diff --git a/Filelist b/Filelist
index 081d164..46bcdb4 100644
--- a/Filelist
+++ b/Filelist
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 		src/float.c \
 		src/fold.c \
 		src/getchar.c \
+		src/gc.c \
 		src/globals.h \
 		src/gui.c \
 		src/gui.h \
@@ -264,6 +265,7 @@
 		src/proto/float.pro \
 		src/proto/fold.pro \
 		src/proto/getchar.pro \
+		src/proto/gc.pro \
 		src/proto/gui.pro \
 		src/proto/gui_beval.pro \
 		src/proto/hardcopy.pro \
diff --git a/src/Make_ami.mak b/src/Make_ami.mak
index 9e9ebe3..09cdd3c 100644
--- a/src/Make_ami.mak
+++ b/src/Make_ami.mak
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@
 	float.c \
 	fold.c \
 	getchar.c \
+	gc.c \
 	hardcopy.c \
 	hashtab.c \
 	help.c \
diff --git a/src/Make_cyg_ming.mak b/src/Make_cyg_ming.mak
index 7afb6e0..20ed903 100644
--- a/src/Make_cyg_ming.mak
+++ b/src/Make_cyg_ming.mak
@@ -797,6 +797,7 @@
 	$(OUTDIR)/float.o \
 	$(OUTDIR)/fold.o \
 	$(OUTDIR)/getchar.o \
+	$(OUTDIR)/gc.o \
 	$(OUTDIR)/gui_xim.o \
 	$(OUTDIR)/hardcopy.o \
 	$(OUTDIR)/hashtab.o \
diff --git a/src/Make_mvc.mak b/src/Make_mvc.mak
index 4d03a72..e58814b 100644
--- a/src/Make_mvc.mak
+++ b/src/Make_mvc.mak
@@ -718,6 +718,7 @@
 	$(OUTDIR)\float.obj \
 	$(OUTDIR)\fold.obj \
 	$(OUTDIR)\getchar.obj \
+	$(OUTDIR)\gc.obj \
 	$(OUTDIR)\gui_xim.obj \
 	$(OUTDIR)\hardcopy.obj \
 	$(OUTDIR)\hashtab.obj \
@@ -1575,6 +1576,8 @@
 
 $(OUTDIR)/getchar.obj:	$(OUTDIR) getchar.c  $(INCL)
 
+$(OUTDIR)/gc.obj:	$(OUTDIR) gc.c  $(INCL)
+
 $(OUTDIR)/gui_xim.obj:	$(OUTDIR) gui_xim.c  $(INCL)
 
 $(OUTDIR)/hardcopy.obj:	$(OUTDIR) hardcopy.c  $(INCL) version.h
@@ -1915,6 +1918,7 @@
 	proto/findfile.pro \
 	proto/float.pro \
 	proto/getchar.pro \
+	proto/gc.pro \
 	proto/gui_xim.pro \
 	proto/hardcopy.pro \
 	proto/hashtab.pro \
diff --git a/src/Make_vms.mms b/src/Make_vms.mms
index f050c9d..559c2f8 100644
--- a/src/Make_vms.mms
+++ b/src/Make_vms.mms
@@ -369,6 +369,7 @@
 	float.c \
 	fold.c \
 	getchar.c \
+	gc.c \
 	gui_xim.c \
 	hardcopy.c \
 	hashtab.c \
@@ -500,6 +501,7 @@
 	float.obj \
 	fold.obj \
 	getchar.obj \
+	gc.obj \
 	gui_xim.obj \
 	hardcopy.obj \
 	hashtab.obj \
@@ -942,6 +944,10 @@
  ascii.h keymap.h termdefs.h macros.h structs.h regexp.h \
  gui.h beval.h [.proto]gui_beval.pro option.h ex_cmds.h proto.h \
  errors.h globals.h
+gc.obj : gc.c vim.h [.auto]config.h feature.h os_unix.h \
+ ascii.h keymap.h termdefs.h macros.h structs.h regexp.h \
+ gui.h beval.h [.proto]gui_beval.pro option.h ex_cmds.h proto.h \
+ errors.h globals.h
 gui_xim.obj : gui_xim.c vim.h [.auto]config.h feature.h os_unix.h \
  ascii.h keymap.h termdefs.h macros.h structs.h regexp.h \
  gui.h beval.h [.proto]gui_beval.pro option.h ex_cmds.h proto.h \
diff --git a/src/Makefile b/src/Makefile
index 29f63dc..0d20214 100644
--- a/src/Makefile
+++ b/src/Makefile
@@ -1520,6 +1520,7 @@
 	float.c \
 	fold.c \
 	getchar.c \
+	gc.c \
 	gui_xim.c \
 	hardcopy.c \
 	hashtab.c \
@@ -1682,6 +1683,7 @@
 	objects/float.o \
 	objects/fold.o \
 	objects/getchar.o \
+	objects/gc.o \
 	objects/gui_xim.o \
 	objects/hardcopy.o \
 	objects/hashtab.o \
@@ -1860,6 +1862,7 @@
 	float.pro \
 	fold.pro \
 	getchar.pro \
+	gc.pro \
 	gui_xim.pro \
 	gui_beval.pro \
 	hardcopy.pro \
@@ -3224,6 +3227,9 @@
 objects/getchar.o: getchar.c
 	$(CCC) -o $@ getchar.c
 
+objects/gc.o: gc.c
+	$(CCC) -o $@ gc.c
+
 objects/hardcopy.o: hardcopy.c
 	$(CCC) -o $@ hardcopy.c
 
@@ -3875,6 +3881,11 @@
  proto/gui_beval.pro structs.h regexp.h gui.h libvterm/include/vterm.h \
  libvterm/include/vterm_keycodes.h alloc.h ex_cmds.h spell.h proto.h \
  globals.h errors.h
+objects/gc.o: gc.c vim.h protodef.h auto/config.h feature.h os_unix.h \
+ auto/osdef.h ascii.h keymap.h termdefs.h macros.h option.h beval.h \
+ proto/gui_beval.pro structs.h regexp.h gui.h libvterm/include/vterm.h \
+ libvterm/include/vterm_keycodes.h alloc.h ex_cmds.h spell.h proto.h \
+ globals.h errors.h
 objects/gui_xim.o: gui_xim.c vim.h protodef.h auto/config.h feature.h os_unix.h \
  auto/osdef.h ascii.h keymap.h termdefs.h macros.h option.h beval.h \
  proto/gui_beval.pro structs.h regexp.h gui.h libvterm/include/vterm.h \
diff --git a/src/README.md b/src/README.md
index f3806d2..4042988 100644
--- a/src/README.md
+++ b/src/README.md
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 findfile.c	| search for files in 'path'
 fold.c		| folding
 getchar.c	| getting characters and key mapping
+gc.c	    | garbage collection
 help.c		| vim help related functions
 highlight.c	| syntax highlighting
 indent.c	| text indentation
diff --git a/src/eval.c b/src/eval.c
index 9a20645..dc68c65 100644
--- a/src/eval.c
+++ b/src/eval.c
@@ -22,13 +22,6 @@
 
 #define NAMESPACE_CHAR	(char_u *)"abglstvw"
 
-/*
- * When recursively copying lists and dicts we need to remember which ones we
- * have done to avoid endless recursiveness.  This unique ID is used for that.
- * The last bit is used for previous_funccal, ignored when comparing.
- */
-static int current_copyID = 0;
-
 static int eval2(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, evalarg_T *evalarg);
 static int eval3(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, evalarg_T *evalarg);
 static int eval4(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, evalarg_T *evalarg);
@@ -39,7 +32,6 @@
 static int eval9(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv, evalarg_T *evalarg, int want_string);
 static int eval9_leader(typval_T *rettv, int numeric_only, char_u *start_leader, char_u **end_leaderp);
 
-static int free_unref_items(int copyID);
 static char_u *make_expanded_name(char_u *in_start, char_u *expr_start, char_u *expr_end, char_u *in_end);
 
 /*
@@ -5424,30 +5416,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * slice() function
- */
-    void
-f_slice(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
-{
-    if (in_vim9script()
-	    && ((argvars[0].v_type != VAR_STRING
-		    && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_LIST
-		    && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_BLOB
-		    && check_for_list_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
-		|| check_for_number_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
-		|| check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL))
-	return;
-
-    if (check_can_index(&argvars[0], TRUE, FALSE) != OK)
-	return;
-
-    copy_tv(argvars, rettv);
-    eval_index_inner(rettv, TRUE, argvars + 1,
-	    argvars[2].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN ? NULL : argvars + 2,
-	    TRUE, NULL, 0, FALSE);
-}
-
-/*
  * Apply index or range to "rettv".
  * "var1" is the first index, NULL for [:expr].
  * "var2" is the second index, NULL for [expr] and [expr: ]
@@ -5697,759 +5665,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * Return the next (unique) copy ID.
- * Used for serializing nested structures.
- */
-    int
-get_copyID(void)
-{
-    current_copyID += COPYID_INC;
-    return current_copyID;
-}
-
-/*
- * Garbage collection for lists and dictionaries.
- *
- * We use reference counts to be able to free most items right away when they
- * are no longer used.  But for composite items it's possible that it becomes
- * unused while the reference count is > 0: When there is a recursive
- * reference.  Example:
- *	:let l = [1, 2, 3]
- *	:let d = {9: l}
- *	:let l[1] = d
- *
- * Since this is quite unusual we handle this with garbage collection: every
- * once in a while find out which lists and dicts are not referenced from any
- * variable.
- *
- * Here is a good reference text about garbage collection (refers to Python
- * but it applies to all reference-counting mechanisms):
- *	http://python.ca/nas/python/gc/
- */
-
-/*
- * Do garbage collection for lists and dicts.
- * When "testing" is TRUE this is called from test_garbagecollect_now().
- * Return TRUE if some memory was freed.
- */
-    int
-garbage_collect(int testing)
-{
-    int		copyID;
-    int		abort = FALSE;
-    buf_T	*buf;
-    win_T	*wp;
-    int		did_free = FALSE;
-    tabpage_T	*tp;
-
-    if (!testing)
-    {
-	// Only do this once.
-	want_garbage_collect = FALSE;
-	may_garbage_collect = FALSE;
-	garbage_collect_at_exit = FALSE;
-    }
-
-    // The execution stack can grow big, limit the size.
-    if (exestack.ga_maxlen - exestack.ga_len > 500)
-    {
-	size_t	new_len;
-	char_u	*pp;
-	int	n;
-
-	// Keep 150% of the current size, with a minimum of the growth size.
-	n = exestack.ga_len / 2;
-	if (n < exestack.ga_growsize)
-	    n = exestack.ga_growsize;
-
-	// Don't make it bigger though.
-	if (exestack.ga_len + n < exestack.ga_maxlen)
-	{
-	    new_len = (size_t)exestack.ga_itemsize * (exestack.ga_len + n);
-	    pp = vim_realloc(exestack.ga_data, new_len);
-	    if (pp == NULL)
-		return FAIL;
-	    exestack.ga_maxlen = exestack.ga_len + n;
-	    exestack.ga_data = pp;
-	}
-    }
-
-    // We advance by two because we add one for items referenced through
-    // previous_funccal.
-    copyID = get_copyID();
-
-    /*
-     * 1. Go through all accessible variables and mark all lists and dicts
-     *    with copyID.
-     */
-
-    // Don't free variables in the previous_funccal list unless they are only
-    // referenced through previous_funccal.  This must be first, because if
-    // the item is referenced elsewhere the funccal must not be freed.
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_previous_funccal(copyID);
-
-    // script-local variables
-    abort = abort || garbage_collect_scriptvars(copyID);
-
-    // buffer-local variables
-    FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(buf)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&buf->b_bufvar.di_tv, copyID,
-								  NULL, NULL);
-
-    // window-local variables
-    FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&wp->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
-								  NULL, NULL);
-    // window-local variables in autocmd windows
-    for (int i = 0; i < AUCMD_WIN_COUNT; ++i)
-	if (aucmd_win[i].auc_win != NULL)
-	    abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(
-		    &aucmd_win[i].auc_win->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID, NULL, NULL);
-#ifdef FEAT_PROP_POPUP
-    FOR_ALL_POPUPWINS(wp)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&wp->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
-								  NULL, NULL);
-    FOR_ALL_TABPAGES(tp)
-	FOR_ALL_POPUPWINS_IN_TAB(tp, wp)
-		abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&wp->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
-								  NULL, NULL);
-#endif
-
-    // tabpage-local variables
-    FOR_ALL_TABPAGES(tp)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&tp->tp_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
-								  NULL, NULL);
-    // global variables
-    abort = abort || garbage_collect_globvars(copyID);
-
-    // function-local variables
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_call_stack(copyID);
-
-    // named functions (matters for closures)
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_functions(copyID);
-
-    // function call arguments, if v:testing is set.
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_func_args(copyID);
-
-    // funcstacks keep variables for closures
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_funcstacks(copyID);
-
-    // loopvars keep variables for loop blocks
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_loopvars(copyID);
-
-    // v: vars
-    abort = abort || garbage_collect_vimvars(copyID);
-
-    // callbacks in buffers
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_buffers(copyID);
-
-    // 'completefunc', 'omnifunc' and 'thesaurusfunc' callbacks
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_insexpand_funcs(copyID);
-
-    // 'operatorfunc' callback
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_opfunc(copyID);
-
-    // 'tagfunc' callback
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_tagfunc(copyID);
-
-    // 'imactivatefunc' and 'imstatusfunc' callbacks
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_im_funcs(copyID);
-
-#ifdef FEAT_LUA
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_lua(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_PYTHON
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_python(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_PYTHON3
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_python3(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_channel(copyID);
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_job(copyID);
-#endif
-#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_nb_channel(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_TIMERS
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_timer(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_quickfix(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_TERMINAL
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_term(copyID);
-#endif
-
-#ifdef FEAT_PROP_POPUP
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_popups(copyID);
-#endif
-
-    abort = abort || set_ref_in_classes(copyID);
-
-    if (!abort)
-    {
-	/*
-	 * 2. Free lists and dictionaries that are not referenced.
-	 */
-	did_free = free_unref_items(copyID);
-
-	/*
-	 * 3. Check if any funccal can be freed now.
-	 *    This may call us back recursively.
-	 */
-	free_unref_funccal(copyID, testing);
-    }
-    else if (p_verbose > 0)
-    {
-	verb_msg(_("Not enough memory to set references, garbage collection aborted!"));
-    }
-
-    return did_free;
-}
-
-/*
- * Free lists, dictionaries, channels and jobs that are no longer referenced.
- */
-    static int
-free_unref_items(int copyID)
-{
-    int		did_free = FALSE;
-
-    // Let all "free" functions know that we are here.  This means no
-    // dictionaries, lists, channels or jobs are to be freed, because we will
-    // do that here.
-    in_free_unref_items = TRUE;
-
-    /*
-     * PASS 1: free the contents of the items.  We don't free the items
-     * themselves yet, so that it is possible to decrement refcount counters
-     */
-
-    // Go through the list of dicts and free items without this copyID.
-    did_free |= dict_free_nonref(copyID);
-
-    // Go through the list of lists and free items without this copyID.
-    did_free |= list_free_nonref(copyID);
-
-    // Go through the list of objects and free items without this copyID.
-    did_free |= object_free_nonref(copyID);
-
-    // Go through the list of classes and free items without this copyID.
-    did_free |= class_free_nonref(copyID);
-
-#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
-    // Go through the list of jobs and free items without the copyID. This
-    // must happen before doing channels, because jobs refer to channels, but
-    // the reference from the channel to the job isn't tracked.
-    did_free |= free_unused_jobs_contents(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
-
-    // Go through the list of channels and free items without the copyID.
-    did_free |= free_unused_channels_contents(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
-#endif
-
-    /*
-     * PASS 2: free the items themselves.
-     */
-    object_free_items(copyID);
-    dict_free_items(copyID);
-    list_free_items(copyID);
-
-#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
-    // Go through the list of jobs and free items without the copyID. This
-    // must happen before doing channels, because jobs refer to channels, but
-    // the reference from the channel to the job isn't tracked.
-    free_unused_jobs(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
-
-    // Go through the list of channels and free items without the copyID.
-    free_unused_channels(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
-#endif
-
-    in_free_unref_items = FALSE;
-
-    return did_free;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark all lists and dicts referenced through hashtab "ht" with "copyID".
- * "list_stack" is used to add lists to be marked.  Can be NULL.
- *
- * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_ht(hashtab_T *ht, int copyID, list_stack_T **list_stack)
-{
-    int		todo;
-    int		abort = FALSE;
-    hashitem_T	*hi;
-    hashtab_T	*cur_ht;
-    ht_stack_T	*ht_stack = NULL;
-    ht_stack_T	*tempitem;
-
-    cur_ht = ht;
-    for (;;)
-    {
-	if (!abort)
-	{
-	    // Mark each item in the hashtab.  If the item contains a hashtab
-	    // it is added to ht_stack, if it contains a list it is added to
-	    // list_stack.
-	    todo = (int)cur_ht->ht_used;
-	    FOR_ALL_HASHTAB_ITEMS(cur_ht, hi, todo)
-		if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi))
-		{
-		    --todo;
-		    abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&HI2DI(hi)->di_tv, copyID,
-						       &ht_stack, list_stack);
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (ht_stack == NULL)
-	    break;
-
-	// take an item from the stack
-	cur_ht = ht_stack->ht;
-	tempitem = ht_stack;
-	ht_stack = ht_stack->prev;
-	free(tempitem);
-    }
-
-    return abort;
-}
-
-#if defined(FEAT_LUA) || defined(FEAT_PYTHON) || defined(FEAT_PYTHON3) \
-							|| defined(PROTO)
-/*
- * Mark a dict and its items with "copyID".
- * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_dict(dict_T *d, int copyID)
-{
-    if (d != NULL && d->dv_copyID != copyID)
-    {
-	d->dv_copyID = copyID;
-	return set_ref_in_ht(&d->dv_hashtab, copyID, NULL);
-    }
-    return FALSE;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Mark a list and its items with "copyID".
- * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_list(list_T *ll, int copyID)
-{
-    if (ll != NULL && ll->lv_copyID != copyID)
-    {
-	ll->lv_copyID = copyID;
-	return set_ref_in_list_items(ll, copyID, NULL);
-    }
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark all lists and dicts referenced through list "l" with "copyID".
- * "ht_stack" is used to add hashtabs to be marked.  Can be NULL.
- *
- * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_list_items(list_T *l, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack)
-{
-    listitem_T	 *li;
-    int		 abort = FALSE;
-    list_T	 *cur_l;
-    list_stack_T *list_stack = NULL;
-    list_stack_T *tempitem;
-
-    cur_l = l;
-    for (;;)
-    {
-	if (!abort && cur_l->lv_first != &range_list_item)
-	    // Mark each item in the list.  If the item contains a hashtab
-	    // it is added to ht_stack, if it contains a list it is added to
-	    // list_stack.
-	    for (li = cur_l->lv_first; !abort && li != NULL; li = li->li_next)
-		abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&li->li_tv, copyID,
-						       ht_stack, &list_stack);
-	if (list_stack == NULL)
-	    break;
-
-	// take an item from the stack
-	cur_l = list_stack->list;
-	tempitem = list_stack;
-	list_stack = list_stack->prev;
-	free(tempitem);
-    }
-
-    return abort;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark the partial in callback 'cb' with "copyID".
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_callback(callback_T *cb, int copyID)
-{
-    typval_T tv;
-
-    if (cb->cb_name == NULL || *cb->cb_name == NUL || cb->cb_partial == NULL)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    tv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
-    tv.vval.v_partial = cb->cb_partial;
-    return set_ref_in_item(&tv, copyID, NULL, NULL);
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark the dict "dd" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    static int
-set_ref_in_item_dict(
-    dict_T		*dd,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    if (dd == NULL || dd->dv_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    // Didn't see this dict yet.
-    dd->dv_copyID = copyID;
-    if (ht_stack == NULL)
-	return set_ref_in_ht(&dd->dv_hashtab, copyID, list_stack);
-
-    ht_stack_T *newitem = ALLOC_ONE(ht_stack_T);
-    if (newitem == NULL)
-	return TRUE;
-
-    newitem->ht = &dd->dv_hashtab;
-    newitem->prev = *ht_stack;
-    *ht_stack = newitem;
-
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark the list "ll" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    static int
-set_ref_in_item_list(
-    list_T		*ll,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    if (ll == NULL || ll->lv_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    // Didn't see this list yet.
-    ll->lv_copyID = copyID;
-    if (list_stack == NULL)
-	return set_ref_in_list_items(ll, copyID, ht_stack);
-
-    list_stack_T *newitem = ALLOC_ONE(list_stack_T);
-    if (newitem == NULL)
-	return TRUE;
-
-    newitem->list = ll;
-    newitem->prev = *list_stack;
-    *list_stack = newitem;
-
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark the partial "pt" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    static int
-set_ref_in_item_partial(
-    partial_T		*pt,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    if (pt == NULL || pt->pt_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    // Didn't see this partial yet.
-    pt->pt_copyID = copyID;
-
-    int abort = set_ref_in_func(pt->pt_name, pt->pt_func, copyID);
-
-    if (pt->pt_dict != NULL)
-    {
-	typval_T dtv;
-
-	dtv.v_type = VAR_DICT;
-	dtv.vval.v_dict = pt->pt_dict;
-	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-
-    if (pt->pt_obj != NULL)
-    {
-	typval_T objtv;
-
-	objtv.v_type = VAR_OBJECT;
-	objtv.vval.v_object = pt->pt_obj;
-	set_ref_in_item(&objtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < pt->pt_argc; ++i)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&pt->pt_argv[i], copyID,
-		ht_stack, list_stack);
-    // pt_funcstack is handled in set_ref_in_funcstacks()
-    // pt_loopvars is handled in set_ref_in_loopvars()
-
-    return abort;
-}
-
-#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
-/*
- * Mark the job "pt" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    static int
-set_ref_in_item_job(
-    job_T		*job,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    typval_T    dtv;
-
-    if (job == NULL || job->jv_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    job->jv_copyID = copyID;
-    if (job->jv_channel != NULL)
-    {
-	dtv.v_type = VAR_CHANNEL;
-	dtv.vval.v_channel = job->jv_channel;
-	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-    if (job->jv_exit_cb.cb_partial != NULL)
-    {
-	dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
-	dtv.vval.v_partial = job->jv_exit_cb.cb_partial;
-	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-
-    return FALSE;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark the channel "ch" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    static int
-set_ref_in_item_channel(
-    channel_T		*ch,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    typval_T    dtv;
-
-    if (ch == NULL || ch->ch_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    ch->ch_copyID = copyID;
-    for (ch_part_T part = PART_SOCK; part < PART_COUNT; ++part)
-    {
-	for (jsonq_T *jq = ch->ch_part[part].ch_json_head.jq_next;
-		jq != NULL; jq = jq->jq_next)
-	    set_ref_in_item(jq->jq_value, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-	for (cbq_T *cq = ch->ch_part[part].ch_cb_head.cq_next; cq != NULL;
-		cq = cq->cq_next)
-	    if (cq->cq_callback.cb_partial != NULL)
-	    {
-		dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
-		dtv.vval.v_partial = cq->cq_callback.cb_partial;
-		set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-	    }
-	if (ch->ch_part[part].ch_callback.cb_partial != NULL)
-	{
-	    dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
-	    dtv.vval.v_partial = ch->ch_part[part].ch_callback.cb_partial;
-	    set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-	}
-    }
-    if (ch->ch_callback.cb_partial != NULL)
-    {
-	dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
-	dtv.vval.v_partial = ch->ch_callback.cb_partial;
-	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-    if (ch->ch_close_cb.cb_partial != NULL)
-    {
-	dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
-	dtv.vval.v_partial = ch->ch_close_cb.cb_partial;
-	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-
-    return FALSE;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Mark the class "cl" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_item_class(
-    class_T		*cl,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    int abort = FALSE;
-
-    if (cl == NULL || cl->class_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    cl->class_copyID = copyID;
-    if (cl->class_members_tv != NULL)
-    {
-	// The "class_members_tv" table is allocated only for regular classes
-	// and not for interfaces.
-	for (int i = 0; !abort && i < cl->class_class_member_count; ++i)
-	    abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(
-		    &cl->class_members_tv[i],
-		    copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
-    }
-
-    for (int i = 0; !abort && i < cl->class_class_function_count; ++i)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_func(NULL,
-		cl->class_class_functions[i], copyID);
-
-    for (int i = 0; !abort && i < cl->class_obj_method_count; ++i)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_func(NULL,
-		cl->class_obj_methods[i], copyID);
-
-    return abort;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark the object "cl" with "copyID".
- * Also see set_ref_in_item().
- */
-    static int
-set_ref_in_item_object(
-    object_T		*obj,
-    int			copyID,
-    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
-{
-    int abort = FALSE;
-
-    if (obj == NULL || obj->obj_copyID == copyID)
-	return FALSE;
-
-    obj->obj_copyID = copyID;
-
-    // The typval_T array is right after the object_T.
-    typval_T *mtv = (typval_T *)(obj + 1);
-    for (int i = 0; !abort
-	    && i < obj->obj_class->class_obj_member_count; ++i)
-	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(mtv + i, copyID,
-		ht_stack, list_stack);
-
-    return abort;
-}
-
-/*
- * Mark all lists, dicts and other container types referenced through typval
- * "tv" with "copyID".
- * "list_stack" is used to add lists to be marked.  Can be NULL.
- * "ht_stack" is used to add hashtabs to be marked.  Can be NULL.
- *
- * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
- */
-    int
-set_ref_in_item(
-    typval_T	    *tv,
-    int		    copyID,
-    ht_stack_T	    **ht_stack,
-    list_stack_T    **list_stack)
-{
-    int		abort = FALSE;
-
-    switch (tv->v_type)
-    {
-	case VAR_DICT:
-	    return set_ref_in_item_dict(tv->vval.v_dict, copyID,
-							 ht_stack, list_stack);
-
-	case VAR_LIST:
-	    return set_ref_in_item_list(tv->vval.v_list, copyID,
-							 ht_stack, list_stack);
-
-	case VAR_FUNC:
-	{
-	    abort = set_ref_in_func(tv->vval.v_string, NULL, copyID);
-	    break;
-	}
-
-	case VAR_PARTIAL:
-	    return set_ref_in_item_partial(tv->vval.v_partial, copyID,
-							ht_stack, list_stack);
-
-	case VAR_JOB:
-#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
-	    return set_ref_in_item_job(tv->vval.v_job, copyID,
-							 ht_stack, list_stack);
-#else
-	    break;
-#endif
-
-	case VAR_CHANNEL:
-#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
-	    return set_ref_in_item_channel(tv->vval.v_channel, copyID,
-							 ht_stack, list_stack);
-#else
-	    break;
-#endif
-
-	case VAR_CLASS:
-	    return set_ref_in_item_class(tv->vval.v_class, copyID,
-							 ht_stack, list_stack);
-
-	case VAR_OBJECT:
-	    return set_ref_in_item_object(tv->vval.v_object, copyID,
-							 ht_stack, list_stack);
-
-	case VAR_UNKNOWN:
-	case VAR_ANY:
-	case VAR_VOID:
-	case VAR_BOOL:
-	case VAR_SPECIAL:
-	case VAR_NUMBER:
-	case VAR_FLOAT:
-	case VAR_STRING:
-	case VAR_BLOB:
-	case VAR_TYPEALIAS:
-	case VAR_INSTR:
-	    // Types that do not contain any other item
-	    break;
-    }
-
-    return abort;
-}
-
-/*
  * Return a textual representation of a string in "tv".
  * If the memory is allocated "tofree" is set to it, otherwise NULL.
  * When both "echo_style" and "composite_val" are FALSE, put quotes around
diff --git a/src/gc.c b/src/gc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..987ca27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/gc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,780 @@
+/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet:
+ *
+ * VIM - Vi IMproved	by Bram Moolenaar
+ *
+ * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
+ * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
+ * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * gc.c: Garbage Collection
+ */
+
+#include "vim.h"
+
+#if defined(FEAT_EVAL) || defined(PROTO)
+
+/*
+ * When recursively copying lists and dicts we need to remember which ones we
+ * have done to avoid endless recursiveness.  This unique ID is used for that.
+ * The last bit is used for previous_funccal, ignored when comparing.
+ */
+static int current_copyID = 0;
+
+static int free_unref_items(int copyID);
+
+/*
+ * Return the next (unique) copy ID.
+ * Used for serializing nested structures.
+ */
+    int
+get_copyID(void)
+{
+    current_copyID += COPYID_INC;
+    return current_copyID;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Garbage collection for lists and dictionaries.
+ *
+ * We use reference counts to be able to free most items right away when they
+ * are no longer used.  But for composite items it's possible that it becomes
+ * unused while the reference count is > 0: When there is a recursive
+ * reference.  Example:
+ *	:let l = [1, 2, 3]
+ *	:let d = {9: l}
+ *	:let l[1] = d
+ *
+ * Since this is quite unusual we handle this with garbage collection: every
+ * once in a while find out which lists and dicts are not referenced from any
+ * variable.
+ *
+ * Here is a good reference text about garbage collection (refers to Python
+ * but it applies to all reference-counting mechanisms):
+ *	http://python.ca/nas/python/gc/
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Do garbage collection for lists and dicts.
+ * When "testing" is TRUE this is called from test_garbagecollect_now().
+ * Return TRUE if some memory was freed.
+ */
+    int
+garbage_collect(int testing)
+{
+    int		copyID;
+    int		abort = FALSE;
+    buf_T	*buf;
+    win_T	*wp;
+    int		did_free = FALSE;
+    tabpage_T	*tp;
+
+    if (!testing)
+    {
+	// Only do this once.
+	want_garbage_collect = FALSE;
+	may_garbage_collect = FALSE;
+	garbage_collect_at_exit = FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // The execution stack can grow big, limit the size.
+    if (exestack.ga_maxlen - exestack.ga_len > 500)
+    {
+	size_t	new_len;
+	char_u	*pp;
+	int	n;
+
+	// Keep 150% of the current size, with a minimum of the growth size.
+	n = exestack.ga_len / 2;
+	if (n < exestack.ga_growsize)
+	    n = exestack.ga_growsize;
+
+	// Don't make it bigger though.
+	if (exestack.ga_len + n < exestack.ga_maxlen)
+	{
+	    new_len = (size_t)exestack.ga_itemsize * (exestack.ga_len + n);
+	    pp = vim_realloc(exestack.ga_data, new_len);
+	    if (pp == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    exestack.ga_maxlen = exestack.ga_len + n;
+	    exestack.ga_data = pp;
+	}
+    }
+
+    // We advance by two because we add one for items referenced through
+    // previous_funccal.
+    copyID = get_copyID();
+
+    /*
+     * 1. Go through all accessible variables and mark all lists and dicts
+     *    with copyID.
+     */
+
+    // Don't free variables in the previous_funccal list unless they are only
+    // referenced through previous_funccal.  This must be first, because if
+    // the item is referenced elsewhere the funccal must not be freed.
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_previous_funccal(copyID);
+
+    // script-local variables
+    abort = abort || garbage_collect_scriptvars(copyID);
+
+    // buffer-local variables
+    FOR_ALL_BUFFERS(buf)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&buf->b_bufvar.di_tv, copyID,
+								  NULL, NULL);
+
+    // window-local variables
+    FOR_ALL_TAB_WINDOWS(tp, wp)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&wp->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
+								  NULL, NULL);
+    // window-local variables in autocmd windows
+    for (int i = 0; i < AUCMD_WIN_COUNT; ++i)
+	if (aucmd_win[i].auc_win != NULL)
+	    abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(
+		    &aucmd_win[i].auc_win->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID, NULL, NULL);
+#ifdef FEAT_PROP_POPUP
+    FOR_ALL_POPUPWINS(wp)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&wp->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
+								  NULL, NULL);
+    FOR_ALL_TABPAGES(tp)
+	FOR_ALL_POPUPWINS_IN_TAB(tp, wp)
+		abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&wp->w_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
+								  NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+
+    // tabpage-local variables
+    FOR_ALL_TABPAGES(tp)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&tp->tp_winvar.di_tv, copyID,
+								  NULL, NULL);
+    // global variables
+    abort = abort || garbage_collect_globvars(copyID);
+
+    // function-local variables
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_call_stack(copyID);
+
+    // named functions (matters for closures)
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_functions(copyID);
+
+    // function call arguments, if v:testing is set.
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_func_args(copyID);
+
+    // funcstacks keep variables for closures
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_funcstacks(copyID);
+
+    // loopvars keep variables for loop blocks
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_loopvars(copyID);
+
+    // v: vars
+    abort = abort || garbage_collect_vimvars(copyID);
+
+    // callbacks in buffers
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_buffers(copyID);
+
+    // 'completefunc', 'omnifunc' and 'thesaurusfunc' callbacks
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_insexpand_funcs(copyID);
+
+    // 'operatorfunc' callback
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_opfunc(copyID);
+
+    // 'tagfunc' callback
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_tagfunc(copyID);
+
+    // 'imactivatefunc' and 'imstatusfunc' callbacks
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_im_funcs(copyID);
+
+#ifdef FEAT_LUA
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_lua(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PYTHON
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_python(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PYTHON3
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_python3(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_channel(copyID);
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_job(copyID);
+#endif
+#ifdef FEAT_NETBEANS_INTG
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_nb_channel(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_TIMERS
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_timer(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_QUICKFIX
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_quickfix(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_TERMINAL
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_term(copyID);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROP_POPUP
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_popups(copyID);
+#endif
+
+    abort = abort || set_ref_in_classes(copyID);
+
+    if (!abort)
+    {
+	/*
+	 * 2. Free lists and dictionaries that are not referenced.
+	 */
+	did_free = free_unref_items(copyID);
+
+	/*
+	 * 3. Check if any funccal can be freed now.
+	 *    This may call us back recursively.
+	 */
+	free_unref_funccal(copyID, testing);
+    }
+    else if (p_verbose > 0)
+    {
+	verb_msg(_("Not enough memory to set references, garbage collection aborted!"));
+    }
+
+    return did_free;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free lists, dictionaries, channels and jobs that are no longer referenced.
+ */
+    static int
+free_unref_items(int copyID)
+{
+    int		did_free = FALSE;
+
+    // Let all "free" functions know that we are here.  This means no
+    // dictionaries, lists, channels or jobs are to be freed, because we will
+    // do that here.
+    in_free_unref_items = TRUE;
+
+    /*
+     * PASS 1: free the contents of the items.  We don't free the items
+     * themselves yet, so that it is possible to decrement refcount counters
+     */
+
+    // Go through the list of dicts and free items without this copyID.
+    did_free |= dict_free_nonref(copyID);
+
+    // Go through the list of lists and free items without this copyID.
+    did_free |= list_free_nonref(copyID);
+
+    // Go through the list of objects and free items without this copyID.
+    did_free |= object_free_nonref(copyID);
+
+    // Go through the list of classes and free items without this copyID.
+    did_free |= class_free_nonref(copyID);
+
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+    // Go through the list of jobs and free items without the copyID. This
+    // must happen before doing channels, because jobs refer to channels, but
+    // the reference from the channel to the job isn't tracked.
+    did_free |= free_unused_jobs_contents(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
+
+    // Go through the list of channels and free items without the copyID.
+    did_free |= free_unused_channels_contents(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
+#endif
+
+    /*
+     * PASS 2: free the items themselves.
+     */
+    object_free_items(copyID);
+    dict_free_items(copyID);
+    list_free_items(copyID);
+
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+    // Go through the list of jobs and free items without the copyID. This
+    // must happen before doing channels, because jobs refer to channels, but
+    // the reference from the channel to the job isn't tracked.
+    free_unused_jobs(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
+
+    // Go through the list of channels and free items without the copyID.
+    free_unused_channels(copyID, COPYID_MASK);
+#endif
+
+    in_free_unref_items = FALSE;
+
+    return did_free;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark all lists and dicts referenced through hashtab "ht" with "copyID".
+ * "list_stack" is used to add lists to be marked.  Can be NULL.
+ *
+ * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_ht(hashtab_T *ht, int copyID, list_stack_T **list_stack)
+{
+    int		todo;
+    int		abort = FALSE;
+    hashitem_T	*hi;
+    hashtab_T	*cur_ht;
+    ht_stack_T	*ht_stack = NULL;
+    ht_stack_T	*tempitem;
+
+    cur_ht = ht;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (!abort)
+	{
+	    // Mark each item in the hashtab.  If the item contains a hashtab
+	    // it is added to ht_stack, if it contains a list it is added to
+	    // list_stack.
+	    todo = (int)cur_ht->ht_used;
+	    FOR_ALL_HASHTAB_ITEMS(cur_ht, hi, todo)
+		if (!HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi))
+		{
+		    --todo;
+		    abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&HI2DI(hi)->di_tv, copyID,
+						       &ht_stack, list_stack);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (ht_stack == NULL)
+	    break;
+
+	// take an item from the stack
+	cur_ht = ht_stack->ht;
+	tempitem = ht_stack;
+	ht_stack = ht_stack->prev;
+	free(tempitem);
+    }
+
+    return abort;
+}
+
+#if defined(FEAT_LUA) || defined(FEAT_PYTHON) || defined(FEAT_PYTHON3) \
+							|| defined(PROTO)
+/*
+ * Mark a dict and its items with "copyID".
+ * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_dict(dict_T *d, int copyID)
+{
+    if (d != NULL && d->dv_copyID != copyID)
+    {
+	d->dv_copyID = copyID;
+	return set_ref_in_ht(&d->dv_hashtab, copyID, NULL);
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Mark a list and its items with "copyID".
+ * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_list(list_T *ll, int copyID)
+{
+    if (ll != NULL && ll->lv_copyID != copyID)
+    {
+	ll->lv_copyID = copyID;
+	return set_ref_in_list_items(ll, copyID, NULL);
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark all lists and dicts referenced through list "l" with "copyID".
+ * "ht_stack" is used to add hashtabs to be marked.  Can be NULL.
+ *
+ * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_list_items(list_T *l, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack)
+{
+    listitem_T	 *li;
+    int		 abort = FALSE;
+    list_T	 *cur_l;
+    list_stack_T *list_stack = NULL;
+    list_stack_T *tempitem;
+
+    cur_l = l;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (!abort && cur_l->lv_first != &range_list_item)
+	    // Mark each item in the list.  If the item contains a hashtab
+	    // it is added to ht_stack, if it contains a list it is added to
+	    // list_stack.
+	    for (li = cur_l->lv_first; !abort && li != NULL; li = li->li_next)
+		abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&li->li_tv, copyID,
+						       ht_stack, &list_stack);
+	if (list_stack == NULL)
+	    break;
+
+	// take an item from the stack
+	cur_l = list_stack->list;
+	tempitem = list_stack;
+	list_stack = list_stack->prev;
+	free(tempitem);
+    }
+
+    return abort;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the partial in callback 'cb' with "copyID".
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_callback(callback_T *cb, int copyID)
+{
+    typval_T tv;
+
+    if (cb->cb_name == NULL || *cb->cb_name == NUL || cb->cb_partial == NULL)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    tv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
+    tv.vval.v_partial = cb->cb_partial;
+    return set_ref_in_item(&tv, copyID, NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the dict "dd" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    static int
+set_ref_in_item_dict(
+    dict_T		*dd,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    if (dd == NULL || dd->dv_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    // Didn't see this dict yet.
+    dd->dv_copyID = copyID;
+    if (ht_stack == NULL)
+	return set_ref_in_ht(&dd->dv_hashtab, copyID, list_stack);
+
+    ht_stack_T *newitem = ALLOC_ONE(ht_stack_T);
+    if (newitem == NULL)
+	return TRUE;
+
+    newitem->ht = &dd->dv_hashtab;
+    newitem->prev = *ht_stack;
+    *ht_stack = newitem;
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the list "ll" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    static int
+set_ref_in_item_list(
+    list_T		*ll,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    if (ll == NULL || ll->lv_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    // Didn't see this list yet.
+    ll->lv_copyID = copyID;
+    if (list_stack == NULL)
+	return set_ref_in_list_items(ll, copyID, ht_stack);
+
+    list_stack_T *newitem = ALLOC_ONE(list_stack_T);
+    if (newitem == NULL)
+	return TRUE;
+
+    newitem->list = ll;
+    newitem->prev = *list_stack;
+    *list_stack = newitem;
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the partial "pt" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    static int
+set_ref_in_item_partial(
+    partial_T		*pt,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    if (pt == NULL || pt->pt_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    // Didn't see this partial yet.
+    pt->pt_copyID = copyID;
+
+    int abort = set_ref_in_func(pt->pt_name, pt->pt_func, copyID);
+
+    if (pt->pt_dict != NULL)
+    {
+	typval_T dtv;
+
+	dtv.v_type = VAR_DICT;
+	dtv.vval.v_dict = pt->pt_dict;
+	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+
+    if (pt->pt_obj != NULL)
+    {
+	typval_T objtv;
+
+	objtv.v_type = VAR_OBJECT;
+	objtv.vval.v_object = pt->pt_obj;
+	set_ref_in_item(&objtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < pt->pt_argc; ++i)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(&pt->pt_argv[i], copyID,
+		ht_stack, list_stack);
+    // pt_funcstack is handled in set_ref_in_funcstacks()
+    // pt_loopvars is handled in set_ref_in_loopvars()
+
+    return abort;
+}
+
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+/*
+ * Mark the job "pt" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    static int
+set_ref_in_item_job(
+    job_T		*job,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    typval_T    dtv;
+
+    if (job == NULL || job->jv_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    job->jv_copyID = copyID;
+    if (job->jv_channel != NULL)
+    {
+	dtv.v_type = VAR_CHANNEL;
+	dtv.vval.v_channel = job->jv_channel;
+	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+    if (job->jv_exit_cb.cb_partial != NULL)
+    {
+	dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
+	dtv.vval.v_partial = job->jv_exit_cb.cb_partial;
+	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the channel "ch" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    static int
+set_ref_in_item_channel(
+    channel_T		*ch,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    typval_T    dtv;
+
+    if (ch == NULL || ch->ch_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    ch->ch_copyID = copyID;
+    for (ch_part_T part = PART_SOCK; part < PART_COUNT; ++part)
+    {
+	for (jsonq_T *jq = ch->ch_part[part].ch_json_head.jq_next;
+		jq != NULL; jq = jq->jq_next)
+	    set_ref_in_item(jq->jq_value, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+	for (cbq_T *cq = ch->ch_part[part].ch_cb_head.cq_next; cq != NULL;
+		cq = cq->cq_next)
+	    if (cq->cq_callback.cb_partial != NULL)
+	    {
+		dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
+		dtv.vval.v_partial = cq->cq_callback.cb_partial;
+		set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+	    }
+	if (ch->ch_part[part].ch_callback.cb_partial != NULL)
+	{
+	    dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
+	    dtv.vval.v_partial = ch->ch_part[part].ch_callback.cb_partial;
+	    set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+	}
+    }
+    if (ch->ch_callback.cb_partial != NULL)
+    {
+	dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
+	dtv.vval.v_partial = ch->ch_callback.cb_partial;
+	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+    if (ch->ch_close_cb.cb_partial != NULL)
+    {
+	dtv.v_type = VAR_PARTIAL;
+	dtv.vval.v_partial = ch->ch_close_cb.cb_partial;
+	set_ref_in_item(&dtv, copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Mark the class "cl" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_item_class(
+    class_T		*cl,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    int abort = FALSE;
+
+    if (cl == NULL || cl->class_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    cl->class_copyID = copyID;
+    if (cl->class_members_tv != NULL)
+    {
+	// The "class_members_tv" table is allocated only for regular classes
+	// and not for interfaces.
+	for (int i = 0; !abort && i < cl->class_class_member_count; ++i)
+	    abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(
+		    &cl->class_members_tv[i],
+		    copyID, ht_stack, list_stack);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; !abort && i < cl->class_class_function_count; ++i)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_func(NULL,
+		cl->class_class_functions[i], copyID);
+
+    for (int i = 0; !abort && i < cl->class_obj_method_count; ++i)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_func(NULL,
+		cl->class_obj_methods[i], copyID);
+
+    return abort;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark the object "cl" with "copyID".
+ * Also see set_ref_in_item().
+ */
+    static int
+set_ref_in_item_object(
+    object_T		*obj,
+    int			copyID,
+    ht_stack_T		**ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T	**list_stack)
+{
+    int abort = FALSE;
+
+    if (obj == NULL || obj->obj_copyID == copyID)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    obj->obj_copyID = copyID;
+
+    // The typval_T array is right after the object_T.
+    typval_T *mtv = (typval_T *)(obj + 1);
+    for (int i = 0; !abort
+	    && i < obj->obj_class->class_obj_member_count; ++i)
+	abort = abort || set_ref_in_item(mtv + i, copyID,
+		ht_stack, list_stack);
+
+    return abort;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Mark all lists, dicts and other container types referenced through typval
+ * "tv" with "copyID".
+ * "list_stack" is used to add lists to be marked.  Can be NULL.
+ * "ht_stack" is used to add hashtabs to be marked.  Can be NULL.
+ *
+ * Returns TRUE if setting references failed somehow.
+ */
+    int
+set_ref_in_item(
+    typval_T	    *tv,
+    int		    copyID,
+    ht_stack_T	    **ht_stack,
+    list_stack_T    **list_stack)
+{
+    int		abort = FALSE;
+
+    switch (tv->v_type)
+    {
+	case VAR_DICT:
+	    return set_ref_in_item_dict(tv->vval.v_dict, copyID,
+							 ht_stack, list_stack);
+
+	case VAR_LIST:
+	    return set_ref_in_item_list(tv->vval.v_list, copyID,
+							 ht_stack, list_stack);
+
+	case VAR_FUNC:
+	{
+	    abort = set_ref_in_func(tv->vval.v_string, NULL, copyID);
+	    break;
+	}
+
+	case VAR_PARTIAL:
+	    return set_ref_in_item_partial(tv->vval.v_partial, copyID,
+							ht_stack, list_stack);
+
+	case VAR_JOB:
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+	    return set_ref_in_item_job(tv->vval.v_job, copyID,
+							 ht_stack, list_stack);
+#else
+	    break;
+#endif
+
+	case VAR_CHANNEL:
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+	    return set_ref_in_item_channel(tv->vval.v_channel, copyID,
+							 ht_stack, list_stack);
+#else
+	    break;
+#endif
+
+	case VAR_CLASS:
+	    return set_ref_in_item_class(tv->vval.v_class, copyID,
+							 ht_stack, list_stack);
+
+	case VAR_OBJECT:
+	    return set_ref_in_item_object(tv->vval.v_object, copyID,
+							 ht_stack, list_stack);
+
+	case VAR_UNKNOWN:
+	case VAR_ANY:
+	case VAR_VOID:
+	case VAR_BOOL:
+	case VAR_SPECIAL:
+	case VAR_NUMBER:
+	case VAR_FLOAT:
+	case VAR_STRING:
+	case VAR_BLOB:
+	case VAR_TYPEALIAS:
+	case VAR_INSTR:
+	    // Types that do not contain any other item
+	    break;
+    }
+
+    return abort;
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/src/list.c b/src/list.c
index e9f1ae3..9479b4b 100644
--- a/src/list.c
+++ b/src/list.c
@@ -3194,4 +3194,28 @@
 	blob_reduce(argvars, &argvars[1], rettv);
 }
 
+/*
+ * slice() function
+ */
+    void
+f_slice(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (in_vim9script()
+	    && ((argvars[0].v_type != VAR_STRING
+		    && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_LIST
+		    && argvars[0].v_type != VAR_BLOB
+		    && check_for_list_arg(argvars, 0) == FAIL)
+		|| check_for_number_arg(argvars, 1) == FAIL
+		|| check_for_opt_number_arg(argvars, 2) == FAIL))
+	return;
+
+    if (check_can_index(&argvars[0], TRUE, FALSE) != OK)
+	return;
+
+    copy_tv(argvars, rettv);
+    eval_index_inner(rettv, TRUE, argvars + 1,
+	    argvars[2].v_type == VAR_UNKNOWN ? NULL : argvars + 2,
+	    TRUE, NULL, 0, FALSE);
+}
+
 #endif // defined(FEAT_EVAL)
diff --git a/src/proto.h b/src/proto.h
index 50802ce..94e34b0 100644
--- a/src/proto.h
+++ b/src/proto.h
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@
 # include "float.pro"
 # include "fold.pro"
 # include "getchar.pro"
+# include "gc.pro"
 # include "gui_xim.pro"
 # include "hardcopy.pro"
 # include "hashtab.pro"
diff --git a/src/proto/eval.pro b/src/proto/eval.pro
index 1c2d05d..7247265 100644
--- a/src/proto/eval.pro
+++ b/src/proto/eval.pro
@@ -48,19 +48,9 @@
 int eval_leader(char_u **arg, int vim9);
 int handle_predefined(char_u *s, int len, typval_T *rettv);
 int check_can_index(typval_T *rettv, int evaluate, int verbose);
-void f_slice(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv);
 int eval_index_inner(typval_T *rettv, int is_range, typval_T *var1, typval_T *var2, int exclusive, char_u *key, int keylen, int verbose);
 char_u *partial_name(partial_T *pt);
 void partial_unref(partial_T *pt);
-int get_copyID(void);
-int garbage_collect(int testing);
-int set_ref_in_ht(hashtab_T *ht, int copyID, list_stack_T **list_stack);
-int set_ref_in_dict(dict_T *d, int copyID);
-int set_ref_in_list(list_T *ll, int copyID);
-int set_ref_in_list_items(list_T *l, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack);
-int set_ref_in_callback(callback_T *cb, int copyID);
-int set_ref_in_item_class(class_T *cl, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack, list_stack_T **list_stack);
-int set_ref_in_item(typval_T *tv, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack, list_stack_T **list_stack);
 char_u *echo_string_core(typval_T *tv, char_u **tofree, char_u *numbuf, int copyID, int echo_style, int restore_copyID, int composite_val);
 char_u *echo_string(typval_T *tv, char_u **tofree, char_u *numbuf, int copyID);
 int buf_byteidx_to_charidx(buf_T *buf, int lnum, int byteidx);
diff --git a/src/proto/gc.pro b/src/proto/gc.pro
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e13dbda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/proto/gc.pro
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/* gc.c */
+int get_copyID(void);
+int garbage_collect(int testing);
+int set_ref_in_ht(hashtab_T *ht, int copyID, list_stack_T **list_stack);
+int set_ref_in_dict(dict_T *d, int copyID);
+int set_ref_in_list(list_T *ll, int copyID);
+int set_ref_in_list_items(list_T *l, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack);
+int set_ref_in_callback(callback_T *cb, int copyID);
+int set_ref_in_item_class(class_T *cl, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack, list_stack_T **list_stack);
+int set_ref_in_item(typval_T *tv, int copyID, ht_stack_T **ht_stack, list_stack_T **list_stack);
+/* vim: set ft=c : */
+
diff --git a/src/proto/list.pro b/src/proto/list.pro
index 0b58c69..1659b8f 100644
--- a/src/proto/list.pro
+++ b/src/proto/list.pro
@@ -65,4 +65,5 @@
 void f_remove(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv);
 void f_reverse(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv);
 void f_reduce(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv);
+void f_slice(typval_T *argvars, typval_T *rettv);
 /* vim: set ft=c : */
diff --git a/src/version.c b/src/version.c
index 28dad45..ca8af16 100644
--- a/src/version.c
+++ b/src/version.c
@@ -705,6 +705,8 @@
 static int included_patches[] =
 {   /* Add new patch number below this line */
 /**/
+    431,
+/**/
     430,
 /**/
     429,