patch 9.0.1776: No support for stable Python 3 ABI

Problem:  No support for stable Python 3 ABI
Solution: Support Python 3 stable ABI

Commits:
1) Support Python 3 stable ABI to allow mixed version interoperatbility

Vim currently supports embedding Python for use with plugins, and the
"dynamic" linking option allows the user to specify a locally installed
version of Python by setting `pythonthreedll`. However, one caveat is
that the Python 3 libs are not binary compatible across minor versions,
and mixing versions can potentially be dangerous (e.g. let's say Vim was
linked against the Python 3.10 SDK, but the user sets `pythonthreedll`
to a 3.11 lib). Usually, nothing bad happens, but in theory this could
lead to crashes, memory corruption, and other unpredictable behaviors.
It's also difficult for the user to tell something is wrong because Vim
has no way of reporting what Python 3 version Vim was linked with.

For Vim installed via a package manager, this usually isn't an issue
because all the dependencies would already be figured out. For prebuilt
Vim binaries like MacVim (my motivation for working on this), AppImage,
and Win32 installer this could potentially be an issue as usually a
single binary is distributed. This is more tricky when a new Python
version is released, as there's a chicken-and-egg issue with deciding
what Python version to build against and hard to keep in sync when a new
Python version just drops and we have a mix of users of different Python
versions, and a user just blindly upgrading to a new Python could lead to
bad interactions with Vim.

Python 3 does have a solution for this problem: stable ABI / limited API
(see https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/stable.html). The C SDK limits the
API to a set of functions that are promised to be stable across
versions. This pull request adds an ifdef config that allows us to turn
it on when building Vim. Vim binaries built with this option should be
safe to freely link with any Python 3 libraies without having the
constraint of having to use the same minor version.

Note: Python 2 has no such concept and this doesn't change how Python 2
integration works (not that there is going to be a new version of Python
2 that would cause compatibility issues in the future anyway).

---

Technical details:
======

The stable ABI can be accessed when we compile with the Python 3 limited
API (by defining `Py_LIMITED_API`). The Python 3 code (in `if_python3.c`
and `if_py_both.h`) would now handle this and switch to limited API
mode. Without it set, Vim will still use the full API as before so this
is an opt-in change.

The main difference is that `PyType_Object` is now an opaque struct that
we can't directly create "static types" out of, and we have to create
type objects as "heap types" instead. This is because the struct is not
stable and changes from version to version (e.g. 3.8 added a
`tp_vectorcall` field to it). I had to change all the types to be
allocated on the heap instead with just a pointer to them.

Other functions are also simply missing in limited API, or they are
introduced too late (e.g. `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize` in 3.10) to it that
we need some other ways to do the same thing, so I had to abstract a few
things into macros, and sometimes re-implement functions like
`PyObject_NEW`.

One caveat is that in limited API, `OutputType` (used for replacing
`sys.stdout`) no longer inherits from `PyStdPrinter_Type` which I don't
think has any real issue other than minor differences in how they
convert to a string and missing a couple functions like `mode()` and
`fileno()`.

Also fixed an existing bug where `tp_basicsize` was set incorrectly for
`BufferObject`, `TabListObject, `WinListObject`.

Technically, there could be a small performance drop, there is a little
more indirection with accessing type objects, and some APIs like
`PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize` are missing, but in practice I didn't see any
difference, and any well-written Python plugin should try to avoid
excessing callbacks to the `vim` module in Python anyway.

I only tested limited API mode down to Python 3.7, which seemes to
compile and work fine. I haven't tried earlier Python versions.

2) Fix PyIter_Check on older Python vers / type##Ptr unused warning

For PyIter_Check, older versions exposed them as either macros (used in
full API), or a function (for use in limited API). A previous change
exposed PyIter_Check to the dynamic build because Python just moved it
to function-only in 3.10 anyway. Because of that, just make sure we
always grab the function in dynamic builds in earlier versions since
that's what Python eventually did anyway.

3) Move Py_LIMITED_API define to configure script

Can now use --with-python-stable-abi flag to customize what stable ABI
version to target. Can also use an env var to do so as well.

4) Show +python/dyn-stable in :version, and allow has() feature query

Not sure if the "/dyn-stable" suffix would break things, or whether we
should do it another way. Or just don't show it in version and rely on
has() feature checking.

5) Documentation first draft. Still need to implement v:python3_version

6) Fix PyIter_Check build breaks when compiling against Python 3.8

7) Add CI coverage stable ABI on Linux/Windows / make configurable on Windows

This adds configurable options for Windows make files (both MinGW and
MSVC). CI will also now exercise both traditional full API and stable
ABI for Linux and Windows in the matrix for coverage.

Also added a "dynamic" option to Linux matrix as a drive-by change to
make other scripting languages like Ruby / Perl testable under both
static and dynamic builds.

8) Fix inaccuracy in Windows docs

Python's own docs are confusing but you don't actually want to use
`python3.dll` for the dynamic linkage.

9) Add generated autoconf file

10) Add v:python3_version support

This variable indicates the version of Python3 that Vim was built
against (PY_VERSION_HEX), and will be useful to check whether the Python
library you are loading in dynamically actually fits it. When built with
stable ABI, it will be the limited ABI version instead
(`Py_LIMITED_API`), which indicates the minimum version of Python 3 the
user should have, rather than the exact match. When stable ABI is used,
we won't be exposing PY_VERSION_HEX in this var because it just doesn't
seem necessary to do so (the whole point of stable ABI is the promise
that it will work across versions), and I don't want to confuse the user
with too many variables.

Also, cleaned up some documentation, and added help tags.

11) Fix Python 3.7 compat issues

Fix a couple issues when using limited API < 3.8

- Crash on exit: In Python 3.7, if a heap-allocated type is destroyed
  before all instances are, it would cause a crash later. This happens
  when we destroyed `OptionsType` before calling `Py_Finalize` when
  using the limited API. To make it worse, later versions changed the
  semantics and now each instance has a strong reference to its own type
  and the recommendation has changed to have each instance de-ref its
  own type and have its type in GC traversal. To avoid dealing with
  these cross-version variations, we just don't free the heap type. They
  are static types in non-limited-API anyway and are designed to last
  through the entirety of the app, and we also don't restart the Python
  runtime and therefore do not need it to have absolutely 0 leaks.

  See:
  - https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.8.html#changes-in-the-c-api
  - https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.9.html#changes-in-the-c-api

- PyIter_Check: This function is not provided in limited APIs older than
  3.8. Previously I was trying to mock it out using manual
  PyType_GetSlot() but it was brittle and also does not actually work
  properly for static types (it will generate a Python error). Just
  return false. It does mean using limited API < 3.8 is not recommended
  as you lose the functionality to handle iterators, but from playing
  with plugins I couldn't find it to be an issue.

- Fix loading of PyIter_Check so it will be done when limited API < 3.8.
  Otherwise loading a 3.7 Python lib will fail even if limited API was
  specified to use it.

12) Make sure to only load `PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize` in needed in limited API

We don't use this function unless limited API >= 3.10, but we were
loading it regardless. Usually it's ok in Unix-like systems where Python
just has a single lib that we load from, but in Windows where there is a
separate python3.dll this would not work as the symbol would not have
been exposed in this more limited DLL file. This makes it much clearer
under what condition is this function needed.

closes: #12032

Signed-off-by: Christian Brabandt <cb@256bit.org>
Co-authored-by: Yee Cheng Chin <ychin.git@gmail.com>
diff --git a/src/if_python3.c b/src/if_python3.c
index e4d4a90..c6d1acc 100644
--- a/src/if_python3.c
+++ b/src/if_python3.c
@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@
 #define PyLong_Type (*py3_PyLong_Type)
 #define PyBool_Type (*py3_PyBool_Type)
 
+#ifdef Py_LIMITED_API
+# define USE_LIMITED_API // Using Python 3 limited ABI
+#endif
+
 #include <Python.h>
 
 #undef main // Defined in python.h - aargh
@@ -203,7 +207,9 @@
 # ifndef PyMapping_Keys
 #  define PyMapping_Keys py3_PyMapping_Keys
 # endif
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a00b2
+# if (defined(USE_LIMITED_API) && Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x03080000) || \
+       (!defined(USE_LIMITED_API) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03080000)
+#  undef PyIter_Check
 #  define PyIter_Check py3_PyIter_Check
 # endif
 # define PyIter_Next py3_PyIter_Next
@@ -212,10 +218,15 @@
 # define PyObject_GetItem py3_PyObject_GetItem
 # define PyObject_IsTrue py3_PyObject_IsTrue
 # define PyModule_GetDict py3_PyModule_GetDict
-#undef PyRun_SimpleString
-# define PyRun_SimpleString py3_PyRun_SimpleString
-#undef PyRun_String
-# define PyRun_String py3_PyRun_String
+# ifndef USE_LIMITED_API
+#  undef PyRun_SimpleString
+#  define PyRun_SimpleString py3_PyRun_SimpleString
+#  undef PyRun_String
+#  define PyRun_String py3_PyRun_String
+# else
+#  define Py_CompileString py3_Py_CompileString
+#  define PyEval_EvalCode py3_PyEval_EvalCode
+# endif
 # define PyObject_GetAttrString py3_PyObject_GetAttrString
 # define PyObject_HasAttrString py3_PyObject_HasAttrString
 # define PyObject_SetAttrString py3_PyObject_SetAttrString
@@ -228,7 +239,7 @@
 # define PySys_GetObject py3_PySys_GetObject
 # define PySys_SetArgv py3_PySys_SetArgv
 # define PyType_Ready py3_PyType_Ready
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
+# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03040000
 #  define PyType_GetFlags py3_PyType_GetFlags
 # endif
 #undef Py_BuildValue
@@ -244,14 +255,23 @@
 # define PyModule_AddObject py3_PyModule_AddObject
 # define PyImport_AppendInittab py3_PyImport_AppendInittab
 # define PyImport_AddModule py3_PyImport_AddModule
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
-#  undef _PyUnicode_AsString
-#  define _PyUnicode_AsString py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8
+# ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+#  if Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x030a0000
+#   define PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize
+#  endif
 # else
-#  define _PyUnicode_AsString py3__PyUnicode_AsString
+#  if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
+#   define PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize
+#  else
+#   define _PyUnicode_AsString py3__PyUnicode_AsString
+#  endif
 # endif
+# undef PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString
+# define PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString py3_PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString
 # undef PyUnicode_AsEncodedString
 # define PyUnicode_AsEncodedString py3_PyUnicode_AsEncodedString
+# undef PyUnicode_AsUTF8String
+# define PyUnicode_AsUTF8String py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8String
 # undef PyBytes_AsString
 # define PyBytes_AsString py3_PyBytes_AsString
 # ifndef PyBytes_AsStringAndSize
@@ -261,7 +281,7 @@
 # define PyBytes_FromString py3_PyBytes_FromString
 # undef PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
 # define PyBytes_FromStringAndSize py3_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
-# if defined(Py_DEBUG) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
+# if defined(Py_DEBUG) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0 || defined(USE_LIMITED_API)
 #  define _Py_Dealloc py3__Py_Dealloc
 # endif
 # define PyFloat_FromDouble py3_PyFloat_FromDouble
@@ -310,6 +330,10 @@
 # define PyType_IsSubtype py3_PyType_IsSubtype
 # define PyCapsule_New py3_PyCapsule_New
 # define PyCapsule_GetPointer py3_PyCapsule_GetPointer
+# ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+#  define PyType_GetSlot py3_PyType_GetSlot
+#  define PyType_FromSpec py3_PyType_FromSpec
+# endif
 
 # if defined(Py_DEBUG) && !defined(Py_DEBUG_NO_PYMALLOC)
 #  undef PyObject_NEW
@@ -358,8 +382,13 @@
 static void (*py3_PyErr_SetString)(PyObject *, const char *);
 static void (*py3_PyErr_SetObject)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
 static int (*py3_PyErr_ExceptionMatches)(PyObject *);
+# ifndef USE_LIMITED_API
 static int (*py3_PyRun_SimpleString)(char *);
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyRun_String)(char *, int, PyObject *, PyObject *);
+# else
+static PyObject* (*py3_Py_CompileString)(const char *, const char *, int);
+static PyObject* (*py3_PyEval_EvalCode)(PyObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals);
+# endif
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyObject_GetAttrString)(PyObject *, const char *);
 static int (*py3_PyObject_HasAttrString)(PyObject *, const char *);
 static int (*py3_PyObject_SetAttrString)(PyObject *, const char *, PyObject *);
@@ -379,7 +408,8 @@
 static int (*py3_PyDict_Next)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t *, PyObject **, PyObject **);
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyLong_FromLong)(long);
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyDict_New)(void);
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a00b2
+# if (defined(USE_LIMITED_API) && Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x03080000) || \
+       (!defined(USE_LIMITED_API) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03080000)
 static int (*py3_PyIter_Check)(PyObject *o);
 # endif
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyIter_Next)(PyObject *);
@@ -388,7 +418,7 @@
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyObject_GetItem)(PyObject *, PyObject *);
 static int (*py3_PyObject_IsTrue)(PyObject *);
 static PyObject* (*py3_Py_BuildValue)(char *, ...);
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
+# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03040000
 static int (*py3_PyType_GetFlags)(PyTypeObject *o);
 # endif
 static int (*py3_PyType_Ready)(PyTypeObject *type);
@@ -425,17 +455,25 @@
 static PyObject* py3__Py_TrueStruct;
 static int (*py3_PyModule_AddObject)(PyObject *m, const char *name, PyObject *o);
 static int (*py3_PyImport_AppendInittab)(const char *name, PyObject* (*initfunc)(void));
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
-static char* (*py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8)(PyObject *unicode);
+# ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+#  if Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x030a0000
+static char* (*py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize)(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *size);
+#  endif
 # else
+#  if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
+static char* (*py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize)(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t *size);
+#  else
 static char* (*py3__PyUnicode_AsString)(PyObject *unicode);
+#  endif
 # endif
+static int (*py3_PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString)(PyObject *unicode, const char* string);
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyUnicode_AsEncodedString)(PyObject *unicode, const char* encoding, const char* errors);
+static PyObject* (*py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8String)(PyObject *unicode);
 static char* (*py3_PyBytes_AsString)(PyObject *bytes);
 static int (*py3_PyBytes_AsStringAndSize)(PyObject *bytes, char **buffer, Py_ssize_t *length);
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyBytes_FromString)(char *str);
 static PyObject* (*py3_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize)(char *str, Py_ssize_t length);
-# if defined(Py_DEBUG) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
+# if defined(Py_DEBUG) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0 || defined(USE_LIMITED_API)
 static void (*py3__Py_Dealloc)(PyObject *obj);
 # endif
 # if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
@@ -477,6 +515,10 @@
 static void(*py3_PyObject_GC_Del)(void *);
 static void(*py3_PyObject_GC_UnTrack)(void *);
 static int (*py3_PyType_IsSubtype)(PyTypeObject *, PyTypeObject *);
+# ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+static void* (*py3_PyType_GetSlot)(PyTypeObject *, int);
+static PyObject* (*py3_PyType_FromSpec)(PyType_Spec *);
+# endif
 
 // Imported exception objects
 static PyObject *p3imp_PyExc_AttributeError;
@@ -542,8 +584,13 @@
     {"PyErr_SetString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyErr_SetString},
     {"PyErr_SetObject", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyErr_SetObject},
     {"PyErr_ExceptionMatches", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyErr_ExceptionMatches},
+# ifndef USE_LIMITED_API
     {"PyRun_SimpleString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyRun_SimpleString},
     {"PyRun_String", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyRun_String},
+# else
+    {"Py_CompileString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_Py_CompileString},
+    {"PyEval_EvalCode", (PYTHON_PROC*)&PyEval_EvalCode},
+# endif
     {"PyObject_GetAttrString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyObject_GetAttrString},
     {"PyObject_HasAttrString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyObject_HasAttrString},
     {"PyObject_SetAttrString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyObject_SetAttrString},
@@ -563,7 +610,8 @@
     {"PyDict_Next", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyDict_Next},
     {"PyMapping_Check", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyMapping_Check},
     {"PyMapping_Keys", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyMapping_Keys},
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030a00b2
+# if (defined(USE_LIMITED_API) && Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x03080000) || \
+       (!defined(USE_LIMITED_API) && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03080000)
     {"PyIter_Check", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyIter_Check},
 # endif
     {"PyIter_Next", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyIter_Next},
@@ -573,7 +621,7 @@
     {"PyObject_IsTrue", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyObject_IsTrue},
     {"PyLong_FromLong", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyLong_FromLong},
     {"PyDict_New", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyDict_New},
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
+# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03040000
     {"PyType_GetFlags", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyType_GetFlags},
 # endif
     {"PyType_Ready", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyType_Ready},
@@ -595,11 +643,19 @@
     {"PyObject_Init", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3__PyObject_Init},
     {"PyModule_AddObject", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyModule_AddObject},
     {"PyImport_AppendInittab", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyImport_AppendInittab},
-# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
-    {"PyUnicode_AsUTF8", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8},
+# ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+#  if Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x030a0000
+    {"PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize},
+#  endif
 # else
+#  if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
+    {"PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize},
+#  else
     {"_PyUnicode_AsString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3__PyUnicode_AsString},
+#  endif
 # endif
+    {"PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString},
+    {"PyUnicode_AsUTF8String", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyUnicode_AsUTF8String},
 # ifndef Py_UNICODE_USE_UCS_FUNCTIONS
     {"PyUnicode_FromFormat", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyUnicode_FromFormat},
 # else
@@ -613,7 +669,7 @@
     {"PyBytes_AsStringAndSize", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyBytes_AsStringAndSize},
     {"PyBytes_FromString", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyBytes_FromString},
     {"PyBytes_FromStringAndSize", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize},
-# if defined(Py_DEBUG) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
+# if defined(Py_DEBUG) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0 || defined(USE_LIMITED_API)
     {"_Py_Dealloc", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3__Py_Dealloc},
 # endif
 # if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030900b0
@@ -654,6 +710,12 @@
     {"PyType_IsSubtype", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyType_IsSubtype},
     {"PyCapsule_New", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyCapsule_New},
     {"PyCapsule_GetPointer", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyCapsule_GetPointer},
+# ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+#  if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03040000
+    {"PyType_GetSlot", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyType_GetSlot},
+#  endif
+    {"PyType_FromSpec", (PYTHON_PROC*)&py3_PyType_FromSpec},
+# endif
     {"", NULL},
 };
 
@@ -922,7 +984,12 @@
 #define PYINITIALISED py3initialised
 static int python_end_called = FALSE;
 
-#define DESTRUCTOR_FINISH(self) Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject*)self)
+#ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+# define DESTRUCTOR_FINISH(self) \
+    ((freefunc)PyType_GetSlot(Py_TYPE(self), Py_tp_free))((PyObject*)self)
+#else
+# define DESTRUCTOR_FINISH(self) Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free((PyObject*)self)
+#endif
 
 #define WIN_PYTHON_REF(win) win->w_python3_ref
 #define BUF_PYTHON_REF(buf) buf->b_python3_ref
@@ -975,11 +1042,51 @@
  */
 #include "if_py_both.h"
 
+#ifndef USE_LIMITED_API
+# if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300f0
+#  define PY_UNICODE_GET_UTF8_CHARS(obj) PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(obj, NULL)
+# else
+#  define PY_UNICODE_GET_UTF8_CHARS _PyUnicode_AsString
+# endif
+#else
+# if Py_LIMITED_API >= 0x030A0000
+#  define PY_UNICODE_GET_UTF8_CHARS(obj) PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(obj, NULL)
+# else
+// Python limited API before 3.10 lack easy ways to query the raw UTF-8 chars.
+// We need to first convert the string to bytes, and then extract the chars.
+// This function is only used for attribute string comparisons, which have
+// known short length. As such, just allocate a short static buffer to hold
+// the characters instead of having to allocate/deallcoate it.
+//
+// An alternative would be to convert all attribute string comparisons to use
+// PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString to skip having to extract the chars.
+static char py3_unicode_utf8_chars[20];
+char* PY_UNICODE_GET_UTF8_CHARS(PyObject* str)
+{
+    py3_unicode_utf8_chars[0] = '\0';
+    PyObject* bytes = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(str);
+    if (bytes)
+    {
+	char *chars;
+	Py_ssize_t len;
+	if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(bytes, &chars, &len) != -1)
+	{
+	    if (len < (Py_ssize_t)sizeof(py3_unicode_utf8_chars))
+		// PyBytes_AsStringAndSize guarantees null-termination
+		memcpy(py3_unicode_utf8_chars, chars, len + 1);
+	}
+	Py_DECREF(bytes);
+    }
+    return py3_unicode_utf8_chars;
+}
+# endif
+#endif
+
 // NOTE: Must always be used at the start of a block, since it declares "name".
 #define GET_ATTR_STRING(name, nameobj) \
     char	*name = ""; \
     if (PyUnicode_Check(nameobj)) \
-	name = (char *)_PyUnicode_AsString(nameobj)
+	name = (char *)PY_UNICODE_GET_UTF8_CHARS(nameobj)
 
 #define PY3OBJ_DELETED(obj) (obj->ob_base.ob_refcnt<=0)
 
@@ -1008,6 +1115,10 @@
 #endif
     if (Py_IsInitialized())
     {
+#ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+	shutdown_types();
+#endif
+
 	// acquire lock before finalizing
 	PyGILState_Ensure();
 
@@ -1957,3 +2068,13 @@
 {
     return set_ref_in_py(copyID);
 }
+
+    int
+python3_version()
+{
+#ifdef USE_LIMITED_API
+    return Py_LIMITED_API;
+#else
+    return PY_VERSION_HEX;
+#endif
+}