src/fileio.c

/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4:
 *
 * VIM - Vi IMproved	by Bram Moolenaar
 *
 * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
 * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
 * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
 */

/*
 * fileio.c: read from and write to a file
 */

#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(WIN16) || defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
# include <io.h>	/* for lseek(), must be before vim.h */
#endif

#if defined __EMX__
# include <io.h>	/* for mktemp(), CJW 1997-12-03 */
#endif

#include "vim.h"

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
# include <fcntl.h>
#endif

#ifdef __TANDEM
# include <limits.h>		/* for SSIZE_MAX */
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_UTIME) && defined(HAVE_UTIME_H)
# include <utime.h>		/* for struct utimbuf */
#endif

#define BUFSIZE		8192	/* size of normal write buffer */
#define SMBUFSIZE	256	/* size of emergency write buffer */

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
# define CRYPT_MAGIC		"VimCrypt~01!"	/* "01" is the version nr */
# define CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN	12		/* must be multiple of 4! */
#endif

/* Is there any system that doesn't have access()? */
#ifndef MACOS_CLASSIC /* Not available on MacOS 9 */
# define USE_MCH_ACCESS
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
static char_u *next_fenc __ARGS((char_u **pp));
# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
static char_u *readfile_charconvert __ARGS((char_u *fname, char_u *fenc, int *fdp));
# endif
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
static void check_marks_read __ARGS((void));
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
static char_u *check_for_cryptkey __ARGS((char_u *cryptkey, char_u *ptr, long *sizep, long *filesizep, int newfile));
#endif
#ifdef UNIX
static void set_file_time __ARGS((char_u *fname, time_t atime, time_t mtime));
#endif
static void msg_add_fname __ARGS((buf_T *, char_u *));
static int msg_add_fileformat __ARGS((int eol_type));
static void msg_add_lines __ARGS((int, long, long));
static void msg_add_eol __ARGS((void));
static int check_mtime __ARGS((buf_T *buf, struct stat *s));
static int time_differs __ARGS((long t1, long t2));
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
static int apply_autocmds_exarg __ARGS((EVENT_T event, char_u *fname, char_u *fname_io, int force, buf_T *buf, exarg_T *eap));
#endif

#if defined(FEAT_CRYPT) || defined(FEAT_MBYTE)
# define HAS_BW_FLAGS
# define FIO_LATIN1	0x01	/* convert Latin1 */
# define FIO_UTF8	0x02	/* convert UTF-8 */
# define FIO_UCS2	0x04	/* convert UCS-2 */
# define FIO_UCS4	0x08	/* convert UCS-4 */
# define FIO_UTF16	0x10	/* convert UTF-16 */
# ifdef WIN3264
#  define FIO_CODEPAGE	0x20	/* convert MS-Windows codepage */
#  define FIO_PUT_CP(x) (((x) & 0xffff) << 16)	/* put codepage in top word */
#  define FIO_GET_CP(x)	(((x)>>16) & 0xffff)	/* get codepage from top word */
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
#  define FIO_MACROMAN	0x20	/* convert MacRoman */
# endif
# define FIO_ENDIAN_L	0x80	/* little endian */
# define FIO_ENCRYPTED	0x1000	/* encrypt written bytes */
# define FIO_NOCONVERT	0x2000	/* skip encoding conversion */
# define FIO_UCSBOM	0x4000	/* check for BOM at start of file */
# define FIO_ALL	-1	/* allow all formats */
#endif

/* When converting, a read() or write() may leave some bytes to be converted
 * for the next call.  The value is guessed... */
#define CONV_RESTLEN 30

/* We have to guess how much a sequence of bytes may expand when converting
 * with iconv() to be able to allocate a buffer. */
#define ICONV_MULT 8

/*
 * Structure to pass arguments from buf_write() to buf_write_bytes().
 */
struct bw_info
{
    int		bw_fd;		/* file descriptor */
    char_u	*bw_buf;	/* buffer with data to be written */
    int		bw_len;	/* lenght of data */
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    int		bw_flags;	/* FIO_ flags */
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    char_u	bw_rest[CONV_RESTLEN]; /* not converted bytes */
    int		bw_restlen;	/* nr of bytes in bw_rest[] */
    int		bw_first;	/* first write call */
    char_u	*bw_conv_buf;	/* buffer for writing converted chars */
    int		bw_conv_buflen; /* size of bw_conv_buf */
    int		bw_conv_error;	/* set for conversion error */
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    iconv_t	bw_iconv_fd;	/* descriptor for iconv() or -1 */
# endif
#endif
};

static int  buf_write_bytes __ARGS((struct bw_info *ip));

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
static int ucs2bytes __ARGS((unsigned c, char_u **pp, int flags));
static int same_encoding __ARGS((char_u *a, char_u *b));
static int get_fio_flags __ARGS((char_u *ptr));
static char_u *check_for_bom __ARGS((char_u *p, long size, int *lenp, int flags));
static int make_bom __ARGS((char_u *buf, char_u *name));
# ifdef WIN3264
static int get_win_fio_flags __ARGS((char_u *ptr));
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
static int get_mac_fio_flags __ARGS((char_u *ptr));
# endif
#endif
static int move_lines __ARGS((buf_T *frombuf, buf_T *tobuf));

static linenr_T	write_no_eol_lnum = 0;	/* non-zero lnum when last line of
					   next binary write should not have
					   an end-of-line */

    void
filemess(buf, name, s, attr)
    buf_T	*buf;
    char_u	*name;
    char_u	*s;
    int		attr;
{
    int		msg_scroll_save;

    if (msg_silent != 0)
	return;
    msg_add_fname(buf, name);	    /* put file name in IObuff with quotes */
    /* If it's extremely long, truncate it. */
    if (STRLEN(IObuff) > IOSIZE - 80)
	IObuff[IOSIZE - 80] = NUL;
    STRCAT(IObuff, s);
    /*
     * For the first message may have to start a new line.
     * For further ones overwrite the previous one, reset msg_scroll before
     * calling filemess().
     */
    msg_scroll_save = msg_scroll;
    if (shortmess(SHM_OVERALL) && !exiting && p_verbose == 0)
	msg_scroll = FALSE;
    if (!msg_scroll)	/* wait a bit when overwriting an error msg */
	check_for_delay(FALSE);
    msg_start();
    msg_scroll = msg_scroll_save;
    msg_scrolled_ign = TRUE;
    /* may truncate the message to avoid a hit-return prompt */
    msg_outtrans_attr(msg_may_trunc(FALSE, IObuff), attr);
    msg_clr_eos();
    out_flush();
    msg_scrolled_ign = FALSE;
}

/*
 * Read lines from file "fname" into the buffer after line "from".
 *
 * 1. We allocate blocks with lalloc, as big as possible.
 * 2. Each block is filled with characters from the file with a single read().
 * 3. The lines are inserted in the buffer with ml_append().
 *
 * (caller must check that fname != NULL, unless READ_STDIN is used)
 *
 * "lines_to_skip" is the number of lines that must be skipped
 * "lines_to_read" is the number of lines that are appended
 * When not recovering lines_to_skip is 0 and lines_to_read MAXLNUM.
 *
 * flags:
 * READ_NEW	starting to edit a new buffer
 * READ_FILTER	reading filter output
 * READ_STDIN	read from stdin instead of a file
 * READ_BUFFER	read from curbuf instead of a file (converting after reading
 *		stdin)
 * READ_DUMMY	read into a dummy buffer (to check if file contents changed)
 *
 * return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise
 */
    int
readfile(fname, sfname, from, lines_to_skip, lines_to_read, eap, flags)
    char_u	*fname;
    char_u	*sfname;
    linenr_T	from;
    linenr_T	lines_to_skip;
    linenr_T	lines_to_read;
    exarg_T	*eap;			/* can be NULL! */
    int		flags;
{
    int		fd = 0;
    int		newfile = (flags & READ_NEW);
    int		check_readonly;
    int		filtering = (flags & READ_FILTER);
    int		read_stdin = (flags & READ_STDIN);
    int		read_buffer = (flags & READ_BUFFER);
    linenr_T	read_buf_lnum = 1;	/* next line to read from curbuf */
    colnr_T	read_buf_col = 0;	/* next char to read from this line */
    char_u	c;
    linenr_T	lnum = from;
    char_u	*ptr = NULL;		/* pointer into read buffer */
    char_u	*buffer = NULL;		/* read buffer */
    char_u	*new_buffer = NULL;	/* init to shut up gcc */
    char_u	*line_start = NULL;	/* init to shut up gcc */
    int		wasempty;		/* buffer was empty before reading */
    colnr_T	len;
    long	size = 0;
    char_u	*p;
    long	filesize = 0;
    int		skip_read = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    char_u	*cryptkey = NULL;
#endif
    int		split = 0;		/* number of split lines */
#define UNKNOWN	 0x0fffffff		/* file size is unknown */
    linenr_T	linecnt;
    int		error = FALSE;		/* errors encountered */
    int		ff_error = EOL_UNKNOWN; /* file format with errors */
    long	linerest = 0;		/* remaining chars in line */
#ifdef UNIX
    int		perm = 0;
    int		swap_mode = -1;		/* protection bits for swap file */
#else
    int		perm;
#endif
    int		fileformat = 0;		/* end-of-line format */
    int		keep_fileformat = FALSE;
    struct stat	st;
    int		file_readonly;
    linenr_T	skip_count = 0;
    linenr_T	read_count = 0;
    int		msg_save = msg_scroll;
    linenr_T	read_no_eol_lnum = 0;   /* non-zero lnum when last line of
					 * last read was missing the eol */
    int		try_mac = (vim_strchr(p_ffs, 'm') != NULL);
    int		try_dos = (vim_strchr(p_ffs, 'd') != NULL);
    int		try_unix = (vim_strchr(p_ffs, 'x') != NULL);
    int		file_rewind = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    int		can_retry;
    int		conv_error = FALSE;	/* conversion error detected */
    int		keep_dest_enc = FALSE;	/* don't retry when char doesn't fit
					   in destination encoding */
    linenr_T	illegal_byte = 0;	/* line nr with illegal byte */
    char_u	*tmpname = NULL;	/* name of 'charconvert' output file */
    int		fio_flags = 0;
    char_u	*fenc;			/* fileencoding to use */
    int		fenc_alloced;		/* fenc_next is in allocated memory */
    char_u	*fenc_next = NULL;	/* next item in 'fencs' or NULL */
    int		advance_fenc = FALSE;
    long	real_size = 0;
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    iconv_t	iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;	/* descriptor for iconv() or -1 */
#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    int		did_iconv = FALSE;	/* TRUE when iconv() failed and trying
					   'charconvert' next */
#  endif
# endif
    int		converted = FALSE;	/* TRUE if conversion done */
    int		notconverted = FALSE;	/* TRUE if conversion wanted but it
					   wasn't possible */
    char_u	conv_rest[CONV_RESTLEN];
    int		conv_restlen = 0;	/* nr of bytes in conv_rest[] */
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    write_no_eol_lnum = 0;	/* in case it was set by the previous read */
#endif

    /*
     * If there is no file name yet, use the one for the read file.
     * BF_NOTEDITED is set to reflect this.
     * Don't do this for a read from a filter.
     * Only do this when 'cpoptions' contains the 'f' flag.
     */
    if (curbuf->b_ffname == NULL
	    && !filtering
	    && fname != NULL
	    && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FNAMER) != NULL
	    && !(flags & READ_DUMMY))
    {
	if (setfname(curbuf, fname, sfname, FALSE) == OK)
	    curbuf->b_flags |= BF_NOTEDITED;
    }

    /*
     * For Unix: Use the short file name whenever possible.
     * Avoids problems with networks and when directory names are changed.
     * Don't do this for MS-DOS, a "cd" in a sub-shell may have moved us to
     * another directory, which we don't detect.
     */
    if (sfname == NULL)
	sfname = fname;
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(__EMX__)
    fname = sfname;
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    /*
     * The BufReadCmd and FileReadCmd events intercept the reading process by
     * executing the associated commands instead.
     */
    if (!filtering && !read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
	pos_T	    pos;

	pos = curbuf->b_op_start;

	/* Set '[ mark to the line above where the lines go (line 1 if zero). */
	curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = ((from == 0) ? 1 : from);
	curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;

	if (newfile)
	{
	    if (apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFREADCMD, NULL, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap))
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
		return aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
#else
		return OK;
#endif
	}
	else if (apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEREADCMD, sfname, sfname,
							    FALSE, NULL, eap))
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	    return aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
#else
	    return OK;
#endif

	curbuf->b_op_start = pos;
    }
#endif

    if ((shortmess(SHM_OVER) || curbuf->b_help) && p_verbose == 0)
	msg_scroll = FALSE;	/* overwrite previous file message */
    else
	msg_scroll = TRUE;	/* don't overwrite previous file message */

    /*
     * If the name ends in a path separator, we can't open it.  Check here,
     * because reading the file may actually work, but then creating the swap
     * file may destroy it!  Reported on MS-DOS and Win 95.
     * If the name is too long we might crash further on, quit here.
     */
    if (fname != NULL
	    && *fname != NUL
	    && (vim_ispathsep(*(fname + STRLEN(fname) - 1))
		|| STRLEN(fname) >= MAXPATHL))
    {
	filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("Illegal file name"), 0);
	msg_end();
	msg_scroll = msg_save;
	return FAIL;
    }

#ifdef UNIX
    /*
     * On Unix it is possible to read a directory, so we have to
     * check for it before the mch_open().
     */
    if (!read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
	perm = mch_getperm(fname);
	if (perm >= 0 && !S_ISREG(perm)		    /* not a regular file ... */
# ifdef S_ISFIFO
		      && !S_ISFIFO(perm)	    /* ... or fifo */
# endif
# ifdef S_ISSOCK
		      && !S_ISSOCK(perm)	    /* ... or socket */
# endif
						)
	{
	    if (S_ISDIR(perm))
		filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("is a directory"), 0);
	    else
		filemess(curbuf, fname, (char_u *)_("is not a file"), 0);
	    msg_end();
	    msg_scroll = msg_save;
	    return FAIL;
	}
    }
#endif

    /* set default 'fileformat' */
    if (newfile)
    {
	if (eap != NULL && eap->force_ff != 0)
	    set_fileformat(get_fileformat_force(curbuf, eap), OPT_LOCAL);
	else if (*p_ffs != NUL)
	    set_fileformat(default_fileformat(), OPT_LOCAL);
    }

    /* set or reset 'binary' */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_bin != 0)
    {
	int	oldval = curbuf->b_p_bin;

	curbuf->b_p_bin = (eap->force_bin == FORCE_BIN);
	set_options_bin(oldval, curbuf->b_p_bin, OPT_LOCAL);
    }

    /*
     * When opening a new file we take the readonly flag from the file.
     * Default is r/w, can be set to r/o below.
     * Don't reset it when in readonly mode
     * Only set/reset b_p_ro when BF_CHECK_RO is set.
     */
    check_readonly = (newfile && (curbuf->b_flags & BF_CHECK_RO));
    if (check_readonly && !readonlymode)    /* default: set file not readonly */
	curbuf->b_p_ro = FALSE;

    if (newfile && !read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
	/* Remember time of file.
	 * For RISCOS, also remember the filetype.
	 */
	if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
	{
	    buf_store_time(curbuf, &st, fname);
	    curbuf->b_mtime_read = curbuf->b_mtime;

#if defined(RISCOS) && defined(FEAT_OSFILETYPE)
	    /* Read the filetype into the buffer local filetype option. */
	    mch_read_filetype(fname);
#endif
#ifdef UNIX
	    /*
	     * Use the protection bits of the original file for the swap file.
	     * This makes it possible for others to read the name of the
	     * edited file from the swapfile, but only if they can read the
	     * edited file.
	     * Remove the "write" and "execute" bits for group and others
	     * (they must not write the swapfile).
	     * Add the "read" and "write" bits for the user, otherwise we may
	     * not be able to write to the file ourselves.
	     * Setting the bits is done below, after creating the swap file.
	     */
	    swap_mode = (st.st_mode & 0644) | 0600;
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_CW_EDITOR
	    /* Get the FSSpec on MacOS
	     * TODO: Update it properly when the buffer name changes
	     */
	    (void)GetFSSpecFromPath(curbuf->b_ffname, &curbuf->b_FSSpec);
#endif
#ifdef VMS
	    curbuf->b_fab_rfm = st.st_fab_rfm;
#endif
	}
	else
	{
	    curbuf->b_mtime = 0;
	    curbuf->b_mtime_read = 0;
	    curbuf->b_orig_size = 0;
	    curbuf->b_orig_mode = 0;
	}

	/* Reset the "new file" flag.  It will be set again below when the
	 * file doesn't exist. */
	curbuf->b_flags &= ~(BF_NEW | BF_NEW_W);
    }

/*
 * for UNIX: check readonly with perm and mch_access()
 * for RISCOS: same as Unix, otherwise file gets re-datestamped!
 * for MSDOS and Amiga: check readonly by trying to open the file for writing
 */
    file_readonly = FALSE;
    if (read_stdin)
    {
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
	/* Force binary I/O on stdin to avoid CR-LF -> LF conversion. */
	setmode(0, O_BINARY);
#endif
    }
    else if (!read_buffer)
    {
#ifdef USE_MCH_ACCESS
	if (
# ifdef UNIX
	    !(perm & 0222) ||
# endif
				mch_access((char *)fname, W_OK))
	    file_readonly = TRUE;
	fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0);
#else
	if (!newfile
		|| readonlymode
		|| (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDWR | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0)
	{
	    file_readonly = TRUE;
	    /* try to open ro */
	    fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0);
	}
#endif
    }

    if (fd < 0)			    /* cannot open at all */
    {
#ifndef UNIX
	int	isdir_f;
#endif
	msg_scroll = msg_save;
#ifndef UNIX
	/*
	 * On MSDOS and Amiga we can't open a directory, check here.
	 */
	isdir_f = (mch_isdir(fname));
	perm = mch_getperm(fname);  /* check if the file exists */
	if (isdir_f)
	{
	    filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)_("is a directory"), 0);
	    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;	/* must use "w!" now */
	}
	else
#endif
	    if (newfile)
	    {
		if (perm < 0)
		{
		    /*
		     * Set the 'new-file' flag, so that when the file has
		     * been created by someone else, a ":w" will complain.
		     */
		    curbuf->b_flags |= BF_NEW;

		    /* Create a swap file now, so that other Vims are warned
		     * that we are editing this file.  Don't do this for a
		     * "nofile" or "nowrite" buffer type. */
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
		    if (!bt_dontwrite(curbuf))
#endif
			check_need_swap(newfile);
		    filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)_("[New File]"), 0);
#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
		    /* Even though this is a new file, it might have been
		     * edited before and deleted.  Get the old marks. */
		    check_marks_read();
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
		    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
		    {
			/* set forced 'fileencoding' */
			fenc = enc_canonize(eap->cmd + eap->force_enc);
			if (fenc != NULL)
			    set_string_option_direct((char_u *)"fenc", -1,
						    fenc, OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL);
			vim_free(fenc);
		    }
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
		    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFNEWFILE, sfname, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
#endif
		    /* remember the current fileformat */
		    save_file_ff(curbuf);

#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) && defined(FEAT_EVAL)
		    if (aborting())   /* autocmds may abort script processing */
			return FAIL;
#endif
		    return OK;	    /* a new file is not an error */
		}
		else
		{
		    filemess(curbuf, sfname,
				       (char_u *)_("[Permission Denied]"), 0);
		    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;	/* must use "w!" now */
		}
	    }

	return FAIL;
    }

    /*
     * Only set the 'ro' flag for readonly files the first time they are
     * loaded.	Help files always get readonly mode
     */
    if ((check_readonly && file_readonly) || curbuf->b_help)
	curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;

    if (newfile)
    {
	curbuf->b_p_eol = TRUE;
	curbuf->b_start_eol = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	curbuf->b_p_bomb = FALSE;
#endif
    }

    /* Create a swap file now, so that other Vims are warned that we are
     * editing this file.
     * Don't do this for a "nofile" or "nowrite" buffer type. */
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
    if (!bt_dontwrite(curbuf))
#endif
    {
	check_need_swap(newfile);
#ifdef UNIX
	/* Set swap file protection bits after creating it. */
	if (swap_mode > 0 && curbuf->b_ml.ml_mfp->mf_fname != NULL)
	    (void)mch_setperm(curbuf->b_ml.ml_mfp->mf_fname, (long)swap_mode);
#endif
    }

#if defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG)
    /* If "Quit" selected at ATTENTION dialog, don't load the file */
    if (swap_exists_action == SEA_QUIT)
    {
	if (!read_buffer && !read_stdin)
	    close(fd);
	return FAIL;
    }
#endif

    ++no_wait_return;	    /* don't wait for return yet */

    /*
     * Set '[ mark to the line above where the lines go (line 1 if zero).
     */
    curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = ((from == 0) ? 1 : from);
    curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    if (!read_buffer)
    {
	int	m = msg_scroll;
	int	n = msg_scrolled;
	buf_T	*old_curbuf = curbuf;

	/*
	 * The file must be closed again, the autocommands may want to change
	 * the file before reading it.
	 */
	if (!read_stdin)
	    close(fd);		/* ignore errors */

	/*
	 * The output from the autocommands should not overwrite anything and
	 * should not be overwritten: Set msg_scroll, restore its value if no
	 * output was done.
	 */
	msg_scroll = TRUE;
	if (filtering)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERREADPRE, NULL, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else if (read_stdin)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_STDINREADPRE, NULL, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else if (newfile)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFREADPRE, NULL, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEREADPRE, sfname, sfname,
							    FALSE, NULL, eap);
	if (msg_scrolled == n)
	    msg_scroll = m;

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	if (aborting())	    /* autocmds may abort script processing */
	{
	    --no_wait_return;
	    msg_scroll = msg_save;
	    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;	/* must use "w!" now */
	    return FAIL;
	}
#endif
	/*
	 * Don't allow the autocommands to change the current buffer.
	 * Try to re-open the file.
	 */
	if (!read_stdin && (curbuf != old_curbuf
		|| (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0))
	{
	    --no_wait_return;
	    msg_scroll = msg_save;
	    if (fd < 0)
		EMSG(_("E200: *ReadPre autocommands made the file unreadable"));
	    else
		EMSG(_("E201: *ReadPre autocommands must not change current buffer"));
	    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;	/* must use "w!" now */
	    return FAIL;
	}
    }
#endif /* FEAT_AUTOCMD */

    /* Autocommands may add lines to the file, need to check if it is empty */
    wasempty = (curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY);

    if (!recoverymode && !filtering && !(flags & READ_DUMMY))
    {
	/*
	 * Show the user that we are busy reading the input.  Sometimes this
	 * may take a while.  When reading from stdin another program may
	 * still be running, don't move the cursor to the last line, unless
	 * always using the GUI.
	 */
	if (read_stdin)
	{
#ifndef ALWAYS_USE_GUI
	    mch_msg(_("Vim: Reading from stdin...\n"));
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_GUI
	    /* Also write a message in the GUI window, if there is one. */
	    if (gui.in_use && !gui.dying && !gui.starting)
	    {
		p = (char_u *)_("Reading from stdin...");
		gui_write(p, (int)STRLEN(p));
	    }
#endif
	}
	else if (!read_buffer)
	    filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)"", 0);
    }

    msg_scroll = FALSE;			/* overwrite the file message */

    /*
     * Set linecnt now, before the "retry" caused by a wrong guess for
     * fileformat, and after the autocommands, which may change them.
     */
    linecnt = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /*
     * Decide which 'encoding' to use first.
     */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
    {
	fenc = enc_canonize(eap->cmd + eap->force_enc);
	fenc_alloced = TRUE;
    }
    else if (curbuf->b_p_bin)
    {
	fenc = (char_u *)"";		/* binary: don't convert */
	fenc_alloced = FALSE;
    }
    else if (curbuf->b_help)
    {
	char_u	    firstline[80];

	/* Help files are either utf-8 or latin1.  Try utf-8 first, if this
	 * fails it must be latin1.
	 * Always do this when 'encoding' is "utf-8".  Otherwise only do
	 * this when needed to avoid [converted] remarks all the time.
	 * It is needed when the first line contains non-ASCII characters.
	 * That is only in *.??x files. */
	fenc = (char_u *)"latin1";
	c = enc_utf8;
	if (!c && !read_stdin && TOLOWER_ASC(fname[STRLEN(fname) - 1]) == 'x')
	{
	    /* Read the first line (and a bit more).  Immediately rewind to
	     * the start of the file.  If the read() fails "len" is -1. */
	    len = vim_read(fd, firstline, 80);
	    lseek(fd, (off_t)0L, SEEK_SET);
	    for (p = firstline; p < firstline + len; ++p)
		if (*p >= 0x80)
		{
		    c = TRUE;
		    break;
		}
	}

	if (c)
	{
	    fenc_next = fenc;
	    fenc = (char_u *)"utf-8";

	    /* When the file is utf-8 but a character doesn't fit in
	     * 'encoding' don't retry.  In help text editing utf-8 bytes
	     * doesn't make sense. */
	    keep_dest_enc = TRUE;
	}
	fenc_alloced = FALSE;
    }
    else if (*p_fencs == NUL)
    {
	fenc = curbuf->b_p_fenc;	/* use format from buffer */
	fenc_alloced = FALSE;
    }
    else
    {
	fenc_next = p_fencs;		/* try items in 'fileencodings' */
	fenc = next_fenc(&fenc_next);
	fenc_alloced = TRUE;
    }
#endif

    /*
     * Jump back here to retry reading the file in different ways.
     * Reasons to retry:
     * - encoding conversion failed: try another one from "fenc_next"
     * - BOM detected and fenc was set, need to setup conversion
     * - "fileformat" check failed: try another
     *
     * Variables set for special retry actions:
     * "file_rewind"	Rewind the file to start reading it again.
     * "advance_fenc"	Advance "fenc" using "fenc_next".
     * "skip_read"	Re-use already read bytes (BOM detected).
     * "did_iconv"	iconv() conversion failed, try 'charconvert'.
     * "keep_fileformat" Don't reset "fileformat".
     *
     * Other status indicators:
     * "tmpname"	When != NULL did conversion with 'charconvert'.
     *			Output file has to be deleted afterwards.
     * "iconv_fd"	When != -1 did conversion with iconv().
     */
retry:

    if (file_rewind)
    {
	if (read_buffer)
	{
	    read_buf_lnum = 1;
	    read_buf_col = 0;
	}
	else if (read_stdin || lseek(fd, (off_t)0L, SEEK_SET) != 0)
	{
	    /* Can't rewind the file, give up. */
	    error = TRUE;
	    goto failed;
	}
	/* Delete the previously read lines. */
	while (lnum > from)
	    ml_delete(lnum--, FALSE);
	file_rewind = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	if (newfile)
	    curbuf->b_p_bomb = FALSE;
	conv_error = FALSE;
#endif
    }

    /*
     * When retrying with another "fenc" and the first time "fileformat"
     * will be reset.
     */
    if (keep_fileformat)
	keep_fileformat = FALSE;
    else
    {
	if (eap != NULL && eap->force_ff != 0)
	    fileformat = get_fileformat_force(curbuf, eap);
	else if (curbuf->b_p_bin)
	    fileformat = EOL_UNIX;		/* binary: use Unix format */
	else if (*p_ffs == NUL)
	    fileformat = get_fileformat(curbuf);/* use format from buffer */
	else
	    fileformat = EOL_UNKNOWN;		/* detect from file */
    }

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
    {
	/* aborted conversion with iconv(), close the descriptor */
	iconv_close(iconv_fd);
	iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
    }
# endif

    if (advance_fenc)
    {
	/*
	 * Try the next entry in 'fileencodings'.
	 */
	advance_fenc = FALSE;

	if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
	{
	    /* Conversion given with "++cc=" wasn't possible, read
	     * without conversion. */
	    notconverted = TRUE;
	    conv_error = FALSE;
	    if (fenc_alloced)
		vim_free(fenc);
	    fenc = (char_u *)"";
	    fenc_alloced = FALSE;
	}
	else
	{
	    if (fenc_alloced)
		vim_free(fenc);
	    if (fenc_next != NULL)
	    {
		fenc = next_fenc(&fenc_next);
		fenc_alloced = (fenc_next != NULL);
	    }
	    else
	    {
		fenc = (char_u *)"";
		fenc_alloced = FALSE;
	    }
	}
	if (tmpname != NULL)
	{
	    mch_remove(tmpname);		/* delete converted file */
	    vim_free(tmpname);
	    tmpname = NULL;
	}
    }

    /*
     * Conversion is required when the encoding of the file is different
     * from 'encoding' or 'encoding' is UTF-16, UCS-2 or UCS-4 (requires
     * conversion to UTF-8).
     */
    fio_flags = 0;
    converted = (*fenc != NUL && !same_encoding(p_enc, fenc));
    if (converted || enc_unicode != 0)
    {

	/* "ucs-bom" means we need to check the first bytes of the file
	 * for a BOM. */
	if (STRCMP(fenc, ENC_UCSBOM) == 0)
	    fio_flags = FIO_UCSBOM;

	/*
	 * Check if UCS-2/4 or Latin1 to UTF-8 conversion needs to be
	 * done.  This is handled below after read().  Prepare the
	 * fio_flags to avoid having to parse the string each time.
	 * Also check for Unicode to Latin1 conversion, because iconv()
	 * appears not to handle this correctly.  This works just like
	 * conversion to UTF-8 except how the resulting character is put in
	 * the buffer.
	 */
	else if (enc_utf8 || STRCMP(p_enc, "latin1") == 0)
	    fio_flags = get_fio_flags(fenc);

# ifdef WIN3264
	/*
	 * Conversion from an MS-Windows codepage to UTF-8 or another codepage
	 * is handled with MultiByteToWideChar().
	 */
	if (fio_flags == 0)
	    fio_flags = get_win_fio_flags(fenc);
# endif

# ifdef MACOS_X
	/* Conversion from Apple MacRoman to latin1 or UTF-8 */
	if (fio_flags == 0)
	    fio_flags = get_mac_fio_flags(fenc);
# endif

# ifdef USE_ICONV
	/*
	 * Try using iconv() if we can't convert internally.
	 */
	if (fio_flags == 0
#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
		&& !did_iconv
#  endif
		)
	    iconv_fd = (iconv_t)my_iconv_open(
				  enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc, fenc);
# endif

# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	/*
	 * Use the 'charconvert' expression when conversion is required
	 * and we can't do it internally or with iconv().
	 */
	if (fio_flags == 0 && !read_stdin && !read_buffer && *p_ccv != NUL
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
						    && iconv_fd == (iconv_t)-1
#  endif
		)
	{
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
	    did_iconv = FALSE;
#  endif
	    /* Skip conversion when it's already done (retry for wrong
	     * "fileformat"). */
	    if (tmpname == NULL)
	    {
		tmpname = readfile_charconvert(fname, fenc, &fd);
		if (tmpname == NULL)
		{
		    /* Conversion failed.  Try another one. */
		    advance_fenc = TRUE;
		    if (fd < 0)
		    {
			/* Re-opening the original file failed! */
			EMSG(_("E202: Conversion made file unreadable!"));
			error = TRUE;
			goto failed;
		    }
		    goto retry;
		}
	    }
	}
	else
# endif
	{
	    if (fio_flags == 0
# ifdef USE_ICONV
		    && iconv_fd == (iconv_t)-1
# endif
	       )
	    {
		/* Conversion wanted but we can't.
		 * Try the next conversion in 'fileencodings' */
		advance_fenc = TRUE;
		goto retry;
	    }
	}
    }

    /* Set can_retry when it's possible to rewind the file and try with
     * another "fenc" value.  It's FALSE when no other "fenc" to try, reading
     * stdin or "fenc" was specified with "++enc=". */
    can_retry = (*fenc != NUL && !read_stdin
				     && (eap == NULL || eap->force_enc == 0));
#endif

    if (!skip_read)
    {
	linerest = 0;
	filesize = 0;
	skip_count = lines_to_skip;
	read_count = lines_to_read;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	conv_restlen = 0;
#endif
    }

    while (!error && !got_int)
    {
	/*
	 * We allocate as much space for the file as we can get, plus
	 * space for the old line plus room for one terminating NUL.
	 * The amount is limited by the fact that read() only can read
	 * upto max_unsigned characters (and other things).
	 */
#if SIZEOF_INT <= 2
	if (linerest >= 0x7ff0)
	{
	    ++split;
	    *ptr = NL;		    /* split line by inserting a NL */
	    size = 1;
	}
	else
#endif
	{
	    if (!skip_read)
	    {
#if SIZEOF_INT > 2
# ifdef __TANDEM
		size = SSIZE_MAX;		    /* use max I/O size, 52K */
# else
		size = 0x10000L;		    /* use buffer >= 64K */
# endif
#else
		size = 0x7ff0L - linerest;	    /* limit buffer to 32K */
#endif

		for ( ; size >= 10; size = (long_u)size >> 1)
		{
		    if ((new_buffer = lalloc((long_u)(size + linerest + 1),
							      FALSE)) != NULL)
			break;
		}
		if (new_buffer == NULL)
		{
		    do_outofmem_msg((long_u)(size * 2 + linerest + 1));
		    error = TRUE;
		    break;
		}
		if (linerest)	/* copy characters from the previous buffer */
		    mch_memmove(new_buffer, ptr - linerest, (size_t)linerest);
		vim_free(buffer);
		buffer = new_buffer;
		ptr = buffer + linerest;
		line_start = buffer;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
		/* May need room to translate into.
		 * For iconv() we don't really know the required space, use a
		 * factor ICONV_MULT.
		 * latin1 to utf-8: 1 byte becomes up to 2 bytes
		 * utf-16 to utf-8: 2 bytes become up to 3 bytes, 4 bytes
		 * become up to 4 bytes, size must be multiple of 2
		 * ucs-2 to utf-8: 2 bytes become up to 3 bytes, size must be
		 * multiple of 2
		 * ucs-4 to utf-8: 4 bytes become up to 6 bytes, size must be
		 * multiple of 4 */
		real_size = size;
# ifdef USE_ICONV
		if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
		    size = size / ICONV_MULT;
		else
# endif
		    if (fio_flags & FIO_LATIN1)
		    size = size / 2;
		else if (fio_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
		    size = (size * 2 / 3) & ~1;
		else if (fio_flags & FIO_UCS4)
		    size = (size * 2 / 3) & ~3;
		else if (fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM)
		    size = size / ICONV_MULT;	/* worst case */
# ifdef WIN3264
		else if (fio_flags & FIO_CODEPAGE)
		    size = size / ICONV_MULT;	/* also worst case */
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
		else if (fio_flags & FIO_MACROMAN)
		    size = size / ICONV_MULT;	/* also worst case */
# endif
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
		if (conv_restlen > 0)
		{
		    /* Insert unconverted bytes from previous line. */
		    mch_memmove(ptr, conv_rest, conv_restlen);
		    ptr += conv_restlen;
		    size -= conv_restlen;
		}
#endif

		if (read_buffer)
		{
		    /*
		     * Read bytes from curbuf.  Used for converting text read
		     * from stdin.
		     */
		    if (read_buf_lnum > from)
			size = 0;
		    else
		    {
			int	n, ni;
			long	tlen;

			tlen = 0;
			for (;;)
			{
			    p = ml_get(read_buf_lnum) + read_buf_col;
			    n = (int)STRLEN(p);
			    if ((int)tlen + n + 1 > size)
			    {
				/* Filled up to "size", append partial line.
				 * Change NL to NUL to reverse the effect done
				 * below. */
				n = size - tlen;
				for (ni = 0; ni < n; ++ni)
				{
				    if (p[ni] == NL)
					ptr[tlen++] = NUL;
				    else
					ptr[tlen++] = p[ni];
				}
				read_buf_col += n;
				break;
			    }
			    else
			    {
				/* Append whole line and new-line.  Change NL
				 * to NUL to reverse the effect done below. */
				for (ni = 0; ni < n; ++ni)
				{
				    if (p[ni] == NL)
					ptr[tlen++] = NUL;
				    else
					ptr[tlen++] = p[ni];
				}
				ptr[tlen++] = NL;
				read_buf_col = 0;
				if (++read_buf_lnum > from)
				{
				    /* When the last line didn't have an
				     * end-of-line don't add it now either. */
				    if (!curbuf->b_p_eol)
					--tlen;
				    size = tlen;
				    break;
				}
			    }
			}
		    }
		}
		else
		{
		    /*
		     * Read bytes from the file.
		     */
		    size = vim_read(fd, ptr, size);
		}

		if (size <= 0)
		{
		    if (size < 0)		    /* read error */
			error = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
		    else if (conv_restlen > 0)
			/* some trailing bytes unconverted */
			conv_error = TRUE;
#endif
		}

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
		/*
		 * At start of file: Check for magic number of encryption.
		 */
		if (filesize == 0)
		    cryptkey = check_for_cryptkey(cryptkey, ptr, &size,
							  &filesize, newfile);
		/*
		 * Decrypt the read bytes.
		 */
		if (cryptkey != NULL && size > 0)
		    for (p = ptr; p < ptr + size; ++p)
			ZDECODE(*p);
#endif
	    }
	    skip_read = FALSE;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	    /*
	     * At start of file (or after crypt magic number): Check for BOM.
	     * Also check for a BOM for other Unicode encodings, but not after
	     * converting with 'charconvert' or when a BOM has already been
	     * found.
	     */
	    if ((filesize == 0
# ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
			|| (filesize == CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN && cryptkey != NULL)
# endif
		       )
		    && (fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM
			|| (!curbuf->b_p_bomb
			    && tmpname == NULL
			    && (*fenc == 'u' || (*fenc == NUL && enc_utf8)))))
	    {
		char_u	*ccname;
		int	blen;

		/* no BOM detection in a short file or in binary mode */
		if (size < 2 || curbuf->b_p_bin)
		    ccname = NULL;
		else
		    ccname = check_for_bom(ptr, size, &blen,
		      fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM ? FIO_ALL : get_fio_flags(fenc));
		if (ccname != NULL)
		{
		    /* Remove BOM from the text */
		    filesize += blen;
		    size -= blen;
		    mch_memmove(ptr, ptr + blen, (size_t)size);
		    if (newfile)
			curbuf->b_p_bomb = TRUE;
		}

		if (fio_flags == FIO_UCSBOM)
		{
		    if (ccname == NULL)
		    {
			/* No BOM detected: retry with next encoding. */
			advance_fenc = TRUE;
		    }
		    else
		    {
			/* BOM detected: set "fenc" and jump back */
			if (fenc_alloced)
			    vim_free(fenc);
			fenc = ccname;
			fenc_alloced = FALSE;
		    }
		    /* retry reading without getting new bytes or rewinding */
		    skip_read = TRUE;
		    goto retry;
		}
	    }
#endif
	    /*
	     * Break here for a read error or end-of-file.
	     */
	    if (size <= 0)
		break;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE

	    /* Include not converted bytes. */
	    ptr -= conv_restlen;
	    size += conv_restlen;
	    conv_restlen = 0;

# ifdef USE_ICONV
	    if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
	    {
		/*
		 * Attempt conversion of the read bytes to 'encoding' using
		 * iconv().
		 */
		const char	*fromp;
		char		*top;
		size_t		from_size;
		size_t		to_size;

		fromp = (char *)ptr;
		from_size = size;
		ptr += size;
		top = (char *)ptr;
		to_size = real_size - size;

		/*
		 * If there is conversion error or not enough room try using
		 * another conversion.
		 */
		if ((iconv(iconv_fd, (void *)&fromp, &from_size, &top, &to_size)
			    == (size_t)-1 && ICONV_ERRNO != ICONV_EINVAL)
						  || from_size > CONV_RESTLEN)
		    goto rewind_retry;

		if (from_size > 0)
		{
		    /* Some remaining characters, keep them for the next
		     * round. */
		    mch_memmove(conv_rest, (char_u *)fromp, from_size);
		    conv_restlen = (int)from_size;
		}

		/* move the linerest to before the converted characters */
		line_start = ptr - linerest;
		mch_memmove(line_start, buffer, (size_t)linerest);
		size = (long)((char_u *)top - ptr);
	    }
# endif

# ifdef WIN3264
	    if (fio_flags & FIO_CODEPAGE)
	    {
		/*
		 * Conversion from an MS-Windows codepage or UTF-8 to UTF-8 or
		 * a codepage, using standard MS-Windows functions.
		 * 1. find out how many ucs-2 characters there are.
		 * 2. convert from 'fileencoding' to ucs-2
		 * 3. convert from ucs-2 to 'encoding'
		 */
		char_u	*ucsp;
		size_t	from_size = size;
		int	needed;
		char_u	*p;
		int	u8c;

		/*
		 * 1. find out how many ucs-2 characters there are.
		 */
#  ifdef CP_UTF8	/* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
		if (FIO_GET_CP(fio_flags) == CP_UTF8)
		{
		    int		l, flen;

		    /* Handle CP_UTF8 ourselves to be able to handle trailing
		     * bytes properly.  First find out the number of
		     * characters and check for trailing bytes. */
		    needed = 0;
		    p = ptr;
		    for (flen = from_size; flen > 0; flen -= l)
		    {
			l = utf_ptr2len_check_len(p, flen);
			if (l > flen)			/* incomplete char */
			{
			    if (l > CONV_RESTLEN)
				/* weird overlong byte sequence */
				goto rewind_retry;
			    mch_memmove(conv_rest, p, flen);
			    conv_restlen = flen;
			    from_size -= flen;
			    break;
			}
			if (l == 1 && *p >= 0x80)	/* illegal byte */
			    goto rewind_retry;
			++needed;
			p += l;
		    }
		}
		else
#  endif
		{
		    /* We can't tell if the last byte of an MBCS string is
		     * valid and MultiByteToWideChar() returns zero if it
		     * isn't.  Try the whole string, and if that fails, bump
		     * the last byte into conv_rest and try again. */
		    needed = MultiByteToWideChar(FIO_GET_CP(fio_flags),
				 MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)ptr, from_size,
								     NULL, 0);
		    if (needed == 0)
		    {
			conv_rest[0] = ptr[from_size - 1];
			conv_restlen = 1;
			--from_size;
			needed = MultiByteToWideChar(FIO_GET_CP(fio_flags),
				 MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)ptr, from_size,
								     NULL, 0);
		    }

		    /* If there really is a conversion error, try using another
		     * conversion. */
		    if (needed == 0)
			goto rewind_retry;
		}

		/*
		 * 2. convert from 'fileencoding' to ucs-2
		 *
		 * Put the result of conversion to UCS-2 at the end of the
		 * buffer, then convert from UCS-2 to UTF-8 or "enc_codepage"
		 * into the start of the buffer.  If there is not enough space
		 * just fail, there is probably something wrong.
		 */
		ucsp = ptr + real_size - (needed * sizeof(WCHAR));
		if (ucsp < ptr + size)
		    goto rewind_retry;

#  ifdef CP_UTF8	/* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
		if (FIO_GET_CP(fio_flags) == CP_UTF8)
		{
		    int		l, flen;

		    /* Convert from utf-8 to ucs-2. */
		    needed = 0;
		    p = ptr;
		    for (flen = from_size; flen > 0; flen -= l)
		    {
			l = utf_ptr2len_check_len(p, flen);
			u8c = utf_ptr2char(p);
			ucsp[needed * 2] = (u8c & 0xff);
			ucsp[needed * 2 + 1] = (u8c >> 8);
			++needed;
			p += l;
		    }
		}
		else
#  endif
		    needed = MultiByteToWideChar(FIO_GET_CP(fio_flags),
					    MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)ptr,
					     from_size, (LPWSTR)ucsp, needed);

		/*
		 * 3. convert from ucs-2 to 'encoding'
		 */
		if (enc_utf8)
		{
		    /* From UCS-2 to UTF-8.  Cannot fail. */
		    p = ptr;
		    for (; needed > 0; --needed)
		    {
			u8c = *ucsp++;
			u8c += (*ucsp++ << 8);
			p += utf_char2bytes(u8c, p);
		    }
		    size = p - ptr;
		}
		else
		{
		    BOOL	bad = FALSE;

		    /* From UCS-2 to "enc_codepage". If the conversion uses
		     * the default character "?", the data doesn't fit in this
		     * encoding, so fail (unless forced). */
		    size = WideCharToMultiByte(enc_codepage, 0,
							(LPCWSTR)ucsp, needed,
					    (LPSTR)ptr, real_size, "?", &bad);
		    if (bad && !keep_dest_enc)
			goto rewind_retry;
		}
	    }
	    else
# endif
# ifdef MACOS_X
	    if (fio_flags & FIO_MACROMAN)
	    {
		/*
		 * Conversion from Apple MacRoman char encoding to UTF-8 or
		 * latin1, using standard Carbon framework.
		 */
		CFStringRef	cfstr;
		CFRange		r;
		CFIndex		len = size;

		/* MacRoman is an 8-bit encoding, no need to move bytes to
		 * conv_rest[]. */
		cfstr = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, ptr, len,
						kCFStringEncodingMacRoman, 0);
		/*
		 * If there is a conversion error, try using another
		 * conversion.
		 */
		if (cfstr == NULL)
		    goto rewind_retry;

		r.location = 0;
		r.length = CFStringGetLength(cfstr);
		if (r.length != CFStringGetBytes(cfstr, r,
			(enc_utf8) ? kCFStringEncodingUTF8
						 : kCFStringEncodingISOLatin1,
			0, /* no lossy conversion */
			0, /* not external representation */
			ptr + size, real_size - size, &len))
		{
		    CFRelease(cfstr);
		    goto rewind_retry;
		}
		CFRelease(cfstr);
		mch_memmove(ptr, ptr + size, len);
		size = len;
	    }
	    else
# endif
	    if (fio_flags != 0)
	    {
		int	u8c;
		char_u	*dest;
		char_u	*tail = NULL;

		/*
		 * "enc_utf8" set: Convert Unicode or Latin1 to UTF-8.
		 * "enc_utf8" not set: Convert Unicode to Latin1.
		 * Go from end to start through the buffer, because the number
		 * of bytes may increase.
		 * "dest" points to after where the UTF-8 bytes go, "p" points
		 * to after the next character to convert.
		 */
		dest = ptr + real_size;
		if (fio_flags == FIO_LATIN1 || fio_flags == FIO_UTF8)
		{
		    p = ptr + size;
		    if (fio_flags == FIO_UTF8)
		    {
			/* Check for a trailing incomplete UTF-8 sequence */
			tail = ptr + size - 1;
			while (tail > ptr && (*tail & 0xc0) == 0x80)
			    --tail;
			if (tail + utf_byte2len(*tail) <= ptr + size)
			    tail = NULL;
			else
			    p = tail;
		    }
		}
		else if (fio_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
		{
		    /* Check for a trailing byte */
		    p = ptr + (size & ~1);
		    if (size & 1)
			tail = p;
		    if ((fio_flags & FIO_UTF16) && p > ptr)
		    {
			/* Check for a trailing leading word */
			if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
			{
			    u8c = (*--p << 8);
			    u8c += *--p;
			}
			else
			{
			    u8c = *--p;
			    u8c += (*--p << 8);
			}
			if (u8c >= 0xd800 && u8c <= 0xdbff)
			    tail = p;
			else
			    p += 2;
		    }
		}
		else /*  FIO_UCS4 */
		{
		    /* Check for trailing 1, 2 or 3 bytes */
		    p = ptr + (size & ~3);
		    if (size & 3)
			tail = p;
		}

		/* If there is a trailing incomplete sequence move it to
		 * conv_rest[]. */
		if (tail != NULL)
		{
		    conv_restlen = (int)((ptr + size) - tail);
		    mch_memmove(conv_rest, (char_u *)tail, conv_restlen);
		    size -= conv_restlen;
		}


		while (p > ptr)
		{
		    if (fio_flags & FIO_LATIN1)
			u8c = *--p;
		    else if (fio_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
		    {
			if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
			{
			    u8c = (*--p << 8);
			    u8c += *--p;
			}
			else
			{
			    u8c = *--p;
			    u8c += (*--p << 8);
			}
			if ((fio_flags & FIO_UTF16)
					    && u8c >= 0xdc00 && u8c <= 0xdfff)
			{
			    int u16c;

			    if (p == ptr)
			    {
				/* Missing leading word. */
				if (can_retry)
				    goto rewind_retry;
				conv_error = TRUE;
			    }

			    /* found second word of double-word, get the first
			     * word and compute the resulting character */
			    if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
			    {
				u16c = (*--p << 8);
				u16c += *--p;
			    }
			    else
			    {
				u16c = *--p;
				u16c += (*--p << 8);
			    }
			    /* Check if the word is indeed a leading word. */
			    if (u16c < 0xd800 || u16c > 0xdbff)
			    {
				if (can_retry)
				    goto rewind_retry;
				conv_error = TRUE;
			    }
			    u8c = 0x10000 + ((u16c & 0x3ff) << 10)
							      + (u8c & 0x3ff);
			}
		    }
		    else if (fio_flags & FIO_UCS4)
		    {
			if (fio_flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
			{
			    u8c = (*--p << 24);
			    u8c += (*--p << 16);
			    u8c += (*--p << 8);
			    u8c += *--p;
			}
			else	/* big endian */
			{
			    u8c = *--p;
			    u8c += (*--p << 8);
			    u8c += (*--p << 16);
			    u8c += (*--p << 24);
			}
		    }
		    else    /* UTF-8 */
		    {
			if (*--p < 0x80)
			    u8c = *p;
			else
			{
			    len = utf_head_off(ptr, p);
			    if (len == 0)
			    {
				/* Not a valid UTF-8 character, retry with
				 * another fenc when possible, otherwise just
				 * report the error. */
				if (can_retry)
				    goto rewind_retry;
				conv_error = TRUE;
			    }
			    p -= len;
			    u8c = utf_ptr2char(p);
			}
		    }
		    if (enc_utf8)	/* produce UTF-8 */
		    {
			dest -= utf_char2len(u8c);
			(void)utf_char2bytes(u8c, dest);
		    }
		    else		/* produce Latin1 */
		    {
			--dest;
			if (u8c >= 0x100)
			{
			    /* character doesn't fit in latin1, retry with
			     * another fenc when possible, otherwise just
			     * report the error. */
			    if (can_retry && !keep_dest_enc)
				goto rewind_retry;
			    *dest = 0xBF;
			    conv_error = TRUE;
			}
			else
			    *dest = u8c;
		    }
		}

		/* move the linerest to before the converted characters */
		line_start = dest - linerest;
		mch_memmove(line_start, buffer, (size_t)linerest);
		size = (long)((ptr + real_size) - dest);
		ptr = dest;
	    }
	    else if (enc_utf8 && !conv_error && !curbuf->b_p_bin)
	    {
		/* Reading UTF-8: Check if the bytes are valid UTF-8.
		 * Need to start before "ptr" when part of the character was
		 * read in the previous read() call. */
		for (p = ptr - utf_head_off(buffer, ptr); p < ptr + size; ++p)
		{
		    if (*p >= 0x80)
		    {
			len = utf_ptr2len_check(p);
			/* A length of 1 means it's an illegal byte.  Accept
			 * an incomplete character at the end though, the next
			 * read() will get the next bytes, we'll check it
			 * then. */
			if (len == 1)
			{
			    p += utf_byte2len(*p) - 1;
			    break;
			}
			p += len - 1;
		    }
		}
		if (p < ptr + size)
		{
		    /* Detected a UTF-8 error. */
		    if (can_retry)
		    {
rewind_retry:
			/* Retry reading with another conversion. */
# if defined(FEAT_EVAL) && defined(USE_ICONV)
			if (*p_ccv != NUL && iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
			    /* iconv() failed, try 'charconvert' */
			    did_iconv = TRUE;
			else
# endif
			    /* use next item from 'fileencodings' */
			    advance_fenc = TRUE;
			file_rewind = TRUE;
			goto retry;
		    }

		    /* There is no alternative fenc, just report the error. */
# ifdef USE_ICONV
		    if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
			conv_error = TRUE;
		    else
# endif
		    {
			char_u		*s;

			/* Estimate the line number. */
			illegal_byte = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count - linecnt + 1;
			for (s = ptr; s < p; ++s)
			    if (*s == '\n')
				++illegal_byte;
		    }
		}
	    }
#endif

	    /* count the number of characters (after conversion!) */
	    filesize += size;

	    /*
	     * when reading the first part of a file: guess EOL type
	     */
	    if (fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN)
	    {
		/* First try finding a NL, for Dos and Unix */
		if (try_dos || try_unix)
		{
		    for (p = ptr; p < ptr + size; ++p)
		    {
			if (*p == NL)
			{
			    if (!try_unix
				    || (try_dos && p > ptr && p[-1] == CAR))
				fileformat = EOL_DOS;
			    else
				fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
			    break;
			}
		    }

		    /* Don't give in to EOL_UNIX if EOL_MAC is more likely */
		    if (fileformat == EOL_UNIX && try_mac)
		    {
			/* Need to reset the counters when retrying fenc. */
			try_mac = 1;
			try_unix = 1;
			for (; p >= ptr && *p != CAR; p--)
			    ;
			if (p >= ptr)
			{
			    for (p = ptr; p < ptr + size; ++p)
			    {
				if (*p == NL)
				    try_unix++;
				else if (*p == CAR)
				    try_mac++;
			    }
			    if (try_mac > try_unix)
				fileformat = EOL_MAC;
			}
		    }
		}

		/* No NL found: may use Mac format */
		if (fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN && try_mac)
		    fileformat = EOL_MAC;

		/* Still nothing found?  Use first format in 'ffs' */
		if (fileformat == EOL_UNKNOWN)
		    fileformat = default_fileformat();

		/* if editing a new file: may set p_tx and p_ff */
		if (newfile)
		    set_fileformat(fileformat, OPT_LOCAL);
	    }
	}

	/*
	 * This loop is executed once for every character read.
	 * Keep it fast!
	 */
	if (fileformat == EOL_MAC)
	{
	    --ptr;
	    while (++ptr, --size >= 0)
	    {
		/* catch most common case first */
		if ((c = *ptr) != NUL && c != CAR && c != NL)
		    continue;
		if (c == NUL)
		    *ptr = NL;	/* NULs are replaced by newlines! */
		else if (c == NL)
		    *ptr = CAR;	/* NLs are replaced by CRs! */
		else
		{
		    if (skip_count == 0)
		    {
			*ptr = NUL;	    /* end of line */
			len = (colnr_T) (ptr - line_start + 1);
			if (ml_append(lnum, line_start, len, newfile) == FAIL)
			{
			    error = TRUE;
			    break;
			}
			++lnum;
			if (--read_count == 0)
			{
			    error = TRUE;	/* break loop */
			    line_start = ptr;	/* nothing left to write */
			    break;
			}
		    }
		    else
			--skip_count;
		    line_start = ptr + 1;
		}
	    }
	}
	else
	{
	    --ptr;
	    while (++ptr, --size >= 0)
	    {
		if ((c = *ptr) != NUL && c != NL)  /* catch most common case */
		    continue;
		if (c == NUL)
		    *ptr = NL;	/* NULs are replaced by newlines! */
		else
		{
		    if (skip_count == 0)
		    {
			*ptr = NUL;		/* end of line */
			len = (colnr_T)(ptr - line_start + 1);
			if (fileformat == EOL_DOS)
			{
			    if (ptr[-1] == CAR)	/* remove CR */
			    {
				ptr[-1] = NUL;
				--len;
			    }
			    /*
			     * Reading in Dos format, but no CR-LF found!
			     * When 'fileformats' includes "unix", delete all
			     * the lines read so far and start all over again.
			     * Otherwise give an error message later.
			     */
			    else if (ff_error != EOL_DOS)
			    {
				if (   try_unix
				    && !read_stdin
				    && (read_buffer
					|| lseek(fd, (off_t)0L, SEEK_SET) == 0))
				{
				    fileformat = EOL_UNIX;
				    if (newfile)
					set_fileformat(EOL_UNIX, OPT_LOCAL);
				    file_rewind = TRUE;
				    keep_fileformat = TRUE;
				    goto retry;
				}
				ff_error = EOL_DOS;
			    }
			}
			if (ml_append(lnum, line_start, len, newfile) == FAIL)
			{
			    error = TRUE;
			    break;
			}
			++lnum;
			if (--read_count == 0)
			{
			    error = TRUE;	    /* break loop */
			    line_start = ptr;	/* nothing left to write */
			    break;
			}
		    }
		    else
			--skip_count;
		    line_start = ptr + 1;
		}
	    }
	}
	linerest = (long)(ptr - line_start);
	ui_breakcheck();
    }

failed:
    /* not an error, max. number of lines reached */
    if (error && read_count == 0)
	error = FALSE;

    /*
     * If we get EOF in the middle of a line, note the fact and
     * complete the line ourselves.
     * In Dos format ignore a trailing CTRL-Z, unless 'binary' set.
     */
    if (!error
	    && !got_int
	    && linerest != 0
	    && !(!curbuf->b_p_bin
		&& fileformat == EOL_DOS
		&& *line_start == Ctrl_Z
		&& ptr == line_start + 1))
    {
	if (newfile)			/* remember for when writing */
	    curbuf->b_p_eol = FALSE;
	*ptr = NUL;
	if (ml_append(lnum, line_start,
			(colnr_T)(ptr - line_start + 1), newfile) == FAIL)
	    error = TRUE;
	else
	    read_no_eol_lnum = ++lnum;
    }

    if (newfile)
	save_file_ff(curbuf);		/* remember the current file format */

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    if (cryptkey != curbuf->b_p_key)
	vim_free(cryptkey);
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* If editing a new file: set 'fenc' for the current buffer. */
    if (newfile)
	set_string_option_direct((char_u *)"fenc", -1, fenc,
							  OPT_FREE|OPT_LOCAL);
    if (fenc_alloced)
	vim_free(fenc);
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    if (iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
    {
	iconv_close(iconv_fd);
	iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
    }
# endif
#endif

    if (!read_buffer && !read_stdin)
	close(fd);				/* errors are ignored */
    vim_free(buffer);

#ifdef HAVE_DUP
    if (read_stdin)
    {
	/* Use stderr for stdin, makes shell commands work. */
	close(0);
	dup(2);
    }
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    if (tmpname != NULL)
    {
	mch_remove(tmpname);		/* delete converted file */
	vim_free(tmpname);
    }
#endif
    --no_wait_return;			/* may wait for return now */

    /*
     * In recovery mode everything but autocommands is skipped.
     */
    if (!recoverymode)
    {
	/* need to delete the last line, which comes from the empty buffer */
	if (newfile && wasempty && !(curbuf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY))
	{
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
	    netbeansFireChanges = 0;
#endif
	    ml_delete(curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count, FALSE);
#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
	    netbeansFireChanges = 1;
#endif
	    --linecnt;
	}
	linecnt = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count - linecnt;
	if (filesize == 0)
	    linecnt = 0;
	if (newfile || read_buffer)
	    redraw_curbuf_later(NOT_VALID);
	else if (linecnt)		/* appended at least one line */
	    appended_lines_mark(from, linecnt);

#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
	/* After reading the text into the buffer the diff info needs to be
	 * updated. */
	if ((newfile || read_buffer))
	    diff_invalidate();
#endif
#ifndef ALWAYS_USE_GUI
	/*
	 * If we were reading from the same terminal as where messages go,
	 * the screen will have been messed up.
	 * Switch on raw mode now and clear the screen.
	 */
	if (read_stdin)
	{
	    settmode(TMODE_RAW);	/* set to raw mode */
	    starttermcap();
	    screenclear();
	}
#endif

	if (got_int)
	{
	    if (!(flags & READ_DUMMY))
	    {
		filemess(curbuf, sfname, (char_u *)_(e_interr), 0);
		if (newfile)
		    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;	/* must use "w!" now */
	    }
	    msg_scroll = msg_save;
#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
	    check_marks_read();
#endif
	    return OK;		/* an interrupt isn't really an error */
	}

	if (!filtering && !(flags & READ_DUMMY))
	{
	    msg_add_fname(curbuf, sfname);   /* fname in IObuff with quotes */
	    c = FALSE;

#ifdef UNIX
# ifdef S_ISFIFO
	    if (S_ISFIFO(perm))			    /* fifo or socket */
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[fifo/socket]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
# else
#  ifdef S_IFIFO
	    if ((perm & S_IFMT) == S_IFIFO)	    /* fifo */
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[fifo]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
#  endif
#  ifdef S_IFSOCK
	    if ((perm & S_IFMT) == S_IFSOCK)	    /* or socket */
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[socket]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
#  endif
# endif
#endif
	    if (curbuf->b_p_ro)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_RO) ? _("[RO]") : _("[readonly]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    if (read_no_eol_lnum)
	    {
		msg_add_eol();
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    if (ff_error == EOL_DOS)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[CR missing]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    if (ff_error == EOL_MAC)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[NL found]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    if (split)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[long lines split]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	    if (notconverted)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[NOT converted]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    else if (converted)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[converted]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
	    if (cryptkey != NULL)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[crypted]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	    if (conv_error)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[CONVERSION ERROR]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    else if (illegal_byte > 0)
	    {
		sprintf((char *)IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff),
			 _("[ILLEGAL BYTE in line %ld]"), (long)illegal_byte);
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    else
#endif
		if (error)
	    {
		STRCAT(IObuff, _("[READ ERRORS]"));
		c = TRUE;
	    }
	    if (msg_add_fileformat(fileformat))
		c = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
	    if (cryptkey != NULL)
		msg_add_lines(c, (long)linecnt, filesize - CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN);
	    else
#endif
		msg_add_lines(c, (long)linecnt, filesize);

	    vim_free(keep_msg);
	    keep_msg = NULL;
	    msg_scrolled_ign = TRUE;
#ifdef ALWAYS_USE_GUI
	    /* Don't show the message when reading stdin, it would end up in a
	     * message box (which might be shown when exiting!) */
	    if (read_stdin || read_buffer)
		p = msg_may_trunc(FALSE, IObuff);
	    else
#endif
		p = msg_trunc_attr(IObuff, FALSE, 0);
	    if (read_stdin || read_buffer || restart_edit != 0
		    || (msg_scrolled && !need_wait_return))
	    {
		/* Need to repeat the message after redrawing when:
		 * - When reading from stdin (the screen will be cleared next).
		 * - When restart_edit is set (otherwise there will be a delay
		 *   before redrawing).
		 * - When the screen was scrolled but there is no wait-return
		 *   prompt. */
		set_keep_msg(p);
		keep_msg_attr = 0;
	    }
	    msg_scrolled_ign = FALSE;
	}

	/* with errors writing the file requires ":w!" */
	if (newfile && (error
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
		    || conv_error
#endif
		    ))
	    curbuf->b_p_ro = TRUE;

	u_clearline();	    /* cannot use "U" command after adding lines */

	/*
	 * In Ex mode: cursor at last new line.
	 * Otherwise: cursor at first new line.
	 */
	if (exmode_active)
	    curwin->w_cursor.lnum = from + linecnt;
	else
	    curwin->w_cursor.lnum = from + 1;
	check_cursor_lnum();
	beginline(BL_WHITE | BL_FIX);	    /* on first non-blank */

	/*
	 * Set '[ and '] marks to the newly read lines.
	 */
	curbuf->b_op_start.lnum = from + 1;
	curbuf->b_op_start.col = 0;
	curbuf->b_op_end.lnum = from + linecnt;
	curbuf->b_op_end.col = 0;
    }
    msg_scroll = msg_save;

#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
    /*
     * Get the marks before executing autocommands, so they can be used there.
     */
    check_marks_read();
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    /*
     * Trick: We remember if the last line of the read didn't have
     * an eol for when writing it again.  This is required for
     * ":autocmd FileReadPost *.gz set bin|'[,']!gunzip" to work.
     */
    write_no_eol_lnum = read_no_eol_lnum;

    if (!read_stdin && !read_buffer)
    {
	int m = msg_scroll;
	int n = msg_scrolled;

	/* Save the fileformat now, otherwise the buffer will be considered
	 * modified if the format/encoding was automatically detected. */
	if (newfile)
	    save_file_ff(curbuf);

	/*
	 * The output from the autocommands should not overwrite anything and
	 * should not be overwritten: Set msg_scroll, restore its value if no
	 * output was done.
	 */
	msg_scroll = TRUE;
	if (filtering)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERREADPOST, NULL, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else if (newfile)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFREADPOST, NULL, sfname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEREADPOST, sfname, sfname,
							    FALSE, NULL, eap);
	if (msg_scrolled == n)
	    msg_scroll = m;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	if (aborting())	    /* autocmds may abort script processing */
	    return FAIL;
#endif
    }
#endif

    if (recoverymode && error)
	return FAIL;
    return OK;
}

/*
 * Fill "*eap" to force the 'fileencoding' and 'fileformat' to be equal to the
 * buffer "buf".  Used for calling readfile().
 * Returns OK or FAIL.
 */
    int
prep_exarg(eap, buf)
    exarg_T	*eap;
    buf_T	*buf;
{
    eap->cmd = alloc((unsigned)(STRLEN(buf->b_p_ff)
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
		+ STRLEN(buf->b_p_fenc)
#endif
						 + 15));
    if (eap->cmd == NULL)
	return FAIL;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    sprintf((char *)eap->cmd, "e ++ff=%s ++enc=%s", buf->b_p_ff, buf->b_p_fenc);
    eap->force_enc = 14 + (int)STRLEN(buf->b_p_ff);
#else
    sprintf((char *)eap->cmd, "e ++ff=%s", buf->b_p_ff);
#endif
    eap->force_ff = 7;
    return OK;
}

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
/*
 * Find next fileencoding to use from 'fileencodings'.
 * "pp" points to fenc_next.  It's advanced to the next item.
 * When there are no more items, an empty string is returned and *pp is set to
 * NULL.
 * When *pp is not set to NULL, the result is in allocated memory.
 */
    static char_u *
next_fenc(pp)
    char_u	**pp;
{
    char_u	*p;
    char_u	*r;

    if (**pp == NUL)
    {
	*pp = NULL;
	return (char_u *)"";
    }
    p = vim_strchr(*pp, ',');
    if (p == NULL)
    {
	r = enc_canonize(*pp);
	*pp += STRLEN(*pp);
    }
    else
    {
	r = vim_strnsave(*pp, (int)(p - *pp));
	*pp = p + 1;
	if (r != NULL)
	{
	    p = enc_canonize(r);
	    vim_free(r);
	    r = p;
	}
    }
    if (r == NULL)	/* out of memory */
    {
	r = (char_u *)"";
	*pp = NULL;
    }
    return r;
}

# ifdef FEAT_EVAL
/*
 * Convert a file with the 'charconvert' expression.
 * This closes the file which is to be read, converts it and opens the
 * resulting file for reading.
 * Returns name of the resulting converted file (the caller should delete it
 * after reading it).
 * Returns NULL if the conversion failed ("*fdp" is not set) .
 */
    static char_u *
readfile_charconvert(fname, fenc, fdp)
    char_u	*fname;		/* name of input file */
    char_u	*fenc;		/* converted from */
    int		*fdp;		/* in/out: file descriptor of file */
{
    char_u	*tmpname;
    char_u	*errmsg = NULL;

    tmpname = vim_tempname('r');
    if (tmpname == NULL)
	errmsg = (char_u *)_("Can't find temp file for conversion");
    else
    {
	close(*fdp);		/* close the input file, ignore errors */
	*fdp = -1;
	if (eval_charconvert(fenc, enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc,
						      fname, tmpname) == FAIL)
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_("Conversion with 'charconvert' failed");
	if (errmsg == NULL && (*fdp = mch_open((char *)tmpname,
						  O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0)
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_("can't read output of 'charconvert'");
    }

    if (errmsg != NULL)
    {
	/* Don't use emsg(), it breaks mappings, the retry with
	 * another type of conversion might still work. */
	MSG(errmsg);
	if (tmpname != NULL)
	{
	    mch_remove(tmpname);	/* delete converted file */
	    vim_free(tmpname);
	    tmpname = NULL;
	}
    }

    /* If the input file is closed, open it (caller should check for error). */
    if (*fdp < 0)
	*fdp = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0);

    return tmpname;
}
# endif

#endif

#ifdef FEAT_VIMINFO
/*
 * Read marks for the current buffer from the viminfo file, when we support
 * buffer marks and the buffer has a name.
 */
    static void
check_marks_read()
{
    if (!curbuf->b_marks_read && get_viminfo_parameter('\'') > 0
						  && curbuf->b_ffname != NULL)
	read_viminfo(NULL, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE);

    /* Always set b_marks_read; needed when 'viminfo' is changed to include
     * the ' parameter after opening a buffer. */
    curbuf->b_marks_read = TRUE;
}
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
/*
 * Check for magic number used for encryption.
 * If found, the magic number is removed from ptr[*sizep] and *sizep and
 * *filesizep are updated.
 * Return the (new) encryption key, NULL for no encryption.
 */
    static char_u *
check_for_cryptkey(cryptkey, ptr, sizep, filesizep, newfile)
    char_u	*cryptkey;	/* previous encryption key or NULL */
    char_u	*ptr;		/* pointer to read bytes */
    long	*sizep;		/* length of read bytes */
    long	*filesizep;	/* nr of bytes used from file */
    int		newfile;	/* editing a new buffer */
{
    if (*sizep >= CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN
	    && STRNCMP(ptr, CRYPT_MAGIC, CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN) == 0)
    {
	if (cryptkey == NULL)
	{
	    if (*curbuf->b_p_key)
		cryptkey = curbuf->b_p_key;
	    else
	    {
		/* When newfile is TRUE, store the typed key
		 * in the 'key' option and don't free it. */
		cryptkey = get_crypt_key(newfile, FALSE);
		/* check if empty key entered */
		if (cryptkey != NULL && *cryptkey == NUL)
		{
		    if (cryptkey != curbuf->b_p_key)
			vim_free(cryptkey);
		    cryptkey = NULL;
		}
	    }
	}

	if (cryptkey != NULL)
	{
	    crypt_init_keys(cryptkey);

	    /* Remove magic number from the text */
	    *filesizep += CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN;
	    *sizep -= CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN;
	    mch_memmove(ptr, ptr + CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN, (size_t)*sizep);
	}
    }
    /* When starting to edit a new file which does not have
     * encryption, clear the 'key' option, except when
     * starting up (called with -x argument) */
    else if (newfile && *curbuf->b_p_key && !starting)
	set_option_value((char_u *)"key", 0L, (char_u *)"", OPT_LOCAL);

    return cryptkey;
}
#endif

#ifdef UNIX
    static void
set_file_time(fname, atime, mtime)
    char_u  *fname;
    time_t  atime;	    /* access time */
    time_t  mtime;	    /* modification time */
{
# if defined(HAVE_UTIME) && defined(HAVE_UTIME_H)
    struct utimbuf  buf;

    buf.actime	= atime;
    buf.modtime	= mtime;
    (void)utime((char *)fname, &buf);
# else
#  if defined(HAVE_UTIMES)
    struct timeval  tvp[2];

    tvp[0].tv_sec   = atime;
    tvp[0].tv_usec  = 0;
    tvp[1].tv_sec   = mtime;
    tvp[1].tv_usec  = 0;
#   ifdef NeXT
    (void)utimes((char *)fname, tvp);
#   else
    (void)utimes((char *)fname, (const struct timeval *)&tvp);
#   endif
#  endif
# endif
}
#endif /* UNIX */

/*
 * buf_write() - write to file 'fname' lines 'start' through 'end'
 *
 * We do our own buffering here because fwrite() is so slow.
 *
 * If forceit is true, we don't care for errors when attempting backups (jw).
 * In case of an error everything possible is done to restore the original file.
 * But when forceit is TRUE, we risk loosing it.
 * When reset_changed is TRUE and start == 1 and end ==
 * curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count, reset curbuf->b_changed.
 *
 * This function must NOT use NameBuff (because it's called by autowrite()).
 *
 * return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise
 */
    int
buf_write(buf, fname, sfname, start, end, eap, append, forceit,
						      reset_changed, filtering)
    buf_T	    *buf;
    char_u	    *fname;
    char_u	    *sfname;
    linenr_T	    start, end;
    exarg_T	    *eap;		/* for forced 'ff' and 'fenc', can be
					   NULL! */
    int		    append;
    int		    forceit;
    int		    reset_changed;
    int		    filtering;
{
    int		    fd;
    char_u	    *backup = NULL;
    int		    backup_copy = FALSE; /* copy the original file? */
    int		    dobackup;
    char_u	    *ffname;
    char_u	    *wfname = NULL;	/* name of file to write to */
    char_u	    *s;
    char_u	    *ptr;
    char_u	    c;
    int		    len;
    linenr_T	    lnum;
    long	    nchars;
    char_u	    *errmsg = NULL;
    char_u	    *errnum = NULL;
    char_u	    *buffer;
    char_u	    smallbuf[SMBUFSIZE];
    char_u	    *backup_ext;
    int		    bufsize;
    long	    perm;		    /* file permissions */
    int		    retval = OK;
    int		    newfile = FALSE;	    /* TRUE if file doesn't exist yet */
    int		    msg_save = msg_scroll;
    int		    overwriting;	    /* TRUE if writing over original */
    int		    no_eol = FALSE;	    /* no end-of-line written */
    int		    device = FALSE;	    /* writing to a device */
    struct stat	    st_old;
    int		    prev_got_int = got_int;
    int		    file_readonly = FALSE;  /* overwritten file is read-only */
    static char	    *err_readonly = "is read-only (cannot override: \"W\" in 'cpoptions')";
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(__EMX__XX)	    /*XXX fix me sometime? */
    int		    made_writable = FALSE;  /* 'w' bit has been set */
#endif
					/* writing everything */
    int		    whole = (start == 1 && end == buf->b_ml.ml_line_count);
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    linenr_T	    old_line_count = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
#endif
    int		    attr;
    int		    fileformat;
    int		    write_bin;
    struct bw_info  write_info;		/* info for buf_write_bytes() */
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    int		    converted = FALSE;
    int		    notconverted = FALSE;
    char_u	    *fenc;		/* effective 'fileencoding' */
    char_u	    *fenc_tofree = NULL; /* allocated "fenc" */
#endif
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    int		    wb_flags = 0;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    vim_acl_T	    acl = NULL;		/* ACL copied from original file to
					   backup or new file */
#endif

    if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL)	/* safety check */
	return FAIL;

    /*
     * Disallow writing from .exrc and .vimrc in current directory for
     * security reasons.
     */
    if (check_secure())
	return FAIL;

    /* Avoid a crash for a long name. */
    if (STRLEN(fname) >= MAXPATHL)
    {
	EMSG(_(e_longname));
	return FAIL;
    }

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* must init bw_conv_buf and bw_iconv_fd before jumping to "fail" */
    write_info.bw_conv_buf = NULL;
    write_info.bw_conv_error = FALSE;
    write_info.bw_restlen = 0;
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    write_info.bw_iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
# endif
#endif

    /*
     * If there is no file name yet, use the one for the written file.
     * BF_NOTEDITED is set to reflect this (in case the write fails).
     * Don't do this when the write is for a filter command.
     * Only do this when 'cpoptions' contains the 'f' flag.
     */
    if (reset_changed
	    && whole
	    && buf == curbuf
	    && curbuf->b_ffname == NULL
	    && !filtering
	    && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FNAMEW) != NULL)
    {
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	/* It's like the unnamed buffer is deleted.... */
	if (curbuf->b_p_bl)
	    apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFDELETE, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
	apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFWIPEOUT, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	if (aborting())	    /* autocmds may abort script processing */
	    return FAIL;
#endif
#endif
	if (setfname(curbuf, fname, sfname, FALSE) == OK)
	    curbuf->b_flags |= BF_NOTEDITED;
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	/* ....and a new named one is created */
	apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFNEW, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
	if (curbuf->b_p_bl)
	    apply_autocmds(EVENT_BUFADD, NULL, NULL, FALSE, curbuf);
#endif
    }

    if (sfname == NULL)
	sfname = fname;
    /*
     * For Unix: Use the short file name whenever possible.
     * Avoids problems with networks and when directory names are changed.
     * Don't do this for MS-DOS, a "cd" in a sub-shell may have moved us to
     * another directory, which we don't detect
     */
    ffname = fname;			    /* remember full fname */
#ifdef UNIX
    fname = sfname;
#endif

    if (buf->b_ffname != NULL && fnamecmp(ffname, buf->b_ffname) == 0)
	overwriting = TRUE;
    else
	overwriting = FALSE;

    if (exiting)
	settmode(TMODE_COOK);	    /* when exiting allow typahead now */

    ++no_wait_return;		    /* don't wait for return yet */

    /*
     * Set '[ and '] marks to the lines to be written.
     */
    buf->b_op_start.lnum = start;
    buf->b_op_start.col = 0;
    buf->b_op_end.lnum = end;
    buf->b_op_end.col = 0;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    {
	aco_save_T	aco;
	int		buf_ffname = FALSE;
	int		buf_sfname = FALSE;
	int		buf_fname_f = FALSE;
	int		buf_fname_s = FALSE;
	int		did_cmd = FALSE;
	int		nofile_err = FALSE;

	/*
	 * Apply PRE aucocommands.
	 * Set curbuf to the buffer to be written.
	 * Careful: The autocommands may call buf_write() recursively!
	 */
	if (ffname == buf->b_ffname)
	    buf_ffname = TRUE;
	if (sfname == buf->b_sfname)
	    buf_sfname = TRUE;
	if (fname == buf->b_ffname)
	    buf_fname_f = TRUE;
	if (fname == buf->b_sfname)
	    buf_fname_s = TRUE;

	/* set curwin/curbuf to buf and save a few things */
	aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

	if (append)
	{
	    if (!(did_cmd = apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEAPPENDCMD,
					 sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap)))
	    {
		if (bt_nofile(curbuf))
		    nofile_err = TRUE;
		else
		    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEAPPENDPRE,
					  sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	    }
	}
	else if (filtering)
	{
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERWRITEPRE,
					    NULL, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	}
	else if (reset_changed && whole)
	{
	    if (!(did_cmd = apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFWRITECMD,
					 sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap)))
	    {
		if (bt_nofile(curbuf))
		    nofile_err = TRUE;
		else
		    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFWRITEPRE,
					  sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	    }
	}
	else
	{
	    if (!(did_cmd = apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEWRITECMD,
					 sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap)))
	    {
		if (bt_nofile(curbuf))
		    nofile_err = TRUE;
		else
		    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEWRITEPRE,
					  sfname, sfname, FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	    }
	}

	/* restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things */
	aucmd_restbuf(&aco);

	/*
	 * In three situations we return here and don't write the file:
	 * 1. the autocommands deleted or unloaded the buffer.
	 * 2. The autocommands abort script processing.
	 * 3. If one of the "Cmd" autocommands was executed.
	 */
	if (!buf_valid(buf))
	    buf = NULL;
	if (buf == NULL || buf->b_ml.ml_mfp == NULL
				       || did_cmd || nofile_err || aborting())
	{
	    --no_wait_return;
	    msg_scroll = msg_save;
	    if (nofile_err)
		EMSG(_("E676: No matching autocommands for acwrite buffer"));

	    if (aborting() || nofile_err)
		/* An aborting error, interrupt or exception in the
		 * autocommands. */
		return FAIL;
	    if (did_cmd)
	    {
		if (buf == NULL)
		    /* The buffer was deleted.  We assume it was written
		     * (can't retry anyway). */
		    return OK;
		if (overwriting)
		{
		    /* Assume the buffer was written, update the timestamp. */
		    ml_timestamp(buf);
		    buf->b_flags &= ~BF_WRITE_MASK;
		}
		if (reset_changed && buf->b_changed)
		    /* Buffer still changed, the autocommands didn't work
		     * properly. */
		    return FAIL;
		return OK;
	    }
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	    if (!aborting())
#endif
		EMSG(_("E203: Autocommands deleted or unloaded buffer to be written"));
	    return FAIL;
	}

	/*
	 * The autocommands may have changed the number of lines in the file.
	 * When writing the whole file, adjust the end.
	 * When writing part of the file, assume that the autocommands only
	 * changed the number of lines that are to be written (tricky!).
	 */
	if (buf->b_ml.ml_line_count != old_line_count)
	{
	    if (whole)						/* write all */
		end = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
	    else if (buf->b_ml.ml_line_count > old_line_count)	/* more lines */
		end += buf->b_ml.ml_line_count - old_line_count;
	    else						/* less lines */
	    {
		end -= old_line_count - buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
		if (end < start)
		{
		    --no_wait_return;
		    msg_scroll = msg_save;
		    EMSG(_("E204: Autocommand changed number of lines in unexpected way"));
		    return FAIL;
		}
	    }
	}

	/*
	 * The autocommands may have changed the name of the buffer, which may
	 * be kept in fname, ffname and sfname.
	 */
	if (buf_ffname)
	    ffname = buf->b_ffname;
	if (buf_sfname)
	    sfname = buf->b_sfname;
	if (buf_fname_f)
	    fname = buf->b_ffname;
	if (buf_fname_s)
	    fname = buf->b_sfname;
    }
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
    if (usingNetbeans && isNetbeansBuffer(buf))
    {
	if (whole)
	{
	    /*
	     * b_changed can be 0 after an undo, but we still need to write
	     * the buffer to NetBeans.
	     */
	    if (buf->b_changed || isNetbeansModified(buf))
	    {
		netbeans_save_buffer(buf);
		return retval;
	    }
	    else
	    {
		errnum = (char_u *)"E656: ";
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("NetBeans dissallows writes of unmodified buffers");
		buffer = NULL;
		goto fail;
	    }
	}
	else
	{
	    errnum = (char_u *)"E657: ";
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_("Partial writes disallowed for NetBeans buffers");
	    buffer = NULL;
	    goto fail;
	}
    }
#endif

    if (shortmess(SHM_OVER) && !exiting)
	msg_scroll = FALSE;	    /* overwrite previous file message */
    else
	msg_scroll = TRUE;	    /* don't overwrite previous file message */
    if (!filtering)
	filemess(buf,
#ifndef UNIX
		sfname,
#else
		fname,
#endif
		    (char_u *)"", 0);	/* show that we are busy */
    msg_scroll = FALSE;		    /* always overwrite the file message now */

    buffer = alloc(BUFSIZE);
    if (buffer == NULL)		    /* can't allocate big buffer, use small
				     * one (to be able to write when out of
				     * memory) */
    {
	buffer = smallbuf;
	bufsize = SMBUFSIZE;
    }
    else
	bufsize = BUFSIZE;

    /*
     * Get information about original file (if there is one).
     */
#if defined(UNIX) && !defined(ARCHIE)
    st_old.st_dev = st_old.st_ino = 0;
    perm = -1;
    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st_old) < 0)
	newfile = TRUE;
    else
    {
	perm = st_old.st_mode;
	if (!S_ISREG(st_old.st_mode))		/* not a file */
	{
	    if (S_ISDIR(st_old.st_mode))
	    {
		errnum = (char_u *)"E502: ";
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("is a directory");
		goto fail;
	    }
	    if (mch_nodetype(fname) != NODE_WRITABLE)
	    {
		errnum = (char_u *)"E503: ";
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("is not a file or writable device");
		goto fail;
	    }
	    /* It's a device of some kind (or a fifo) which we can write to
	     * but for which we can't make a backup. */
	    device = TRUE;
	    newfile = TRUE;
	    perm = -1;
	}
    }
#else /* !UNIX */
    /*
     * Check for a writable device name.
     */
    c = mch_nodetype(fname);
    if (c == NODE_OTHER)
    {
	errnum = (char_u *)"E503: ";
	errmsg = (char_u *)_("is not a file or writable device");
	goto fail;
    }
    if (c == NODE_WRITABLE)
    {
	device = TRUE;
	newfile = TRUE;
	perm = -1;
    }
    else
    {
	perm = mch_getperm(fname);
	if (perm < 0)
	    newfile = TRUE;
	else if (mch_isdir(fname))
	{
	    errnum = (char_u *)"E502: ";
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_("is a directory");
	    goto fail;
	}
	if (overwriting)
	    (void)mch_stat((char *)fname, &st_old);
    }
#endif /* !UNIX */

    if (!device && !newfile)
    {
	/*
	 * Check if the file is really writable (when renaming the file to
	 * make a backup we won't discover it later).
	 */
	file_readonly = (
# ifdef USE_MCH_ACCESS
#  ifdef UNIX
		    (perm & 0222) == 0 ||
#  endif
		    mch_access((char *)fname, W_OK)
# else
		    (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDWR | O_EXTRA, 0)) < 0
						   ? TRUE : (close(fd), FALSE)
# endif
		    );
	if (!forceit && file_readonly)
	{
	    if (vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) != NULL)
	    {
		errnum = (char_u *)"E504: ";
		errmsg = (char_u *)_(err_readonly);
	    }
	    else
	    {
		errnum = (char_u *)"E505: ";
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("is read-only (add ! to override)");
	    }
	    goto fail;
	}

	/*
	 * Check if the timestamp hasn't changed since reading the file.
	 */
	if (overwriting)
	{
	    retval = check_mtime(buf, &st_old);
	    if (retval == FAIL)
		goto fail;
	}
    }

#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    /*
     * For systems that support ACL: get the ACL from the original file.
     */
    if (!newfile)
	acl = mch_get_acl(fname);
#endif

    /*
     * If 'backupskip' is not empty, don't make a backup for some files.
     */
    dobackup = (p_wb || p_bk || *p_pm != NUL);
#ifdef FEAT_WILDIGN
    if (dobackup && *p_bsk != NUL && match_file_list(p_bsk, sfname, ffname))
	dobackup = FALSE;
#endif

    /*
     * Save the value of got_int and reset it.  We don't want a previous
     * interruption cancel writing, only hitting CTRL-C while writing should
     * abort it.
     */
    prev_got_int = got_int;
    got_int = FALSE;

    /* Mark the buffer as 'being saved' to prevent changed buffer warnings */
    buf->b_saving = TRUE;

    /*
     * If we are not appending or filtering, the file exists, and the
     * 'writebackup', 'backup' or 'patchmode' option is set, need a backup.
     * When 'patchmode' is set also make a backup when appending.
     *
     * Do not make any backup, if 'writebackup' and 'backup' are both switched
     * off.  This helps when editing large files on almost-full disks.
     */
    if (!(append && *p_pm == NUL) && !filtering && perm >= 0 && dobackup)
    {
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(WIN32)
	struct stat st;
#endif

	if ((bkc_flags & BKC_YES) || append)	/* "yes" */
	    backup_copy = TRUE;
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(WIN32)
	else if ((bkc_flags & BKC_AUTO))	/* "auto" */
	{
	    int		i;

# ifdef UNIX
	    /*
	     * Don't rename the file when:
	     * - it's a hard link
	     * - it's a symbolic link
	     * - we don't have write permission in the directory
	     * - we can't set the owner/group of the new file
	     */
	    if (st_old.st_nlink > 1
		    || mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st) < 0
		    || st.st_dev != st_old.st_dev
		    || st.st_ino != st_old.st_ino)
		backup_copy = TRUE;
	    else
# endif
	    {
		/*
		 * Check if we can create a file and set the owner/group to
		 * the ones from the original file.
		 * First find a file name that doesn't exist yet (use some
		 * arbitrary numbers).
		 */
		STRCPY(IObuff, fname);
		for (i = 4913; ; i += 123)
		{
		    sprintf((char *)gettail(IObuff), "%d", i);
		    if (mch_stat((char *)IObuff, &st) < 0)
			break;
		}
		fd = mch_open((char *)IObuff, O_CREAT|O_WRONLY|O_EXCL, perm);
		close(fd);
		if (fd < 0)	/* can't write in directory */
		    backup_copy = TRUE;
		else
		{
# ifdef UNIX
		    chown((char *)IObuff, st_old.st_uid, st_old.st_gid);
		    (void)mch_setperm(IObuff, perm);
		    if (mch_stat((char *)IObuff, &st) < 0
			    || st.st_uid != st_old.st_uid
			    || st.st_gid != st_old.st_gid
			    || st.st_mode != perm)
			backup_copy = TRUE;
# endif
		    mch_remove(IObuff);
		}
	    }
	}

# ifdef UNIX
	/*
	 * Break symlinks and/or hardlinks if we've been asked to.
	 */
	if ((bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKSYMLINK) || (bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKHARDLINK))
	{
	    int	lstat_res;

	    lstat_res = mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st);

	    /* Symlinks. */
	    if ((bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKSYMLINK)
		    && lstat_res == 0
		    && st.st_ino != st_old.st_ino)
		backup_copy = FALSE;

	    /* Hardlinks. */
	    if ((bkc_flags & BKC_BREAKHARDLINK)
		    && st_old.st_nlink > 1
		    && (lstat_res != 0 || st.st_ino == st_old.st_ino))
		backup_copy = FALSE;
	}
#endif

#endif

	/* make sure we have a valid backup extension to use */
	if (*p_bex == NUL)
	{
#ifdef RISCOS
	    backup_ext = (char_u *)"/bak";
#else
	    backup_ext = (char_u *)".bak";
#endif
	}
	else
	    backup_ext = p_bex;

	if (backup_copy
		&& (fd = mch_open((char *)fname, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) >= 0)
	{
	    int		bfd;
	    char_u	*copybuf, *wp;
	    int		some_error = FALSE;
	    struct stat	st_new;
	    char_u	*dirp;
	    char_u	*rootname;
#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
	    int		did_set_shortname;
#endif

	    copybuf = alloc(BUFSIZE + 1);
	    if (copybuf == NULL)
	    {
		some_error = TRUE;	    /* out of memory */
		goto nobackup;
	    }

	    /*
	     * Try to make the backup in each directory in the 'bdir' option.
	     *
	     * Unix semantics has it, that we may have a writable file,
	     * that cannot be recreated with a simple open(..., O_CREAT, ) e.g:
	     *  - the directory is not writable,
	     *  - the file may be a symbolic link,
	     *  - the file may belong to another user/group, etc.
	     *
	     * For these reasons, the existing writable file must be truncated
	     * and reused. Creation of a backup COPY will be attempted.
	     */
	    dirp = p_bdir;
	    while (*dirp)
	    {
#ifdef UNIX
		st_new.st_ino = 0;
		st_new.st_dev = 0;
		st_new.st_gid = 0;
#endif

		/*
		 * Isolate one directory name, using an entry in 'bdir'.
		 */
		(void)copy_option_part(&dirp, copybuf, BUFSIZE, ",");
		rootname = get_file_in_dir(fname, copybuf);
		if (rootname == NULL)
		{
		    some_error = TRUE;	    /* out of memory */
		    goto nobackup;
		}

#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
		did_set_shortname = FALSE;
#endif

		/*
		 * May try twice if 'shortname' not set.
		 */
		for (;;)
		{
		    /*
		     * Make backup file name.
		     */
		    backup = buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
			    TRUE,
#else
			    (buf->b_p_sn || buf->b_shortname),
#endif
						 rootname, backup_ext, FALSE);
		    if (backup == NULL)
		    {
			vim_free(rootname);
			some_error = TRUE;		/* out of memory */
			goto nobackup;
		    }

		    /*
		     * Check if backup file already exists.
		     */
		    if (mch_stat((char *)backup, &st_new) >= 0)
		    {
#ifdef UNIX
			/*
			 * Check if backup file is same as original file.
			 * May happen when modname() gave the same file back.
			 * E.g. silly link, or file name-length reached.
			 * If we don't check here, we either ruin the file
			 * when copying or erase it after writing. jw.
			 */
			if (st_new.st_dev == st_old.st_dev
					    && st_new.st_ino == st_old.st_ino)
			{
			    vim_free(backup);
			    backup = NULL;	/* no backup file to delete */
# ifndef SHORT_FNAME
			    /*
			     * may try again with 'shortname' set
			     */
			    if (!(buf->b_shortname || buf->b_p_sn))
			    {
				buf->b_shortname = TRUE;
				did_set_shortname = TRUE;
				continue;
			    }
				/* setting shortname didn't help */
			    if (did_set_shortname)
				buf->b_shortname = FALSE;
# endif
			    break;
			}
#endif

			/*
			 * If we are not going to keep the backup file, don't
			 * delete an existing one, try to use another name.
			 * Change one character, just before the extension.
			 */
			if (!p_bk)
			{
			    wp = backup + STRLEN(backup) - 1
							 - STRLEN(backup_ext);
			    if (wp < backup)	/* empty file name ??? */
				wp = backup;
			    *wp = 'z';
			    while (*wp > 'a'
				    && mch_stat((char *)backup, &st_new) >= 0)
				--*wp;
			    /* They all exist??? Must be something wrong. */
			    if (*wp == 'a')
			    {
				vim_free(backup);
				backup = NULL;
			    }
			}
		    }
		    break;
		}
		vim_free(rootname);

		/*
		 * Try to create the backup file
		 */
		if (backup != NULL)
		{
		    /* remove old backup, if present */
		    mch_remove(backup);
		    /* Open with O_EXCL to avoid the file being created while
		     * we were sleeping (symlink hacker attack?) */
		    bfd = mch_open((char *)backup,
				       O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXTRA|O_EXCL, 0666);
		    if (bfd < 0)
		    {
			vim_free(backup);
			backup = NULL;
		    }
		    else
		    {
			/* set file protection same as original file, but
			 * strip s-bit */
			(void)mch_setperm(backup, perm & 0777);

#ifdef UNIX
			/*
			 * Try to set the group of the backup same as the
			 * original file. If this fails, set the protection
			 * bits for the group same as the protection bits for
			 * others.
			 */
			if (st_new.st_gid != st_old.st_gid &&
# ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN  /* sequent-ptx lacks fchown() */
				    fchown(bfd, (uid_t)-1, st_old.st_gid) != 0
# else
			  chown((char *)backup, (uid_t)-1, st_old.st_gid) != 0
# endif
						)
			    mch_setperm(backup,
					  (perm & 0707) | ((perm & 07) << 3));
#endif

			/*
			 * copy the file.
			 */
			write_info.bw_fd = bfd;
			write_info.bw_buf = copybuf;
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
			write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT;
#endif
			while ((write_info.bw_len = vim_read(fd, copybuf,
								BUFSIZE)) > 0)
			{
			    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
			    {
				errmsg = (char_u *)_("E506: Can't write to backup file (add ! to override)");
				break;
			    }
			    ui_breakcheck();
			    if (got_int)
			    {
				errmsg = (char_u *)_(e_interr);
				break;
			    }
			}

			if (close(bfd) < 0 && errmsg == NULL)
			    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E507: Close error for backup file (add ! to override)");
			if (write_info.bw_len < 0)
			    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E508: Can't read file for backup (add ! to override)");
#ifdef UNIX
			set_file_time(backup, st_old.st_atime, st_old.st_mtime);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
			mch_set_acl(backup, acl);
#endif
			break;
		    }
		}
	    }
    nobackup:
	    close(fd);		/* ignore errors for closing read file */
	    vim_free(copybuf);

	    if (backup == NULL && errmsg == NULL)
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("E509: Cannot create backup file (add ! to override)");
	    /* ignore errors when forceit is TRUE */
	    if ((some_error || errmsg != NULL) && !forceit)
	    {
		retval = FAIL;
		goto fail;
	    }
	    errmsg = NULL;
	}
	else
	{
	    char_u	*dirp;
	    char_u	*p;
	    char_u	*rootname;

	    /*
	     * Make a backup by renaming the original file.
	     */
	    /*
	     * If 'cpoptions' includes the "W" flag, we don't want to
	     * overwrite a read-only file.  But rename may be possible
	     * anyway, thus we need an extra check here.
	     */
	    if (file_readonly && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) != NULL)
	    {
		errnum = (char_u *)"E504: ";
		errmsg = (char_u *)_(err_readonly);
		goto fail;
	    }

	    /*
	     *
	     * Form the backup file name - change path/fo.o.h to
	     * path/fo.o.h.bak Try all directories in 'backupdir', first one
	     * that works is used.
	     */
	    dirp = p_bdir;
	    while (*dirp)
	    {
		/*
		 * Isolate one directory name and make the backup file name.
		 */
		(void)copy_option_part(&dirp, IObuff, IOSIZE, ",");
		rootname = get_file_in_dir(fname, IObuff);
		if (rootname == NULL)
		    backup = NULL;
		else
		{
		    backup = buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
			    TRUE,
#else
			    (buf->b_p_sn || buf->b_shortname),
#endif
						 rootname, backup_ext, FALSE);
		    vim_free(rootname);
		}

		if (backup != NULL)
		{
		    /*
		     * If we are not going to keep the backup file, don't
		     * delete an existing one, try to use another name.
		     * Change one character, just before the extension.
		     */
		    if (!p_bk && mch_getperm(backup) >= 0)
		    {
			p = backup + STRLEN(backup) - 1 - STRLEN(backup_ext);
			if (p < backup)	/* empty file name ??? */
			    p = backup;
			*p = 'z';
			while (*p > 'a' && mch_getperm(backup) >= 0)
			    --*p;
			/* They all exist??? Must be something wrong! */
			if (*p == 'a')
			{
			    vim_free(backup);
			    backup = NULL;
			}
		    }
		}
		if (backup != NULL)
		{

		    /*
		     * Delete any existing backup and move the current version to
		     * the backup.	For safety, we don't remove the backup until
		     * the write has finished successfully. And if the 'backup'
		     * option is set, leave it around.
		     */
		    /*
		     * If the renaming of the original file to the backup file
		     * works, quit here.
		     */
		    if (vim_rename(fname, backup) == 0)
			break;

		    vim_free(backup);   /* don't do the rename below */
		    backup = NULL;
		}
	    }
	    if (backup == NULL && !forceit)
	    {
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("E510: Can't make backup file (add ! to override)");
		goto fail;
	    }
	}
    }

#if defined(UNIX) && !defined(ARCHIE)
    /* When using ":w!" and the file was read-only: make it writable */
    if (forceit && perm >= 0 && !(perm & 0200) && st_old.st_uid == getuid()
				     && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) == NULL)
    {
	perm |= 0200;
	(void)mch_setperm(fname, perm);
	made_writable = TRUE;
    }
#endif

    /* When using ":w!" and writing to the current file, readonly makes no
     * sense, reset it */
    if (forceit && overwriting)
    {
	buf->b_p_ro = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_TITLE
	need_maketitle = TRUE;	    /* set window title later */
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
	status_redraw_all();	    /* redraw status lines later */
#endif
    }

    if (end > buf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
	end = buf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
    if (buf->b_ml.ml_flags & ML_EMPTY)
	start = end + 1;

    /*
     * If the original file is being overwritten, there is a small chance that
     * we crash in the middle of writing. Therefore the file is preserved now.
     * This makes all block numbers positive so that recovery does not need
     * the original file.
     * Don't do this if there is a backup file and we are exiting.
     */
    if (reset_changed && !newfile && !otherfile(ffname)
					      && !(exiting && backup != NULL))
    {
	ml_preserve(buf, FALSE);
	if (got_int)
	{
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_(e_interr);
	    goto restore_backup;
	}
    }

#ifdef MACOS_CLASSIC /* TODO: Is it need for MACOS_X? (Dany) */
    /*
     * Before risking to lose the original file verify if there's
     * a resource fork to preserve, and if cannot be done warn
     * the users. This happens when overwriting without backups.
     */
    if (backup == NULL && overwriting && !append)
	if (mch_has_resource_fork(fname))
	{
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E460: The resource fork would be lost (add ! to override)");
	    goto restore_backup;
	}
#endif

#ifdef VMS
    vms_remove_version(fname); /* remove version */
#endif
    /* Default: write the the file directly.  May write to a temp file for
     * multi-byte conversion. */
    wfname = fname;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /* Check for forced 'fileencoding' from "++opt=val" argument. */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_enc != 0)
    {
	fenc = eap->cmd + eap->force_enc;
	fenc = enc_canonize(fenc);
	fenc_tofree = fenc;
    }
    else
	fenc = buf->b_p_fenc;

    /*
     * The file needs to be converted when 'fileencoding' is set and
     * 'fileencoding' differs from 'encoding'.
     */
    converted = (*fenc != NUL && !same_encoding(p_enc, fenc));

    /*
     * Check if UTF-8 to UCS-2/4 or Latin1 conversion needs to be done.  Or
     * Latin1 to Unicode conversion.  This is handled in buf_write_bytes().
     * Prepare the flags for it and allocate bw_conv_buf when needed.
     */
    if (converted && (enc_utf8 || STRCMP(p_enc, "latin1") == 0))
    {
	wb_flags = get_fio_flags(fenc);
	if (wb_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UCS4 | FIO_UTF16 | FIO_UTF8))
	{
	    /* Need to allocate a buffer to translate into. */
	    if (wb_flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16 | FIO_UTF8))
		write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 2;
	    else /* FIO_UCS4 */
		write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 4;
	    write_info.bw_conv_buf
			   = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
	    if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
		end = 0;
	}
    }

# ifdef WIN3264
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0 && (wb_flags = get_win_fio_flags(fenc)) != 0)
    {
	/* Convert UTF-8 -> UCS-2 and UCS-2 -> DBCS.  Worst-case * 4: */
	write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 4;
	write_info.bw_conv_buf
			    = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
	if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
	    end = 0;
    }
# endif

# ifdef MACOS_X
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0 && (wb_flags = get_mac_fio_flags(fenc)) != 0)
    {
	write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * 3;
	write_info.bw_conv_buf
			    = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
	if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
	    end = 0;
    }
# endif

# if defined(FEAT_EVAL) || defined(USE_ICONV)
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0)
    {
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
	/*
	 * Use iconv() conversion when conversion is needed and it's not done
	 * internally.
	 */
	write_info.bw_iconv_fd = (iconv_t)my_iconv_open(fenc,
					enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc);
	if (write_info.bw_iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
	{
	    /* We're going to use iconv(), allocate a buffer to convert in. */
	    write_info.bw_conv_buflen = bufsize * ICONV_MULT;
	    write_info.bw_conv_buf
			   = lalloc((long_u)write_info.bw_conv_buflen, TRUE);
	    if (write_info.bw_conv_buf == NULL)
		end = 0;
	    write_info.bw_first = TRUE;
	}
#   ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	else
#   endif
#  endif

#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	    /*
	     * When the file needs to be converted with 'charconvert' after
	     * writing, write to a temp file instead and let the conversion
	     * overwrite the original file.
	     */
	    if (*p_ccv != NUL)
	    {
		wfname = vim_tempname('w');
		if (wfname == NULL)	/* Can't write without a tempfile! */
		{
		    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E214: Can't find temp file for writing");
		    goto restore_backup;
		}
	    }
#  endif
    }
# endif
    if (converted && wb_flags == 0
#  ifdef USE_ICONV
	    && write_info.bw_iconv_fd == (iconv_t)-1
#  endif
#  ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	    && wfname == fname
#  endif
	    )
    {
	if (!forceit)
	{
	    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E213: Cannot convert (add ! to write without conversion)");
	    goto restore_backup;
	}
	notconverted = TRUE;
    }
#endif

    /*
     * Open the file "wfname" for writing.
     * We may try to open the file twice: If we can't write to the
     * file and forceit is TRUE we delete the existing file and try to create
     * a new one. If this still fails we may have lost the original file!
     * (this may happen when the user reached his quotum for number of files).
     * Appending will fail if the file does not exist and forceit is FALSE.
     */
    while ((fd = mch_open((char *)wfname, O_WRONLY | O_EXTRA | (append
			? (forceit ? (O_APPEND | O_CREAT) : O_APPEND)
			: (O_CREAT | O_TRUNC))
			, 0666)) < 0)
    {
	/*
	 * A forced write will try to create a new file if the old one is
	 * still readonly. This may also happen when the directory is
	 * read-only. In that case the mch_remove() will fail.
	 */
	if (errmsg == NULL)
	{
#ifdef UNIX
	    struct stat	st;

	    /* Don't delete the file when it's a hard or symbolic link. */
	    if ((!newfile && st_old.st_nlink > 1)
		    || (mch_lstat((char *)fname, &st) == 0
			&& (st.st_dev != st_old.st_dev
			    || st.st_ino != st_old.st_ino)))
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("E166: Can't open linked file for writing");
	    else
#endif
	    {
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("E212: Can't open file for writing");
		if (forceit && vim_strchr(p_cpo, CPO_FWRITE) == NULL
								 && perm >= 0)
		{
#ifdef UNIX
		    /* we write to the file, thus it should be marked
		       writable after all */
		    if (!(perm & 0200))
			made_writable = TRUE;
		    perm |= 0200;
		    if (st_old.st_uid != getuid() || st_old.st_gid != getgid())
			perm &= 0777;
#endif
		    if (!append)	    /* don't remove when appending */
			mch_remove(wfname);
		    continue;
		}
	    }
	}

restore_backup:
	{
	    struct stat st;

	    /*
	     * If we failed to open the file, we don't need a backup. Throw it
	     * away.  If we moved or removed the original file try to put the
	     * backup in its place.
	     */
	    if (backup != NULL && wfname == fname)
	    {
		if (backup_copy)
		{
		    /*
		     * There is a small chance that we removed the original,
		     * try to move the copy in its place.
		     * This may not work if the vim_rename() fails.
		     * In that case we leave the copy around.
		     */
		    /* If file does not exist, put the copy in its place */
		    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) < 0)
			vim_rename(backup, fname);
		    /* if original file does exist throw away the copy */
		    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) >= 0)
			mch_remove(backup);
		}
		else
		{
		    /* try to put the original file back */
		    vim_rename(backup, fname);
		}
	    }

	    /* if original file no longer exists give an extra warning */
	    if (!newfile && mch_stat((char *)fname, &st) < 0)
		end = 0;
	}

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	if (wfname != fname)
	    vim_free(wfname);
#endif
	goto fail;
    }
    errmsg = NULL;

#if defined(MACOS_CLASSIC) || defined(WIN3264)
    /* TODO: Is it need for MACOS_X? (Dany) */
    /*
     * On macintosh copy the original files attributes (i.e. the backup)
     * This is done in order to preserve the ressource fork and the
     * Finder attribute (label, comments, custom icons, file creatore)
     */
    if (backup != NULL && overwriting && !append)
    {
	if (backup_copy)
	    (void)mch_copy_file_attribute(wfname, backup);
	else
	    (void)mch_copy_file_attribute(backup, wfname);
    }

    if (!overwriting && !append)
    {
	if (buf->b_ffname != NULL)
	    (void)mch_copy_file_attribute(buf->b_ffname, wfname);
	/* Should copy ressource fork */
    }
#endif

    write_info.bw_fd = fd;

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    if (*buf->b_p_key && !filtering)
    {
	crypt_init_keys(buf->b_p_key);
	/* Write magic number, so that Vim knows that this file is encrypted
	 * when reading it again.  This also undergoes utf-8 to ucs-2/4
	 * conversion when needed. */
	write_info.bw_buf = (char_u *)CRYPT_MAGIC;
	write_info.bw_len = CRYPT_MAGIC_LEN;
	write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT;
	if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
	    end = 0;
	wb_flags |= FIO_ENCRYPTED;
    }
#endif

    write_info.bw_buf = buffer;
    nchars = 0;

    /* use "++bin", "++nobin" or 'binary' */
    if (eap != NULL && eap->force_bin != 0)
	write_bin = (eap->force_bin == FORCE_BIN);
    else
	write_bin = buf->b_p_bin;

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /*
     * The BOM is written just after the encryption magic number.
     */
    if (buf->b_p_bomb && !write_bin)
    {
	write_info.bw_len = make_bom(buffer, fenc);
	if (write_info.bw_len > 0)
	{
	    /* don't convert, do encryption */
	    write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT | wb_flags;
	    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
		end = 0;
	    else
		nchars += write_info.bw_len;
	}
    }
#endif

    write_info.bw_len = bufsize;
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    write_info.bw_flags = wb_flags;
#endif
    fileformat = get_fileformat_force(buf, eap);
    s = buffer;
    len = 0;
    for (lnum = start; lnum <= end; ++lnum)
    {
	/*
	 * The next while loop is done once for each character written.
	 * Keep it fast!
	 */
	ptr = ml_get_buf(buf, lnum, FALSE) - 1;
	while ((c = *++ptr) != NUL)
	{
	    if (c == NL)
		*s = NUL;		/* replace newlines with NULs */
	    else if (c == CAR && fileformat == EOL_MAC)
		*s = NL;		/* Mac: replace CRs with NLs */
	    else
		*s = c;
	    ++s;
	    if (++len != bufsize)
		continue;
	    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
	    {
		end = 0;		/* write error: break loop */
		break;
	    }
	    nchars += bufsize;
	    s = buffer;
	    len = 0;
	}
	/* write failed or last line has no EOL: stop here */
	if (end == 0
		|| (lnum == end
		    && write_bin
		    && (lnum == write_no_eol_lnum
			|| (lnum == buf->b_ml.ml_line_count && !buf->b_p_eol))))
	{
	    ++lnum;			/* written the line, count it */
	    no_eol = TRUE;
	    break;
	}
	if (fileformat == EOL_UNIX)
	    *s++ = NL;
	else
	{
	    *s++ = CAR;			/* EOL_MAC or EOL_DOS: write CR */
	    if (fileformat == EOL_DOS)	/* write CR-NL */
	    {
		if (++len == bufsize)
		{
		    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
		    {
			end = 0;	/* write error: break loop */
			break;
		    }
		    nchars += bufsize;
		    s = buffer;
		    len = 0;
		}
		*s++ = NL;
	    }
	}
	if (++len == bufsize && end)
	{
	    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
	    {
		end = 0;		/* write error: break loop */
		break;
	    }
	    nchars += bufsize;
	    s = buffer;
	    len = 0;

	    ui_breakcheck();
	    if (got_int)
	    {
		end = 0;		/* Interrupted, break loop */
		break;
	    }
	}
#ifdef VMS
	/*
	 * On VMS there is a problem: newlines get added when writing blocks
	 * at a time. Fix it by writing a line at a time.
	 * This is much slower!
	 * Explanation: Vim can not handle, so far, variable record format.
	 * With $analize/rms filename you can get the rms file structure, and
	 * if the Record format filed is variable, CR will be added after
	 * every written buffer.  In other cases it works without this fix.
	 * From other side read is about 5 times slower for "variable record
	 * format" files.
	 */
	if (buf->b_fab_rfm == FAB$C_VAR)
	{
	    write_info.bw_len = len;
	    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
	    {
		end = 0;		/* write error: break loop */
		break;
	    }
	    write_info.bw_len = bufsize;
	    nchars += len;
	    s = buffer;
	    len = 0;
	}
#endif
    }
    if (len > 0 && end > 0)
    {
	write_info.bw_len = len;
	if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
	    end = 0;		    /* write error */
	nchars += len;
    }

#if defined(UNIX) && defined(HAVE_FSYNC)
    /* On many journalling file systems there is a bug that causes both the
     * original and the backup file to be lost when halting the system right
     * after writing the file.  That's because only the meta-data is
     * journalled.  Syncing the file slows down the system, but assures it has
     * been written to disk and we don't lose it.
     * For a device do try the fsync() but don't complain if it does not work
     * (could be a pipe). */
    if (fsync(fd) != 0 && !device)
    {
	errmsg = (char_u *)_("E667: Fsync failed");
	end = 0;
    }
#endif

    if (close(fd) != 0)
    {
	errmsg = (char_u *)_("E512: Close failed");
	end = 0;
    }

#ifdef UNIX
    if (made_writable)
	perm &= ~0200;		/* reset 'w' bit for security reasons */
#endif
    if (perm >= 0)		/* set perm. of new file same as old file */
	(void)mch_setperm(wfname, perm);
#ifdef RISCOS
    if (!append && !filtering)
	/* Set the filetype after writing the file. */
	mch_set_filetype(wfname, buf->b_p_oft);
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    /* Probably need to set the ACL before changing the user (can't set the
     * ACL on a file the user doesn't own). */
    if (!backup_copy)
	mch_set_acl(wfname, acl);
#endif

#ifdef UNIX
    /* When creating a new file, set its owner/group to that of the original
     * file.  Get the new device and inode number. */
    if (backup != NULL && !backup_copy)
    {
	struct stat	st;

	/* don't change the owner when it's already OK, some systems remove
	 * permission or ACL stuff */
	if (mch_stat((char *)wfname, &st) < 0
		|| st.st_uid != st_old.st_uid
		|| st.st_gid != st_old.st_gid)
	{
	    chown((char *)wfname, st_old.st_uid, st_old.st_gid);
	    if (perm >= 0)	/* set permission again, may have changed */
		(void)mch_setperm(wfname, perm);
	}
	buf_setino(buf);
    }
#endif


#if defined(FEAT_MBYTE) && defined(FEAT_EVAL)
    if (wfname != fname)
    {
	/*
	 * The file was written to a temp file, now it needs to be converted
	 * with 'charconvert' to (overwrite) the output file.
	 */
	if (end != 0)
	{
	    if (eval_charconvert(enc_utf8 ? (char_u *)"utf-8" : p_enc, fenc,
						       wfname, fname) == FAIL)
	    {
		write_info.bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		end = 0;
	    }
	}
	mch_remove(wfname);
	vim_free(wfname);
    }
#endif

    if (end == 0)
    {
	if (errmsg == NULL)
	{
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	    if (write_info.bw_conv_error)
		errmsg = (char_u *)_("E513: write error, conversion failed");
	    else
#endif
		if (got_int)
		    errmsg = (char_u *)_(e_interr);
		else
		    errmsg = (char_u *)_("E514: write error (file system full?)");
	}

	/*
	 * If we have a backup file, try to put it in place of the new file,
	 * because the new file is probably corrupt.  This avoids loosing the
	 * original file when trying to make a backup when writing the file a
	 * second time.
	 * When "backup_copy" is set we need to copy the backup over the new
	 * file.  Otherwise rename the backup file.
	 * If this is OK, don't give the extra warning message.
	 */
	if (backup != NULL)
	{
	    if (backup_copy)
	    {
		/* This may take a while, if we were interrupted let the user
		 * know we got the message. */
		if (got_int)
		{
		    MSG(_(e_interr));
		    out_flush();
		}
		if ((fd = mch_open((char *)backup, O_RDONLY | O_EXTRA, 0)) >= 0)
		{
		    if ((write_info.bw_fd = mch_open((char *)fname,
			  O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_EXTRA, 0666)) >= 0)
		    {
			/* copy the file. */
			write_info.bw_buf = smallbuf;
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
			write_info.bw_flags = FIO_NOCONVERT;
#endif
			while ((write_info.bw_len = vim_read(fd, smallbuf,
						      SMBUFSIZE)) > 0)
			    if (buf_write_bytes(&write_info) == FAIL)
				break;

			if (close(write_info.bw_fd) >= 0
						   && write_info.bw_len == 0)
			    end = 1;		/* success */
		    }
		    close(fd);	/* ignore errors for closing read file */
		}
	    }
	    else
	    {
		if (vim_rename(backup, fname) == 0)
		    end = 1;
	    }
	}
	goto fail;
    }

    lnum -= start;	    /* compute number of written lines */
    --no_wait_return;	    /* may wait for return now */

#if !(defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS))
    fname = sfname;	    /* use shortname now, for the messages */
#endif
    if (!filtering)
    {
	msg_add_fname(buf, fname);	/* put fname in IObuff with quotes */
	c = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	if (write_info.bw_conv_error)
	{
	    STRCAT(IObuff, _(" CONVERSION ERROR"));
	    c = TRUE;
	}
	else if (notconverted)
	{
	    STRCAT(IObuff, _("[NOT converted]"));
	    c = TRUE;
	}
	else if (converted)
	{
	    STRCAT(IObuff, _("[converted]"));
	    c = TRUE;
	}
#endif
	if (device)
	{
	    STRCAT(IObuff, _("[Device]"));
	    c = TRUE;
	}
	else if (newfile)
	{
	    STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_NEW) ? _("[New]") : _("[New File]"));
	    c = TRUE;
	}
	if (no_eol)
	{
	    msg_add_eol();
	    c = TRUE;
	}
	/* may add [unix/dos/mac] */
	if (msg_add_fileformat(fileformat))
	    c = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
	if (wb_flags & FIO_ENCRYPTED)
	{
	    STRCAT(IObuff, _("[crypted]"));
	    c = TRUE;
	}
#endif
	msg_add_lines(c, (long)lnum, nchars);	/* add line/char count */
	if (!shortmess(SHM_WRITE))
	{
	    if (append)
		STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_WRI) ? _(" [a]") : _(" appended"));
	    else
		STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_WRI) ? _(" [w]") : _(" written"));
	}

	set_keep_msg(msg_trunc_attr(IObuff, FALSE, 0));
	keep_msg_attr = 0;
    }

    if (reset_changed && whole
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
	    && !write_info.bw_conv_error
#endif
	    )		/* when written everything correctly */
    {
	unchanged(buf, TRUE);
	u_unchanged(buf);
    }

    /*
     * If written to the current file, update the timestamp of the swap file
     * and reset the BF_WRITE_MASK flags. Also sets buf->b_mtime.
     */
    if (overwriting)
    {
	ml_timestamp(buf);
	buf->b_flags &= ~BF_WRITE_MASK;
    }

    /*
     * If we kept a backup until now, and we are in patch mode, then we make
     * the backup file our 'original' file.
     */
    if (*p_pm && dobackup)
    {
	char *org = (char *)buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
					TRUE,
#else
					(buf->b_p_sn || buf->b_shortname),
#endif
							  fname, p_pm, FALSE);

	if (backup != NULL)
	{
	    struct stat st;

	    /*
	     * If the original file does not exist yet
	     * the current backup file becomes the original file
	     */
	    if (org == NULL)
		EMSG(_("E205: Patchmode: can't save original file"));
	    else if (mch_stat(org, &st) < 0)
	    {
		vim_rename(backup, (char_u *)org);
		vim_free(backup);	    /* don't delete the file */
		backup = NULL;
#ifdef UNIX
		set_file_time((char_u *)org, st_old.st_atime, st_old.st_mtime);
#endif
	    }
	}
	/*
	 * If there is no backup file, remember that a (new) file was
	 * created.
	 */
	else
	{
	    int empty_fd;

	    if (org == NULL
		    || (empty_fd = mch_open(org, O_CREAT | O_EXTRA | O_EXCL,
								   0666)) < 0)
	      EMSG(_("E206: patchmode: can't touch empty original file"));
	    else
	      close(empty_fd);
	}
	if (org != NULL)
	{
	    mch_setperm((char_u *)org, mch_getperm(fname) & 0777);
	    vim_free(org);
	}
    }

    /*
     * Remove the backup unless 'backup' option is set
     */
    if (!p_bk && backup != NULL && mch_remove(backup) != 0)
	EMSG(_("E207: Can't delete backup file"));

#ifdef FEAT_SUN_WORKSHOP
    if (usingSunWorkShop)
	workshop_file_saved((char *) ffname);
#endif

    goto nofail;

    /*
     * Finish up.  We get here either after failure or success.
     */
fail:
    --no_wait_return;		/* may wait for return now */
nofail:

    /* Done saving, we accept changed buffer warnings again */
    buf->b_saving = FALSE;

    vim_free(backup);
    if (buffer != smallbuf)
	vim_free(buffer);
#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    vim_free(fenc_tofree);
    vim_free(write_info.bw_conv_buf);
# ifdef USE_ICONV
    if (write_info.bw_iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
    {
	iconv_close(write_info.bw_iconv_fd);
	write_info.bw_iconv_fd = (iconv_t)-1;
    }
# endif
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_ACL
    mch_free_acl(acl);
#endif

    if (errmsg != NULL)
    {
	int numlen = errnum != NULL ? STRLEN(errnum) : 0;

	attr = hl_attr(HLF_E);	/* set highlight for error messages */
	msg_add_fname(buf,
#ifndef UNIX
		sfname
#else
		fname
#endif
		     );		/* put file name in IObuff with quotes */
	if (STRLEN(IObuff) + STRLEN(errmsg) + numlen >= IOSIZE)
	    IObuff[IOSIZE - STRLEN(errmsg) - numlen - 1] = NUL;
	/* If the error message has the form "is ...", put the error number in
	 * front of the file name. */
	if (errnum != NULL)
	{
	    mch_memmove(IObuff + numlen, IObuff, STRLEN(IObuff) + 1);
	    mch_memmove(IObuff, errnum, (size_t)numlen);
	}
	STRCAT(IObuff, errmsg);
	emsg(IObuff);

	retval = FAIL;
	if (end == 0)
	{
	    MSG_PUTS_ATTR(_("\nWARNING: Original file may be lost or damaged\n"),
		    attr | MSG_HIST);
	    MSG_PUTS_ATTR(_("don't quit the editor until the file is successfully written!"),
		    attr | MSG_HIST);

	    /* Update the timestamp to avoid an "overwrite changed file"
	     * prompt when writing again. */
	    if (mch_stat((char *)fname, &st_old) >= 0)
	    {
		buf_store_time(buf, &st_old, fname);
		buf->b_mtime_read = buf->b_mtime;
	    }
	}
    }
    msg_scroll = msg_save;

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    if (!should_abort(retval))
#else
    if (!got_int)
#endif
    {
	aco_save_T	aco;

	write_no_eol_lnum = 0;	/* in case it was set by the previous read */

	/*
	 * Apply POST autocommands.
	 * Careful: The autocommands may call buf_write() recursively!
	 */
	aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

	if (append)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEAPPENDPOST, fname, fname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else if (filtering)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILTERWRITEPOST, NULL, fname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else if (reset_changed && whole)
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_BUFWRITEPOST, fname, fname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);
	else
	    apply_autocmds_exarg(EVENT_FILEWRITEPOST, fname, fname,
							  FALSE, curbuf, eap);

	/* restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things */
	aucmd_restbuf(&aco);

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	if (aborting())	    /* autocmds may abort script processing */
	    retval = FALSE;
#endif
    }
#endif

    got_int |= prev_got_int;

#ifdef MACOS_CLASSIC /* TODO: Is it need for MACOS_X? (Dany) */
    /* Update machine specific information. */
    mch_post_buffer_write(buf);
#endif
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Put file name into IObuff with quotes.
 */
    static void
msg_add_fname(buf, fname)
    buf_T	*buf;
    char_u	*fname;
{
    if (fname == NULL)
	fname = (char_u *)"-stdin-";
    home_replace(buf, fname, IObuff + 1, IOSIZE - 4, TRUE);
    IObuff[0] = '"';
    STRCAT(IObuff, "\" ");
}

/*
 * Append message for text mode to IObuff.
 * Return TRUE if something appended.
 */
    static int
msg_add_fileformat(eol_type)
    int	    eol_type;
{
#ifndef USE_CRNL
    if (eol_type == EOL_DOS)
    {
	STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_TEXT) ? _("[dos]") : _("[dos format]"));
	return TRUE;
    }
#endif
#ifndef USE_CR
    if (eol_type == EOL_MAC)
    {
	STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_TEXT) ? _("[mac]") : _("[mac format]"));
	return TRUE;
    }
#endif
#if defined(USE_CRNL) || defined(USE_CR)
    if (eol_type == EOL_UNIX)
    {
	STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_TEXT) ? _("[unix]") : _("[unix format]"));
	return TRUE;
    }
#endif
    return FALSE;
}

/*
 * Append line and character count to IObuff.
 */
    static void
msg_add_lines(insert_space, lnum, nchars)
    int	    insert_space;
    long    lnum;
    long    nchars;
{
    char_u  *p;

    p = IObuff + STRLEN(IObuff);

    if (insert_space)
	*p++ = ' ';
    if (shortmess(SHM_LINES))
	sprintf((char *)p, "%ldL, %ldC", lnum, nchars);
    else
    {
	if (lnum == 1)
	    STRCPY(p, _("1 line, "));
	else
	    sprintf((char *)p, _("%ld lines, "), lnum);
	p += STRLEN(p);
	if (nchars == 1)
	    STRCPY(p, _("1 character"));
	else
	    sprintf((char *)p, _("%ld characters"), nchars);
    }
}

/*
 * Append message for missing line separator to IObuff.
 */
    static void
msg_add_eol()
{
    STRCAT(IObuff, shortmess(SHM_LAST) ? _("[noeol]") : _("[Incomplete last line]"));
}

/*
 * Check modification time of file, before writing to it.
 * The size isn't checked, because using a tool like "gzip" takes care of
 * using the same timestamp but can't set the size.
 */
    static int
check_mtime(buf, st)
    buf_T		*buf;
    struct stat		*st;
{
    if (buf->b_mtime_read != 0
	    && time_differs((long)st->st_mtime, buf->b_mtime_read))
    {
	msg_scroll = TRUE;	    /* don't overwrite messages here */
	msg_silent = 0;		    /* must give this prompt */
	/* don't use emsg() here, don't want to flush the buffers */
	MSG_ATTR(_("WARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!!"),
						       hl_attr(HLF_E));
	if (ask_yesno((char_u *)_("Do you really want to write to it"),
								 TRUE) == 'n')
	    return FAIL;
	msg_scroll = FALSE;	    /* always overwrite the file message now */
    }
    return OK;
}

    static int
time_differs(t1, t2)
    long	t1, t2;
{
#if defined(__linux__) || defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN)
    /* On a FAT filesystem, esp. under Linux, there are only 5 bits to store
     * the seconds.  Since the roundoff is done when flushing the inode, the
     * time may change unexpectedly by one second!!! */
    return (t1 - t2 > 1 || t2 - t1 > 1);
#else
    return (t1 != t2);
#endif
}

/*
 * Call write() to write a number of bytes to the file.
 * Also handles encryption and 'encoding' conversion.
 *
 * Return FAIL for failure, OK otherwise.
 */
    static int
buf_write_bytes(ip)
    struct bw_info *ip;
{
    int		wlen;
    char_u	*buf = ip->bw_buf;	/* data to write */
    int		len = ip->bw_len;	/* length of data */
#ifdef HAS_BW_FLAGS
    int		flags = ip->bw_flags;	/* extra flags */
#endif

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
    /*
     * Skip conversion when writing the crypt magic number or the BOM.
     */
    if (!(flags & FIO_NOCONVERT))
    {
	char_u		*p;
	unsigned	c;
	int		n;

	if (flags & FIO_UTF8)
	{
	    /*
	     * Convert latin1 in the buffer to UTF-8 in the file.
	     */
	    p = ip->bw_conv_buf;	/* translate to buffer */
	    for (wlen = 0; wlen < len; ++wlen)
		p += utf_char2bytes(buf[wlen], p);
	    buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
	    len = (int)(p - ip->bw_conv_buf);
	}
	else if (flags & (FIO_UCS4 | FIO_UTF16 | FIO_UCS2 | FIO_LATIN1))
	{
	    /*
	     * Convert UTF-8 bytes in the buffer to UCS-2, UCS-4, UTF-16 or
	     * Latin1 chars in the file.
	     */
	    if (flags & FIO_LATIN1)
		p = buf;	/* translate in-place (can only get shorter) */
	    else
		p = ip->bw_conv_buf;	/* translate to buffer */
	    for (wlen = 0; wlen < len; wlen += n)
	    {
		if (wlen == 0 && ip->bw_restlen != 0)
		{
		    int		l;

		    /* Use remainder of previous call.  Append the start of
		     * buf[] to get a full sequence.  Might still be too
		     * short! */
		    l = CONV_RESTLEN - ip->bw_restlen;
		    if (l > len)
			l = len;
		    mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest + ip->bw_restlen, buf, (size_t)l);
		    n = utf_ptr2len_check_len(ip->bw_rest, ip->bw_restlen + l);
		    if (n > ip->bw_restlen + len)
		    {
			/* We have an incomplete byte sequence at the end to
			 * be written.  We can't convert it without the
			 * remaining bytes.  Keep them for the next call. */
			if (ip->bw_restlen + len > CONV_RESTLEN)
			    return FAIL;
			ip->bw_restlen += len;
			break;
		    }
		    if (n > 1)
			c = utf_ptr2char(ip->bw_rest);
		    else
			c = ip->bw_rest[0];
		    if (n >= ip->bw_restlen)
		    {
			n -= ip->bw_restlen;
			ip->bw_restlen = 0;
		    }
		    else
		    {
			ip->bw_restlen -= n;
			mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, ip->bw_rest + n,
						      (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
			n = 0;
		    }
		}
		else
		{
		    n = utf_ptr2len_check_len(buf + wlen, len - wlen);
		    if (n > len - wlen)
		    {
			/* We have an incomplete byte sequence at the end to
			 * be written.  We can't convert it without the
			 * remaining bytes.  Keep them for the next call. */
			if (len - wlen > CONV_RESTLEN)
			    return FAIL;
			ip->bw_restlen = len - wlen;
			mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, buf + wlen,
						      (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
			break;
		    }
		    if (n > 1)
			c = utf_ptr2char(buf + wlen);
		    else
			c = buf[wlen];
		}

		ip->bw_conv_error |= ucs2bytes(c, &p, flags);
	    }
	    if (flags & FIO_LATIN1)
		len = (int)(p - buf);
	    else
	    {
		buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
		len = (int)(p - ip->bw_conv_buf);
	    }
	}

# ifdef WIN3264
	else if (flags & FIO_CODEPAGE)
	{
	    /*
	     * Convert UTF-8 or codepage to UCS-2 and then to MS-Windows
	     * codepage.
	     */
	    char_u	*from;
	    size_t	fromlen;
	    char_u	*to;
	    int		u8c;
	    BOOL	bad = FALSE;
	    int		needed;

	    if (ip->bw_restlen > 0)
	    {
		/* Need to concatenate the remainder of the previous call and
		 * the bytes of the current call.  Use the end of the
		 * conversion buffer for this. */
		fromlen = len + ip->bw_restlen;
		from = ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
		mch_memmove(from, ip->bw_rest, (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
		mch_memmove(from + ip->bw_restlen, buf, (size_t)len);
	    }
	    else
	    {
		from = buf;
		fromlen = len;
	    }

	    to = ip->bw_conv_buf;
	    if (enc_utf8)
	    {
		/* Convert from UTF-8 to UCS-2, to the start of the buffer.
		 * The buffer has been allocated to be big enough. */
		while (fromlen > 0)
		{
		    n = utf_ptr2len_check_len(from, fromlen);
		    if (n > (int)fromlen)	/* incomplete byte sequence */
			break;
		    u8c = utf_ptr2char(from);
		    *to++ = (u8c & 0xff);
		    *to++ = (u8c >> 8);
		    fromlen -= n;
		    from += n;
		}

		/* Copy remainder to ip->bw_rest[] to be used for the next
		 * call. */
		if (fromlen > CONV_RESTLEN)
		{
		    /* weird overlong sequence */
		    ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		    return FAIL;
		}
		mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, from, fromlen);
		ip->bw_restlen = fromlen;
	    }
	    else
	    {
		/* Convert from enc_codepage to UCS-2, to the start of the
		 * buffer.  The buffer has been allocated to be big enough. */
		ip->bw_restlen = 0;
		needed = MultiByteToWideChar(enc_codepage,
				  MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)from, fromlen,
								     NULL, 0);
		if (needed == 0)
		{
		    /* When conversion fails there may be a trailing byte. */
		    needed = MultiByteToWideChar(enc_codepage,
			      MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS, (LPCSTR)from, fromlen - 1,
								     NULL, 0);
		    if (needed == 0)
		    {
			/* Conversion doesn't work. */
			ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
			return FAIL;
		    }
		    /* Save the trailing byte for the next call. */
		    ip->bw_rest[0] = from[fromlen - 1];
		    ip->bw_restlen = 1;
		}
		needed = MultiByteToWideChar(enc_codepage, MB_ERR_INVALID_CHARS,
				       (LPCSTR)from, fromlen - ip->bw_restlen,
							  (LPWSTR)to, needed);
		if (needed == 0)
		{
		    /* Safety check: Conversion doesn't work. */
		    ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		    return FAIL;
		}
		to += needed * 2;
	    }

	    fromlen = to - ip->bw_conv_buf;
	    buf = to;
#  ifdef CP_UTF8	/* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
	    if (FIO_GET_CP(flags) == CP_UTF8)
	    {
		/* Convert from UCS-2 to UTF-8, using the remainder of the
		 * conversion buffer.  Fails when out of space. */
		for (from = ip->bw_conv_buf; fromlen > 1; fromlen -= 2)
		{
		    u8c = *from++;
		    u8c += (*from++ << 8);
		    to += utf_char2bytes(u8c, to);
		    if (to + 6 >= ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen)
		    {
			ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
			return FAIL;
		    }
		}
		len = to - buf;
	    }
	    else
#endif
	    {
		/* Convert from UCS-2 to the codepage, using the remainder of
		 * the conversion buffer.  If the conversion uses the default
		 * character "0", the data doesn't fit in this encoding, so
		 * fail. */
		len = WideCharToMultiByte(FIO_GET_CP(flags), 0,
			(LPCWSTR)ip->bw_conv_buf, (int)fromlen / sizeof(WCHAR),
			(LPSTR)to, ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen, 0, &bad);
		if (bad)
		{
		    ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		    return FAIL;
		}
	    }
	}
# endif

# ifdef MACOS_X
	else if (flags & FIO_MACROMAN)
	{
	    /*
	     * Convert UTF-8 or latin1 to Apple MacRoman.
	     */
	    CFStringRef	cfstr;
	    CFRange	r;
	    CFIndex	l;
	    char_u	*from;
	    size_t	fromlen;

	    if (ip->bw_restlen > 0)
	    {
		/* Need to concatenate the remainder of the previous call and
		 * the bytes of the current call.  Use the end of the
		 * conversion buffer for this. */
		fromlen = len + ip->bw_restlen;
		from = ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
		mch_memmove(from, ip->bw_rest, (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
		mch_memmove(from + ip->bw_restlen, buf, (size_t)len);
	    }
	    else
	    {
		from = buf;
		fromlen = len;
	    }

	    ip->bw_restlen = 0;
	    cfstr = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, from, fromlen,
		    (enc_utf8) ?
		    kCFStringEncodingUTF8 : kCFStringEncodingISOLatin1,
		    0);
	    while (cfstr == NULL && ip->bw_restlen < 3 && fromlen > 1)
	    {
		ip->bw_rest[ip->bw_restlen++] = from[--fromlen];
		cfstr = CFStringCreateWithBytes(NULL, from, fromlen,
		    (enc_utf8) ?
		    kCFStringEncodingUTF8 : kCFStringEncodingISOLatin1,
		    0);
	    }
	    if (cfstr == NULL)
	    {
		ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		return FAIL;
	    }

	    r.location = 0;
	    r.length = CFStringGetLength(cfstr);
	    if (r.length != CFStringGetBytes(cfstr, r,
			kCFStringEncodingMacRoman,
			0, /* no lossy conversion */
			0, /* not external representation (since vim
			    * handles this internally */
			ip->bw_conv_buf, ip->bw_conv_buflen, &l))
	    {
		CFRelease(cfstr);
		ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		return FAIL;
	    }
	    CFRelease(cfstr);
	    buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
	    len = l;
	}
# endif

# ifdef USE_ICONV
	if (ip->bw_iconv_fd != (iconv_t)-1)
	{
	    const char	*from;
	    size_t	fromlen;
	    char	*to;
	    size_t	tolen;

	    /* Convert with iconv(). */
	    if (ip->bw_restlen > 0)
	    {
		/* Need to concatenate the remainder of the previous call and
		 * the bytes of the current call.  Use the end of the
		 * conversion buffer for this. */
		fromlen = len + ip->bw_restlen;
		from = (char *)ip->bw_conv_buf + ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
		mch_memmove((void *)from, ip->bw_rest, (size_t)ip->bw_restlen);
		mch_memmove((void *)(from + ip->bw_restlen), buf, (size_t)len);
		tolen = ip->bw_conv_buflen - fromlen;
	    }
	    else
	    {
		from = (const char *)buf;
		fromlen = len;
		tolen = ip->bw_conv_buflen;
	    }
	    to = (char *)ip->bw_conv_buf;

	    if (ip->bw_first)
	    {
		size_t	save_len = tolen;

		/* output the initial shift state sequence */
		(void)iconv(ip->bw_iconv_fd, NULL, NULL, &to, &tolen);

		/* There is a bug in iconv() on Linux (which appears to be
		 * wide-spread) which sets "to" to NULL and messes up "tolen".
		 */
		if (to == NULL)
		{
		    to = (char *)ip->bw_conv_buf;
		    tolen = save_len;
		}
		ip->bw_first = FALSE;
	    }

	    /*
	     * If iconv() has an error or there is not enough room, fail.
	     */
	    if ((iconv(ip->bw_iconv_fd, (void *)&from, &fromlen, &to, &tolen)
			== (size_t)-1 && ICONV_ERRNO != ICONV_EINVAL)
						    || fromlen > CONV_RESTLEN)
	    {
		ip->bw_conv_error = TRUE;
		return FAIL;
	    }

	    /* copy remainder to ip->bw_rest[] to be used for the next call. */
	    if (fromlen > 0)
		mch_memmove(ip->bw_rest, (void *)from, fromlen);
	    ip->bw_restlen = (int)fromlen;

	    buf = ip->bw_conv_buf;
	    len = (int)((char_u *)to - ip->bw_conv_buf);
	}
# endif
    }
#endif /* FEAT_MBYTE */

#ifdef FEAT_CRYPT
    if (flags & FIO_ENCRYPTED)		/* encrypt the data */
    {
	int ztemp, t, i;

	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
	{
	    ztemp  = buf[i];
	    buf[i] = ZENCODE(ztemp, t);
	}
    }
#endif

    /* Repeat the write(), it may be interrupted by a signal. */
    while (len)
    {
	wlen = vim_write(ip->bw_fd, buf, len);
	if (wlen <= 0)		    /* error! */
	    return FAIL;
	len -= wlen;
	buf += wlen;
    }
    return OK;
}

#ifdef FEAT_MBYTE
/*
 * Convert a Unicode character to bytes.
 */
    static int
ucs2bytes(c, pp, flags)
    unsigned	c;		/* in: character */
    char_u	**pp;		/* in/out: pointer to result */
    int		flags;		/* FIO_ flags */
{
    char_u	*p = *pp;
    int		error = FALSE;
    int		cc;


    if (flags & FIO_UCS4)
    {
	if (flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
	{
	    *p++ = c;
	    *p++ = (c >> 8);
	    *p++ = (c >> 16);
	    *p++ = (c >> 24);
	}
	else
	{
	    *p++ = (c >> 24);
	    *p++ = (c >> 16);
	    *p++ = (c >> 8);
	    *p++ = c;
	}
    }
    else if (flags & (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_UTF16))
    {
	if (c >= 0x10000)
	{
	    if (flags & FIO_UTF16)
	    {
		/* Make two words, ten bits of the character in each.  First
		 * word is 0xd800 - 0xdbff, second one 0xdc00 - 0xdfff */
		c -= 0x10000;
		if (c >= 0x100000)
		    error = TRUE;
		cc = ((c >> 10) & 0x3ff) + 0xd800;
		if (flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
		{
		    *p++ = cc;
		    *p++ = ((unsigned)cc >> 8);
		}
		else
		{
		    *p++ = ((unsigned)cc >> 8);
		    *p++ = cc;
		}
		c = (c & 0x3ff) + 0xdc00;
	    }
	    else
		error = TRUE;
	}
	if (flags & FIO_ENDIAN_L)
	{
	    *p++ = c;
	    *p++ = (c >> 8);
	}
	else
	{
	    *p++ = (c >> 8);
	    *p++ = c;
	}
    }
    else    /* Latin1 */
    {
	if (c >= 0x100)
	{
	    error = TRUE;
	    *p++ = 0xBF;
	}
	else
	    *p++ = c;
    }

    *pp = p;
    return error;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if "a" and "b" are the same 'encoding'.
 * Ignores difference between "ansi" and "latin1", "ucs-4" and "ucs-4be", etc.
 */
    static int
same_encoding(a, b)
    char_u	*a;
    char_u	*b;
{
    int		f;

    if (STRCMP(a, b) == 0)
	return TRUE;
    f = get_fio_flags(a);
    return (f != 0 && get_fio_flags(b) == f);
}

/*
 * Check "ptr" for a unicode encoding and return the FIO_ flags needed for the
 * internal conversion.
 * if "ptr" is an empty string, use 'encoding'.
 */
    static int
get_fio_flags(ptr)
    char_u	*ptr;
{
    int		prop;

    if (*ptr == NUL)
	ptr = p_enc;

    prop = enc_canon_props(ptr);
    if (prop & ENC_UNICODE)
    {
	if (prop & ENC_2BYTE)
	{
	    if (prop & ENC_ENDIAN_L)
		return FIO_UCS2 | FIO_ENDIAN_L;
	    return FIO_UCS2;
	}
	if (prop & ENC_4BYTE)
	{
	    if (prop & ENC_ENDIAN_L)
		return FIO_UCS4 | FIO_ENDIAN_L;
	    return FIO_UCS4;
	}
	if (prop & ENC_2WORD)
	{
	    if (prop & ENC_ENDIAN_L)
		return FIO_UTF16 | FIO_ENDIAN_L;
	    return FIO_UTF16;
	}
	return FIO_UTF8;
    }
    if (prop & ENC_LATIN1)
	return FIO_LATIN1;
    /* must be ENC_DBCS, requires iconv() */
    return 0;
}

#ifdef WIN3264
/*
 * Check "ptr" for a MS-Windows codepage name and return the FIO_ flags needed
 * for the conversion MS-Windows can do for us.  Also accept "utf-8".
 * Used for conversion between 'encoding' and 'fileencoding'.
 */
    static int
get_win_fio_flags(ptr)
    char_u	*ptr;
{
    int		cp;

    /* Cannot do this when 'encoding' is not utf-8 and not a codepage. */
    if (!enc_utf8 && enc_codepage <= 0)
	return 0;

    cp = encname2codepage(ptr);
    if (cp == 0)
    {
#  ifdef CP_UTF8	/* VC 4.1 doesn't define CP_UTF8 */
	if (STRCMP(ptr, "utf-8") == 0)
	    cp = CP_UTF8;
	else
#  endif
	    return 0;
    }
    return FIO_PUT_CP(cp) | FIO_CODEPAGE;
}
#endif

#ifdef MACOS_X
/*
 * Check "ptr" for a Carbon supported encoding and return the FIO_ flags
 * needed for the internal conversion to/from utf-8 or latin1.
 */
    static int
get_mac_fio_flags(ptr)
    char_u	*ptr;
{
    if ((enc_utf8 || STRCMP(p_enc, "latin1") == 0)
				     && (enc_canon_props(ptr) & ENC_MACROMAN))
	return FIO_MACROMAN;
    return 0;
}
#endif

/*
 * Check for a Unicode BOM (Byte Order Mark) at the start of p[size].
 * "size" must be at least 2.
 * Return the name of the encoding and set "*lenp" to the length.
 * Returns NULL when no BOM found.
 */
    static char_u *
check_for_bom(p, size, lenp, flags)
    char_u	*p;
    long	size;
    int		*lenp;
    int		flags;
{
    char	*name = NULL;
    int		len = 2;

    if (p[0] == 0xef && p[1] == 0xbb && size >= 3 && p[2] == 0xbf
	    && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == 0))
    {
	name = "utf-8";		/* EF BB BF */
	len = 3;
    }
    else if (p[0] == 0xff && p[1] == 0xfe)
    {
	if (size >= 4 && p[2] == 0 && p[3] == 0
	    && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == (FIO_UCS4 | FIO_ENDIAN_L)))
	{
	    name = "ucs-4le";	/* FF FE 00 00 */
	    len = 4;
	}
	else if (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == (FIO_UCS2 | FIO_ENDIAN_L))
	    name = "ucs-2le";	/* FF FE */
	else if (flags == (FIO_UTF16 | FIO_ENDIAN_L))
	    name = "utf-16le";	/* FF FE */
    }
    else if (p[0] == 0xfe && p[1] == 0xff
	    && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == FIO_UCS2 || flags == FIO_UTF16))
    {
	if (flags == FIO_UTF16)
	    name = "utf-16";	/* FE FF */
	else
	    name = "ucs-2";	/* FE FF */
    }
    else if (size >= 4 && p[0] == 0 && p[1] == 0 && p[2] == 0xfe
	    && p[3] == 0xff && (flags == FIO_ALL || flags == FIO_UCS4))
    {
	name = "ucs-4";		/* 00 00 FE FF */
	len = 4;
    }

    *lenp = len;
    return (char_u *)name;
}

/*
 * Generate a BOM in "buf[4]" for encoding "name".
 * Return the length of the BOM (zero when no BOM).
 */
    static int
make_bom(buf, name)
    char_u	*buf;
    char_u	*name;
{
    int		flags;
    char_u	*p;

    flags = get_fio_flags(name);

    /* Can't put a BOM in a non-Unicode file. */
    if (flags == FIO_LATIN1 || flags == 0)
	return 0;

    if (flags == FIO_UTF8)	/* UTF-8 */
    {
	buf[0] = 0xef;
	buf[1] = 0xbb;
	buf[2] = 0xbf;
	return 3;
    }
    p = buf;
    (void)ucs2bytes(0xfeff, &p, flags);
    return (int)(p - buf);
}
#endif

/*
 * Try to find a shortname by comparing the fullname with the current
 * directory.
 * Returns NULL if not shorter name possible, pointer into "full_path"
 * otherwise.
 */
    char_u *
shorten_fname(full_path, dir_name)
    char_u	*full_path;
    char_u	*dir_name;
{
    int		len;
    char_u	*p;

    if (full_path == NULL)
	return NULL;
    len = (int)STRLEN(dir_name);
    if (fnamencmp(dir_name, full_path, len) == 0)
    {
	p = full_path + len;
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
	/*
	 * MSDOS: when a file is in the root directory, dir_name will end in a
	 * slash, since C: by itself does not define a specific dir. In this
	 * case p may already be correct. <negri>
	 */
	if (!((len > 2) && (*(p - 2) == ':')))
#endif
	{
	    if (vim_ispathsep(*p))
		++p;
#ifndef VMS   /* the path separator is always part of the path */
	    else
		p = NULL;
#endif
	}
    }
#if defined(MSDOS) || defined(MSWIN) || defined(OS2)
    /*
     * When using a file in the current drive, remove the drive name:
     * "A:\dir\file" -> "\dir\file".  This helps when moving a session file on
     * a floppy from "A:\dir" to "B:\dir".
     */
    else if (len > 3
	    && TOUPPER_LOC(full_path[0]) == TOUPPER_LOC(dir_name[0])
	    && full_path[1] == ':'
	    && vim_ispathsep(full_path[2]))
	p = full_path + 2;
#endif
    else
	p = NULL;
    return p;
}

/*
 * Shorten filenames for all buffers.
 * When "force" is TRUE: Use full path from now on for files currently being
 * edited, both for file name and swap file name.  Try to shorten the file
 * names a bit, if safe to do so.
 * When "force" is FALSE: Only try to shorten absolute file names.
 * For buffers that have buftype "nofile" or "scratch": never change the file
 * name.
 */
    void
shorten_fnames(force)
    int		force;
{
    char_u	dirname[MAXPATHL];
    buf_T	*buf;
    char_u	*p;

    mch_dirname(dirname, MAXPATHL);
    for (buf = firstbuf; buf != NULL; buf = buf->b_next)
    {
	if (buf->b_fname != NULL
#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
		&& !bt_nofile(buf)
#endif
		&& !path_with_url(buf->b_fname)
		&& (force
		    || buf->b_sfname == NULL
		    || mch_isFullName(buf->b_sfname)))
	{
	    vim_free(buf->b_sfname);
	    buf->b_sfname = NULL;
	    p = shorten_fname(buf->b_ffname, dirname);
	    if (p != NULL)
	    {
		buf->b_sfname = vim_strsave(p);
		buf->b_fname = buf->b_sfname;
	    }
	    if (p == NULL || buf->b_fname == NULL)
		buf->b_fname = buf->b_ffname;
	}

	/* Always make the swap file name a full path, a "nofile" buffer may
	 * also have a swap file. */
	mf_fullname(buf->b_ml.ml_mfp);
    }
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
    status_redraw_all();
#endif
}

#if (defined(FEAT_DND) && defined(FEAT_GUI_GTK)) \
	|| defined(FEAT_GUI_MSWIN) \
	|| defined(FEAT_GUI_MAC) \
	|| defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Shorten all filenames in "fnames[count]" by current directory.
 */
    void
shorten_filenames(fnames, count)
    char_u	**fnames;
    int		count;
{
    int		i;
    char_u	dirname[MAXPATHL];
    char_u	*p;

    if (fnames == NULL || count < 1)
	return;
    mch_dirname(dirname, sizeof(dirname));
    for (i = 0; i < count; ++i)
    {
	if ((p = shorten_fname(fnames[i], dirname)) != NULL)
	{
	    /* shorten_fname() returns pointer in given "fnames[i]".  If free
	     * "fnames[i]" first, "p" becomes invalid.  So we need to copy
	     * "p" first then free fnames[i]. */
	    p = vim_strsave(p);
	    vim_free(fnames[i]);
	    fnames[i] = p;
	}
    }
}
#endif

/*
 * add extention to file name - change path/fo.o.h to path/fo.o.h.ext or
 * fo_o_h.ext for MSDOS or when shortname option set.
 *
 * Assumed that fname is a valid name found in the filesystem we assure that
 * the return value is a different name and ends in 'ext'.
 * "ext" MUST be at most 4 characters long if it starts with a dot, 3
 * characters otherwise.
 * Space for the returned name is allocated, must be freed later.
 * Returns NULL when out of memory.
 */
    char_u *
modname(fname, ext, prepend_dot)
    char_u *fname, *ext;
    int	    prepend_dot;	/* may prepend a '.' to file name */
{
    return buf_modname(
#ifdef SHORT_FNAME
			TRUE,
#else
			(curbuf->b_p_sn || curbuf->b_shortname),
#endif
						     fname, ext, prepend_dot);
}

    char_u *
buf_modname(shortname, fname, ext, prepend_dot)
    int	    shortname;		/* use 8.3 file name */
    char_u  *fname, *ext;
    int	    prepend_dot;	/* may prepend a '.' to file name */
{
    char_u	*retval;
    char_u	*s;
    char_u	*e;
    char_u	*ptr;
    int		fnamelen, extlen;

    extlen = (int)STRLEN(ext);

    /*
     * If there is no file name we must get the name of the current directory
     * (we need the full path in case :cd is used).
     */
    if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL)
    {
	retval = alloc((unsigned)(MAXPATHL + extlen + 3));
	if (retval == NULL)
	    return NULL;
	if (mch_dirname(retval, MAXPATHL) == FAIL ||
				     (fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(retval)) == 0)
	{
	    vim_free(retval);
	    return NULL;
	}
	if (!vim_ispathsep(retval[fnamelen - 1]))
	{
	    retval[fnamelen++] = PATHSEP;
	    retval[fnamelen] = NUL;
	}
#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
	prepend_dot = FALSE;	    /* nothing to prepend a dot to */
#endif
    }
    else
    {
	fnamelen = (int)STRLEN(fname);
	retval = alloc((unsigned)(fnamelen + extlen + 3));
	if (retval == NULL)
	    return NULL;
	STRCPY(retval, fname);
#ifdef VMS
	vms_remove_version(retval); /* we do not need versions here */
#endif
    }

    /*
     * search backwards until we hit a '/', '\' or ':' replacing all '.'
     * by '_' for MSDOS or when shortname option set and ext starts with a dot.
     * Then truncate what is after the '/', '\' or ':' to 8 characters for
     * MSDOS and 26 characters for AMIGA, a lot more for UNIX.
     */
    for (ptr = retval + fnamelen; ptr >= retval; ptr--)
    {
#ifndef RISCOS
	if (*ext == '.'
#ifdef USE_LONG_FNAME
		    && (!USE_LONG_FNAME || shortname)
#else
# ifndef SHORT_FNAME
		    && shortname
# endif
#endif
								)
	    if (*ptr == '.')	/* replace '.' by '_' */
		*ptr = '_';
#endif /* RISCOS */
	if (vim_ispathsep(*ptr))
	    break;
    }
    ptr++;

    /* the file name has at most BASENAMELEN characters. */
#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
    if (STRLEN(ptr) > (unsigned)BASENAMELEN)
	ptr[BASENAMELEN] = '\0';
#endif

    s = ptr + STRLEN(ptr);

    /*
     * For 8.3 file names we may have to reduce the length.
     */
#ifdef USE_LONG_FNAME
    if (!USE_LONG_FNAME || shortname)
#else
# ifndef SHORT_FNAME
    if (shortname)
# endif
#endif
    {
	/*
	 * If there is no file name, or the file name ends in '/', and the
	 * extension starts with '.', put a '_' before the dot, because just
	 * ".ext" is invalid.
	 */
	if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL
				   || vim_ispathsep(fname[STRLEN(fname) - 1]))
	{
#ifdef RISCOS
	    if (*ext == '/')
#else
	    if (*ext == '.')
#endif
		*s++ = '_';
	}
	/*
	 * If the extension starts with '.', truncate the base name at 8
	 * characters
	 */
#ifdef RISCOS
	/* We normally use '/', but swap files are '_' */
	else if (*ext == '/' || *ext == '_')
#else
	else if (*ext == '.')
#endif
	{
	    if (s - ptr > (size_t)8)
	    {
		s = ptr + 8;
		*s = '\0';
	    }
	}
	/*
	 * If the extension doesn't start with '.', and the file name
	 * doesn't have an extension yet, append a '.'
	 */
#ifdef RISCOS
	else if ((e = vim_strchr(ptr, '/')) == NULL)
	    *s++ = '/';
#else
	else if ((e = vim_strchr(ptr, '.')) == NULL)
	    *s++ = '.';
#endif
	/*
	 * If the extension doesn't start with '.', and there already is an
	 * extension, it may need to be tructated
	 */
	else if ((int)STRLEN(e) + extlen > 4)
	    s = e + 4 - extlen;
    }
#if defined(OS2) || defined(USE_LONG_FNAME) || defined(WIN3264)
    /*
     * If there is no file name, and the extension starts with '.', put a
     * '_' before the dot, because just ".ext" may be invalid if it's on a
     * FAT partition, and on HPFS it doesn't matter.
     */
    else if ((fname == NULL || *fname == NUL) && *ext == '.')
	*s++ = '_';
#endif

    /*
     * Append the extention.
     * ext can start with '.' and cannot exceed 3 more characters.
     */
    STRCPY(s, ext);

#ifndef SHORT_FNAME
    /*
     * Prepend the dot.
     */
    if (prepend_dot && !shortname && *(e = gettail(retval)) !=
#ifdef RISCOS
	    '/'
#else
	    '.'
#endif
#ifdef USE_LONG_FNAME
	    && USE_LONG_FNAME
#endif
				)
    {
	mch_memmove(e + 1, e, STRLEN(e) + 1);
#ifdef RISCOS
	*e = '/';
#else
	*e = '.';
#endif
    }
#endif

    /*
     * Check that, after appending the extension, the file name is really
     * different.
     */
    if (fname != NULL && STRCMP(fname, retval) == 0)
    {
	/* we search for a character that can be replaced by '_' */
	while (--s >= ptr)
	{
	    if (*s != '_')
	    {
		*s = '_';
		break;
	    }
	}
	if (s < ptr)	/* fname was "________.<ext>", how tricky! */
	    *ptr = 'v';
    }
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Like fgets(), but if the file line is too long, it is truncated and the
 * rest of the line is thrown away.  Returns TRUE for end-of-file.
 */
    int
vim_fgets(buf, size, fp)
    char_u	*buf;
    int		size;
    FILE	*fp;
{
    char	*eof;
#define FGETS_SIZE 200
    char	tbuf[FGETS_SIZE];

    buf[size - 2] = NUL;
#ifdef USE_CR
    eof = fgets_cr((char *)buf, size, fp);
#else
    eof = fgets((char *)buf, size, fp);
#endif
    if (buf[size - 2] != NUL && buf[size - 2] != '\n')
    {
	buf[size - 1] = NUL;	    /* Truncate the line */

	/* Now throw away the rest of the line: */
	do
	{
	    tbuf[FGETS_SIZE - 2] = NUL;
#ifdef USE_CR
	    fgets_cr((char *)tbuf, FGETS_SIZE, fp);
#else
	    fgets((char *)tbuf, FGETS_SIZE, fp);
#endif
	} while (tbuf[FGETS_SIZE - 2] != NUL && tbuf[FGETS_SIZE - 2] != '\n');
    }
    return (eof == NULL);
}

#if defined(USE_CR) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Like vim_fgets(), but accept any line terminator: CR, CR-LF or LF.
 * Returns TRUE for end-of-file.
 * Only used for the Mac, because it's much slower than vim_fgets().
 */
    int
tag_fgets(buf, size, fp)
    char_u	*buf;
    int		size;
    FILE	*fp;
{
    int		i = 0;
    int		c;
    int		eof = FALSE;

    for (;;)
    {
	c = fgetc(fp);
	if (c == EOF)
	{
	    eof = TRUE;
	    break;
	}
	if (c == '\r')
	{
	    /* Always store a NL for end-of-line. */
	    if (i < size - 1)
		buf[i++] = '\n';
	    c = fgetc(fp);
	    if (c != '\n')	/* Macintosh format: single CR. */
		ungetc(c, fp);
	    break;
	}
	if (i < size - 1)
	    buf[i++] = c;
	if (c == '\n')
	    break;
    }
    buf[i] = NUL;
    return eof;
}
#endif

/*
 * rename() only works if both files are on the same file system, this
 * function will (attempts to?) copy the file across if rename fails -- webb
 * Return -1 for failure, 0 for success.
 */
    int
vim_rename(from, to)
    char_u	*from;
    char_u	*to;
{
    int		fd_in;
    int		fd_out;
    int		n;
    char	*errmsg = NULL;
    char	*buffer;
#ifdef AMIGA
    BPTR	flock;
#endif
    struct stat	st;

    /*
     * When the names are identical, there is nothing to do.
     */
    if (fnamecmp(from, to) == 0)
	return 0;

    /*
     * Fail if the "from" file doesn't exist.  Avoids that "to" is deleted.
     */
    if (mch_stat((char *)from, &st) < 0)
	return -1;

    /*
     * Delete the "to" file, this is required on some systems to make the
     * mch_rename() work, on other systems it makes sure that we don't have
     * two files when the mch_rename() fails.
     */

#ifdef AMIGA
    /*
     * With MSDOS-compatible filesystems (crossdos, messydos) it is possible
     * that the name of the "to" file is the same as the "from" file, even
     * though the names are different. To avoid the chance of accidently
     * deleting the "from" file (horror!) we lock it during the remove.
     *
     * When used for making a backup before writing the file: This should not
     * happen with ":w", because startscript() should detect this problem and
     * set buf->b_shortname, causing modname() to return a correct ".bak" file
     * name.  This problem does exist with ":w filename", but then the
     * original file will be somewhere else so the backup isn't really
     * important. If autoscripting is off the rename may fail.
     */
    flock = Lock((UBYTE *)from, (long)ACCESS_READ);
#endif
    mch_remove(to);
#ifdef AMIGA
    if (flock)
	UnLock(flock);
#endif

    /*
     * First try a normal rename, return if it works.
     */
    if (mch_rename((char *)from, (char *)to) == 0)
	return 0;

    /*
     * Rename() failed, try copying the file.
     */
    fd_in = mch_open((char *)from, O_RDONLY|O_EXTRA, 0);
    if (fd_in == -1)
	return -1;
    fd_out = mch_open((char *)to, O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_WRONLY|O_EXTRA, 0666);
    if (fd_out == -1)
    {
	close(fd_in);
	return -1;
    }

    buffer = (char *)alloc(BUFSIZE);
    if (buffer == NULL)
    {
	close(fd_in);
	close(fd_out);
	return -1;
    }

    while ((n = vim_read(fd_in, buffer, BUFSIZE)) > 0)
	if (vim_write(fd_out, buffer, n) != n)
	{
	    errmsg = _("E208: Error writing to \"%s\"");
	    break;
	}

    vim_free(buffer);
    close(fd_in);
    if (close(fd_out) < 0)
	errmsg = _("E209: Error closing \"%s\"");
    if (n < 0)
    {
	errmsg = _("E210: Error reading \"%s\"");
	to = from;
    }
    if (errmsg != NULL)
    {
	EMSG2(errmsg, to);
	return -1;
    }
    mch_remove(from);
    return 0;
}

static int already_warned = FALSE;

/*
 * Check if any not hidden buffer has been changed.
 * Postpone the check if there are characters in the stuff buffer, a global
 * command is being executed, a mapping is being executed or an autocommand is
 * busy.
 * Returns TRUE if some message was written (screen should be redrawn and
 * cursor positioned).
 */
    int
check_timestamps(focus)
    int		focus;		/* called for GUI focus event */
{
    buf_T	*buf;
    int		didit = 0;
    int		n;

    /* Don't check timestamps while system() or another low-level function may
     * cause us to lose and gain focus. */
    if (no_check_timestamps > 0)
	return FALSE;

    /* Avoid doing a check twice.  The OK/Reload dialog can cause a focus
     * event and we would keep on checking if the file is steadily growing.
     * Do check again after typing something. */
    if (focus && did_check_timestamps)
    {
	need_check_timestamps = TRUE;
	return FALSE;
    }

    if (!stuff_empty() || global_busy || !typebuf_typed()
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
			|| autocmd_busy
#endif
					)
	need_check_timestamps = TRUE;		/* check later */
    else
    {
	++no_wait_return;
	did_check_timestamps = TRUE;
	already_warned = FALSE;
	for (buf = firstbuf; buf != NULL; )
	{
	    /* Only check buffers in a window. */
	    if (buf->b_nwindows > 0)
	    {
		n = buf_check_timestamp(buf, focus);
		if (didit < n)
		    didit = n;
		if (n > 0 && !buf_valid(buf))
		{
		    /* Autocommands have removed the buffer, start at the
		     * first one again. */
		    buf = firstbuf;
		    continue;
		}
	    }
	    buf = buf->b_next;
	}
	--no_wait_return;
	need_check_timestamps = FALSE;
	if (need_wait_return && didit == 2)
	{
	    /* make sure msg isn't overwritten */
	    msg_puts((char_u *)"\n");
	    out_flush();
	}
    }
    return didit;
}

/*
 * Move all the lines from buffer "frombuf" to buffer "tobuf".
 * Return OK or FAIL.  When FAIL "tobuf" is incomplete and/or "frombuf" is not
 * empty.
 */
    static int
move_lines(frombuf, tobuf)
    buf_T	*frombuf;
    buf_T	*tobuf;
{
    buf_T	*tbuf = curbuf;
    int		retval = OK;
    linenr_T	lnum;
    char_u	*p;

    /* Copy the lines in "frombuf" to "tobuf". */
    curbuf = tobuf;
    for (lnum = 1; lnum <= frombuf->b_ml.ml_line_count; ++lnum)
    {
	p = vim_strsave(ml_get_buf(frombuf, lnum, FALSE));
	if (p == NULL || ml_append(lnum - 1, p, 0, FALSE) == FAIL)
	{
	    vim_free(p);
	    retval = FAIL;
	    break;
	}
	vim_free(p);
    }

    /* Delete all the lines in "frombuf". */
    if (retval != FAIL)
    {
	curbuf = frombuf;
	while (!bufempty())
	    if (ml_delete(curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count, FALSE) == FAIL)
	    {
		/* Oops!  We could try putting back the saved lines, but that
		 * might fail again... */
		retval = FAIL;
		break;
	    }
    }

    curbuf = tbuf;
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Check if buffer "buf" has been changed.
 * Also check if the file for a new buffer unexpectedly appeared.
 * return 1 if a changed buffer was found.
 * return 2 if a message has been displayed.
 * return 0 otherwise.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    int
buf_check_timestamp(buf, focus)
    buf_T	*buf;
    int		focus;		/* called for GUI focus event */
{
    struct stat	st;
    int		stat_res;
    int		retval = 0;
    char_u	*path;
    char_u	*tbuf;
    char	*mesg = NULL;
    char	*mesg2;
    int		helpmesg = FALSE;
    int		reload = FALSE;
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
    int		can_reload = FALSE;
#endif
    size_t	orig_size = buf->b_orig_size;
    int		orig_mode = buf->b_orig_mode;
#ifdef FEAT_GUI
    int		save_mouse_correct = need_mouse_correct;
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
    static int	busy = FALSE;
#endif

    /* If there is no file name, the buffer is not loaded, 'buftype' is
     * set, we are in the middle of a save or being called recursively: ignore
     * this buffer. */
    if (buf->b_ffname == NULL
	    || buf->b_ml.ml_mfp == NULL
#if defined(FEAT_QUICKFIX)
	    || *buf->b_p_bt != NUL
#endif
	    || buf->b_saving
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	    || busy
#endif
	    )
	return 0;

    if (       !(buf->b_flags & BF_NOTEDITED)
	    && buf->b_mtime != 0
	    && ((stat_res = mch_stat((char *)buf->b_ffname, &st)) < 0
		|| time_differs((long)st.st_mtime, buf->b_mtime)
#ifdef HAVE_ST_MODE
		|| (int)st.st_mode != buf->b_orig_mode
#else
		|| mch_getperm(buf->b_ffname) != buf->b_orig_mode
#endif
		))
    {
	retval = 1;

	/* set b_mtime to stop further warnings */
	if (stat_res < 0)
	{
	    buf->b_mtime = 0;
	    buf->b_orig_size = 0;
	    buf->b_orig_mode = 0;
	}
	else
	    buf_store_time(buf, &st, buf->b_ffname);

	/* Don't do anything for a directory.  Might contain the file
	 * explorer. */
	if (mch_isdir(buf->b_fname))
	    ;

	/*
	 * If 'autoread' is set, the buffer has no changes and the file still
	 * exists, reload the buffer.  Use the buffer-local option value if it
	 * was set, the global option value otherwise.
	 */
	else if ((buf->b_p_ar >= 0 ? buf->b_p_ar : p_ar)
				       && !bufIsChanged(buf) && stat_res >= 0)
	    reload = TRUE;
	else
	{
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	    int n;

	    /*
	     * Only give the warning if there are no FileChangedShell
	     * autocommands.
	     * Avoid being called recursively by setting "busy".
	     */
	    busy = TRUE;
	    n = apply_autocmds(EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL,
				      buf->b_fname, buf->b_fname, FALSE, buf);
	    busy = FALSE;
	    if (n)
	    {
		if (!buf_valid(buf))
		    EMSG(_("E246: FileChangedShell autocommand deleted buffer"));
		return 2;
	    }
	    else
#endif
	    {
		if (stat_res < 0)
		    mesg = _("E211: Warning: File \"%s\" no longer available");
		else
		{
		    helpmesg = TRUE;
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
		    can_reload = TRUE;
#endif
		    /*
		     * Check if the file contents really changed to avoid
		     * giving a warning when only the timestamp was set (e.g.,
		     * checked out of CVS).  Always warn when the buffer was
		     * changed.
		     */
		    if (bufIsChanged(buf))
			mesg = _("W12: Warning: File \"%s\" has changed and the buffer was changed in Vim as well");
		    else if (orig_size != buf->b_orig_size
			    || buf_contents_changed(buf))
			mesg = _("W11: Warning: File \"%s\" has changed since editing started");
		    else if (orig_mode != buf->b_orig_mode)
			mesg = _("W16: Warning: Mode of file \"%s\" has changed since editing started");
		}
	    }
	}

    }
    else if ((buf->b_flags & BF_NEW) && !(buf->b_flags & BF_NEW_W)
						&& vim_fexists(buf->b_ffname))
    {
	retval = 1;
	mesg = _("W13: Warning: File \"%s\" has been created after editing started");
	buf->b_flags |= BF_NEW_W;
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
	can_reload = TRUE;
#endif
    }

    if (mesg != NULL)
    {
	path = home_replace_save(buf, buf->b_fname);
	if (path != NULL)
	{
	    if (helpmesg)
		mesg2 = _("See \":help W11\" for more info.");
	    else
		mesg2 = "";
	    tbuf = alloc((unsigned)(STRLEN(path) + STRLEN(mesg)
							+ STRLEN(mesg2) + 2));
	    sprintf((char *)tbuf, mesg, path);
#if defined(FEAT_CON_DIALOG) || defined(FEAT_GUI_DIALOG)
	    if (can_reload)
	    {
		if (*mesg2 != NUL)
		{
		    STRCAT(tbuf, "\n");
		    STRCAT(tbuf, mesg2);
		}
		if (do_dialog(VIM_WARNING, (char_u *)_("Warning"), tbuf,
				(char_u *)_("&OK\n&Load File"), 1, NULL) == 2)
		    reload = TRUE;
	    }
	    else
#endif
	    if (State > NORMAL_BUSY || (State & CMDLINE) || already_warned)
	    {
		if (*mesg2 != NUL)
		{
		    STRCAT(tbuf, "; ");
		    STRCAT(tbuf, mesg2);
		}
		EMSG(tbuf);
		retval = 2;
	    }
	    else
	    {
# ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
		if (!autocmd_busy)
# endif
		{
		    msg_start();
		    msg_puts_attr(tbuf, hl_attr(HLF_E) + MSG_HIST);
		    if (*mesg2 != NUL)
			msg_puts_attr((char_u *)mesg2,
						   hl_attr(HLF_W) + MSG_HIST);
		    msg_clr_eos();
		    (void)msg_end();
		    if (emsg_silent == 0)
		    {
			out_flush();
# ifdef FEAT_GUI
			if (!focus)
# endif
			    /* give the user some time to think about it */
			    ui_delay(1000L, TRUE);

			/* don't redraw and erase the message */
			redraw_cmdline = FALSE;
		    }
		}
		already_warned = TRUE;
	    }

	    vim_free(path);
	    vim_free(tbuf);
	}
    }

    if (reload)
    {
	exarg_T		ea;
	pos_T		old_cursor;
	linenr_T	old_topline;
	int		old_ro = buf->b_p_ro;
	buf_T		*savebuf;
	int		saved = OK;
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	aco_save_T	aco;

	/* set curwin/curbuf for "buf" and save some things */
	aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);
#else
	buf_T	*save_curbuf = curbuf;

	curbuf = buf;
	curwin->w_buffer = buf;
#endif

	/* We only want to read the text from the file, not reset the syntax
	 * highlighting, clear marks, diff status, etc.  Force the fileformat
	 * and encoding to be the same. */
	if (prep_exarg(&ea, buf) == OK)
	{
	    old_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
	    old_topline = curwin->w_topline;

	    /*
	     * To behave like when a new file is edited (matters for
	     * BufReadPost autocommands) we first need to delete the current
	     * buffer contents.  But if reading the file fails we should keep
	     * the old contents.  Can't use memory only, the file might be
	     * too big.  Use a hidden buffer to move the buffer contents to.
	     */
	    if (bufempty())
		savebuf = NULL;
	    else
	    {
		/* Allocate a buffer without putting it in the buffer list. */
		savebuf = buflist_new(NULL, NULL, (linenr_T)1, BLN_DUMMY);
		if (savebuf != NULL)
		{
		    /* Open the memline. */
		    curbuf = savebuf;
		    curwin->w_buffer = savebuf;
		    saved = ml_open();
		    curbuf = buf;
		    curwin->w_buffer = buf;
		}
		if (savebuf == NULL || saved == FAIL
					  || move_lines(buf, savebuf) == FAIL)
		{
		    EMSG2(_("E462: Could not prepare for reloading \"%s\""),
								buf->b_fname);
		    saved = FAIL;
		}
	    }

	    if (saved == OK)
	    {
		curbuf->b_flags |= BF_CHECK_RO;	/* check for RO again */
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
		keep_filetype = TRUE;		/* don't detect 'filetype' */
#endif
		if (readfile(buf->b_ffname, buf->b_fname, (linenr_T)0,
			    (linenr_T)0,
			    (linenr_T)MAXLNUM, &ea, READ_NEW) == FAIL)
		{
#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) && defined(FEAT_EVAL)
		    if (!aborting())
#endif
			EMSG2(_("E321: Could not reload \"%s\""), buf->b_fname);
		    if (savebuf != NULL)
		    {
			/* Put the text back from the save buffer.  First
			 * delete any lines that readfile() added. */
			while (!bufempty())
			    if (ml_delete(curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count, FALSE)
								      == FAIL)
				break;
			(void)move_lines(savebuf, buf);
		    }
		}
		else
		{
		    /* Mark the buffer as unmodified and free undo info. */
		    unchanged(buf, TRUE);
		    u_blockfree(buf);
		    u_clearall(buf);
		}
	    }
	    vim_free(ea.cmd);

	    if (savebuf != NULL)
		wipe_buffer(savebuf, FALSE);

#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
	    /* Invalidate diff info if necessary. */
	    diff_invalidate();
#endif

	    /* Restore the topline and cursor position and check it (lines may
	     * have been removed). */
	    if (old_topline > curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
		curwin->w_topline = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
	    else
		curwin->w_topline = old_topline;
	    curwin->w_cursor = old_cursor;
	    check_cursor();
	    update_topline();
#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	    keep_filetype = FALSE;
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_FOLDING
	    {
		win_T *wp;

		/* Update folds unless they are defined manually. */
		FOR_ALL_WINDOWS(wp)
		    if (wp->w_buffer == curwin->w_buffer
			    && !foldmethodIsManual(wp))
			foldUpdateAll(wp);
	    }
#endif
	    /* If the mode didn't change and 'readonly' was set, keep the old
	     * value; the user probably used the ":view" command.  But don't
	     * reset it, might have had a read error. */
	    if (orig_mode == curbuf->b_orig_mode)
		curbuf->b_p_ro |= old_ro;
	}

#ifdef FEAT_AUTOCMD
	/* restore curwin/curbuf and a few other things */
	aucmd_restbuf(&aco);
	/* Careful: autocommands may have made "buf" invalid! */
#else
	curwin->w_buffer = save_curbuf;
	curbuf = save_curbuf;
#endif
    }

#ifdef FEAT_GUI
    /* restore this in case an autocommand has set it; it would break
     * 'mousefocus' */
    need_mouse_correct = save_mouse_correct;
#endif

    return retval;
}

/*ARGSUSED*/
    void
buf_store_time(buf, st, fname)
    buf_T	*buf;
    struct stat	*st;
    char_u	*fname;
{
    buf->b_mtime = (long)st->st_mtime;
    buf->b_orig_size = (size_t)st->st_size;
#ifdef HAVE_ST_MODE
    buf->b_orig_mode = (int)st->st_mode;
#else
    buf->b_orig_mode = mch_getperm(fname);
#endif
}

/*
 * Adjust the line with missing eol, used for the next write.
 * Used for do_filter(), when the input lines for the filter are deleted.
 */
    void
write_lnum_adjust(offset)
    linenr_T	offset;
{
    if (write_no_eol_lnum)		/* only if there is a missing eol */
	write_no_eol_lnum += offset;
}

#if defined(TEMPDIRNAMES) || defined(PROTO)
static long	temp_count = 0;		/* Temp filename counter. */

/*
 * Delete the temp directory and all files it contains.
 */
    void
vim_deltempdir()
{
    char_u	**files;
    int		file_count;
    int		i;

    if (vim_tempdir != NULL)
    {
	sprintf((char *)NameBuff, "%s*", vim_tempdir);
	if (gen_expand_wildcards(1, &NameBuff, &file_count, &files,
					      EW_DIR|EW_FILE|EW_SILENT) == OK)
	{
	    for (i = 0; i < file_count; ++i)
		mch_remove(files[i]);
	    FreeWild(file_count, files);
	}
	gettail(NameBuff)[-1] = NUL;
	(void)mch_rmdir(NameBuff);

	vim_free(vim_tempdir);
	vim_tempdir = NULL;
    }
}
#endif

/*
 * vim_tempname(): Return a unique name that can be used for a temp file.
 *
 * The temp file is NOT created.
 *
 * The returned pointer is to allocated memory.
 * The returned pointer is NULL if no valid name was found.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u  *
vim_tempname(extra_char)
    int	    extra_char;	    /* character to use in the name instead of '?' */
{
#ifdef USE_TMPNAM
    char_u	itmp[L_tmpnam];	/* use tmpnam() */
#else
    char_u	itmp[TEMPNAMELEN];
#endif

#ifdef TEMPDIRNAMES
    static char	*(tempdirs[]) = {TEMPDIRNAMES};
    int		i;
    long	nr;
    long	off;
# ifndef EEXIST
    struct stat	st;
# endif

    /*
     * This will create a directory for private use by this instance of Vim.
     * This is done once, and the same directory is used for all temp files.
     * This method avoids security problems because of symlink attacks et al.
     * It's also a bit faster, because we only need to check for an existing
     * file when creating the directory and not for each temp file.
     */
    if (vim_tempdir == NULL)
    {
	/*
	 * Try the entries in TEMPDIRNAMES to create the temp directory.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < sizeof(tempdirs) / sizeof(char *); ++i)
	{
	    /* expand $TMP, leave room for "/v1100000/999999999" */
	    expand_env((char_u *)tempdirs[i], itmp, TEMPNAMELEN - 20);
	    if (mch_isdir(itmp))		/* directory exists */
	    {
# ifdef __EMX__
		/* If $TMP contains a forward slash (perhaps using bash or
		 * tcsh), don't add a backslash, use a forward slash!
		 * Adding 2 backslashes didn't work. */
		if (vim_strchr(itmp, '/') != NULL)
		    STRCAT(itmp, "/");
		else
# endif
		    add_pathsep(itmp);

		/* Get an arbitrary number of up to 6 digits.  When it's
		 * unlikely that it already exists it will be faster,
		 * otherwise it doesn't matter.  The use of mkdir() avoids any
		 * security problems because of the predictable number. */
		nr = (mch_get_pid() + (long)time(NULL)) % 1000000L;

		/* Try up to 10000 different values until we find a name that
		 * doesn't exist. */
		for (off = 0; off < 10000L; ++off)
		{
		    int		r;
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)
		    mode_t	umask_save;
#endif

		    sprintf((char *)itmp + STRLEN(itmp), "v%ld", nr + off);
# ifndef EEXIST
		    /* If mkdir() does not set errno to EEXIST, check for
		     * existing file here.  There is a race condition then,
		     * although it's fail-safe. */
		    if (mch_stat((char *)itmp, &st) >= 0)
			continue;
# endif
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)
		    /* Make sure the umask doesn't remove the executable bit.
		     * "repl" has been reported to use "177". */
		    umask_save = umask(077);
#endif
		    r = vim_mkdir(itmp, 0700);
#if defined(UNIX) || defined(VMS)
		    (void)umask(umask_save);
#endif
		    if (r == 0)
		    {
			char_u	*buf;

			/* Directory was created, use this name.
			 * Expand to full path; When using the current
			 * directory a ":cd" would confuse us. */
			buf = alloc((unsigned)MAXPATHL + 1);
			if (buf != NULL)
			{
			    if (vim_FullName(itmp, buf, MAXPATHL, FALSE)
								      == FAIL)
				STRCPY(buf, itmp);
# ifdef __EMX__
			    if (vim_strchr(buf, '/') != NULL)
				STRCAT(buf, "/");
			    else
# endif
				add_pathsep(buf);
			    vim_tempdir = vim_strsave(buf);
			    vim_free(buf);
			}
			break;
		    }
# ifdef EEXIST
		    /* If the mkdir() didn't fail because the file/dir exists,
		     * we probably can't create any dir here, try another
		     * place. */
		    if (errno != EEXIST)
# endif
			break;
		}
		if (vim_tempdir != NULL)
		    break;
	    }
	}
    }

    if (vim_tempdir != NULL)
    {
	/* There is no need to check if the file exists, because we own the
	 * directory and nobody else creates a file in it. */
	sprintf((char *)itmp, "%s%ld", vim_tempdir, temp_count++);
	return vim_strsave(itmp);
    }

    return NULL;

#else /* TEMPDIRNAMES */

# ifdef WIN3264
    char	szTempFile[_MAX_PATH + 1];
    char	buf4[4];
    char_u	*retval;
    char_u	*p;

    STRCPY(itmp, "");
    if (GetTempPath(_MAX_PATH, szTempFile) == 0)
	szTempFile[0] = NUL;	/* GetTempPath() failed, use current dir */
    strcpy(buf4, "VIM");
    buf4[2] = extra_char;   /* make it "VIa", "VIb", etc. */
    if (GetTempFileName(szTempFile, buf4, 0, itmp) == 0)
	return NULL;
    /* GetTempFileName() will create the file, we don't want that */
    (void)DeleteFile(itmp);

    /* Backslashes in a temp file name cause problems when filtering with
     * "sh".  NOTE: This also checks 'shellcmdflag' to help those people who
     * didn't set 'shellslash'. */
    retval = vim_strsave(itmp);
    if (*p_shcf == '-' || p_ssl)
	for (p = retval; *p; ++p)
	    if (*p == '\\')
		*p = '/';
    return retval;

# else /* WIN3264 */

#  ifdef USE_TMPNAM
    /* tmpnam() will make its own name */
    if (*tmpnam((char *)itmp) == NUL)
	return NULL;
#  else
    char_u	*p;

#   ifdef VMS_TEMPNAM
    /* mktemp() is not working on VMS.  It seems to be
     * a do-nothing function. Therefore we use tempnam().
     */
    sprintf((char *)itmp, "VIM%c", extra_char);
    p = (char_u *)tempnam("tmp:", (char *)itmp);
    if (p != NULL)
    {
	/* VMS will use '.LOG' if we don't explicitly specify an extension,
	 * and VIM will then be unable to find the file later */
	STRCPY(itmp, p);
	STRCAT(itmp, ".txt");
	free(p);
    }
    else
	return NULL;
#   else
    STRCPY(itmp, TEMPNAME);
    if ((p = vim_strchr(itmp, '?')) != NULL)
	*p = extra_char;
    if (mktemp((char *)itmp) == NULL)
	return NULL;
#   endif
#  endif

    return vim_strsave(itmp);
# endif /* WIN3264 */
#endif /* TEMPDIRNAMES */
}

#if defined(BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Convert all backslashes in fname to forward slashes in-place.
 */
    void
forward_slash(fname)
    char_u	*fname;
{
    char_u	*p;

    for (p = fname; *p != NUL; ++p)
# ifdef  FEAT_MBYTE
	/* The Big5 encoding can have '\' in the trail byte. */
	if (enc_dbcs != 0 && (*mb_ptr2len_check)(p) > 1)
	    ++p;
	else
# endif
	if (*p == '\\')
	    *p = '/';
}
#endif


/*
 * Code for automatic commands.
 *
 * Only included when "FEAT_AUTOCMD" has been defined.
 */

#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) || defined(PROTO)

/*
 * The autocommands are stored in a list for each event.
 * Autocommands for the same pattern, that are consecutive, are joined
 * together, to avoid having to match the pattern too often.
 * The result is an array of Autopat lists, which point to AutoCmd lists:
 *
 * first_autopat[0] --> Autopat.next  -->  Autopat.next -->  NULL
 *			Autopat.cmds	   Autopat.cmds
 *			    |			 |
 *			    V			 V
 *			AutoCmd.next	   AutoCmd.next
 *			    |			 |
 *			    V			 V
 *			AutoCmd.next		NULL
 *			    |
 *			    V
 *			   NULL
 *
 * first_autopat[1] --> Autopat.next  -->  NULL
 *			Autopat.cmds
 *			    |
 *			    V
 *			AutoCmd.next
 *			    |
 *			    V
 *			   NULL
 *   etc.
 *
 *   The order of AutoCmds is important, this is the order in which they were
 *   defined and will have to be executed.
 */
typedef struct AutoCmd
{
    char_u	    *cmd;		/* The command to be executed (NULL
					   when command has been removed) */
    char	    nested;		/* If autocommands nest here */
    char	    last;		/* last command in list */
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    scid_T	    scriptID;		/* script ID where defined */
#endif
    struct AutoCmd  *next;		/* Next AutoCmd in list */
} AutoCmd;

typedef struct AutoPat
{
    int		    group;		/* group ID */
    char_u	    *pat;		/* pattern as typed (NULL when pattern
					   has been removed) */
    int		    patlen;		/* strlen() of pat */
    char_u	    *reg_pat;		/* pattern converted to regexp */
    char	    allow_dirs;		/* Pattern may match whole path */
    char	    last;		/* last pattern for apply_autocmds() */
    AutoCmd	    *cmds;		/* list of commands to do */
    struct AutoPat  *next;		/* next AutoPat in AutoPat list */
} AutoPat;

static struct event_name
{
    char	*name;	/* event name */
    EVENT_T	event;	/* event number */
} event_names[] =
{
    {"BufAdd",		EVENT_BUFADD},
    {"BufCreate",	EVENT_BUFADD},
    {"BufDelete",	EVENT_BUFDELETE},
    {"BufEnter",	EVENT_BUFENTER},
    {"BufFilePost",	EVENT_BUFFILEPOST},
    {"BufFilePre",	EVENT_BUFFILEPRE},
    {"BufHidden",	EVENT_BUFHIDDEN},
    {"BufLeave",	EVENT_BUFLEAVE},
    {"BufNew",		EVENT_BUFNEW},
    {"BufNewFile",	EVENT_BUFNEWFILE},
    {"BufRead",		EVENT_BUFREADPOST},
    {"BufReadCmd",	EVENT_BUFREADCMD},
    {"BufReadPost",	EVENT_BUFREADPOST},
    {"BufReadPre",	EVENT_BUFREADPRE},
    {"BufUnload",	EVENT_BUFUNLOAD},
    {"BufWinEnter",	EVENT_BUFWINENTER},
    {"BufWinLeave",	EVENT_BUFWINLEAVE},
    {"BufWipeout",	EVENT_BUFWIPEOUT},
    {"BufWrite",	EVENT_BUFWRITEPRE},
    {"BufWritePost",	EVENT_BUFWRITEPOST},
    {"BufWritePre",	EVENT_BUFWRITEPRE},
    {"BufWriteCmd",	EVENT_BUFWRITECMD},
    {"CmdwinEnter",	EVENT_CMDWINENTER},
    {"CmdwinLeave",	EVENT_CMDWINLEAVE},
    {"ColorScheme",	EVENT_COLORSCHEME},
    {"EncodingChanged",	EVENT_ENCODINGCHANGED},
    {"FileEncoding",	EVENT_ENCODINGCHANGED},
    {"CursorHold",	EVENT_CURSORHOLD},
    {"FileAppendPost",	EVENT_FILEAPPENDPOST},
    {"FileAppendPre",	EVENT_FILEAPPENDPRE},
    {"FileAppendCmd",	EVENT_FILEAPPENDCMD},
    {"FileChangedShell",EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL},
    {"FileChangedRO",	EVENT_FILECHANGEDRO},
    {"FileReadPost",	EVENT_FILEREADPOST},
    {"FileReadPre",	EVENT_FILEREADPRE},
    {"FileReadCmd",	EVENT_FILEREADCMD},
    {"FileType",	EVENT_FILETYPE},
    {"FileWritePost",	EVENT_FILEWRITEPOST},
    {"FileWritePre",	EVENT_FILEWRITEPRE},
    {"FileWriteCmd",	EVENT_FILEWRITECMD},
    {"FilterReadPost",	EVENT_FILTERREADPOST},
    {"FilterReadPre",	EVENT_FILTERREADPRE},
    {"FilterWritePost",	EVENT_FILTERWRITEPOST},
    {"FilterWritePre",	EVENT_FILTERWRITEPRE},
    {"FocusGained",	EVENT_FOCUSGAINED},
    {"FocusLost",	EVENT_FOCUSLOST},
    {"FuncUndefined",	EVENT_FUNCUNDEFINED},
    {"GUIEnter",	EVENT_GUIENTER},
    {"InsertChange",	EVENT_INSERTCHANGE},
    {"InsertEnter",	EVENT_INSERTENTER},
    {"InsertLeave",	EVENT_INSERTLEAVE},
    {"RemoteReply",	EVENT_REMOTEREPLY},
    {"StdinReadPost",	EVENT_STDINREADPOST},
    {"StdinReadPre",	EVENT_STDINREADPRE},
    {"Syntax",		EVENT_SYNTAX},
    {"TermChanged",	EVENT_TERMCHANGED},
    {"TermResponse",	EVENT_TERMRESPONSE},
    {"User",		EVENT_USER},
    {"VimEnter",	EVENT_VIMENTER},
    {"VimLeave",	EVENT_VIMLEAVE},
    {"VimLeavePre",	EVENT_VIMLEAVEPRE},
    {"WinEnter",	EVENT_WINENTER},
    {"WinLeave",	EVENT_WINLEAVE},
    {NULL,		(EVENT_T)0}
};

static AutoPat *first_autopat[NUM_EVENTS] =
{
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
    NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL
};

/*
 * struct used to keep status while executing autocommands for an event.
 */
typedef struct AutoPatCmd
{
    AutoPat	*curpat;	/* next AutoPat to examine */
    AutoCmd	*nextcmd;	/* next AutoCmd to execute */
    int		group;		/* group being used */
    char_u	*fname;		/* fname to match with */
    char_u	*sfname;	/* sfname to match with */
    char_u	*tail;		/* tail of fname */
    EVENT_T	event;		/* current event */
} AutoPatCmd;

/*
 * augroups stores a list of autocmd group names.
 */
garray_T augroups = {0, 0, sizeof(char_u *), 10, NULL};
#define AUGROUP_NAME(i) (((char_u **)augroups.ga_data)[i])

/*
 * The ID of the current group.  Group 0 is the default one.
 */
#define AUGROUP_DEFAULT	    -1	    /* default autocmd group */
#define AUGROUP_ERROR	    -2	    /* errornouse autocmd group */
#define AUGROUP_ALL	    -3	    /* all autocmd groups */
static int current_augroup = AUGROUP_DEFAULT;

static int au_need_clean = FALSE;   /* need to delete marked patterns */

static void show_autocmd __ARGS((AutoPat *ap, EVENT_T event));
static void au_remove_pat __ARGS((AutoPat *ap));
static void au_remove_cmds __ARGS((AutoPat *ap));
static void au_cleanup __ARGS((void));
static int au_new_group __ARGS((char_u *name));
static void au_del_group __ARGS((char_u *name));
static int au_find_group __ARGS((char_u *name));
static EVENT_T event_name2nr __ARGS((char_u *start, char_u **end));
static char_u *event_nr2name __ARGS((EVENT_T event));
static char_u *find_end_event __ARGS((char_u *arg, int have_group));
static int event_ignored __ARGS((EVENT_T event));
static int au_get_grouparg __ARGS((char_u **argp));
static int do_autocmd_event __ARGS((EVENT_T event, char_u *pat, int nested, char_u *cmd, int forceit, int group));
static char_u *getnextac __ARGS((int c, void *cookie, int indent));
static int apply_autocmds_group __ARGS((EVENT_T event, char_u *fname, char_u *fname_io, int force, int group, buf_T *buf, exarg_T *eap));
static void auto_next_pat __ARGS((AutoPatCmd *apc, int stop_at_last));

static EVENT_T	last_event;
static int	last_group;

/*
 * Show the autocommands for one AutoPat.
 */
    static void
show_autocmd(ap, event)
    AutoPat	*ap;
    EVENT_T	event;
{
    AutoCmd *ac;

    /* Check for "got_int" (here and at various places below), which is set
     * when "q" has been hit for the "--more--" prompt */
    if (got_int)
	return;
    if (ap->pat == NULL)		/* pattern has been removed */
	return;

    msg_putchar('\n');
    if (got_int)
	return;
    if (event != last_event || ap->group != last_group)
    {
	if (ap->group != AUGROUP_DEFAULT)
	{
	    if (AUGROUP_NAME(ap->group) == NULL)
		msg_puts_attr((char_u *)_("--Deleted--"), hl_attr(HLF_E));
	    else
		msg_puts_attr(AUGROUP_NAME(ap->group), hl_attr(HLF_T));
	    msg_puts((char_u *)"  ");
	}
	msg_puts_attr(event_nr2name(event), hl_attr(HLF_T));
	last_event = event;
	last_group = ap->group;
	msg_putchar('\n');
	if (got_int)
	    return;
    }
    msg_col = 4;
    msg_outtrans(ap->pat);

    for (ac = ap->cmds; ac != NULL; ac = ac->next)
    {
	if (ac->cmd != NULL)		/* skip removed commands */
	{
	    if (msg_col >= 14)
		msg_putchar('\n');
	    msg_col = 14;
	    if (got_int)
		return;
	    msg_outtrans(ac->cmd);
	    if (got_int)
		return;
	    if (ac->next != NULL)
	    {
		msg_putchar('\n');
		if (got_int)
		    return;
	    }
	}
    }
}

/*
 * Mark an autocommand pattern for deletion.
 */
    static void
au_remove_pat(ap)
    AutoPat *ap;
{
    vim_free(ap->pat);
    ap->pat = NULL;
    au_need_clean = TRUE;
}

/*
 * Mark all commands for a pattern for deletion.
 */
    static void
au_remove_cmds(ap)
    AutoPat *ap;
{
    AutoCmd *ac;

    for (ac = ap->cmds; ac != NULL; ac = ac->next)
    {
	vim_free(ac->cmd);
	ac->cmd = NULL;
    }
    au_need_clean = TRUE;
}

/*
 * Cleanup autocommands and patterns that have been deleted.
 * This is only done when not executing autocommands.
 */
    static void
au_cleanup()
{
    AutoPat	*ap, **prev_ap;
    AutoCmd	*ac, **prev_ac;
    EVENT_T	event;

    if (autocmd_busy || !au_need_clean)
	return;

    /* loop over all events */
    for (event = (EVENT_T)0; (int)event < (int)NUM_EVENTS;
					    event = (EVENT_T)((int)event + 1))
    {
	/* loop over all autocommand patterns */
	prev_ap = &(first_autopat[(int)event]);
	for (ap = *prev_ap; ap != NULL; ap = *prev_ap)
	{
	    /* loop over all commands for this pattern */
	    prev_ac = &(ap->cmds);
	    for (ac = *prev_ac; ac != NULL; ac = *prev_ac)
	    {
		/* remove the command if the pattern is to be deleted or when
		 * the command has been marked for deletion */
		if (ap->pat == NULL || ac->cmd == NULL)
		{
		    *prev_ac = ac->next;
		    vim_free(ac->cmd);
		    vim_free(ac);
		}
		else
		    prev_ac = &(ac->next);
	    }

	    /* remove the pattern if it has been marked for deletion */
	    if (ap->pat == NULL)
	    {
		*prev_ap = ap->next;
		vim_free(ap->reg_pat);
		vim_free(ap);
	    }
	    else
		prev_ap = &(ap->next);
	}
    }

    au_need_clean = FALSE;
}

/*
 * Add an autocmd group name.
 * Return it's ID.  Returns AUGROUP_ERROR (< 0) for error.
 */
    static int
au_new_group(name)
    char_u	*name;
{
    int		i;

    i = au_find_group(name);
    if (i == AUGROUP_ERROR)	/* the group doesn't exist yet, add it */
    {
	/* First try using a free entry. */
	for (i = 0; i < augroups.ga_len; ++i)
	    if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) == NULL)
		break;
	if (i == augroups.ga_len && ga_grow(&augroups, 1) == FAIL)
	    return AUGROUP_ERROR;

	AUGROUP_NAME(i) = vim_strsave(name);
	if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) == NULL)
	    return AUGROUP_ERROR;
	if (i == augroups.ga_len)
	{
	    ++augroups.ga_len;
	    --augroups.ga_room;
	}
    }

    return i;
}

    static void
au_del_group(name)
    char_u	*name;
{
    int	    i;

    i = au_find_group(name);
    if (i == AUGROUP_ERROR)	/* the group doesn't exist */
	EMSG2(_("E367: No such group: \"%s\""), name);
    else
    {
	vim_free(AUGROUP_NAME(i));
	AUGROUP_NAME(i) = NULL;
    }
}

/*
 * Find the ID of an autocmd group name.
 * Return it's ID.  Returns AUGROUP_ERROR (< 0) for error.
 */
    static int
au_find_group(name)
    char_u	*name;
{
    int	    i;

    for (i = 0; i < augroups.ga_len; ++i)
	if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) != NULL && STRCMP(AUGROUP_NAME(i), name) == 0)
	    return i;
    return AUGROUP_ERROR;
}

/*
 * ":augroup {name}".
 */
    void
do_augroup(arg, del_group)
    char_u	*arg;
    int		del_group;
{
    int	    i;

    if (del_group)
    {
	if (*arg == NUL)
	    EMSG(_(e_argreq));
	else
	    au_del_group(arg);
    }
    else if (STRICMP(arg, "end") == 0)   /* ":aug end": back to group 0 */
	current_augroup = AUGROUP_DEFAULT;
    else if (*arg)		    /* ":aug xxx": switch to group xxx */
    {
	i = au_new_group(arg);
	if (i != AUGROUP_ERROR)
	    current_augroup = i;
    }
    else			    /* ":aug": list the group names */
    {
	msg_start();
	for (i = 0; i < augroups.ga_len; ++i)
	{
	    if (AUGROUP_NAME(i) != NULL)
	    {
		msg_puts(AUGROUP_NAME(i));
		msg_puts((char_u *)"  ");
	    }
	}
	msg_clr_eos();
	msg_end();
    }
}

/*
 * Return the event number for event name "start".
 * Return NUM_EVENTS if the event name was not found.
 * Return a pointer to the next event name in "end".
 */
    static EVENT_T
event_name2nr(start, end)
    char_u  *start;
    char_u  **end;
{
    char_u	*p;
    int		i;
    int		len;

    /* the event name ends with end of line, a blank or a comma */
    for (p = start; *p && !vim_iswhite(*p) && *p != ','; ++p)
	;
    for (i = 0; event_names[i].name != NULL; ++i)
    {
	len = (int)STRLEN(event_names[i].name);
	if (len == p - start && STRNICMP(event_names[i].name, start, len) == 0)
	    break;
    }
    if (*p == ',')
	++p;
    *end = p;
    if (event_names[i].name == NULL)
	return NUM_EVENTS;
    return event_names[i].event;
}

/*
 * Return the name for event "event".
 */
    static char_u *
event_nr2name(event)
    EVENT_T	event;
{
    int	    i;

    for (i = 0; event_names[i].name != NULL; ++i)
	if (event_names[i].event == event)
	    return (char_u *)event_names[i].name;
    return (char_u *)"Unknown";
}

/*
 * Scan over the events.  "*" stands for all events.
 */
    static char_u *
find_end_event(arg, have_group)
    char_u  *arg;
    int	    have_group;	    /* TRUE when group name was found */
{
    char_u  *pat;
    char_u  *p;

    if (*arg == '*')
    {
	if (arg[1] && !vim_iswhite(arg[1]))
	{
	    EMSG2(_("E215: Illegal character after *: %s"), arg);
	    return NULL;
	}
	pat = arg + 1;
    }
    else
    {
	for (pat = arg; *pat && !vim_iswhite(*pat); pat = p)
	{
	    if ((int)event_name2nr(pat, &p) >= (int)NUM_EVENTS)
	    {
		if (have_group)
		    EMSG2(_("E216: No such event: %s"), pat);
		else
		    EMSG2(_("E216: No such group or event: %s"), pat);
		return NULL;
	    }
	}
    }
    return pat;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if "event" is included in 'eventignore'.
 */
    static int
event_ignored(event)
    EVENT_T	event;
{
    char_u	*p = p_ei;

    if (STRICMP(p_ei, "all") == 0)
	return TRUE;

    while (*p)
	if (event_name2nr(p, &p) == event)
	    return TRUE;

    return FALSE;
}

/*
 * Return OK when the contents of p_ei is valid, FAIL otherwise.
 */
    int
check_ei()
{
    char_u	*p = p_ei;

    if (STRICMP(p_ei, "all") == 0)
	return OK;

    while (*p)
	if (event_name2nr(p, &p) == NUM_EVENTS)
	    return FAIL;

    return OK;
}

/*
 * do_autocmd() -- implements the :autocmd command.  Can be used in the
 *  following ways:
 *
 * :autocmd <event> <pat> <cmd>	    Add <cmd> to the list of commands that
 *				    will be automatically executed for <event>
 *				    when editing a file matching <pat>, in
 *				    the current group.
 * :autocmd <event> <pat>	    Show the auto-commands associated with
 *				    <event> and <pat>.
 * :autocmd <event>		    Show the auto-commands associated with
 *				    <event>.
 * :autocmd			    Show all auto-commands.
 * :autocmd! <event> <pat> <cmd>    Remove all auto-commands associated with
 *				    <event> and <pat>, and add the command
 *				    <cmd>, for the current group.
 * :autocmd! <event> <pat>	    Remove all auto-commands associated with
 *				    <event> and <pat> for the current group.
 * :autocmd! <event>		    Remove all auto-commands associated with
 *				    <event> for the current group.
 * :autocmd!			    Remove ALL auto-commands for the current
 *				    group.
 *
 *  Multiple events and patterns may be given separated by commas.  Here are
 *  some examples:
 * :autocmd bufread,bufenter *.c,*.h	set tw=0 smartindent noic
 * :autocmd bufleave	     *		set tw=79 nosmartindent ic infercase
 *
 * :autocmd * *.c		show all autocommands for *.c files.
 */
    void
do_autocmd(arg, forceit)
    char_u  *arg;
    int	    forceit;
{
    char_u	*pat;
    char_u	*envpat = NULL;
    char_u	*cmd;
    EVENT_T	event;
    int		need_free = FALSE;
    int		nested = FALSE;
    int		group;

    /*
     * Check for a legal group name.  If not, use AUGROUP_ALL.
     */
    group = au_get_grouparg(&arg);
    if (arg == NULL)	    /* out of memory */
	return;

    /*
     * Scan over the events.
     * If we find an illegal name, return here, don't do anything.
     */
    pat = find_end_event(arg, group != AUGROUP_ALL);
    if (pat == NULL)
	return;

    /*
     * Scan over the pattern.  Put a NUL at the end.
     */
    pat = skipwhite(pat);
    cmd = pat;
    while (*cmd && (!vim_iswhite(*cmd) || cmd[-1] == '\\'))
	cmd++;
    if (*cmd)
	*cmd++ = NUL;

    /* Expand environment variables in the pattern.  Set 'shellslash', we want
     * forward slashes here. */
    if (vim_strchr(pat, '$') != NULL || vim_strchr(pat, '~') != NULL)
    {
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
	int	p_ssl_save = p_ssl;

	p_ssl = TRUE;
#endif
	envpat = expand_env_save(pat);
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
	p_ssl = p_ssl_save;
#endif
	if (envpat != NULL)
	    pat = envpat;
    }

    /*
     * Check for "nested" flag.
     */
    cmd = skipwhite(cmd);
    if (*cmd != NUL && STRNCMP(cmd, "nested", 6) == 0 && vim_iswhite(cmd[6]))
    {
	nested = TRUE;
	cmd = skipwhite(cmd + 6);
    }

    /*
     * Find the start of the commands.
     * Expand <sfile> in it.
     */
    if (*cmd != NUL)
    {
	cmd = expand_sfile(cmd);
	if (cmd == NULL)	    /* some error */
	    return;
	need_free = TRUE;
    }

    /*
     * Print header when showing autocommands.
     */
    if (!forceit && *cmd == NUL)
    {
	/* Highlight title */
	MSG_PUTS_TITLE(_("\n--- Auto-Commands ---"));
    }

    /*
     * Loop over the events.
     */
    last_event = (EVENT_T)-1;		/* for listing the event name */
    last_group = AUGROUP_ERROR;		/* for listing the group name */
    if (*arg == '*' || *arg == NUL)
    {
	for (event = (EVENT_T)0; (int)event < (int)NUM_EVENTS;
					    event = (EVENT_T)((int)event + 1))
	    if (do_autocmd_event(event, pat,
					 nested, cmd, forceit, group) == FAIL)
		break;
    }
    else
    {
	while (*arg && !vim_iswhite(*arg))
	    if (do_autocmd_event(event_name2nr(arg, &arg), pat,
					nested,	cmd, forceit, group) == FAIL)
		break;
    }

    if (need_free)
	vim_free(cmd);
    vim_free(envpat);
}

/*
 * Find the group ID in a ":autocmd" or ":doautocmd" argument.
 * The "argp" argument is advanced to the following argument.
 *
 * Returns the group ID, AUGROUP_ERROR for error (out of memory).
 */
    static int
au_get_grouparg(argp)
    char_u	**argp;
{
    char_u	*group_name;
    char_u	*p;
    char_u	*arg = *argp;
    int		group = AUGROUP_ALL;

    p = skiptowhite(arg);
    if (p > arg)
    {
	group_name = vim_strnsave(arg, (int)(p - arg));
	if (group_name == NULL)		/* out of memory */
	    return AUGROUP_ERROR;
	group = au_find_group(group_name);
	if (group == AUGROUP_ERROR)
	    group = AUGROUP_ALL;	/* no match, use all groups */
	else
	    *argp = skipwhite(p);	/* match, skip over group name */
	vim_free(group_name);
    }
    return group;
}

/*
 * do_autocmd() for one event.
 * If *pat == NUL do for all patterns.
 * If *cmd == NUL show entries.
 * If forceit == TRUE delete entries.
 * If group is not AUGROUP_ALL, only use this group.
 */
    static int
do_autocmd_event(event, pat, nested, cmd, forceit, group)
    EVENT_T	event;
    char_u	*pat;
    int		nested;
    char_u	*cmd;
    int		forceit;
    int		group;
{
    AutoPat	*ap;
    AutoPat	**prev_ap;
    AutoCmd	*ac;
    AutoCmd	**prev_ac;
    int		brace_level;
    char_u	*endpat;
    int		findgroup;
    int		allgroups;
    int		patlen;

    if (group == AUGROUP_ALL)
	findgroup = current_augroup;
    else
	findgroup = group;
    allgroups = (group == AUGROUP_ALL && !forceit && *cmd == NUL);

    /*
     * Show or delete all patterns for an event.
     */
    if (*pat == NUL)
    {
	for (ap = first_autopat[(int)event]; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
	{
	    if (forceit)  /* delete the AutoPat, if it's in the current group */
	    {
		if (ap->group == findgroup)
		    au_remove_pat(ap);
	    }
	    else if (group == AUGROUP_ALL || ap->group == group)
		show_autocmd(ap, event);
	}
    }

    /*
     * Loop through all the specified patterns.
     */
    for ( ; *pat; pat = (*endpat == ',' ? endpat + 1 : endpat))
    {
	/*
	 * Find end of the pattern.
	 * Watch out for a comma in braces, like "*.\{obj,o\}".
	 */
	brace_level = 0;
	for (endpat = pat; *endpat && (*endpat != ',' || brace_level
					     || endpat[-1] == '\\'); ++endpat)
	{
	    if (*endpat == '{')
		brace_level++;
	    else if (*endpat == '}')
		brace_level--;
	}
	if (pat == endpat)		/* ignore single comma */
	    continue;
	patlen = (int)(endpat - pat);

	/*
	 * Find AutoPat entries with this pattern.
	 */
	prev_ap = &first_autopat[(int)event];
	while ((ap = *prev_ap) != NULL)
	{
	    if (ap->pat != NULL)
	    {
		/* Accept a pattern when:
		 * - a group was specified and it's that group, or a group was
		 *   not specified and it's the current group, or a group was
		 *   not specified and we are listing
		 * - the length of the pattern matches
		 * - the pattern matches
		 */
		if ((allgroups || ap->group == findgroup)
			&& ap->patlen == patlen
			&& STRNCMP(pat, ap->pat, patlen) == 0)
		{
		    /*
		     * Remove existing autocommands.
		     * If adding any new autocmd's for this AutoPat, don't
		     * delete the pattern from the autopat list, append to
		     * this list.
		     */
		    if (forceit)
		    {
			if (*cmd != NUL && ap->next == NULL)
			{
			    au_remove_cmds(ap);
			    break;
			}
			au_remove_pat(ap);
		    }

		    /*
		     * Show autocmd's for this autopat
		     */
		    else if (*cmd == NUL)
			show_autocmd(ap, event);

		    /*
		     * Add autocmd to this autopat, if it's the last one.
		     */
		    else if (ap->next == NULL)
			break;
		}
	    }
	    prev_ap = &ap->next;
	}

	/*
	 * Add a new command.
	 */
	if (*cmd != NUL)
	{
	    /*
	     * If the pattern we want to add a command to does appear at the
	     * end of the list (or not is not in the list at all), add the
	     * pattern at the end of the list.
	     */
	    if (ap == NULL)
	    {
		ap = (AutoPat *)alloc((unsigned)sizeof(AutoPat));
		if (ap == NULL)
		    return FAIL;
		ap->pat = vim_strnsave(pat, patlen);
		ap->patlen = patlen;
		if (ap->pat == NULL)
		{
		    vim_free(ap);
		    return FAIL;
		}
		ap->reg_pat = file_pat_to_reg_pat(pat, endpat,
						       &ap->allow_dirs, TRUE);
		if (ap->reg_pat == NULL)
		{
		    vim_free(ap->pat);
		    vim_free(ap);
		    return FAIL;
		}
		ap->cmds = NULL;
		*prev_ap = ap;
		ap->next = NULL;
		if (group == AUGROUP_ALL)
		    ap->group = current_augroup;
		else
		    ap->group = group;
	    }

	    /*
	     * Add the autocmd at the end of the AutoCmd list.
	     */
	    prev_ac = &(ap->cmds);
	    while ((ac = *prev_ac) != NULL)
		prev_ac = &ac->next;
	    ac = (AutoCmd *)alloc((unsigned)sizeof(AutoCmd));
	    if (ac == NULL)
		return FAIL;
	    ac->cmd = vim_strsave(cmd);
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	    ac->scriptID = current_SID;
#endif
	    if (ac->cmd == NULL)
	    {
		vim_free(ac);
		return FAIL;
	    }
	    ac->next = NULL;
	    *prev_ac = ac;
	    ac->nested = nested;
	}
    }

    au_cleanup();	/* may really delete removed patterns/commands now */
    return OK;
}

/*
 * Implementation of ":doautocmd [group] event [fname]".
 * Return OK for success, FAIL for failure;
 */
    int
do_doautocmd(arg, do_msg)
    char_u	*arg;
    int		do_msg;	    /* give message for no matching autocmds? */
{
    char_u	*fname;
    int		nothing_done = TRUE;
    int		group;

    /*
     * Check for a legal group name.  If not, use AUGROUP_ALL.
     */
    group = au_get_grouparg(&arg);
    if (arg == NULL)	    /* out of memory */
	return FAIL;

    if (*arg == '*')
    {
	EMSG(_("E217: Can't execute autocommands for ALL events"));
	return FAIL;
    }

    /*
     * Scan over the events.
     * If we find an illegal name, return here, don't do anything.
     */
    fname = find_end_event(arg, group != AUGROUP_ALL);
    if (fname == NULL)
	return FAIL;

    fname = skipwhite(fname);

    /*
     * Loop over the events.
     */
    while (*arg && !vim_iswhite(*arg))
	if (apply_autocmds_group(event_name2nr(arg, &arg),
				      fname, NULL, TRUE, group, curbuf, NULL))
	    nothing_done = FALSE;

    if (nothing_done && do_msg)
	MSG(_("No matching autocommands"));

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    return aborting() ? FAIL : OK;
#else
    return OK;
#endif
}

/*
 * ":doautoall": execute autocommands for each loaded buffer.
 */
    void
ex_doautoall(eap)
    exarg_T	*eap;
{
    int		retval;
    aco_save_T	aco;
    buf_T	*buf;

    /*
     * This is a bit tricky: For some commands curwin->w_buffer needs to be
     * equal to curbuf, but for some buffers there may not be a window.
     * So we change the buffer for the current window for a moment.  This
     * gives problems when the autocommands make changes to the list of
     * buffers or windows...
     */
    for (buf = firstbuf; buf != NULL; buf = buf->b_next)
    {
	if (curbuf->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL)
	{
	    /* find a window for this buffer and save some values */
	    aucmd_prepbuf(&aco, buf);

	    /* execute the autocommands for this buffer */
	    retval = do_doautocmd(eap->arg, FALSE);
	    do_modelines();

	    /* restore the current window */
	    aucmd_restbuf(&aco);

	    /* stop if there is some error or buffer was deleted */
	    if (retval == FAIL || !buf_valid(buf))
		break;
	}
    }

    check_cursor();	    /* just in case lines got deleted */
}

/*
 * Prepare for executing autocommands for (hidden) buffer "buf".
 * Search a window for the current buffer.  Save the cursor position and
 * screen offset.
 * Set "curbuf" and "curwin" to match "buf".
 */
    void
aucmd_prepbuf(aco, buf)
    aco_save_T	*aco;		/* structure to save values in */
    buf_T	*buf;		/* new curbuf */
{
    win_T	*win;

    aco->new_curbuf = buf;

    /* Find a window that is for the new buffer */
    if (buf == curbuf)		/* be quick when buf is curbuf */
	win = curwin;
    else
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
	for (win = firstwin; win != NULL; win = win->w_next)
	    if (win->w_buffer == buf)
		break;
#else
	win = NULL;
#endif

    /*
     * Prefer to use an existing window for the buffer, it has the least side
     * effects (esp. if "buf" is curbuf).
     * Otherwise, use curwin for "buf".  It might make some items in the
     * window invalid.  At least save the cursor and topline.
     */
    if (win != NULL)
    {
	/* there is a window for "buf", make it the curwin */
	aco->save_curwin = curwin;
	curwin = win;
	aco->save_buf = win->w_buffer;
	aco->new_curwin = win;
    }
    else
    {
	/* there is no window for "buf", use curwin */
	aco->save_curwin = NULL;
	aco->save_buf = curbuf;
	--curbuf->b_nwindows;
	curwin->w_buffer = buf;
	++buf->b_nwindows;

	/* save cursor and topline, set them to safe values */
	aco->save_cursor = curwin->w_cursor;
	curwin->w_cursor.lnum = 1;
	curwin->w_cursor.col = 0;
	aco->save_topline = curwin->w_topline;
	curwin->w_topline = 1;
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
	aco->save_topfill = curwin->w_topfill;
	curwin->w_topfill = 0;
#endif
    }

    curbuf = buf;
}

/*
 * Cleanup after executing autocommands for a (hidden) buffer.
 * Restore the window as it was (if possible).
 */
    void
aucmd_restbuf(aco)
    aco_save_T	*aco;		/* structure holding saved values */
{
    if (aco->save_curwin != NULL)
    {
	/* restore curwin */
#ifdef FEAT_WINDOWS
	if (win_valid(aco->save_curwin))
#endif
	{
	    /* restore the buffer which was previously edited by curwin, if
	     * it's still the same window and it's valid */
	    if (curwin == aco->new_curwin
		    && buf_valid(aco->save_buf)
		    && aco->save_buf->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL)
	    {
		--curbuf->b_nwindows;
		curbuf = aco->save_buf;
		curwin->w_buffer = curbuf;
		++curbuf->b_nwindows;
	    }

	    curwin = aco->save_curwin;
	    curbuf = curwin->w_buffer;
	}
    }
    else
    {
	/* restore buffer for curwin if it still exists and is loaded */
	if (buf_valid(aco->save_buf) && aco->save_buf->b_ml.ml_mfp != NULL)
	{
	    --curbuf->b_nwindows;
	    curbuf = aco->save_buf;
	    curwin->w_buffer = curbuf;
	    ++curbuf->b_nwindows;
	    curwin->w_cursor = aco->save_cursor;
	    check_cursor();
	    /* check topline < line_count, in case lines got deleted */
	    if (aco->save_topline <= curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count)
	    {
		curwin->w_topline = aco->save_topline;
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
		curwin->w_topfill = aco->save_topfill;
#endif
	    }
	    else
	    {
		curwin->w_topline = curbuf->b_ml.ml_line_count;
#ifdef FEAT_DIFF
		curwin->w_topfill = 0;
#endif
	    }
	}
    }
}

static int	autocmd_nested = FALSE;

/*
 * Execute autocommands for "event" and file name "fname".
 * Return TRUE if some commands were executed.
 */
    int
apply_autocmds(event, fname, fname_io, force, buf)
    EVENT_T	event;
    char_u	*fname;	    /* NULL or empty means use actual file name */
    char_u	*fname_io;  /* fname to use for <afile> on cmdline */
    int		force;	    /* when TRUE, ignore autocmd_busy */
    buf_T	*buf;	    /* buffer for <abuf> */
{
    return apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force,
						      AUGROUP_ALL, buf, NULL);
}

/*
 * Like apply_autocmds(), but with extra "eap" argument.  This takes care of
 * setting v:filearg.
 */
    static int
apply_autocmds_exarg(event, fname, fname_io, force, buf, eap)
    EVENT_T	event;
    char_u	*fname;
    char_u	*fname_io;
    int		force;
    buf_T	*buf;
    exarg_T	*eap;
{
    return apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force,
						       AUGROUP_ALL, buf, eap);
}

/*
 * Like apply_autocmds(), but handles the caller's retval.  If the script
 * processing is being aborted or if retval is FAIL when inside a try
 * conditional, no autocommands are executed.  If otherwise the autocommands
 * cause the script to be aborted, retval is set to FAIL.
 */
    int
apply_autocmds_retval(event, fname, fname_io, force, buf, retval)
    EVENT_T	event;
    char_u	*fname;	    /* NULL or empty means use actual file name */
    char_u	*fname_io;  /* fname to use for <afile> on cmdline */
    int		force;	    /* when TRUE, ignore autocmd_busy */
    buf_T	*buf;	    /* buffer for <abuf> */
    int		*retval;    /* pointer to caller's retval */
{
    int		did_cmd;

    if (should_abort(*retval))
	return FALSE;

    did_cmd = apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force,
						      AUGROUP_ALL, buf, NULL);
    if (did_cmd && aborting())
	*retval = FAIL;
    return did_cmd;
}

#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) || defined(PROTO)
    int
has_cursorhold()
{
    return (first_autopat[(int)EVENT_CURSORHOLD] != NULL);
}
#endif

    static int
apply_autocmds_group(event, fname, fname_io, force, group, buf, eap)
    EVENT_T	event;
    char_u	*fname;	    /* NULL or empty means use actual file name */
    char_u	*fname_io;  /* fname to use for <afile> on cmdline, NULL means
			       use fname */
    int		force;	    /* when TRUE, ignore autocmd_busy */
    int		group;	    /* group ID, or AUGROUP_ALL */
    buf_T	*buf;	    /* buffer for <abuf> */
    exarg_T	*eap;	    /* command arguments */
{
    char_u	*sfname = NULL;	/* short file name */
    char_u	*tail;
    int		save_changed;
    buf_T	*old_curbuf;
    int		retval = FALSE;
    char_u	*save_sourcing_name;
    linenr_T	save_sourcing_lnum;
    char_u	*save_autocmd_fname;
    int		save_autocmd_bufnr;
    char_u	*save_autocmd_match;
    int		save_autocmd_busy;
    int		save_autocmd_nested;
    static int	nesting = 0;
    AutoPatCmd	patcmd;
    AutoPat	*ap;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    scid_T	save_current_SID;
    void	*save_funccalp;
    char_u	*save_cmdarg;
    long	save_cmdbang;
#endif
    static int	filechangeshell_busy = FALSE;

    /*
     * Quickly return if there are no autocommands for this event or
     * autocommands are blocked.
     */
    if (first_autopat[(int)event] == NULL || autocmd_block > 0)
	return retval;

    /*
     * When autocommands are busy, new autocommands are only executed when
     * explicitly enabled with the "nested" flag.
     */
    if (autocmd_busy && !(force || autocmd_nested))
	return retval;

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    /*
     * Quickly return when immdediately aborting on error, or when an interrupt
     * occurred or an exception was thrown but not caught.
     */
    if (aborting())
	return retval;
#endif

    /*
     * FileChangedShell never nests, because it can create an endless loop.
     */
    if (filechangeshell_busy && event == EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL)
	return retval;

    /*
     * Ignore events in 'eventignore'.
     */
    if (event_ignored(event))
	return retval;

    /*
     * Allow nesting of autocommands, but restrict the depth, because it's
     * possible to create an endless loop.
     */
    if (nesting == 10)
    {
	EMSG(_("E218: autocommand nesting too deep"));
	return retval;
    }

    /*
     * Check if these autocommands are disabled.  Used when doing ":all" or
     * ":ball".
     */
    if (       (autocmd_no_enter
		&& (event == EVENT_WINENTER || event == EVENT_BUFENTER))
	    || (autocmd_no_leave
		&& (event == EVENT_WINLEAVE || event == EVENT_BUFLEAVE)))
	return retval;

    /*
     * Save the autocmd_* variables and info about the current buffer.
     */
    save_autocmd_fname = autocmd_fname;
    save_autocmd_bufnr = autocmd_bufnr;
    save_autocmd_match = autocmd_match;
    save_autocmd_busy = autocmd_busy;
    save_autocmd_nested = autocmd_nested;
    save_changed = curbuf->b_changed;
    old_curbuf = curbuf;

    /*
     * Set the file name to be used for <afile>.
     */
    if (fname_io == NULL)
    {
	if (fname != NULL && *fname != NUL)
	    autocmd_fname = fname;
	else if (buf != NULL)
	    autocmd_fname = buf->b_fname;
	else
	    autocmd_fname = NULL;
    }
    else
	autocmd_fname = fname_io;

    /*
     * Set the buffer number to be used for <abuf>.
     */
    if (buf == NULL)
	autocmd_bufnr = 0;
    else
	autocmd_bufnr = buf->b_fnum;

    /*
     * When the file name is NULL or empty, use the file name of buffer "buf".
     * Always use the full path of the file name to match with, in case
     * "allow_dirs" is set.
     */
    if (fname == NULL || *fname == NUL)
    {
	if (buf == NULL)
	    fname = NULL;
	else
	{
#ifdef FEAT_SYN_HL
	    if (event == EVENT_SYNTAX)
		fname = buf->b_p_syn;
	    else
#endif
		if (event == EVENT_FILETYPE)
		    fname = buf->b_p_ft;
		else
		{
		    if (buf->b_sfname != NULL)
			sfname = vim_strsave(buf->b_sfname);
		    fname = buf->b_ffname;
		}
	}
	if (fname == NULL)
	    fname = (char_u *)"";
	fname = vim_strsave(fname);	/* make a copy, so we can change it */
    }
    else
    {
	sfname = vim_strsave(fname);
	/* Don't try expanding FileType, Syntax or WindowID. */
	if (event == EVENT_FILETYPE || event == EVENT_SYNTAX
		|| event == EVENT_REMOTEREPLY)
	    fname = vim_strsave(fname);
	else
	    fname = FullName_save(fname, FALSE);
    }
    if (fname == NULL)	    /* out of memory */
    {
	vim_free(sfname);
	return FALSE;
    }

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
    /*
     * Replace all backslashes with forward slashes.  This makes the
     * autocommand patterns portable between Unix and MS-DOS.
     */
    if (sfname != NULL)
	forward_slash(sfname);
    forward_slash(fname);
#endif

#ifdef VMS
    /* remove version for correct match */
    if (sfname != NULL)
	vms_remove_version(sfname);
    vms_remove_version(fname);
#endif

    /*
     * Set the name to be used for <amatch>.
     */
    autocmd_match = fname;


    /* Don't redraw while doing auto commands. */
    ++RedrawingDisabled;
    save_sourcing_name = sourcing_name;
    sourcing_name = NULL;	/* don't free this one */
    save_sourcing_lnum = sourcing_lnum;
    sourcing_lnum = 0;		/* no line number here */

#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    save_current_SID = current_SID;

    /* Don't use local function variables, if called from a function */
    save_funccalp = save_funccal();
#endif

    /*
     * When starting to execute autocommands, save the search patterns.
     */
    if (!autocmd_busy)
    {
	save_search_patterns();
	saveRedobuff();
	did_filetype = keep_filetype;
    }

    /*
     * Note that we are applying autocmds.  Some commands need to know.
     */
    autocmd_busy = TRUE;
    filechangeshell_busy = (event == EVENT_FILECHANGEDSHELL);
    ++nesting;		/* see matching decrement below */

    /* Remember that FileType was triggered.  Used for did_filetype(). */
    if (event == EVENT_FILETYPE)
	did_filetype = TRUE;

    tail = gettail(fname);

    /* Find first autocommand that matches */
    patcmd.curpat = first_autopat[(int)event];
    patcmd.nextcmd = NULL;
    patcmd.group = group;
    patcmd.fname = fname;
    patcmd.sfname = sfname;
    patcmd.tail = tail;
    patcmd.event = event;
    auto_next_pat(&patcmd, FALSE);

    /* found one, start executing the autocommands */
    if (patcmd.curpat != NULL)
    {
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	/* set v:cmdarg (only when there is a matching pattern) */
	save_cmdbang = get_vim_var_nr(VV_CMDBANG);
	if (eap != NULL)
	{
	    save_cmdarg = set_cmdarg(eap, NULL);
	    set_vim_var_nr(VV_CMDBANG, (long)eap->forceit);
	}
	else
	    save_cmdarg = NULL;	/* avoid gcc warning */
#endif
	retval = TRUE;
	/* mark the last pattern, to avoid an endless loop when more patterns
	 * are added when executing autocommands */
	for (ap = patcmd.curpat; ap->next != NULL; ap = ap->next)
	    ap->last = FALSE;
	ap->last = TRUE;
	check_lnums(TRUE);	/* make sure cursor and topline are valid */
	do_cmdline(NULL, getnextac, (void *)&patcmd,
				     DOCMD_NOWAIT|DOCMD_VERBOSE|DOCMD_REPEAT);
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
	if (eap != NULL)
	{
	    (void)set_cmdarg(NULL, save_cmdarg);
	    set_vim_var_nr(VV_CMDBANG, save_cmdbang);
	}
#endif
    }

    --RedrawingDisabled;
    autocmd_busy = save_autocmd_busy;
    filechangeshell_busy = FALSE;
    autocmd_nested = save_autocmd_nested;
    vim_free(sourcing_name);
    sourcing_name = save_sourcing_name;
    sourcing_lnum = save_sourcing_lnum;
    autocmd_fname = save_autocmd_fname;
    autocmd_bufnr = save_autocmd_bufnr;
    autocmd_match = save_autocmd_match;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    current_SID = save_current_SID;
    restore_funccal(save_funccalp);
#endif
    vim_free(fname);
    vim_free(sfname);
    --nesting;		/* see matching increment above */

    /*
     * When stopping to execute autocommands, restore the search patterns and
     * the redo buffer.
     */
    if (!autocmd_busy)
    {
	restore_search_patterns();
	restoreRedobuff();
	did_filetype = FALSE;
    }

    /*
     * Some events don't set or reset the Changed flag.
     * Check if still in the same buffer!
     */
    if (curbuf == old_curbuf
	    && (event == EVENT_BUFREADPOST
		|| event == EVENT_BUFWRITEPOST
		|| event == EVENT_FILEAPPENDPOST
		|| event == EVENT_VIMLEAVE
		|| event == EVENT_VIMLEAVEPRE))
    {
#ifdef FEAT_TITLE
	if (curbuf->b_changed != save_changed)
	    need_maketitle = TRUE;
#endif
	curbuf->b_changed = save_changed;
    }

    au_cleanup();	/* may really delete removed patterns/commands now */
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Find next autocommand pattern that matches.
 */
    static void
auto_next_pat(apc, stop_at_last)
    AutoPatCmd	*apc;
    int		stop_at_last;	    /* stop when 'last' flag is set */
{
    AutoPat	*ap;
    AutoCmd	*cp;
    char_u	*name;
    char	*s;

    vim_free(sourcing_name);
    sourcing_name = NULL;

    for (ap = apc->curpat; ap != NULL && !got_int; ap = ap->next)
    {
	apc->curpat = NULL;

	/* only use a pattern when it has not been removed, has commands and
	 * the group matches */
	if (ap->pat != NULL && ap->cmds != NULL
		&& (apc->group == AUGROUP_ALL || apc->group == ap->group))
	{
	    if (match_file_pat(ap->reg_pat, apc->fname, apc->sfname, apc->tail,
							      ap->allow_dirs))
	    {
		name = event_nr2name(apc->event);
		s = _("%s Auto commands for \"%s\"");
		sourcing_name = alloc((unsigned)(STRLEN(s)
					    + STRLEN(name) + ap->patlen + 1));
		if (sourcing_name != NULL)
		{
		    sprintf((char *)sourcing_name, s,
					       (char *)name, (char *)ap->pat);
		    if (p_verbose >= 8)
			msg_str((char_u *)_("Executing %s"), sourcing_name);
		}

		apc->curpat = ap;
		apc->nextcmd = ap->cmds;
		/* mark last command */
		for (cp = ap->cmds; cp->next != NULL; cp = cp->next)
		    cp->last = FALSE;
		cp->last = TRUE;
	    }
	    line_breakcheck();
	    if (apc->curpat != NULL)	    /* found a match */
		break;
	}
	if (stop_at_last && ap->last)
	    break;
    }
}

/*
 * Get next autocommand command.
 * Called by do_cmdline() to get the next line for ":if".
 * Returns allocated string, or NULL for end of autocommands.
 */
/* ARGSUSED */
    static char_u *
getnextac(c, cookie, indent)
    int	    c;		    /* not used */
    void    *cookie;
    int	    indent;	    /* not used */
{
    AutoPatCmd	    *acp = (AutoPatCmd *)cookie;
    char_u	    *retval;
    AutoCmd	    *ac;

    /* Can be called again after returning the last line. */
    if (acp->curpat == NULL)
	return NULL;

    /* repeat until we find an autocommand to execute */
    for (;;)
    {
	/* skip removed commands */
	while (acp->nextcmd != NULL && acp->nextcmd->cmd == NULL)
	    if (acp->nextcmd->last)
		acp->nextcmd = NULL;
	    else
		acp->nextcmd = acp->nextcmd->next;

	if (acp->nextcmd != NULL)
	    break;

	/* at end of commands, find next pattern that matches */
	if (acp->curpat->last)
	    acp->curpat = NULL;
	else
	    acp->curpat = acp->curpat->next;
	if (acp->curpat != NULL)
	    auto_next_pat(acp, TRUE);
	if (acp->curpat == NULL)
	    return NULL;
    }

    ac = acp->nextcmd;

    if (p_verbose >= 9)
    {
	msg_scroll = TRUE;	    /* always scroll up, don't overwrite */
	msg_str((char_u *)_("autocommand %s"), ac->cmd);
	msg_puts((char_u *)"\n");   /* don't overwrite this either */
	cmdline_row = msg_row;
    }
    retval = vim_strsave(ac->cmd);
    autocmd_nested = ac->nested;
#ifdef FEAT_EVAL
    current_SID = ac->scriptID;
#endif
    if (ac->last)
	acp->nextcmd = NULL;
    else
	acp->nextcmd = ac->next;
    return retval;
}

/*
 * Return TRUE if there is a matching autocommand for "fname".
 */
    int
has_autocmd(event, sfname)
    EVENT_T	event;
    char_u	*sfname;
{
    AutoPat	*ap;
    char_u	*fname;
    char_u	*tail = gettail(sfname);
    int		retval = FALSE;

    fname = FullName_save(sfname, FALSE);
    if (fname == NULL)
	return FALSE;

#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
    /*
     * Replace all backslashes with forward slashes.  This makes the
     * autocommand patterns portable between Unix and MS-DOS.
     */
    sfname = vim_strsave(sfname);
    if (sfname != NULL)
	forward_slash(sfname);
    forward_slash(fname);
#endif

    for (ap = first_autopat[(int)event]; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
	if (ap->pat != NULL && ap->cmds != NULL
		&& match_file_pat(ap->reg_pat, fname, sfname, tail,
							      ap->allow_dirs))
	{
	    retval = TRUE;
	    break;
	}

    vim_free(fname);
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
    vim_free(sfname);
#endif

    return retval;
}

#if defined(FEAT_CMDL_COMPL) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the list of autocommand group
 * names.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u *
get_augroup_name(xp, idx)
    expand_T	*xp;
    int		idx;
{
    if (idx == augroups.ga_len)		/* add "END" add the end */
	return (char_u *)"END";
    if (idx >= augroups.ga_len)		/* end of list */
	return NULL;
    if (AUGROUP_NAME(idx) == NULL)	/* skip deleted entries */
	return (char_u *)"";
    return AUGROUP_NAME(idx);		/* return a name */
}

static int include_groups = FALSE;

    char_u  *
set_context_in_autocmd(xp, arg, doautocmd)
    expand_T	*xp;
    char_u	*arg;
    int		doautocmd;	/* TRUE for :doautocmd, FALSE for :autocmd */
{
    char_u	*p;
    int		group;

    /* check for a group name, skip it if present */
    include_groups = FALSE;
    p = arg;
    group = au_get_grouparg(&arg);
    if (group == AUGROUP_ERROR)
	return NULL;
    /* If there only is a group name that's what we expand. */
    if (*arg == NUL && group != AUGROUP_ALL && !vim_iswhite(arg[-1]))
    {
	arg = p;
	group = AUGROUP_ALL;
    }

    /* skip over event name */
    for (p = arg; *p != NUL && !vim_iswhite(*p); ++p)
	if (*p == ',')
	    arg = p + 1;
    if (*p == NUL)
    {
	if (group == AUGROUP_ALL)
	    include_groups = TRUE;
	xp->xp_context = EXPAND_EVENTS;	    /* expand event name */
	xp->xp_pattern = arg;
	return NULL;
    }

    /* skip over pattern */
    arg = skipwhite(p);
    while (*arg && (!vim_iswhite(*arg) || arg[-1] == '\\'))
	arg++;
    if (*arg)
	return arg;			    /* expand (next) command */

    if (doautocmd)
	xp->xp_context = EXPAND_FILES;	    /* expand file names */
    else
	xp->xp_context = EXPAND_NOTHING;    /* pattern is not expanded */
    return NULL;
}

/*
 * Function given to ExpandGeneric() to obtain the list of event names.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u *
get_event_name(xp, idx)
    expand_T	*xp;
    int		idx;
{
    if (idx < augroups.ga_len)		/* First list group names, if wanted */
    {
	if (!include_groups || AUGROUP_NAME(idx) == NULL)
	    return (char_u *)"";	/* skip deleted entries */
	return AUGROUP_NAME(idx);	/* return a name */
    }
    return (char_u *)event_names[idx - augroups.ga_len].name;
}

#endif	/* FEAT_CMDL_COMPL */

/*
 * Return TRUE if an autocommand is defined for "event" and "pattern".
 * "pattern" can be NULL to accept any pattern.
 */
    int
au_exists(name, name_end, pattern)
    char_u	*name;
    char_u	*name_end;
    char_u	*pattern;
{
    char_u	*event_name;
    char_u	*p;
    EVENT_T	event;
    AutoPat	*ap;

    /* find the index (enum) for the event name */
    event_name = vim_strnsave(name, (int)(name_end - name));
    if (event_name == NULL)
	return FALSE;
    event = event_name2nr(event_name, &p);
    vim_free(event_name);

    /* return FALSE if the event name is not recognized */
    if (event == NUM_EVENTS)	    /* unknown event name */
	return FALSE;

    /* Find the first autocommand for this event.
     * If there isn't any, return FALSE;
     * If there is one and no pattern given, return TRUE; */
    ap = first_autopat[(int)event];
    if (ap == NULL)
	return FALSE;
    if (pattern == NULL)
	return TRUE;

    /* Check if there is an autocommand with the given pattern. */
    for ( ; ap != NULL; ap = ap->next)
	/* only use a pattern when it has not been removed and has commands */
	if (ap->pat != NULL && ap->cmds != NULL
					   && fnamecmp(ap->pat, pattern) == 0)
	    return TRUE;

    return FALSE;
}
#endif	/* FEAT_AUTOCMD */

#if defined(FEAT_AUTOCMD) || defined(FEAT_WILDIGN) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Try matching a filename with a pattern.
 * Used for autocommands and 'wildignore'.
 * Returns TRUE if there is a match, FALSE otherwise.
 */
    int
match_file_pat(pattern, fname, sfname, tail, allow_dirs)
    char_u	*pattern;		/* pattern to match with */
    char_u	*fname;			/* full path of file name */
    char_u	*sfname;		/* short file name or NULL */
    char_u	*tail;			/* tail of path */
    int		allow_dirs;		/* allow matching with dir */
{
    regmatch_T	regmatch;
    int		result = FALSE;
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    int		no_pattern = FALSE; /* TRUE if check is filetype only */
    char_u	*type_start;
    char_u	c;
    int		match = FALSE;
#endif

#ifdef CASE_INSENSITIVE_FILENAME
    regmatch.rm_ic = TRUE;		/* Always ignore case */
#else
    regmatch.rm_ic = FALSE;		/* Don't ever ignore case */
#endif
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    if (*pattern == '<')
    {
	/* There is a filetype condition specified with this pattern.
	 * Check the filetype matches first. If not, don't bother with the
	 * pattern (set regprog to NULL).
	 * Always use magic for the regexp.
	 */

	for (type_start = pattern + 1; (c = *pattern); pattern++)
	{
	    if ((c == ';' || c == '>') && match == FALSE)
	    {
		*pattern = NUL;	    /* Terminate the string */
		match = mch_check_filetype(fname, type_start);
		*pattern = c;	    /* Restore the terminator */
		type_start = pattern + 1;
	    }
	    if (c == '>')
		break;
	}

	/* (c should never be NUL, but check anyway) */
	if (match == FALSE || c == NUL)
	    regmatch.regprog = NULL;	/* Doesn't match - don't check pat. */
	else if (*pattern == NUL)
	{
	    regmatch.regprog = NULL;	/* Vim will try to free regprog later */
	    no_pattern = TRUE;	/* Always matches - don't check pat. */
	}
	else
	    regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pattern + 1, RE_MAGIC);
    }
    else
#endif
	regmatch.regprog = vim_regcomp(pattern, RE_MAGIC);

    /*
     * Try for a match with the pattern with:
     * 1. the full file name, when the pattern has a '/'.
     * 2. the short file name, when the pattern has a '/'.
     * 3. the tail of the file name, when the pattern has no '/'.
     */
    if (
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
	    /* If the check is for a filetype only and we don't care
	     * about the path then skip all the regexp stuff.
	     */
	    no_pattern ||
#endif
	    (regmatch.regprog != NULL
	     && ((allow_dirs
		     && (vim_regexec(&regmatch, fname, (colnr_T)0)
			 || (sfname != NULL
			     && vim_regexec(&regmatch, sfname, (colnr_T)0))))
		 || (!allow_dirs && vim_regexec(&regmatch, tail, (colnr_T)0)))))
	result = TRUE;

    vim_free(regmatch.regprog);
    return result;
}
#endif

#if defined(FEAT_WILDIGN) || defined(PROTO)
/*
 * Return TRUE if a file matches with a pattern in "list".
 * "list" is a comma-separated list of patterns, like 'wildignore'.
 * "sfname" is the short file name or NULL, "ffname" the long file name.
 */
    int
match_file_list(list, sfname, ffname)
    char_u	*list;
    char_u	*sfname;
    char_u	*ffname;
{
    char_u	buf[100];
    char_u	*tail;
    char_u	*regpat;
    char	allow_dirs;
    int		match;
    char_u	*p;

    tail = gettail(sfname);

    /* try all patterns in 'wildignore' */
    p = list;
    while (*p)
    {
	copy_option_part(&p, buf, 100, ",");
	regpat = file_pat_to_reg_pat(buf, NULL, &allow_dirs, FALSE);
	if (regpat == NULL)
	    break;
	match = match_file_pat(regpat, ffname, sfname, tail, (int)allow_dirs);
	vim_free(regpat);
	if (match)
	    return TRUE;
    }
    return FALSE;
}
#endif

/*
 * Convert the given pattern "pat" which has shell style wildcards in it, into
 * a regular expression, and return the result in allocated memory.  If there
 * is a directory path separator to be matched, then TRUE is put in
 * allow_dirs, otherwise FALSE is put there -- webb.
 * Handle backslashes before special characters, like "\*" and "\ ".
 *
 * If FEAT_OSFILETYPE defined then pass initial <type> through unchanged. Eg:
 * '<html>myfile' becomes '<html>^myfile$' -- leonard.
 *
 * Returns NULL when out of memory.
 */
/*ARGSUSED*/
    char_u *
file_pat_to_reg_pat(pat, pat_end, allow_dirs, no_bslash)
    char_u	*pat;
    char_u	*pat_end;	/* first char after pattern or NULL */
    char	*allow_dirs;	/* Result passed back out in here */
    int		no_bslash;	/* Don't use a backward slash as pathsep */
{
    int		size;
    char_u	*endp;
    char_u	*reg_pat;
    char_u	*p;
    int		i;
    int		nested = 0;
    int		add_dollar = TRUE;
#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    int		check_length = 0;
#endif

    if (allow_dirs != NULL)
	*allow_dirs = FALSE;
    if (pat_end == NULL)
	pat_end = pat + STRLEN(pat);

#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    /* Find out how much of the string is the filetype check */
    if (*pat == '<')
    {
	/* Count chars until the next '>' */
	for (p = pat + 1; p < pat_end && *p != '>'; p++)
	    ;
	if (p < pat_end)
	{
	    /* Pattern is of the form <.*>.*  */
	    check_length = p - pat + 1;
	    if (p + 1 >= pat_end)
	    {
		/* The 'pattern' is a filetype check ONLY */
		reg_pat = (char_u *)alloc(check_length + 1);
		if (reg_pat != NULL)
		{
		    mch_memmove(reg_pat, pat, (size_t)check_length);
		    reg_pat[check_length] = NUL;
		}
		return reg_pat;
	    }
	}
	/* else: there was no closing '>' - assume it was a normal pattern */

    }
    pat += check_length;
    size = 2 + check_length;
#else
    size = 2;		/* '^' at start, '$' at end */
#endif

    for (p = pat; p < pat_end; p++)
    {
	switch (*p)
	{
	    case '*':
	    case '.':
	    case ',':
	    case '{':
	    case '}':
	    case '~':
		size += 2;	/* extra backslash */
		break;
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
	    case '\\':
	    case '/':
		size += 4;	/* could become "[\/]" */
		break;
#endif
	    default:
		size++;
# ifdef  FEAT_MBYTE
		if (enc_dbcs != 0 && (*mb_ptr2len_check)(p) > 1)
		{
		    ++p;
		    ++size;
		}
# endif
		break;
	}
    }
    reg_pat = alloc(size + 1);
    if (reg_pat == NULL)
	return NULL;

#ifdef FEAT_OSFILETYPE
    /* Copy the type check in to the start. */
    if (check_length)
	mch_memmove(reg_pat, pat - check_length, (size_t)check_length);
    i = check_length;
#else
    i = 0;
#endif

    if (pat[0] == '*')
	while (pat[0] == '*' && pat < pat_end - 1)
	    pat++;
    else
	reg_pat[i++] = '^';
    endp = pat_end - 1;
    if (*endp == '*')
    {
	while (endp - pat > 0 && *endp == '*')
	    endp--;
	add_dollar = FALSE;
    }
    for (p = pat; *p && nested >= 0 && p <= endp; p++)
    {
	switch (*p)
	{
	    case '*':
		reg_pat[i++] = '.';
		reg_pat[i++] = '*';
		break;
	    case '.':
#ifdef RISCOS
		if (allow_dirs != NULL)
		     *allow_dirs = TRUE;
		/* FALLTHROUGH */
#endif
	    case '~':
		reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
		reg_pat[i++] = *p;
		break;
	    case '?':
#ifdef RISCOS
	    case '#':
#endif
		reg_pat[i++] = '.';
		break;
	    case '\\':
		if (p[1] == NUL)
		    break;
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
		if (!no_bslash)
		{
		    /* translate:
		     * "\x" to "\\x"  e.g., "dir\file"
		     * "\*" to "\\.*" e.g., "dir\*.c"
		     * "\?" to "\\."  e.g., "dir\??.c"
		     * "\+" to "\+"   e.g., "fileX\+.c"
		     */
		    if ((vim_isfilec(p[1]) || p[1] == '*' || p[1] == '?')
			    && p[1] != '+')
		    {
			reg_pat[i++] = '[';
			reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
			reg_pat[i++] = '/';
			reg_pat[i++] = ']';
			if (allow_dirs != NULL)
			    *allow_dirs = TRUE;
			break;
		    }
		}
#endif
		if (*++p == '?'
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
			&& no_bslash
#endif
			)
		    reg_pat[i++] = '?';
		else
		    if (*p == ',')
			reg_pat[i++] = ',';
		    else
		    {
			if (allow_dirs != NULL && vim_ispathsep(*p)
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
				&& (!no_bslash || *p != '\\')
#endif
				)
			    *allow_dirs = TRUE;
			reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
			reg_pat[i++] = *p;
		    }
		break;
#ifdef BACKSLASH_IN_FILENAME
	    case '/':
		reg_pat[i++] = '[';
		reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
		reg_pat[i++] = '/';
		reg_pat[i++] = ']';
		if (allow_dirs != NULL)
		    *allow_dirs = TRUE;
		break;
#endif
	    case '{':
		reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
		reg_pat[i++] = '(';
		nested++;
		break;
	    case '}':
		reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
		reg_pat[i++] = ')';
		--nested;
		break;
	    case ',':
		if (nested)
		{
		    reg_pat[i++] = '\\';
		    reg_pat[i++] = '|';
		}
		else
		    reg_pat[i++] = ',';
		break;
	    default:
# ifdef  FEAT_MBYTE
		if (enc_dbcs != 0 && (*mb_ptr2len_check)(p) > 1)
		    reg_pat[i++] = *p++;
		else
# endif
		if (allow_dirs != NULL && vim_ispathsep(*p))
		    *allow_dirs = TRUE;
		reg_pat[i++] = *p;
		break;
	}
    }
    if (add_dollar)
	reg_pat[i++] = '$';
    reg_pat[i] = NUL;
    if (nested != 0)
    {
	if (nested < 0)
	    EMSG(_("E219: Missing {."));
	else
	    EMSG(_("E220: Missing }."));
	vim_free(reg_pat);
	reg_pat = NULL;
    }
    return reg_pat;
}