diff --git a/runtime/syntax/generator/vim.vim.base b/runtime/syntax/generator/vim.vim.base
index b1d963e..05beac8 100644
--- a/runtime/syntax/generator/vim.vim.base
+++ b/runtime/syntax/generator/vim.vim.base
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 " Maintainer:	   Hirohito Higashi <h.east.727 ATMARK gmail.com>
 "	   Doug Kearns <dougkearns@gmail.com>
 " URL:	   https://github.com/vim-jp/syntax-vim-ex
-" Last Change:	   2024 Jun 14
+" Last Change:	   2024 Jun 15
 " Former Maintainer: Charles E. Campbell
 
 " DO NOT CHANGE DIRECTLY.
@@ -834,6 +834,12 @@
 syn match	vimCommentTitle	'"\s*\%([sS]:\|\h\w*#\)\=\u\w*\(\s\+\u\w*\)*:'hs=s+1	contained contains=vimCommentTitleLeader,vimTodo,@vimCommentGroup
 syn match	vim9CommentTitle	'#\s*\%([sS]:\|\h\w*#\)\=\u\w*\(\s\+\u\w*\)*:'hs=s+1	contained contains=vim9CommentTitleLeader,vimTodo,@vimCommentGroup
 
+" allowed anywhere in the file
+if !s:vim9script
+  syn match	vimShebangError	"^\s*\zs#!.*" display
+endif
+syn match	vimShebang	"\%^#!.*" display
+
 syn match	vimContinue		"^\s*\zs\\"
 syn match         vimContinueComment	'^\s*\zs["#]\\ .*'
 syn cluster	vimContinue contains=vimContinue,vimContinueComment
@@ -1060,6 +1066,7 @@
   hi def link vimHiCtermError	vimError
   hi def link vimHiKeyError	vimError
   hi def link vimMapModErr	vimError
+  hi def link vimShebangError	vimError
   hi def link vimSubstFlagErr	vimError
   hi def link vimSynCaseError	vimError
   hi def link vimSynFoldMethodError	vimError
@@ -1198,6 +1205,7 @@
  hi def link vimSetSep	Statement
  hi def link vimSetString	vimString
  hi def link vim9Vim9Script	vimCommand
+ hi def link vimShebang	PreProc
  hi def link vimSleep	vimCommand
  hi def link vimSleepArg	Constant
  hi def link vimSleepBang	vimBang
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim9_shebang_00.dump b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim9_shebang_00.dump
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f2818c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim9_shebang_00.dump
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+>#+0#e000e06#ffffff0|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000&@53
+|v+0#af5f00255&|i|m|9|s|c|r|i|p|t| +0#0000000&@64
+@75
+|#+0#0000e05&| |V|i|m| |s|h|e|b|a|n|g| |l|i|n|e| +0#0000000&@56
+@75
+|#+0#0000e05&| |j|u|s|t| |a| |l|i|n|e| |c|o|m@1|e|n|t| +0#0000000&@53
+|#+0#0000e05&|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000&@53
+|~+0#4040ff13&| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+| +0#0000000&@56|1|,|1| @10|A|l@1| 
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim9_shebang_99.dump b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim9_shebang_99.dump
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71f543e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim9_shebang_99.dump
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+|#+0#e000e06#ffffff0|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000&@53
+|v+0#af5f00255&|i|m|9|s|c|r|i|p|t| +0#0000000&@64
+@75
+|#+0#0000e05&| |V|i|m| |s|h|e|b|a|n|g| |l|i|n|e| +0#0000000&@56
+@75
+|#+0#0000e05&| |j|u|s|t| |a| |l|i|n|e| |c|o|m@1|e|n|t| +0#0000000&@53
+>#+0#0000e05&|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000&@53
+|~+0#4040ff13&| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+| +0#0000000&@56|7|,|1| @10|A|l@1| 
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim_shebang_00.dump b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim_shebang_00.dump
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c79da44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim_shebang_00.dump
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+>#+0#e000e06#ffffff0|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000&@53
+@75
+|"+0#0000e05&| |V|i|m| |s|h|e|b|a|n|g| |l|i|n|e| +0#0000000&@56
+@75
+|#+0#ffffff16#ff404010|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000#ffffff0@53
+|~+0#4040ff13&| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+| +0#0000000&@56|1|,|1| @10|A|l@1| 
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim_shebang_99.dump b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim_shebang_99.dump
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0102412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/syntax/testdir/dumps/vim_shebang_99.dump
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+|#+0#e000e06#ffffff0|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000&@53
+@75
+|"+0#0000e05&| |V|i|m| |s|h|e|b|a|n|g| |l|i|n|e| +0#0000000&@56
+@75
+>#+0#ffffff16#ff404010|!|/|u|s|r|/|b|i|n|/|e|n|v| |v|i|m| |-|S| +0#0000000#ffffff0@53
+|~+0#4040ff13&| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+|~| @73
+| +0#0000000&@56|5|,|1| @10|A|l@1| 
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/testdir/input/vim9_shebang.vim b/runtime/syntax/testdir/input/vim9_shebang.vim
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c012fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/syntax/testdir/input/vim9_shebang.vim
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env vim -S
+vim9script
+
+# Vim shebang line
+
+# just a line comment
+#!/usr/bin/env vim -S
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/testdir/input/vim_shebang.vim b/runtime/syntax/testdir/input/vim_shebang.vim
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..47a550c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/syntax/testdir/input/vim_shebang.vim
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env vim -S
+
+" Vim shebang line
+
+#!/usr/bin/env vim -S
diff --git a/runtime/syntax/vim.vim b/runtime/syntax/vim.vim
index 17283a9..033251f 100644
--- a/runtime/syntax/vim.vim
+++ b/runtime/syntax/vim.vim
@@ -879,6 +879,12 @@
 syn match	vimCommentTitle	'"\s*\%([sS]:\|\h\w*#\)\=\u\w*\(\s\+\u\w*\)*:'hs=s+1	contained contains=vimCommentTitleLeader,vimTodo,@vimCommentGroup
 syn match	vim9CommentTitle	'#\s*\%([sS]:\|\h\w*#\)\=\u\w*\(\s\+\u\w*\)*:'hs=s+1	contained contains=vim9CommentTitleLeader,vimTodo,@vimCommentGroup
 
+" allowed anywhere in the file
+if !s:vim9script
+  syn match	vimShebangError	"^\s*\zs#!.*" display
+endif
+syn match	vimShebang	"\%^#!.*" display
+
 syn match	vimContinue		"^\s*\zs\\"
 syn match         vimContinueComment	'^\s*\zs["#]\\ .*'
 syn cluster	vimContinue contains=vimContinue,vimContinueComment
@@ -1105,6 +1111,7 @@
   hi def link vimHiCtermError	vimError
   hi def link vimHiKeyError	vimError
   hi def link vimMapModErr	vimError
+  hi def link vimShebangError	vimError
   hi def link vimSubstFlagErr	vimError
   hi def link vimSynCaseError	vimError
   hi def link vimSynFoldMethodError	vimError
@@ -1243,6 +1250,7 @@
  hi def link vimSetSep	Statement
  hi def link vimSetString	vimString
  hi def link vim9Vim9Script	vimCommand
+ hi def link vimShebang	PreProc
  hi def link vimSleep	vimCommand
  hi def link vimSleepArg	Constant
  hi def link vimSleepBang	vimBang