diff --git a/include/media/Interpolator.h b/include/media/Interpolator.h
index 71e7604..0ee8779 100644
--- a/include/media/Interpolator.h
+++ b/include/media/Interpolator.h
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
             // monotonic computation.
             // we use lazy computation here - if we precompute in
             // a single pass, duplicate secant computations may be avoided.
-            S sec, sec0, sec1;
+            S sec{}, sec0{}, sec1{};  // initialization not needed, used for clang-tidy
             if (!catmullRom || monotonic) {
                 sec = (high->second - low->second) / interval;
                 sec0 = low2 != this->end()
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
 
         // Note: We don't need to check size is within some bounds as
         // the Parcel read will fail if size is incorrectly specified too large.
-        float lastx;
+        float lastx = 0.f; // initialization not needed, used for clang tidy
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
             float x = config.xy[i * 2];
             float y = config.xy[i * 2 + 1];
diff --git a/media/audioaidlconversion/include/media/AidlConversionUtil-impl.h b/media/audioaidlconversion/include/media/AidlConversionUtil-impl.h
index ed91e2c..b179cbb 100644
--- a/media/audioaidlconversion/include/media/AidlConversionUtil-impl.h
+++ b/media/audioaidlconversion/include/media/AidlConversionUtil-impl.h
@@ -58,15 +58,15 @@
 ConversionResult<To> convertIntegral(From from) {
     // Special handling is required for signed / vs. unsigned comparisons, since otherwise we may
     // have the signed converted to unsigned and produce wrong results.
-    if (std::is_signed_v<From> && !std::is_signed_v<To>) {
+    if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<From> && !std::is_signed_v<To>) {
         if (from < 0 || from > std::numeric_limits<To>::max()) {
             return ::android::base::unexpected(::android::BAD_VALUE);
         }
-    } else if (std::is_signed_v<To> && !std::is_signed_v<From>) {
+    } else if constexpr (std::is_signed_v<To> && !std::is_signed_v<From>) {
         if (from > std::numeric_limits<To>::max()) {
             return ::android::base::unexpected(::android::BAD_VALUE);
         }
-    } else {
+    } else /* constexpr */ {
         if (from < std::numeric_limits<To>::min() || from > std::numeric_limits<To>::max()) {
             return ::android::base::unexpected(::android::BAD_VALUE);
         }
diff --git a/media/utils/include/mediautils/MethodStatistics.h b/media/utils/include/mediautils/MethodStatistics.h
index 6d7e990..c8b36d8 100644
--- a/media/utils/include/mediautils/MethodStatistics.h
+++ b/media/utils/include/mediautils/MethodStatistics.h
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
     void event(C&& code, FloatType executeMs) {
         std::lock_guard lg(mLock);
         auto it = mStatisticsMap.lower_bound(code);
-        if (it != mStatisticsMap.end() && it->first == code) {
+        if (it != mStatisticsMap.end() && it->first == static_cast<Code>(code)) {
             it->second.add(executeMs);
         } else {
             // StatsType ctor takes an optional array of data for initialization.
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Android.bp b/services/audioflinger/Android.bp
index 6d4c3a3..f1797e6 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Android.bp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Android.bp
@@ -19,11 +19,127 @@
     ],
 }
 
+tidy_errors = [
+    // https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/checks/list.html
+    // For many categories, the checks are too many to specify individually.
+    // Feel free to disable as needed - as warnings are generally ignored,
+    // we treat warnings as errors.
+    "android-*",
+    "bugprone-*",
+    "cert-*",
+    "clang-analyzer-security*",
+    "google-*",
+    "misc-*",
+    //"modernize-*",  // explicitly list the modernize as they can be subjective.
+    "modernize-avoid-bind",
+    //"modernize-avoid-c-arrays", // std::array<> can be verbose
+    "modernize-concat-nested-namespaces",
+    //"modernize-deprecated-headers", // C headers still ok even if there is C++ equivalent.
+    "modernize-deprecated-ios-base-aliases",
+    "modernize-loop-convert",
+    "modernize-make-shared",
+    "modernize-make-unique",
+    // "modernize-pass-by-value",
+    "modernize-raw-string-literal",
+    "modernize-redundant-void-arg",
+    "modernize-replace-auto-ptr",
+    "modernize-replace-random-shuffle",
+    "modernize-return-braced-init-list",
+    "modernize-shrink-to-fit",
+    "modernize-unary-static-assert",
+    // "modernize-use-auto",  // found in MediaMetricsService.h, debatable - auto can obscure type
+    "modernize-use-bool-literals",
+    "modernize-use-default-member-init",
+    "modernize-use-emplace",
+    "modernize-use-equals-default",
+    "modernize-use-equals-delete",
+    // "modernize-use-nodiscard",
+    "modernize-use-noexcept",
+    "modernize-use-nullptr",
+    "modernize-use-override",
+    //"modernize-use-trailing-return-type", // not necessarily more readable
+    "modernize-use-transparent-functors",
+    "modernize-use-uncaught-exceptions",
+    "modernize-use-using",
+    "performance-*",
+
+    // Remove some pedantic stylistic requirements.
+    "-google-readability-casting", // C++ casts not always necessary and may be verbose
+    "-google-readability-todo",    // do not require TODO(info)
+
+    "-bugprone-unhandled-self-assignment",
+    "-bugprone-suspicious-string-compare",
+    "-cert-oop54-cpp", // found in TransactionLog.h
+    "-bugprone-narrowing-conversions", // b/182410845
+
+    // TODO(b/275642749) Reenable these warnings
+    "-bugprone-assignment-in-if-condition",
+    "-bugprone-forward-declaration-namespace",
+    "-bugprone-parent-virtual-call",
+    "-cert-dcl59-cpp",
+    "-cert-err34-c",
+    "-google-build-namespaces",
+    "-google-build-using-namespace",
+    "-google-default-arguments",
+    "-google-runtime-int",
+    "-misc-const-correctness",
+    "-misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes",
+    "-modernize-concat-nested-namespaces",
+    "-modernize-loop-convert",
+    "-modernize-use-default-member-init",
+    "-modernize-use-equals-default",
+    "-modernize-use-nullptr",
+    "-modernize-use-override",
+    "-modernize-use-using",
+    "-performance-no-int-to-ptr",
+]
+
+// Eventually use common tidy defaults
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "audioflinger_flags_defaults",
+    // https://clang.llvm.org/docs/UsersManual.html#command-line-options
+    // https://clang.llvm.org/docs/DiagnosticsReference.html
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wdeprecated",
+        "-Werror",
+        "-Werror=implicit-fallthrough",
+        "-Werror=sometimes-uninitialized",
+        "-Werror=conditional-uninitialized",
+        "-Wextra",
+
+        // suppress some warning chatter.
+        "-Wno-deprecated-copy-with-dtor",
+        "-Wno-deprecated-copy-with-user-provided-dtor",
+
+        "-Wredundant-decls",
+        "-Wshadow",
+        "-Wstrict-aliasing",
+        "-fstrict-aliasing",
+        "-Wthread-safety",
+        //"-Wthread-safety-negative", // experimental - looks broken in R.
+        "-Wunreachable-code",
+        "-Wunreachable-code-break",
+        "-Wunreachable-code-return",
+        "-Wunused",
+        "-Wused-but-marked-unused",
+        "-D_LIBCPP_ENABLE_THREAD_SAFETY_ANNOTATIONS",
+    ],
+    // https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/
+    tidy: true,
+    tidy_checks: tidy_errors,
+    tidy_checks_as_errors: tidy_errors,
+    tidy_flags: [
+      "-format-style=file",
+    ],
+}
+
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "libaudioflinger",
 
     defaults: [
         "latest_android_media_audio_common_types_cpp_shared",
+        "audioflinger_flags_defaults",
     ],
 
     srcs: [
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
index 9a3dd98..2ef4feb 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.cpp
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::addEffectToHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId,
-        audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     AutoMutex lock(mHardwareLock);
     AudioHwDevice *audioHwDevice = mAudioHwDevs.valueFor(hwModuleId);
     if (audioHwDevice == nullptr) {
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::removeEffectFromHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId,
-        audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     AutoMutex lock(mHardwareLock);
     AudioHwDevice *audioHwDevice = mAudioHwDevs.valueFor(hwModuleId);
     if (audioHwDevice == nullptr) {
@@ -842,6 +842,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
 {
     if (!dumpAllowed()) {
         dumpPermissionDenial(fd, args);
@@ -944,7 +945,6 @@
         // to lookup the service if it's not running, as it will block for a second
         if (sMediaLogServiceAsBinder != 0) {
             dprintf(fd, "\nmedia.log:\n");
-            Vector<String16> args;
             sMediaLogServiceAsBinder->dump(fd, args);
         }
 
@@ -1441,8 +1441,9 @@
     if (NO_ERROR == ret) {
         Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
         mMode = mode;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < mPlaybackThreads.size(); i++)
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < mPlaybackThreads.size(); i++) {
             mPlaybackThreads.valueAt(i)->setMode(mode);
+        }
     }
 
     mediametrics::LogItem(mMetricsId)
@@ -1780,7 +1781,7 @@
 // forwardAudioHwSyncToDownstreamPatches_l() must be called with AudioFlinger::mLock held
 void AudioFlinger::forwardParametersToDownstreamPatches_l(
         audio_io_handle_t upStream, const String8& keyValuePairs,
-        std::function<bool(const sp<PlaybackThread>&)> useThread)
+        const std::function<bool(const sp<PlaybackThread>&)>& useThread)
 {
     std::vector<PatchPanel::SoftwarePatch> swPatches;
     if (mPatchPanel.getDownstreamSoftwarePatches(upStream, &swPatches) != OK) return;
@@ -1796,7 +1797,7 @@
 
 // Update downstream patches for all playback threads attached to an MSD module
 void AudioFlinger::updateDownStreamPatches_l(const struct audio_patch *patch,
-                                             const std::set<audio_io_handle_t> streams)
+                                             const std::set<audio_io_handle_t>& streams)
 {
     for (const audio_io_handle_t stream : streams) {
         PlaybackThread *playbackThread = checkPlaybackThread_l(stream);
@@ -2002,24 +2003,29 @@
     mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_GET_INPUT_BUFFER_SIZE;
 
     sp<DeviceHalInterface> dev = mPrimaryHardwareDev->hwDevice();
+
     std::vector<audio_channel_mask_t> channelMasks = {channelMask};
-    if (channelMask != AUDIO_CHANNEL_IN_MONO)
+    if (channelMask != AUDIO_CHANNEL_IN_MONO) {
         channelMasks.push_back(AUDIO_CHANNEL_IN_MONO);
-    if (channelMask != AUDIO_CHANNEL_IN_STEREO)
+    }
+    if (channelMask != AUDIO_CHANNEL_IN_STEREO) {
         channelMasks.push_back(AUDIO_CHANNEL_IN_STEREO);
+    }
 
     std::vector<audio_format_t> formats = {format};
-    if (format != AUDIO_FORMAT_PCM_16_BIT)
+    if (format != AUDIO_FORMAT_PCM_16_BIT) {
         formats.push_back(AUDIO_FORMAT_PCM_16_BIT);
+    }
 
     std::vector<uint32_t> sampleRates = {sampleRate};
     static const uint32_t SR_44100 = 44100;
     static const uint32_t SR_48000 = 48000;
-
-    if (sampleRate != SR_48000)
+    if (sampleRate != SR_48000) {
         sampleRates.push_back(SR_48000);
-    if (sampleRate != SR_44100)
+    }
+    if (sampleRate != SR_44100) {
         sampleRates.push_back(SR_44100);
+    }
 
     mHardwareStatus = AUDIO_HW_IDLE;
 
@@ -2488,7 +2494,7 @@
         // session and move it to this thread.
         sp<EffectChain> chain = getOrphanEffectChain_l(sessionId);
         if (chain != 0) {
-            Mutex::Autolock _l(thread->mLock);
+            Mutex::Autolock _l2(thread->mLock);
             thread->addEffectChain_l(chain);
         }
         break;
@@ -2868,7 +2874,7 @@
 sp<AudioFlinger::ThreadBase> AudioFlinger::openOutput_l(audio_module_handle_t module,
                                                         audio_io_handle_t *output,
                                                         audio_config_t *halConfig,
-                                                        audio_config_base_t *mixerConfig __unused,
+                                                        audio_config_base_t *mixerConfig,
                                                         audio_devices_t deviceType,
                                                         const String8& address,
                                                         audio_output_flags_t flags)
@@ -2990,7 +2996,6 @@
             aidl2legacy_int32_t_audio_output_flags_t_mask(request.flags));
 
     audio_io_handle_t output;
-    uint32_t latencyMs;
 
     ALOGI("openOutput() this %p, module %d Device %s, SamplingRate %d, Format %#08x, "
               "Channels %#x, flags %#x",
@@ -3013,6 +3018,7 @@
     sp<ThreadBase> thread = openOutput_l(module, &output, &halConfig,
             &mixerConfig, deviceType, address, flags);
     if (thread != 0) {
+        uint32_t latencyMs = 0;
         if ((flags & AUDIO_OUTPUT_FLAG_MMAP_NOIRQ) == 0) {
             PlaybackThread *playbackThread = (PlaybackThread *)thread.get();
             latencyMs = playbackThread->latency();
@@ -3361,7 +3367,7 @@
                         continue;
                     }
                     if (t->hasAudioSession(chain->sessionId()) != 0) {
-                        Mutex::Autolock _l(t->mLock);
+                        Mutex::Autolock _l2(t->mLock);
                         ALOGV("closeInput() found thread %d for effect session %d",
                               t->id(), chain->sessionId());
                         t->addEffectChain_l(chain);
@@ -3566,7 +3572,8 @@
     }
 
     for (size_t i = 0; i < chains.size(); i++) {
-        sp<EffectChain> ec = chains[i];
+         // clang-tidy suggests const ref
+        sp<EffectChain> ec = chains[i];  // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization)
         int sessionid = ec->sessionId();
         sp<ThreadBase> t = ec->thread().promote();
         if (t == 0) {
@@ -3735,7 +3742,7 @@
     PlaybackThread *thread = primaryPlaybackThread_l();
 
     if (thread == NULL) {
-        return DeviceTypeSet();
+        return {};
     }
 
     return thread->outDeviceTypes();
@@ -4247,7 +4254,7 @@
             // session and used it instead of creating a new one.
             sp<EffectChain> chain = getOrphanEffectChain_l(sessionId);
             if (chain != 0) {
-                Mutex::Autolock _l(thread->mLock);
+                Mutex::Autolock _l2(thread->mLock);
                 thread->addEffectChain_l(chain);
             }
         }
@@ -4365,6 +4372,7 @@
 status_t AudioFlinger::moveEffectChain_l(audio_session_t sessionId,
                                    AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread *srcThread,
                                    AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread *dstThread)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS // requires srcThread and dstThread locks
 {
     ALOGV("moveEffectChain_l() session %d from thread %p to thread %p",
             sessionId, srcThread, dstThread);
@@ -4394,11 +4402,12 @@
     // transfer all effects one by one so that new effect chain is created on new thread with
     // correct buffer sizes and audio parameters and effect engines reconfigured accordingly
     sp<EffectChain> dstChain;
-    sp<EffectModule> effect = chain->getEffectFromId_l(0);
     Vector< sp<EffectModule> > removed;
     status_t status = NO_ERROR;
     std::string errorString;
-    while (effect != nullptr) {
+    // process effects one by one.
+    for (sp<EffectModule> effect = chain->getEffectFromId_l(0); effect != nullptr;
+            effect = chain->getEffectFromId_l(0)) {
         srcThread->removeEffect_l(effect);
         removed.add(effect);
         status = dstThread->addEffect_l(effect);
@@ -4419,7 +4428,6 @@
                 break;
             }
         }
-        effect = chain->getEffectFromId_l(0);
     }
 
     size_t restored = 0;
@@ -4523,6 +4531,7 @@
 }
 
 bool AudioFlinger::isNonOffloadableGlobalEffectEnabled_l()
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // thread lock for getEffectChain_l.
 {
     if (mGlobalEffectEnableTime != 0 &&
             ((systemTime() - mGlobalEffectEnableTime) < kMinGlobalEffectEnabletimeNs)) {
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.h b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.h
index 4b8bfbd..9079be9 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/AudioFlinger.h
@@ -330,12 +330,12 @@
     static void onExternalVibrationStop(const sp<os::ExternalVibration>& externalVibration);
 
     status_t addEffectToHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId,
-            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, sp<EffectHalInterface> effect);
+            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect);
     status_t removeEffectFromHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId,
-            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, sp<EffectHalInterface> effect);
+            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect);
 
     void updateDownStreamPatches_l(const struct audio_patch *patch,
-                                   const std::set<audio_io_handle_t> streams);
+                                   const std::set<audio_io_handle_t>& streams);
 
     std::optional<media::AudioVibratorInfo> getDefaultVibratorInfo_l();
 
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
                   audio_session_t triggerSession,
                   audio_session_t listenerSession,
                   sync_event_callback_t callBack,
-                  wp<RefBase> cookie)
+                  const wp<RefBase>& cookie)
         : mType(type), mTriggerSession(triggerSession), mListenerSession(listenerSession),
           mCallback(callBack), mCookie(cookie)
         {}
@@ -850,7 +850,7 @@
                 void updateOutDevicesForRecordThreads_l(const DeviceDescriptorBaseVector& devices);
                 void forwardParametersToDownstreamPatches_l(
                         audio_io_handle_t upStream, const String8& keyValuePairs,
-                        std::function<bool(const sp<PlaybackThread>&)> useThread = nullptr);
+                        const std::function<bool(const sp<PlaybackThread>&)>& useThread = nullptr);
 
     // AudioStreamIn is immutable, so their fields are const.
     // For emphasis, we could also make all pointers to them be "const *",
@@ -863,7 +863,8 @@
 
         sp<DeviceHalInterface> hwDev() const { return audioHwDev->hwDevice(); }
 
-        AudioStreamIn(AudioHwDevice *dev, sp<StreamInHalInterface> in, audio_input_flags_t flags) :
+        AudioStreamIn(AudioHwDevice *dev, const sp<StreamInHalInterface>& in,
+                audio_input_flags_t flags) :
             audioHwDev(dev), stream(in), flags(flags) {}
         status_t read(void *buffer, size_t bytes, size_t *read) override {
             return stream->read(buffer, bytes, read);
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/AudioHwDevice.h b/services/audioflinger/AudioHwDevice.h
index 1749f3f..d071922 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/AudioHwDevice.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/AudioHwDevice.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 
     AudioHwDevice(audio_module_handle_t handle,
                   const char *moduleName,
-                  sp<DeviceHalInterface> hwDevice,
+                  const sp<DeviceHalInterface>& hwDevice,
                   Flags flags)
         : mHandle(handle)
         , mModuleName(strdup(moduleName))
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/AutoPark.h b/services/audioflinger/AutoPark.h
index 9ac7b65..83f6b7d 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/AutoPark.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/AutoPark.h
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@
     FastThreadState::Command    mPreviousCommand;
 };  // class AutoPark
 
-}   // namespace
+}   // namespace android
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp b/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp
index 3a8c1bc..8484f95 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.cpp
@@ -160,7 +160,9 @@
     return status;
 }
 
-void AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectManager::dump(int fd) {
+void AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectManager::dump(int fd)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
+{
     const bool locked = dumpTryLock(mLock);
     if (!locked) {
         String8 result("DeviceEffectManager may be deadlocked\n");
@@ -264,7 +266,7 @@
     return false;
 }
 
-void AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectManager::CommandThread::sendCommand(sp<Command> command) {
+void AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectManager::CommandThread::sendCommand(const sp<Command>& command) {
     Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
     mCommands.push_back(command);
     mWaitWorkCV.signal();
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.h b/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.h
index d2faa70..493800e 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/DeviceEffectManager.h
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@
            int32_t sessionId, int32_t deviceId,
            sp<EffectHalInterface> *effect);
     status_t addEffectToHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId, audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId,
-            sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+            const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
         return mAudioFlinger.addEffectToHal(deviceId, hwModuleId, effect);
     };
     status_t removeEffectFromHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId, audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId,
-            sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+            const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
         return mAudioFlinger.removeEffectFromHal(deviceId, hwModuleId, effect);
     };
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
             RELEASE_AUDIO_PATCH,
         };
 
-        CommandThread(DeviceEffectManager& manager)
+        explicit CommandThread(DeviceEffectManager& manager)
             : Thread(false), mManager(manager) {}
         ~CommandThread() override;
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
         class Command: public RefBase {
         public:
             Command() = default;
-            Command(int command, sp<CommandData> data)
+            Command(int command, const sp<CommandData>& data)
                 : mCommand(command), mData(data) {}
 
             int mCommand = -1;
@@ -117,13 +117,13 @@
 
         class ReleaseAudioPatchData : public CommandData {
         public:
-            ReleaseAudioPatchData(audio_patch_handle_t handle)
+            explicit ReleaseAudioPatchData(audio_patch_handle_t handle)
                 :   mHandle(handle) {}
 
             audio_patch_handle_t mHandle;
         };
 
-        void sendCommand(sp<Command> command);
+        void sendCommand(const sp<Command>& command);
 
         Mutex   mLock;
         Condition mWaitWorkCV;
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 
 class DeviceEffectManagerCallback :  public EffectCallbackInterface {
 public:
-            DeviceEffectManagerCallback(DeviceEffectManager *manager)
+    explicit DeviceEffectManagerCallback(DeviceEffectManager *manager)
                 : mManager(*manager) {}
 
     status_t createEffectHal(const effect_uuid_t *pEffectUuid,
@@ -176,10 +176,10 @@
     size_t    frameCount() const override  { return 0; }
     uint32_t  latency() const override  { return 0; }
 
-    status_t addEffectToHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect __unused) override {
+    status_t addEffectToHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& /* effect */) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
-    status_t removeEffectFromHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect __unused) override {
+    status_t removeEffectFromHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& /* effect */) override {
         return NO_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -204,11 +204,11 @@
     int newEffectId() { return mManager.audioFlinger().nextUniqueId(AUDIO_UNIQUE_ID_USE_EFFECT); }
 
     status_t addEffectToHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId,
-            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
         return mManager.addEffectToHal(deviceId, hwModuleId, effect);
     }
     status_t removeEffectFromHal(audio_port_handle_t deviceId,
-            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+            audio_module_handle_t hwModuleId, const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
         return mManager.removeEffectFromHal(deviceId, hwModuleId, effect);
     }
 private:
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp b/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp
index 98829d0..e912bff 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Effects.cpp
@@ -498,6 +498,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::EffectBase::dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args __unused)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS // conditional try lock
 {
     String8 result;
 
@@ -1249,13 +1250,13 @@
         return -EINVAL;
     }
     if (cmdCode == EFFECT_CMD_GET_PARAM &&
-            (maxReplySize < sizeof(effect_param_t) ||
+            (maxReplySize < static_cast<signed>(sizeof(effect_param_t)) ||
                    param->psize > maxReplySize - sizeof(effect_param_t))) {
         android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "29251553");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
     if (cmdCode == EFFECT_CMD_GET_PARAM &&
-            (sizeof(effect_param_t) > maxReplySize
+            (static_cast<signed>(sizeof(effect_param_t)) > maxReplySize
                     || param->psize > maxReplySize - sizeof(effect_param_t)
                     || param->vsize > maxReplySize - sizeof(effect_param_t)
                             - param->psize
@@ -1685,6 +1686,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::EffectModule::dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
 {
     EffectBase::dump(fd, args);
 
@@ -1939,7 +1941,7 @@
         }
         mCblkMemory.clear();    // free the shared memory before releasing the heap it belongs to
         // Client destructor must run with AudioFlinger client mutex locked
-        Mutex::Autolock _l(mClient->audioFlinger()->mClientLock);
+        Mutex::Autolock _l2(mClient->audioFlinger()->mClientLock);
         mClient.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -2003,14 +2005,14 @@
     }
 
     if (cmdCode == EFFECT_CMD_ENABLE) {
-        if (maxResponseSize < sizeof(int)) {
+        if (maxResponseSize < static_cast<signed>(sizeof(int))) {
             android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "32095713");
             RETURN(BAD_VALUE);
         }
         writeToBuffer(NO_ERROR, response);
         return enable(_aidl_return);
     } else if (cmdCode == EFFECT_CMD_DISABLE) {
-        if (maxResponseSize < sizeof(int)) {
+        if (maxResponseSize < static_cast<signed>(sizeof(int))) {
             android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "32095713");
             RETURN(BAD_VALUE);
         }
@@ -2034,7 +2036,7 @@
             RETURN(INVALID_OPERATION);
         }
 
-        if (maxResponseSize < sizeof(int)) {
+        if (maxResponseSize < (signed)sizeof(int)) {
             android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "32095713");
             RETURN(BAD_VALUE);
         }
@@ -2043,7 +2045,7 @@
         // No need to trylock() here as this function is executed in the binder thread serving a
         // particular client process:  no risk to block the whole media server process or mixer
         // threads if we are stuck here
-        Mutex::Autolock _l(mCblk->lock);
+        Mutex::Autolock _l2(mCblk->lock);
         // keep local copy of index in case of client corruption b/32220769
         const uint32_t clientIndex = mCblk->clientIndex;
         const uint32_t serverIndex = mCblk->serverIndex;
@@ -2146,6 +2148,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::EffectHandle::dumpToBuffer(char* buffer, size_t size)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
 {
     bool locked = mCblk != NULL && AudioFlinger::dumpTryLock(mCblk->lock);
 
@@ -2400,7 +2403,7 @@
             }
         } else {
             effect->setInBuffer(mInBuffer);
-            if (idx_insert == previousSize) {
+            if (idx_insert == static_cast<ssize_t>(previousSize)) {
                 if (idx_insert != 0) {
                     mEffects[idx_insert-1]->configure();
                     mEffects[idx_insert-1]->setOutBuffer(mInBuffer);
@@ -2460,7 +2463,7 @@
             }
             // remember position of first insert effect and by default
             // select this as insert position for new effect
-            if (idx_insert == size) {
+            if (idx_insert == static_cast<ssize_t>(size)) {
                 idx_insert = i;
             }
             // remember position of last insert effect claiming
@@ -2690,6 +2693,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::EffectChain::dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
 {
     String8 result;
 
@@ -3027,7 +3031,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::EffectChain::EffectCallback::addEffectToHal(
-        sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     status_t result = NO_INIT;
     sp<ThreadBase> t = thread().promote();
     if (t == nullptr) {
@@ -3043,7 +3047,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::EffectChain::EffectCallback::removeEffectFromHal(
-        sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     status_t result = NO_INIT;
     sp<ThreadBase> t = thread().promote();
     if (t == nullptr) {
@@ -3185,15 +3189,20 @@
     return t->frameCount();
 }
 
-uint32_t AudioFlinger::EffectChain::EffectCallback::latency() const {
+uint32_t AudioFlinger::EffectChain::EffectCallback::latency() const
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // latency_l() access
+{
     sp<ThreadBase> t = thread().promote();
     if (t == nullptr) {
         return 0;
     }
+    // TODO(b/275956781) - this requires the thread lock.
     return t->latency_l();
 }
 
-void AudioFlinger::EffectChain::EffectCallback::setVolumeForOutput(float left, float right) const {
+void AudioFlinger::EffectChain::EffectCallback::setVolumeForOutput(float left, float right) const
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // setVolumeForOutput_l() access
+{
     sp<ThreadBase> t = thread().promote();
     if (t == nullptr) {
         return;
@@ -3437,7 +3446,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectProxy::addEffectToHal(
-    sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     if (mHalEffect == nullptr) {
         return NO_INIT;
     }
@@ -3446,7 +3455,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectProxy::removeEffectFromHal(
-    sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     if (mHalEffect == nullptr) {
         return NO_INIT;
     }
@@ -3484,7 +3493,9 @@
     return audio_channel_count_from_in_mask(channelMask());
 }
 
-void AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectProxy::dump(int fd, int spaces) {
+void AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectProxy::dump(int fd, int spaces)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
+{
     const Vector<String16> args;
     EffectBase::dump(fd, args);
 
@@ -3563,7 +3574,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectProxy::ProxyCallback::addEffectToHal(
-        sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     sp<DeviceEffectProxy> proxy = mProxy.promote();
     if (proxy == nullptr) {
         return NO_INIT;
@@ -3572,7 +3583,7 @@
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::DeviceEffectProxy::ProxyCallback::removeEffectFromHal(
-        sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) {
+        const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) {
     sp<DeviceEffectProxy> proxy = mProxy.promote();
     if (proxy == nullptr) {
         return NO_INIT;
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Effects.h b/services/audioflinger/Effects.h
index 78788df..bad86bc 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Effects.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Effects.h
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
     // Non trivial methods usually implemented with help from ThreadBase:
     //   pay attention to mutex locking order
     virtual uint32_t latency() const { return 0; }
-    virtual status_t addEffectToHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) = 0;
-    virtual status_t removeEffectFromHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) = 0;
+    virtual status_t addEffectToHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) = 0;
+    virtual status_t removeEffectFromHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) = 0;
     virtual void setVolumeForOutput(float left, float right) const = 0;
     virtual bool disconnectEffectHandle(EffectHandle *handle, bool unpinIfLast) = 0;
     virtual void checkSuspendOnEffectEnabled(const sp<EffectBase>& effect,
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@
     bool             isPinned() const { return mPinned; }
     void             unPin() { mPinned = false; }
 
-    void             lock() { mLock.lock(); }
-    void             unlock() { mLock.unlock(); }
+    void             lock() ACQUIRE(mLock) { mLock.lock(); }
+    void             unlock() RELEASE(mLock) { mLock.unlock(); }
 
     status_t         updatePolicyState();
 
@@ -459,10 +459,10 @@
 
     void process_l();
 
-    void lock() {
+    void lock() ACQUIRE(mLock) {
         mLock.lock();
     }
-    void unlock() {
+    void unlock() RELEASE(mLock) {
         mLock.unlock();
     }
 
@@ -605,8 +605,8 @@
         size_t frameCount() const override;
         uint32_t latency() const override;
 
-        status_t addEffectToHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) override;
-        status_t removeEffectFromHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) override;
+        status_t addEffectToHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) override;
+        status_t removeEffectFromHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) override;
         bool disconnectEffectHandle(EffectHandle *handle, bool unpinIfLast) override;
         void setVolumeForOutput(float left, float right) const override;
 
@@ -721,8 +721,8 @@
 
     size_t removeEffect(const sp<EffectModule>& effect);
 
-    status_t addEffectToHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect);
-    status_t removeEffectFromHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect);
+    status_t addEffectToHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect);
+    status_t removeEffectFromHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect);
 
     const AudioDeviceTypeAddr& device() { return mDevice; };
     bool isOutput() const;
@@ -766,8 +766,8 @@
         size_t frameCount() const override  { return 0; }
         uint32_t latency() const override  { return 0; }
 
-        status_t addEffectToHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) override;
-        status_t removeEffectFromHal(sp<EffectHalInterface> effect) override;
+        status_t addEffectToHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) override;
+        status_t removeEffectFromHal(const sp<EffectHalInterface>& effect) override;
 
         bool disconnectEffectHandle(EffectHandle *handle, bool unpinIfLast) override;
         void setVolumeForOutput(float left __unused, float right __unused) const override {}
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.cpp b/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.cpp
index b8b3866..243dfa5 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.cpp
@@ -51,4 +51,4 @@
                 periodSec * 1e3, mSilenced ? "true" : "false");
 }
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.h b/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.h
index a1b8706..34ce456 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureDumpState.h
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@
     bool     mSilenced = false; // capture is silenced
 };
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_AUDIO_FAST_CAPTURE_DUMP_STATE_H
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureState.cpp b/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureState.cpp
index c4d5e45..918ba9c 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureState.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastCaptureState.cpp
@@ -42,4 +42,4 @@
     LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("%s", __func__);
 }
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.cpp b/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.cpp
index 3f20282..d041882 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.cpp
@@ -203,4 +203,4 @@
     }
 }
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.h b/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.h
index 9b91cbc..294ef78 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastMixerDumpState.h
@@ -81,6 +81,6 @@
     TimestampVerifier<int64_t /* frame count */, int64_t /* time ns */> mTimestampVerifier;
 };
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_AUDIO_FAST_MIXER_DUMP_STATE_H
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastThread.h b/services/audioflinger/FastThread.h
index 3f6b206..2f0f73f 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastThread.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastThread.h
@@ -92,6 +92,6 @@
 
 };  // class FastThread
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_AUDIO_FAST_THREAD_H
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.cpp b/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.cpp
index 964a725..e91073f 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.cpp
@@ -56,4 +56,4 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.h b/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.h
index 1ce0914..0b20e55 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastThreadDumpState.h
@@ -67,6 +67,6 @@
 
 };  // struct FastThreadDumpState
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_AUDIO_FAST_THREAD_DUMP_STATE_H
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/FastThreadState.h b/services/audioflinger/FastThreadState.h
index 54c0dc6..9fb4e06 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/FastThreadState.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/FastThreadState.h
@@ -50,6 +50,6 @@
     static const char *commandToString(Command command);
 };  // struct FastThreadState
 
-}   // android
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif  // ANDROID_AUDIO_FAST_THREAD_STATE_H
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.h b/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.h
index 68a3800..5555766 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/PatchPanel.h
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
             return mRecord.handle() != AUDIO_PATCH_HANDLE_NONE ||
                     mPlayback.handle() != AUDIO_PATCH_HANDLE_NONE; }
 
-        void setThread(sp<ThreadBase> thread) { mThread = thread; }
+        void setThread(const sp<ThreadBase>& thread) { mThread = thread; }
         wp<ThreadBase> thread() const { return mThread; }
 
         // returns the latency of the patch (from record to playback).
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/StateQueue.cpp b/services/audioflinger/StateQueue.cpp
index 9d4188f..38ce2c2 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/StateQueue.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/StateQueue.cpp
@@ -187,7 +187,9 @@
 
 }   // namespace android
 
-// hack for gcc
+// Hack to avoid explicit template instantiation of
+// template class StateQueue<FastCaptureState>;
+// template class StateQueue<FastMixerState>;
 #ifdef STATE_QUEUE_INSTANTIATIONS
-#include STATE_QUEUE_INSTANTIATIONS
+#include STATE_QUEUE_INSTANTIATIONS  // NOLINT(bugprone-suspicious-include)
 #endif
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp b/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp
index 16c72cc..2821f1f 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Threads.cpp
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@
         // try three times to get the clock offset, choose the one
         // with the minimum gap in measurements.
         const int tries = 3;
-        nsecs_t bestGap, measured;
+        nsecs_t bestGap = 0, measured = 0; // not required, initialized for clang-tidy
         for (int i = 0; i < tries; ++i) {
             const nsecs_t tmono = systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_MONOTONIC);
             const nsecs_t tbase = systemTime(clockbase);
@@ -623,6 +623,7 @@
 // sendConfigEvent_l() must be called with ThreadBase::mLock held
 // Can temporarily release the lock if waiting for a reply from processConfigEvents_l().
 status_t AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::sendConfigEvent_l(sp<ConfigEvent>& event)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // condition variable
 {
     status_t status = NO_ERROR;
 
@@ -936,6 +937,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::dump(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // conditional try lock
 {
     dprintf(fd, "\n%s thread %p, name %s, tid %d, type %d (%s):\n", isOutput() ? "Output" : "Input",
             this, mThreadName, getTid(), type(), threadTypeToString(type()));
@@ -1304,7 +1306,9 @@
 
 void AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::checkSuspendOnEffectEnabled(bool enabled,
                                                            audio_session_t sessionId,
-                                                           bool threadLocked) {
+                                                           bool threadLocked)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // manual locking
+{
     if (!threadLocked) {
         mLock.lock();
     }
@@ -1768,6 +1772,7 @@
 
 void AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::lockEffectChains_l(
         Vector< sp<AudioFlinger::EffectChain> >& effectChains)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // calls EffectChain::lock()
 {
     effectChains = mEffectChains;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < mEffectChains.size(); i++) {
@@ -1777,6 +1782,7 @@
 
 void AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::unlockEffectChains(
         const Vector< sp<AudioFlinger::EffectChain> >& effectChains)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // calls EffectChain::unlock()
 {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < effectChains.size(); i++) {
         effectChains[i]->unlock();
@@ -1884,7 +1890,7 @@
 
 template <typename T>
 void AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::ActiveTracks<T>::updatePowerState(
-        sp<ThreadBase> thread, bool force) {
+        const sp<ThreadBase>& thread, bool force) {
     // Updates ActiveTracks client uids to the thread wakelock.
     if (mActiveTracksGeneration != mLastActiveTracksGeneration || force) {
         thread->updateWakeLockUids_l(getWakeLockUids());
@@ -2716,6 +2722,7 @@
 
 // addTrack_l() must be called with ThreadBase::mLock held
 status_t AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::addTrack_l(const sp<Track>& track)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // release and re-acquire mLock
 {
     status_t status = ALREADY_EXISTS;
 
@@ -2868,7 +2875,7 @@
     if (initCheck() == NO_ERROR && mOutput->stream->getParameters(keys, &out_s8) == OK) {
         return out_s8;
     }
-    return String8();
+    return {};
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::DirectOutputThread::selectPresentation(int presentationId, int programId) {
@@ -3578,10 +3585,10 @@
                 size_t numSamples = mNormalFrameCount
                         * (audio_channel_count_from_out_mask(mMixerChannelMask)
                                                              + mHapticChannelCount);
-                status_t result = mAudioFlinger->mEffectsFactoryHal->allocateBuffer(
+                const status_t allocateStatus = mAudioFlinger->mEffectsFactoryHal->allocateBuffer(
                         numSamples * sizeof(effect_buffer_t),
                         &halInBuffer);
-                if (result != OK) return result;
+                if (allocateStatus != OK) return allocateStatus;
 #ifdef FLOAT_EFFECT_CHAIN
                 buffer = halInBuffer ? halInBuffer->audioBuffer()->f32 : buffer;
 #else
@@ -3667,8 +3674,8 @@
             }
 
             // detach all tracks with same session ID from this chain
-            for (size_t i = 0; i < mTracks.size(); ++i) {
-                sp<Track> track = mTracks[i];
+            for (size_t j = 0; j < mTracks.size(); ++j) {
+                sp<Track> track = mTracks[j];
                 if (session == track->sessionId()) {
                     track->setMainBuffer(reinterpret_cast<effect_buffer_t*>(mSinkBuffer));
                     chain->decTrackCnt();
@@ -3721,6 +3728,7 @@
 }
 
 bool AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::threadLoop()
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // manual locking of AudioFlinger
 {
     tlNBLogWriter = mNBLogWriter.get();
 
@@ -3789,7 +3797,7 @@
             // is more informational.
             if (mAudioFlinger->mLock.tryLock() == NO_ERROR) {
                 std::vector<PatchPanel::SoftwarePatch> swPatches;
-                double latencyMs;
+                double latencyMs = 0.; // not required; initialized for clang-tidy
                 status_t status = INVALID_OPERATION;
                 audio_patch_handle_t downstreamPatchHandle = AUDIO_PATCH_HANDLE_NONE;
                 if (mAudioFlinger->mPatchPanel.getDownstreamSoftwarePatches(id(), &swPatches) == OK
@@ -3809,8 +3817,7 @@
                         ALOGVV("new downstream latency %lf ms", latencyMs);
                     } else {
                         ALOGD("out of range downstream latency %lf ms", latencyMs);
-                        if (latencyMs < minLatency) latencyMs = minLatency;
-                        else if (latencyMs > maxLatency) latencyMs = maxLatency;
+                        latencyMs = std::clamp(latencyMs, minLatency, maxLatency);
                     }
                     mDownstreamLatencyStatMs.add(latencyMs);
                 }
@@ -4492,6 +4499,7 @@
 
 // removeTracks_l() must be called with ThreadBase::mLock held
 void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::removeTracks_l(const Vector< sp<Track> >& tracksToRemove)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // release and re-acquire mLock
 {
     for (const auto& track : tracksToRemove) {
         mActiveTracks.remove(track);
@@ -4612,8 +4620,8 @@
                             "as it does not support audio patches",
                             patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type);
         type = static_cast<audio_devices_t>(type | patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type);
-        deviceTypeAddrs.push_back(AudioDeviceTypeAddr(patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type,
-                patch->sinks[i].ext.device.address));
+        deviceTypeAddrs.emplace_back(patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type,
+                patch->sinks[i].ext.device.address);
     }
 
     audio_port_handle_t sinkPortId = patch->sinks[0].id;
@@ -4821,14 +4829,15 @@
         // When it wakes up after a maximum latency, it runs a few cycles quickly before
         // finally blocking.  Note the pipe implementation rounds up the request to a power of 2.
         MonoPipe *monoPipe = new MonoPipe(mNormalFrameCount * 4, format, true /*writeCanBlock*/);
-        const NBAIO_Format offers[1] = {format};
-        size_t numCounterOffers = 0;
+        const NBAIO_Format offersFast[1] = {format};
+        size_t numCounterOffersFast = 0;
 #if !LOG_NDEBUG
         ssize_t index =
 #else
         (void)
 #endif
-                monoPipe->negotiate(offers, 1, NULL, numCounterOffers);
+                monoPipe->negotiate(offersFast, std::size(offersFast),
+                        nullptr /* counterOffers */, numCounterOffersFast);
         ALOG_ASSERT(index == 0);
         monoPipe->setAvgFrames((mScreenState & 1) ?
                 (monoPipe->maxFrames() * 7) / 8 : mNormalFrameCount * 2);
@@ -5240,7 +5249,7 @@
         // tallyUnderrunFrames() is called to update the track counters
         // with the number of underrun frames for a particular mixer period.
         // We defer tallying until we know the final mixer status.
-        void tallyUnderrunFrames(sp<Track> track, size_t underrunFrames) {
+        void tallyUnderrunFrames(const sp<Track>& track, size_t underrunFrames) {
             mUnderrunFrames.emplace_back(track, underrunFrames);
         }
 
@@ -5489,7 +5498,7 @@
         // during last round
         size_t desiredFrames;
         const uint32_t sampleRate = track->mAudioTrackServerProxy->getSampleRate();
-        AudioPlaybackRate playbackRate = track->mAudioTrackServerProxy->getPlaybackRate();
+        const AudioPlaybackRate playbackRate = track->mAudioTrackServerProxy->getPlaybackRate();
 
         desiredFrames = sourceFramesNeededWithTimestretch(
                 sampleRate, mNormalFrameCount, mSampleRate, playbackRate.mSpeed);
@@ -5673,12 +5682,12 @@
                 AudioMixer::SAMPLE_RATE,
                 (void *)(uintptr_t)reqSampleRate);
 
-            AudioPlaybackRate playbackRate = proxy->getPlaybackRate();
             mAudioMixer->setParameter(
                 trackId,
                 AudioMixer::TIMESTRETCH,
                 AudioMixer::PLAYBACK_RATE,
-                &playbackRate);
+                // cast away constness for this generic API.
+                const_cast<void *>(reinterpret_cast<const void *>(&playbackRate)));
 
             /*
              * Select the appropriate output buffer for the track.
@@ -6062,12 +6071,12 @@
             mAudioMixer = new AudioMixer(mNormalFrameCount, mSampleRate);
             for (const auto &track : mTracks) {
                 const int trackId = track->id();
-                status_t status = mAudioMixer->create(
+                const status_t createStatus = mAudioMixer->create(
                         trackId,
                         track->mChannelMask,
                         track->mFormat,
                         track->mSessionId);
-                ALOGW_IF(status != NO_ERROR,
+                ALOGW_IF(createStatus != NO_ERROR,
                         "%s(): AudioMixer cannot create track(%d)"
                         " mask %#x, format %#x, sessionId %d",
                         __func__,
@@ -6196,12 +6205,17 @@
         if (left > GAIN_FLOAT_UNITY) {
             left = GAIN_FLOAT_UNITY;
         }
-        left *= v * mMasterBalanceLeft; // DirectOutputThread balance applied as track volume
         right = float_from_gain(gain_minifloat_unpack_right(vlr));
         if (right > GAIN_FLOAT_UNITY) {
             right = GAIN_FLOAT_UNITY;
         }
-        right *= v * mMasterBalanceRight;
+        left *= v;
+        right *= v;
+        if (mAudioFlinger->getMode() != AUDIO_MODE_IN_COMMUNICATION
+                || audio_channel_count_from_out_mask(mChannelMask) > 1) {
+            left *= mMasterBalanceLeft; // DirectOutputThread balance applied as track volume
+            right *= mMasterBalanceRight;
+        }
     }
 
     if (lastTrack) {
@@ -7114,7 +7128,7 @@
 void AudioFlinger::DuplicatingThread::threadLoop_mix()
 {
     // mix buffers...
-    if (outputsReady(outputTracks)) {
+    if (outputsReady()) {
         mAudioMixer->process();
     } else {
         if (mMixerBufferValid) {
@@ -7185,7 +7199,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-void AudioFlinger::DuplicatingThread::dumpInternals_l(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args __unused)
+void AudioFlinger::DuplicatingThread::dumpInternals_l(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args)
 {
     MixerThread::dumpInternals_l(fd, args);
 
@@ -7289,9 +7303,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-
-bool AudioFlinger::DuplicatingThread::outputsReady(
-        const SortedVector< sp<OutputTrack> > &outputTracks)
+bool AudioFlinger::DuplicatingThread::outputsReady()
 {
     for (size_t i = 0; i < outputTracks.size(); i++) {
         sp<ThreadBase> thread = outputTracks[i]->thread().promote();
@@ -7620,14 +7632,16 @@
         // pipe will be shared directly with fast clients, so clear to avoid leaking old information
         memset(pipeBuffer, 0, pipeSize);
         Pipe *pipe = new Pipe(pipeFramesP2, format, pipeBuffer);
-        const NBAIO_Format offers[1] = {format};
-        size_t numCounterOffers = 0;
-        [[maybe_unused]] ssize_t index = pipe->negotiate(offers, 1, NULL, numCounterOffers);
+        const NBAIO_Format offersFast[1] = {format};
+        size_t numCounterOffersFast = 0;
+        [[maybe_unused]] ssize_t index = pipe->negotiate(offersFast, std::size(offersFast),
+                nullptr /* counterOffers */, numCounterOffersFast);
         ALOG_ASSERT(index == 0);
         mPipeSink = pipe;
         PipeReader *pipeReader = new PipeReader(*pipe);
-        numCounterOffers = 0;
-        index = pipeReader->negotiate(offers, 1, NULL, numCounterOffers);
+        numCounterOffersFast = 0;
+        index = pipeReader->negotiate(offersFast, std::size(offersFast),
+                nullptr /* counterOffers */, numCounterOffersFast);
         ALOG_ASSERT(index == 0);
         mPipeSource = pipeReader;
         mPipeFramesP2 = pipeFramesP2;
@@ -7975,7 +7989,7 @@
         // copy to the right place.  Permitted because mRsmpInBuffer was over-allocated.
 
         int32_t rear = mRsmpInRear & (mRsmpInFramesP2 - 1);
-        ssize_t framesRead;
+        ssize_t framesRead = 0; // not needed, remove clang-tidy warning.
         const int64_t lastIoBeginNs = systemTime(); // start IO timing
 
         // If an NBAIO source is present, use it to read the normal capture's data
@@ -8168,8 +8182,9 @@
                     // straight from RecordThread buffer to RecordTrack buffer.
                     AudioBufferProvider::Buffer buffer;
                     buffer.frameCount = framesOut;
-                    status_t status = activeTrack->mResamplerBufferProvider->getNextBuffer(&buffer);
-                    if (status == OK && buffer.frameCount != 0) {
+                    const status_t getNextBufferStatus =
+                            activeTrack->mResamplerBufferProvider->getNextBuffer(&buffer);
+                    if (getNextBufferStatus == OK && buffer.frameCount != 0) {
                         ALOGV_IF(buffer.frameCount != framesOut,
                                 "%s() read less than expected (%zu vs %zu)",
                                 __func__, buffer.frameCount, framesOut);
@@ -8179,7 +8194,7 @@
                     } else {
                         framesOut = 0;
                         ALOGE("%s() cannot fill request, status: %d, frameCount: %zu",
-                            __func__, status, buffer.frameCount);
+                            __func__, getNextBufferStatus, buffer.frameCount);
                     }
                 } else {
                     // process frames from the RecordThread buffer provider to the RecordTrack
@@ -8599,7 +8614,6 @@
         //      or using a separate command thread
         recordTrack->mState = TrackBase::STARTING_1;
         mActiveTracks.add(recordTrack);
-        status_t status = NO_ERROR;
         if (recordTrack->isExternalTrack()) {
             mLock.unlock();
             status = AudioSystem::startInput(recordTrack->portId());
@@ -8790,7 +8804,7 @@
     // "best effort" behavior of the API.
     if (sharedOffset < 0) {
         sharedAudioStartFrames = mRsmpInRear;
-    } else if (sharedOffset > mRsmpInFrames) {
+    } else if (sharedOffset > static_cast<signed>(mRsmpInFrames)) {
         sharedAudioStartFrames =
                 audio_utils::safe_sub_overflow(mRsmpInRear, (int32_t)mRsmpInFrames);
     }
@@ -9165,7 +9179,7 @@
             return out_s8;
         }
     }
-    return String8();
+    return {};
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::RecordThread::ioConfigChanged(audio_io_config_event_t event, pid_t pid,
@@ -9400,7 +9414,7 @@
             maxFilled = filled;
         }
     }
-    if (maxFilled > mRsmpInFrames) {
+    if (maxFilled > static_cast<signed>(mRsmpInFrames)) {
         (void)__builtin_sub_overflow(mRsmpInRear, mRsmpInFrames, &oldestFront);
     }
     return oldestFront;
@@ -9592,7 +9606,7 @@
 
 AudioFlinger::MmapThread::MmapThread(
         const sp<AudioFlinger>& audioFlinger, audio_io_handle_t id,
-        AudioHwDevice *hwDev, sp<StreamHalInterface> stream, bool systemReady, bool isOut)
+        AudioHwDevice *hwDev, const sp<StreamHalInterface>& stream, bool systemReady, bool isOut)
     : ThreadBase(audioFlinger, id, (isOut ? MMAP_PLAYBACK : MMAP_CAPTURE), systemReady, isOut),
       mSessionId(AUDIO_SESSION_NONE),
       mPortId(AUDIO_PORT_HANDLE_NONE),
@@ -9797,8 +9811,10 @@
         mHalVolFloat = -1.0f;
     } else if (!track->isSilenced_l()) {
         for (const sp<MmapTrack> &t : mActiveTracks) {
-            if (t->isSilenced_l() && t->uid() != client.attributionSource.uid)
+            if (t->isSilenced_l()
+                    && t->uid() != static_cast<uid_t>(client.attributionSource.uid)) {
                 t->invalidate();
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -10024,7 +10040,7 @@
     if (initCheck() == NO_ERROR && mHalStream->getParameters(keys, &out_s8) == OK) {
         return out_s8;
     }
-    return String8();
+    return {};
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::MmapThread::ioConfigChanged(audio_io_config_event_t event, pid_t pid,
@@ -10054,6 +10070,7 @@
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::MmapThread::createAudioPatch_l(const struct audio_patch *patch,
                                                           audio_patch_handle_t *handle)
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // elease and re-acquire mLock
 {
     status_t status = NO_ERROR;
 
@@ -10071,8 +10088,8 @@
                                 "as it does not support audio patches",
                                 patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type);
             type = static_cast<audio_devices_t>(type | patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type);
-            sinkDeviceTypeAddrs.push_back(AudioDeviceTypeAddr(patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type,
-                    patch->sinks[i].ext.device.address));
+            sinkDeviceTypeAddrs.emplace_back(patch->sinks[i].ext.device.type,
+                    patch->sinks[i].ext.device.address);
         }
         deviceId = patch->sinks[0].id;
         numDevices = mPatch.num_sinks;
@@ -10275,6 +10292,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::MmapThread::checkInvalidTracks_l()
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS  // release and re-acquire mLock
 {
     sp<MmapStreamCallback> callback;
     for (const sp<MmapTrack> &track : mActiveTracks) {
@@ -10429,6 +10447,7 @@
 }
 
 void AudioFlinger::MmapPlaybackThread::processVolume_l()
+NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS // access of track->processMuteEvent_l
 {
     float volume;
 
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Threads.h b/services/audioflinger/Threads.h
index ce90767..63ad4e6 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Threads.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Threads.h
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
 
     class SetParameterConfigEventData : public ConfigEventData {
     public:
-        explicit SetParameterConfigEventData(String8 keyValuePairs) :
+        explicit SetParameterConfigEventData(const String8& keyValuePairs) :
             mKeyValuePairs(keyValuePairs) {}
 
         virtual  void dump(char *buffer, size_t size) {
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 
     class SetParameterConfigEvent : public ConfigEvent {
     public:
-        explicit SetParameterConfigEvent(String8 keyValuePairs) :
+        explicit SetParameterConfigEvent(const String8& keyValuePairs) :
             ConfigEvent(CFG_EVENT_SET_PARAMETER) {
             mData = new SetParameterConfigEventData(keyValuePairs);
             mWaitStatus = true;
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
                     // ThreadBase thread.
                     void            clear();
                     // periodically called in the threadLoop() to update power state uids.
-                    void            updatePowerState(sp<ThreadBase> thread, bool force = false);
+                    void updatePowerState(const sp<ThreadBase>& thread, bool force = false);
 
                     /** @return true if one or move active tracks was added or removed since the
                      *          last time this function was called or the vector was created.
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@
     template <typename T>
     class Tracks {
     public:
-        Tracks(bool saveDeletedTrackIds) :
+        explicit Tracks(bool saveDeletedTrackIds) :
             mSaveDeletedTrackIds(saveDeletedTrackIds) { }
 
         // SortedVector methods
@@ -1289,7 +1289,7 @@
             return mTracks.end();
         }
 
-        size_t          processDeletedTrackIds(std::function<void(int)> f) {
+        size_t          processDeletedTrackIds(const std::function<void(int)>& f) {
             for (const int trackId : mDeletedTrackIds) {
                 f(trackId);
             }
@@ -1411,7 +1411,7 @@
                 class IsTimestampAdvancing {
                 public:
                     // The timestamp will not be checked any faster than the specified time.
-                    IsTimestampAdvancing(nsecs_t minimumTimeBetweenChecksNs)
+                    explicit IsTimestampAdvancing(nsecs_t minimumTimeBetweenChecksNs)
                         :   mMinimumTimeBetweenChecksNs(minimumTimeBetweenChecksNs)
                     {
                         clear();
@@ -1700,7 +1700,7 @@
                 void        dumpInternals_l(int fd, const Vector<String16>& args) override;
 
 private:
-                bool        outputsReady(const SortedVector< sp<OutputTrack> > &outputTracks);
+                bool        outputsReady();
 protected:
     // threadLoop snippets
     virtual     void        threadLoop_mix();
@@ -2066,7 +2066,7 @@
 #include "MmapTracks.h"
 
     MmapThread(const sp<AudioFlinger>& audioFlinger, audio_io_handle_t id,
-               AudioHwDevice *hwDev, sp<StreamHalInterface> stream, bool systemReady,
+               AudioHwDevice *hwDev, const sp<StreamHalInterface>& stream, bool systemReady,
                bool isOut);
     virtual     ~MmapThread();
 
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/TrackBase.h b/services/audioflinger/TrackBase.h
index 20bfbb0..42f7b47 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/TrackBase.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/TrackBase.h
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@
              * This may be called without the thread lock.
              */
     virtual double      bufferLatencyMs() const {
-                            return mServerProxy->framesReadySafe() * 1000 / sampleRate();
+                            return mServerProxy->framesReadySafe() * 1000. / sampleRate();
                         }
 
             /** returns whether the track supports server latency computation.
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@
 {
 public:
     using Timeout = std::optional<std::chrono::nanoseconds>;
-                        PatchTrackBase(sp<ClientProxy> proxy, const ThreadBase& thread,
+                        PatchTrackBase(const sp<ClientProxy>& proxy, const ThreadBase& thread,
                                        const Timeout& timeout);
             void        setPeerTimeout(std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout);
             template <typename T>
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/TrackMetrics.h b/services/audioflinger/TrackMetrics.h
index 6fc70d6..ed3928a 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/TrackMetrics.h
+++ b/services/audioflinger/TrackMetrics.h
@@ -113,7 +113,8 @@
         mDeviceStartupMs.add(startupMs);
     }
 
-    void updateMinMaxVolume(int64_t durationNs, double deviceVolume) {
+    void updateMinMaxVolume_l(int64_t durationNs, double deviceVolume)
+            REQUIRES(mLock) {
         if (deviceVolume > mMaxVolume) {
             mMaxVolume = deviceVolume;
             mMaxVolumeDurationNs = durationNs;
@@ -165,7 +166,7 @@
             mDeviceTimeNs += durationNs;
             mCumulativeTimeNs += durationNs;
         }
-        updateMinMaxVolume(durationNs, mVolume); // always update.
+        updateMinMaxVolume_l(durationNs, mVolume); // always update.
         mVolume = volume;
         mLastVolumeChangeTimeNs = timeNs;
     }
diff --git a/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp b/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp
index 300ad9f..123d5a9 100644
--- a/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp
+++ b/services/audioflinger/Tracks.cpp
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::PatchTrackBase::PatchTrackBase(sp<ClientProxy> proxy,
+AudioFlinger::ThreadBase::PatchTrackBase::PatchTrackBase(const sp<ClientProxy>& proxy,
                                                          const ThreadBase& thread,
                                                          const Timeout& timeout)
     : mProxy(proxy)
@@ -1298,8 +1298,9 @@
 // must be called with thread lock held
 void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::Track::flushAck()
 {
-    if (!isOffloaded() && !isDirect())
+    if (!isOffloaded() && !isDirect()) {
         return;
+    }
 
     // Clear the client ring buffer so that the app can prime the buffer while paused.
     // Otherwise it might not get cleared until playback is resumed and obtainBuffer() is called.
@@ -1812,23 +1813,23 @@
 
 //To be called with thread lock held
 bool AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::Track::isResumePending() {
-
-    if (mState == RESUMING)
+    if (mState == RESUMING) {
         return true;
+    }
     /* Resume is pending if track was stopping before pause was called */
     if (mState == STOPPING_1 &&
-        mResumeToStopping)
+        mResumeToStopping) {
         return true;
+    }
 
     return false;
 }
 
 //To be called with thread lock held
 void AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::Track::resumeAck() {
-
-
-    if (mState == RESUMING)
+    if (mState == RESUMING) {
         mState = ACTIVE;
+    }
 
     // Other possibility of  pending resume is stopping_1 state
     // Do not update the state from stopping as this prevents
@@ -2094,7 +2095,10 @@
         if (thread != 0 && !thread->standby()) {
             if (mBufferQueue.size() < kMaxOverFlowBuffers) {
                 pInBuffer = new Buffer;
-                pInBuffer->mBuffer = malloc(inBuffer.frameCount * mFrameSize);
+                const size_t bufferSize = inBuffer.frameCount * mFrameSize;
+                pInBuffer->mBuffer = malloc(bufferSize);
+                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(pInBuffer->mBuffer == nullptr,
+                        "%s: Unable to malloc size %zu", __func__, bufferSize);
                 pInBuffer->frameCount = inBuffer.frameCount;
                 pInBuffer->raw = pInBuffer->mBuffer;
                 memcpy(pInBuffer->raw, inBuffer.raw, inBuffer.frameCount * mFrameSize);
@@ -2258,7 +2262,7 @@
     buf.mFrameCount = buffer->frameCount;
     buf.mRaw = buffer->raw;
     mPeerProxy->releaseBuffer(&buf);
-    TrackBase::releaseBuffer(buffer);
+    TrackBase::releaseBuffer(buffer); // Note: this is the base class.
 }
 
 status_t AudioFlinger::PlaybackThread::PatchTrack::obtainBuffer(Proxy::Buffer* buffer,
@@ -2872,7 +2876,7 @@
 {
     void *ptr = nullptr;
     (void)posix_memalign(&ptr, alignment, size);
-    return std::unique_ptr<void, decltype(free)*>(ptr, free);
+    return {ptr, free};
 }
 
 AudioFlinger::RecordThread::PassthruPatchRecord::PassthruPatchRecord(