterMix(): removing mix for dev=0x%x addr=%s",
-                    mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress.string());
+                    mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress.c_str());
             removeAt(i);
             return NO_ERROR;
         }
     }
 
     ALOGE("unregisterMix(): mix not registered for dev=0x%x addr=%s",
-            mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress.string());
+            mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress.c_str());
     return BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
@@ -213,20 +213,20 @@
         const String8& address, sp<AudioPolicyMix> &policyMix) const
 {
 
-    ALOGV("getAudioPolicyMix() for dev=0x%x addr=%s", deviceType, address.string());
+    ALOGV("getAudioPolicyMix() for dev=0x%x addr=%s", deviceType, address.c_str());
     for (ssize_t i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
         // Workaround: when an in audio policy is registered, it opens an output
         // that tries to find the audio policy, thus the device must be ignored.
         if (itemAt(i)->mDeviceAddress.compare(address) == 0) {
             policyMix = itemAt(i);
             ALOGV("getAudioPolicyMix: found mix %zu match (devType=0x%x addr=%s)",
-                    i, deviceType, address.string());
+                    i, deviceType, address.c_str());
             return NO_ERROR;
         }
     }
 
     ALOGE("getAudioPolicyMix(): mix not registered for dev=0x%x addr=%s",
-            deviceType, address.string());
+            deviceType, address.c_str());
     return BAD_VALUE;
 }
 
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
         // if there is an address match, prioritize that match
         if (strncmp(attributes.tags, "addr=", strlen("addr=")) == 0 &&
                 strncmp(attributes.tags + strlen("addr="),
-                        mix->mDeviceAddress.string(),
+                        mix->mDeviceAddress.c_str(),
                         AUDIO_ATTRIBUTES_TAGS_MAX_SIZE - strlen("addr=") - 1) == 0) {
             ALOGV("\tgetOutputForAttr will use mix %zu", mixIndex);
             return MixMatchStatus::MATCH;
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@
         if (attributes.usage == AUDIO_USAGE_VIRTUAL_SOURCE &&
                 strncmp(attributes.tags, "addr=", strlen("addr=")) == 0 &&
                 strncmp(attributes.tags + strlen("addr="),
-                        mix->mDeviceAddress.string(),
+                        mix->mDeviceAddress.c_str(),
                         AUDIO_ATTRIBUTES_TAGS_MAX_SIZE - strlen("addr=") - 1) == 0) {
             return MixMatchStatus::MATCH;
         }
@@ -402,10 +402,10 @@
 
 #ifdef LOG_NDEBUG
     ALOGV("getInputMixForAttr looking for address %s for source %d\n  mixes available:",
-            address.string(), attr.source);
+            address.c_str(), attr.source);
     for (size_t i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
         const sp<AudioPolicyMix> audioPolicyMix = itemAt(i);
-        ALOGV("\tmix %zu address=%s", i, audioPolicyMix->mDeviceAddress.string());
+        ALOGV("\tmix %zu address=%s", i, audioPolicyMix->mDeviceAddress.c_str());
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -414,18 +414,18 @@
         const sp<AudioPolicyMix>& registeredMix = itemAt(index);
         if (registeredMix->mDeviceAddress.compare(address) == 0) {
             ALOGD("getInputMixForAttr found addr=%s dev=0x%x",
-                    registeredMix->mDeviceAddress.string(), registeredMix->mDeviceType);
+                    registeredMix->mDeviceAddress.c_str(), registeredMix->mDeviceType);
             break;
         }
     }
     if (index == size()) {
-        ALOGW("getInputMixForAttr() no policy for address %s", address.string());
+        ALOGW("getInputMixForAttr() no policy for address %s", address.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     const sp<AudioPolicyMix> audioPolicyMix = itemAt(index);
 
     if (audioPolicyMix->mMixType != MIX_TYPE_PLAYERS) {
-        ALOGW("getInputMixForAttr() bad policy mix type for address %s", address.string());
+        ALOGW("getInputMixForAttr() bad policy mix type for address %s", address.c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
     if (policyMix != nullptr) {
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@
         }
         // check if this mix goes to a device in the list of devices
         bool deviceMatch = false;
-        const AudioDeviceTypeAddr mixDevice(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.string());
+        const AudioDeviceTypeAddr mixDevice(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.c_str());
         for (size_t j = 0; j < devices.size(); j++) {
             if (mixDevice.equals(devices[j])) {
                 deviceMatch = true;
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@
             }
         }
         if (ruleAllowsUid) {
-            devices.add(AudioDeviceTypeAddr(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.string()));
+            devices.add(AudioDeviceTypeAddr(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.c_str()));
         }
     }
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -554,7 +554,7 @@
         }
         // check if this mix goes to a device in the list of devices
         bool deviceMatch = false;
-        const AudioDeviceTypeAddr mixDevice(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.string());
+        const AudioDeviceTypeAddr mixDevice(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.c_str());
         for (size_t j = 0; j < devices.size(); j++) {
             if (mixDevice.equals(devices[j])) {
                 deviceMatch = true;
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
             }
         }
         if (ruleAllowsUserId) {
-            devices.add(AudioDeviceTypeAddr(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.string()));
+            devices.add(AudioDeviceTypeAddr(mix->mDeviceType, mix->mDeviceAddress.c_str()));
         }
     }
     return NO_ERROR;
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/DeviceDescriptor.cpp b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/DeviceDescriptor.cpp
index a909331..62e5bd4 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/DeviceDescriptor.cpp
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/DeviceDescriptor.cpp
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
     }
 
     std::string descBaseDumpStr;
-    DeviceDescriptorBase::dump(&descBaseDumpStr, spaces, extraInfo.string(), verbose);
+    DeviceDescriptorBase::dump(&descBaseDumpStr, spaces, extraInfo.c_str(), verbose);
     dst->append(descBaseDumpStr.c_str());
 }
 
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
         }
     }
     ALOGV("DeviceVector::%s() for type %08x address \"%s\" found %p format %08x",
-            __func__, type, address.string(), device.get(), format);
+            __func__, type, address.c_str(), device.get(), format);
     return device;
 }
 
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@
     if (isEmpty()) {
         return;
     }
-    dst->appendFormat("%*s%s devices (%zu):\n", spaces, "", tag.string(), size());
+    dst->appendFormat("%*s%s devices (%zu):\n", spaces, "", tag.c_str(), size());
     for (size_t i = 0; i < size(); i++) {
         const std::string prefix = base::StringPrintf("%*s %zu. ", spaces, "", i + 1);
         dst->appendFormat("%s", prefix.c_str());
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/HwModule.cpp b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/HwModule.cpp
index 95f8d14..2c8e50b 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/HwModule.cpp
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/common/managerdefinitions/src/HwModule.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
                                               config->sample_rate));
 
     sp<DeviceDescriptor> devDesc =
-            new DeviceDescriptor(device, getTagForDevice(device), address.string());
+            new DeviceDescriptor(device, getTagForDevice(device), address.c_str());
     addDynamicDevice(devDesc);
     // Reciprocally attach the device to the module
     devDesc->attach(this);
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
                                               config->sample_rate));
 
     sp<DeviceDescriptor> devDesc =
-            new DeviceDescriptor(device, getTagForDevice(device), address.string());
+            new DeviceDescriptor(device, getTagForDevice(device), address.c_str());
     addDynamicDevice(devDesc);
     // Reciprocally attach the device to the module
     devDesc->attach(this);
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@
             if (allowToCreate) {
                 moduleDevice->attach(hwModule);
                 // Name may be overwritten, restored on detach.
-                moduleDevice->setAddress(devAddress.string());
+                moduleDevice->setAddress(devAddress.c_str());
                 // Name may be overwritten, restored on detach.
                 moduleDevice->setName(name);
             }
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/managerdefault/AudioPolicyManager.cpp b/services/audiopolicy/managerdefault/AudioPolicyManager.cpp
index 106f90c..87da6fa 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/managerdefault/AudioPolicyManager.cpp
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/managerdefault/AudioPolicyManager.cpp
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
                 sp<AudioPolicyMix> policyMix = desc->mPolicyMix.promote();
                 if (policyMix != nullptr
                         && policyMix->mMixType == MIX_TYPE_RECORDERS
-                        && device->address() == policyMix->mDeviceAddress.string()) {
+                        && device->address() == policyMix->mDeviceAddress.c_str()) {
                     doCheckForDeviceAndOutputChanges = false;
                     break;
                 }
@@ -2098,7 +2098,7 @@
     const char *address = NULL;
     if (policyMix != nullptr) {
         audio_devices_t newDeviceType;
-        address = policyMix->mDeviceAddress.string();
+        address = policyMix->mDeviceAddress.c_str();
         if ((policyMix->mRouteFlags & MIX_ROUTE_FLAG_LOOP_BACK) == MIX_ROUTE_FLAG_LOOP_BACK) {
             newDeviceType = AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_REMOTE_SUBMIX;
         } else {
@@ -3451,7 +3451,7 @@
             }
 
             if (mPolicyMixes.registerMix(mix, 0 /*output desc*/) != NO_ERROR) {
-                ALOGE("Error registering mix %zu for address %s", i, address.string());
+                ALOGE("Error registering mix %zu for address %s", i, address.c_str());
                 res = INVALID_OPERATION;
                 break;
             }
@@ -3468,16 +3468,16 @@
 
             if ((res = setDeviceConnectionStateInt(deviceTypeToMakeAvailable,
                     AUDIO_POLICY_DEVICE_STATE_AVAILABLE,
-                    address.string(), "remote-submix", AUDIO_FORMAT_DEFAULT)) != NO_ERROR) {
+                    address.c_str(), "remote-submix", AUDIO_FORMAT_DEFAULT)) != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE("Failed to set remote submix device available, type %u, address %s",
-                        mix.mDeviceType, address.string());
+                        mix.mDeviceType, address.c_str());
                 break;
             }
         } else if ((mix.mRouteFlags & MIX_ROUTE_FLAG_RENDER) == MIX_ROUTE_FLAG_RENDER) {
             String8 address = mix.mDeviceAddress;
             audio_devices_t type = mix.mDeviceType;
             ALOGV(" registerPolicyMixes() mix %zu of %zu is RENDER, dev=0x%X addr=%s",
-                    i, mixes.size(), type, address.string());
+                    i, mixes.size(), type, address.c_str());
 
             sp<DeviceDescriptor> device = mHwModules.getDeviceDescriptor(
                     mix.mDeviceType, mix.mDeviceAddress,
@@ -3495,7 +3495,7 @@
                 if (!desc->isDuplicated() && desc->supportedDevices().contains(device)) {
                     if (mPolicyMixes.registerMix(mix, desc) != NO_ERROR) {
                         ALOGE("Could not register mix RENDER,  dev=0x%X addr=%s", type,
-                              address.string());
+                              address.c_str());
                         res = INVALID_OPERATION;
                     } else {
                         foundOutput = true;
@@ -3512,7 +3512,7 @@
                     if (profile->isDirectOutput() && profile->supportsDevice(device)) {
                         if (mPolicyMixes.registerMix(mix, nullptr) != NO_ERROR) {
                             ALOGE("Could not register mix RENDER,  dev=0x%X addr=%s", type,
-                                  address.string());
+                                  address.c_str());
                             res = INVALID_OPERATION;
                         } else {
                             foundOutput = true;
@@ -3522,12 +3522,12 @@
             }
             if (res != NO_ERROR) {
                 ALOGE(" Error registering mix %zu for device 0x%X addr %s",
-                        i, type, address.string());
+                        i, type, address.c_str());
                 res = INVALID_OPERATION;
                 break;
             } else if (!foundOutput) {
                 ALOGE(" Output not found for mix %zu for device 0x%X addr %s",
-                        i, type, address.string());
+                        i, type, address.c_str());
                 res = INVALID_OPERATION;
                 break;
             } else {
@@ -3571,14 +3571,14 @@
             }
 
             for (auto device : {AUDIO_DEVICE_IN_REMOTE_SUBMIX, AUDIO_DEVICE_OUT_REMOTE_SUBMIX}) {
-                if (getDeviceConnectionState(device, address.string()) ==
+                if (getDeviceConnectionState(device, address.c_str()) ==
                         AUDIO_POLICY_DEVICE_STATE_AVAILABLE)  {
                     res = setDeviceConnectionStateInt(device, AUDIO_POLICY_DEVICE_STATE_UNAVAILABLE,
-                                                      address.string(), "remote-submix",
+                                                      address.c_str(), "remote-submix",
                                                       AUDIO_FORMAT_DEFAULT);
                     if (res != OK) {
                         ALOGE("Error making RemoteSubmix device unavailable for mix "
-                              "with type %d, address %s", device, address.string());
+                              "with type %d, address %s", device, address.c_str());
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -3937,7 +3937,7 @@
 {
     String8 result;
     dump(&result);
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -5974,7 +5974,7 @@
             }
 
             ALOGV("opening output for device %08x with params %s profile %p name %s",
-                  deviceType, address.string(), profile.get(), profile->getName().c_str());
+                  deviceType, address.c_str(), profile.get(), profile->getName().c_str());
             desc = openOutputWithProfileAndDevice(profile, DeviceVector(device));
             audio_io_handle_t output = desc == nullptr ? AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE : desc->mIoHandle;
             if (output == AUDIO_IO_HANDLE_NONE) {
@@ -7697,12 +7697,12 @@
     if (profiles.hasDynamicFormat()) {
         reply = mpClientInterface->getParameters(
                 ioHandle, String8(AudioParameter::keyStreamSupportedFormats));
-        ALOGV("%s: supported formats %d, %s", __FUNCTION__, ioHandle, reply.string());
+        ALOGV("%s: supported formats %d, %s", __FUNCTION__, ioHandle, reply.c_str());
         AudioParameter repliedParameters(reply);
         FormatVector formats;
         if (repliedParameters.get(
                 String8(AudioParameter::keyStreamSupportedFormats), reply) == NO_ERROR) {
-            formats = formatsFromString(reply.string());
+            formats = formatsFromString(reply.c_str());
         } else if (devDesc->hasValidAudioProfile()) {
             ALOGD("%s: using the device profiles", __func__);
             formats = devDesc->getAudioProfiles().getSupportedFormats();
@@ -7729,11 +7729,11 @@
                     ioHandle,
                     requestedParameters.toString() + ";" +
                     AudioParameter::keyStreamSupportedSamplingRates);
-            ALOGV("%s: supported sampling rates %s", __FUNCTION__, reply.string());
+            ALOGV("%s: supported sampling rates %s", __FUNCTION__, reply.c_str());
             AudioParameter repliedParameters(reply);
             if (repliedParameters.get(
                     String8(AudioParameter::keyStreamSupportedSamplingRates), reply) == NO_ERROR) {
-                samplingRates = samplingRatesFromString(reply.string());
+                samplingRates = samplingRatesFromString(reply.c_str());
             } else {
                 samplingRates = devDesc->getAudioProfiles().getSampleRatesFor(format);
             }
@@ -7742,11 +7742,11 @@
             reply = mpClientInterface->getParameters(ioHandle,
                                                      requestedParameters.toString() + ";" +
                                                      AudioParameter::keyStreamSupportedChannels);
-            ALOGV("%s: supported channel masks %s", __FUNCTION__, reply.string());
+            ALOGV("%s: supported channel masks %s", __FUNCTION__, reply.c_str());
             AudioParameter repliedParameters(reply);
             if (repliedParameters.get(
                     String8(AudioParameter::keyStreamSupportedChannels), reply) == NO_ERROR) {
-                channelMasks = channelMasksFromString(reply.string());
+                channelMasks = channelMasksFromString(reply.c_str());
             } else {
                 channelMasks = devDesc->getAudioProfiles().getChannelMasksFor(format);
             }
@@ -7915,7 +7915,7 @@
             desc->mPolicyMix = policyMix;
         } else {
             ALOGW("checkOutputsForDevice() cannot find policy for address %s",
-                    address.string());
+                    address.c_str());
         }
 
     } else if (hasPrimaryOutput() && speaker != nullptr
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyClientImpl.cpp b/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyClientImpl.cpp
index 290db97..dd06bd5 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyClientImpl.cpp
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyClientImpl.cpp
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
                    const String8& keyValuePairs,
                    int delay_ms)
 {
-    mAudioPolicyService->setParameters(io_handle, keyValuePairs.string(), delay_ms);
+    mAudioPolicyService->setParameters(io_handle, keyValuePairs.c_str(), delay_ms);
 }
 
 String8 AudioPolicyService::AudioPolicyClient::getParameters(audio_io_handle_t io_handle,
diff --git a/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyService.cpp b/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyService.cpp
index 50c2c46..5ec12bc 100644
--- a/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyService.cpp
+++ b/services/audiopolicy/service/AudioPolicyService.cpp
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
 void AudioPolicyService::onDynamicPolicyMixStateUpdate(const String8& regId, int32_t state)
 {
     ALOGV("AudioPolicyService::onDynamicPolicyMixStateUpdate(%s, %d)",
-            regId.string(), state);
+            regId.c_str(), state);
     mOutputCommandThread->dynamicPolicyMixStateUpdateCommand(regId, state);
 }
 
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@
     msg << std::endl;
     result.append(msg.str().c_str());
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 
     mUidPolicy->dumpInternals(fd);
     return NO_ERROR;
@@ -1207,19 +1207,19 @@
         const bool locked = dumpTryLock(mLock);
         if (!locked) {
             String8 result(kDeadlockedString);
-            write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+            write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
         }
 
         dumpInternals(fd);
 
         String8 actPtr = String8::format("AudioCommandThread: %p\n", mAudioCommandThread.get());
-        write(fd, actPtr.string(), actPtr.size());
+        write(fd, actPtr.c_str(), actPtr.size());
         if (mAudioCommandThread != 0) {
             mAudioCommandThread->dump(fd);
         }
 
         String8 octPtr = String8::format("OutputCommandThread: %p\n", mOutputCommandThread.get());
-        write(fd, octPtr.string(), octPtr.size());
+        write(fd, octPtr.c_str(), octPtr.size());
         if (mOutputCommandThread != 0) {
             mOutputCommandThread->dump(fd);
         }
@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@
             mAudioPolicyManager->dump(fd);
         } else {
             String8 apmPtr = String8::format("AudioPolicyManager: %p\n", mAudioPolicyManager);
-            write(fd, apmPtr.string(), apmPtr.size());
+            write(fd, apmPtr.c_str(), apmPtr.size());
         }
 
         mPackageManager.dump(fd);
@@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@
             IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingPid(),
             IPCThreadState::self()->getCallingUid());
     result.append(buffer);
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
@@ -1437,8 +1437,8 @@
     PermissionController pc;
     uid = pc.getPackageUid(packageName, 0);
     if (uid <= 0) {
-        ALOGE("Unknown package: '%s'", String8(packageName).string());
-        dprintf(err, "Unknown package: '%s'\n", String8(packageName).string());
+        ALOGE("Unknown package: '%s'", String8(packageName).c_str());
+        dprintf(err, "Unknown package: '%s'\n", String8(packageName).c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@
     if (args[2] == String16("active")) {
         active = true;
     } else if ((args[2] != String16("idle"))) {
-        ALOGE("Expected active or idle but got: '%s'", String8(args[2]).string());
+        ALOGE("Expected active or idle but got: '%s'", String8(args[2]).c_str());
         return BAD_VALUE;
     }
 
@@ -1827,7 +1827,7 @@
     snprintf(buffer, SIZE, "\tIs RTT Enabled: %s\n", (mRttEnabled ? "True":"False"));
     result.append(buffer);
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 }
 
 // -----------  AudioPolicyService::SensorPrivacyService implementation ----------
@@ -1971,14 +1971,14 @@
 AudioPolicyService::AudioCommandThread::~AudioCommandThread()
 {
     if (!mAudioCommands.isEmpty()) {
-        release_wake_lock(mName.string());
+        release_wake_lock(mName.c_str());
     }
     mAudioCommands.clear();
 }
 
 void AudioPolicyService::AudioCommandThread::onFirstRef()
 {
-    run(mName.string(), ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO);
+    run(mName.c_str(), ANDROID_PRIORITY_AUDIO);
 }
 
 bool AudioPolicyService::AudioCommandThread::threadLoop()
@@ -2015,7 +2015,7 @@
                 case SET_PARAMETERS: {
                     ParametersData *data = (ParametersData *)command->mParam.get();
                     ALOGV("AudioCommandThread() processing set parameters string %s, io %d",
-                            data->mKeyValuePairs.string(), data->mIO);
+                            data->mKeyValuePairs.c_str(), data->mIO);
                     mLock.unlock();
                     command->mStatus = AudioSystem::setParameters(data->mIO, data->mKeyValuePairs);
                     mLock.lock();
@@ -2124,7 +2124,7 @@
                     DynPolicyMixStateUpdateData *data =
                             (DynPolicyMixStateUpdateData *)command->mParam.get();
                     ALOGV("AudioCommandThread() processing dyn policy mix state update %s %d",
-                            data->mRegId.string(), data->mState);
+                            data->mRegId.c_str(), data->mState);
                     svc = mService.promote();
                     if (svc == 0) {
                         break;
@@ -2249,7 +2249,7 @@
         // release delayed commands wake lock as many times as we made the  queue is
         // empty during popping.
         while (numTimesBecameEmpty--) {
-            release_wake_lock(mName.string());
+            release_wake_lock(mName.c_str());
         }
 
         // At this stage we have either an empty command queue or the first command in the queue
@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@
     }
     // release delayed commands wake lock before quitting
     if (!mAudioCommands.isEmpty()) {
-        release_wake_lock(mName.string());
+        release_wake_lock(mName.c_str());
     }
     mLock.unlock();
     return false;
@@ -2280,7 +2280,7 @@
     const bool locked = dumpTryLock(mLock);
     if (!locked) {
         String8 result2(kCmdDeadlockedString);
-        write(fd, result2.string(), result2.size());
+        write(fd, result2.c_str(), result2.size());
     }
 
     snprintf(buffer, SIZE, "- Commands:\n");
@@ -2298,7 +2298,7 @@
         result.append("     none\n");
     }
 
-    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
 
     dumpReleaseLock(mLock, locked);
 
@@ -2485,7 +2485,7 @@
     data->mState = state;
     command->mParam = data;
     ALOGV("AudioCommandThread() sending dynamic policy mix (id=%s) state update to %d",
-            regId.string(), state);
+            regId.c_str(), state);
     sendCommand(command);
 }
 
@@ -2582,7 +2582,7 @@
 
     // acquire wake lock to make sure delayed commands are processed
     if (mAudioCommands.isEmpty()) {
-        acquire_wake_lock(PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, mName.string());
+        acquire_wake_lock(PARTIAL_WAKE_LOCK, mName.c_str());
     }
 
     // check same pending commands with later time stamps and eliminate them
@@ -2607,7 +2607,7 @@
             ParametersData *data2 = (ParametersData *)command2->mParam.get();
             if (data->mIO != data2->mIO) break;
             ALOGV("Comparing parameter command %s to new command %s",
-                    data2->mKeyValuePairs.string(), data->mKeyValuePairs.string());
+                    data2->mKeyValuePairs.c_str(), data->mKeyValuePairs.c_str());
             AudioParameter param = AudioParameter(data->mKeyValuePairs);
             AudioParameter param2 = AudioParameter(data2->mKeyValuePairs);
             for (size_t j = 0; j < param.size(); j++) {
@@ -2620,7 +2620,7 @@
                     param2.getAt(k, key2, value2);
                     if (key2 == key) {
                         param2.remove(key2);
-                        ALOGV("Filtering out parameter %s", key2.string());
+                        ALOGV("Filtering out parameter %s", key2.c_str());
                         break;
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/services/medialog/MediaLogService.cpp b/services/medialog/MediaLogService.cpp
index 902af66..abe5f16 100644
--- a/services/medialog/MediaLogService.cpp
+++ b/services/medialog/MediaLogService.cpp
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@
 
     if (args.size() > 0) {
         const String8 arg0(args[0]);
-        if (!strcmp(arg0.string(), "-r")) {
+        if (!strcmp(arg0.c_str(), "-r")) {
             // needed because mReaders is protected by mLock
             bool locked = dumpTryLock(mLock);
 
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@
             if (!locked) {
                 String8 result(kDeadlockedString);
                 if (fd >= 0) {
-                    write(fd, result.string(), result.size());
+                    write(fd, result.c_str(), result.size());
                 } else {
-                    ALOGW("%s:", result.string());
+                    ALOGW("%s:", result.c_str());
                 }
                 return NO_ERROR;
             }
diff --git a/services/mediametrics/MediaMetricsService.cpp b/services/mediametrics/MediaMetricsService.cpp
index adb2217..baca57d 100644
--- a/services/mediametrics/MediaMetricsService.cpp
+++ b/services/mediametrics/MediaMetricsService.cpp
@@ -278,14 +278,14 @@
         } else if (args[i] == prefixOption) {
             ++i;
             if (i < n) {
-                prefix = String8(args[i]).string();
+                prefix = String8(args[i]).c_str();
             }
         } else if (args[i] == sinceOption) {
             ++i;
             if (i < n) {
                 String8 value(args[i]);
                 char *endp;
-                const char *p = value.string();
+                const char *p = value.c_str();
                 const auto sec = (int64_t)strtoll(p, &endp, 10);
                 if (endp == p || *endp != '\0' || sec == 0) {
                     sinceNs = 0;