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+*usr_08.txt* For Vim version 7.0aa. Last change: 2004 Jun 04
+
+ VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar
+
+ Splitting windows
+
+
+Display two different files above each other. Or view two locations in the
+file at the same time. See the difference between two files by putting them
+side by side. All this is possible with split windows.
+
+|08.1| Split a window
+|08.2| Split a window on another file
+|08.3| Window size
+|08.4| Vertical splits
+|08.5| Moving windows
+|08.6| Commands for all windows
+|08.7| Viewing differences with vimdiff
+|08.8| Various
+
+ Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
+ Previous chapter: |usr_07.txt| Editing more than one file
+Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt|
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.1* Split a window
+
+The easiest way to open a new window is to use the following command: >
+
+ :split
+
+This command splits the screen into two windows and leaves the cursor in the
+top one:
+
+ +----------------------------------+
+ |/* file one.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |~ |
+ |one.c=============================|
+ |/* file one.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |one.c=============================|
+ | |
+ +----------------------------------+
+
+What you see here is two windows on the same file. The line with "====" is
+that status line. It displays information about the window above it. (In
+practice the status line will be in reverse video.)
+ The two windows allow you to view two parts of the same file. For example,
+you could make the top window show the variable declarations of a program, and
+the bottom one the code that uses these variables.
+
+The CTRL-W w command can be used to jump between the windows. If you are in
+the top window, CTRL-W w jumps to the window below it. If you are in the
+bottom window it will jump to the first window. (CTRL-W CTRL-W does the same
+thing, in case you let go of the CTRL key a bit later.)
+
+
+CLOSE THE WINDOW
+
+To close a window, use the command: >
+
+ :close
+
+Actually, any command that quits editing a file works, like ":quit" and "ZZ".
+But ":close" prevents you from accidentally exiting Vim when you close the
+last window.
+
+
+CLOSING ALL OTHER WINDOWS
+
+If you have opened a whole bunch of windows, but now want to concentrate on
+one of them, this command will be useful: >
+
+ :only
+
+This closes all windows, except for the current one. If any of the other
+windows has changes, you will get an error message and that window won't be
+closed.
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.2* Split a window on another file
+
+The following command opens a second window and starts editing the given file:
+>
+ :split two.c
+
+If you were editing one.c, then the result looks like this:
+
+ +----------------------------------+
+ |/* file two.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |~ |
+ |two.c=============================|
+ |/* file one.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |one.c=============================|
+ | |
+ +----------------------------------+
+
+To open a window on a new, empty file, use this: >
+
+ :new
+
+You can repeat the ":split" and ":new" commands to create as many windows as
+you like.
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.3* Window size
+
+The ":split" command can take a number argument. If specified, this will be
+the height of the new window. For example, the following opens a new window
+three lines high and starts editing the file alpha.c: >
+
+ :3split alpha.c
+
+For existing windows you can change the size in several ways. When you have a
+working mouse, it is easy: Move the mouse pointer to the status line that
+separates two windows, and drag it up or down.
+
+To increase the size of a window: >
+
+ CTRL-W +
+
+To decrease it: >
+
+ CTRL-W -
+
+Both of these commands take a count and increase or decrease the window size
+by that many lines. Thus "4 CTRL-W +" make the window four lines higher.
+
+To set the window height to a specified number of lines: >
+
+ {height}CTRL-W _
+
+That's: a number {height}, CTRL-W and then an underscore (the - key with Shift
+on English-US keyboards).
+ To make a window as high as it can be, use the CTRL-W _ command without a
+count.
+
+
+USING THE MOUSE
+
+In Vim you can do many things very quickly from the keyboard. Unfortunately,
+the window resizing commands require quite a bit of typing. In this case,
+using the mouse is faster. Position the mouse pointer on a status line. Now
+press the left mouse button and drag. The status line will move, thus making
+the window on one side higher and the other smaller.
+
+
+OPTIONS
+
+The 'winheight' option can be set to a minimal desired height of a window and
+'winminheight' to a hard minimum height.
+ Likewise, there is 'winwidth' for the minimal desired width and
+'winminwidth' for the hard minimum width.
+ The 'equalalways' option, when set, makes Vim equalize the windows sizes
+when a window is closed or opened.
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.4* Vertical splits
+
+The ":split" command creates the new window above the current one. To make
+the window appear at the left side, use: >
+
+ :vsplit
+
+or: >
+ :vsplit two.c
+
+The result looks something like this:
+
+ +--------------------------------------+
+ |/* file two.c */ |/* file one.c */ |
+ |~ |~ |
+ |~ |~ |
+ |~ |~ |
+ |two.c===============one.c=============|
+ | |
+ +--------------------------------------+
+
+Actually, the | lines in the middle will be in reverse video. This is called
+the vertical separator. It separates the two windows left and right of it.
+
+There is also the ":vnew" command, to open a vertically split window on a new,
+empty file. Another way to do this: >
+
+ :vertical new
+
+The ":vertical" command can be inserted before another command that splits a
+window. This will cause that command to split the window vertically instead
+of horizontally. (If the command doesn't split a window, it works
+unmodified.)
+
+
+MOVING BETWEEN WINDOWS
+
+Since you can split windows horizontally and vertically as much as you like,
+you can create any layout of windows. Then you can use these commands to move
+between them:
+
+ CTRL-W h move to the window on the left
+ CTRL-W j move to the window below
+ CTRL-W k move to the window above
+ CTRL-W l move to the window on the right
+
+ CTRL-W t move to the TOP window
+ CTRL-W b move to the BOTTOM window
+
+You will notice the same letters as used for moving the cursor. And the
+cursor keys can also be used, if you like.
+ More commands to move to other windows: |Q_wi|.
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.5* Moving windows
+
+You have split a few windows, but now they are in the wrong place. Then you
+need a command to move the window somewhere else. For example, you have three
+windows like this:
+
+ +----------------------------------+
+ |/* file two.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |~ |
+ |two.c=============================|
+ |/* file three.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |~ |
+ |three.c===========================|
+ |/* file one.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |one.c=============================|
+ | |
+ +----------------------------------+
+
+Clearly the last one should be at the top. Go to that window (using CTRL-W w)
+and the type this command: >
+
+ CTRL-W K
+
+This uses the uppercase letter K. What happens is that the window is moved to
+the very top. You will notice that K is again used for moving upwards.
+ When you have vertical splits, CTRL-W K will move the current window to the
+top and make it occupy the full with of the Vim window. If this is your
+layout:
+
+ +-------------------------------------------+
+ |/* two.c */ |/* three.c */ |/* one.c */ |
+ |~ |~ |~ |
+ |~ |~ |~ |
+ |~ |~ |~ |
+ |~ |~ |~ |
+ |~ |~ |~ |
+ |two.c=========three.c=========one.c========|
+ | |
+ +-------------------------------------------+
+
+Then using CTRL-W K in the middle window (three.c) will result in:
+
+ +-------------------------------------------+
+ |/* three.c */ |
+ |~ |
+ |~ |
+ |three.c====================================|
+ |/* two.c */ |/* one.c */ |
+ |~ |~ |
+ |two.c==================one.c===============|
+ | |
+ +-------------------------------------------+
+
+The other three similar commands (you can probably guess these now):
+
+ CTRL-W H move window to the far left
+ CTRL-W J move window to the bottom
+ CTRL-W L move window to the far right
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.6* Commands for all windows
+
+When you have several windows open and you want to quit Vim, you can close
+each window separately. A quicker way is using this command: >
+
+ :qall
+
+This stands for "quit all". If any of the windows contain changes, Vim will
+not exit. The cursor will automatically be positioned in a window with
+changes. You can then either use ":write" to save the changes, or ":quit!" to
+throw them away.
+
+If you know there are windows with changes, and you want to save all these
+changes, use this command: >
+
+ :wall
+
+This stands for "write all". But actually, it only writes files with
+changes. Vim knows it doesn't make sense to write files that were not
+changed.
+ And then there is the combination of ":qall" and ":wall": the "write and
+quit all" command: >
+
+ :wqall
+
+This writes all modified files and quits Vim.
+ Finally, there is a command that quits Vim and throws away all changes: >
+
+ :qall!
+
+Be careful, there is no way to undo this command!
+
+
+OPENING A WINDOW FOR ALL ARGUMENTS
+
+To make Vim open a window for each file, start it with the "-o" argument: >
+
+ vim -o one.txt two.txt three.txt
+
+This results in:
+
+ +-------------------------------+
+ |file one.txt |
+ |~ |
+ |one.txt========================|
+ |file two.txt |
+ |~ |
+ |two.txt========================|
+ |file three.txt |
+ |~ |
+ |three.txt======================|
+ | |
+ +-------------------------------+
+
+The "-O" argument is used to get vertically split windows.
+ When Vim is already running, the ":all" command opens a window for each
+file in the argument list. ":vertical all" does it with vertical splits.
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.7* Viewing differences with vimdiff
+
+There is a special way to start Vim, which shows the differences between two
+files. Let's take a file "main.c" and insert a few characters in one line.
+Write this file with the 'backup' option set, so that the backup file
+"main.c~" will contain the previous version of the file.
+ Type this command in a shell (not in Vim): >
+
+ vimdiff main.c~ main.c
+
+Vim will start, with two windows side by side. You will only see the line
+in which you added characters, and a few lines above and below it.
+
+ VV VV
+ +-----------------------------------------+
+ |+ +--123 lines: /* a|+ +--123 lines: /* a| <- fold
+ | text | text |
+ | text | text |
+ | text | text |
+ | text | changed text | <- changed line
+ | text | text |
+ | text | ------------------| <- deleted line
+ | text | text |
+ | text | text |
+ | text | text |
+ |+ +--432 lines: text|+ +--432 lines: text| <- fold
+ | ~ | ~ |
+ | ~ | ~ |
+ |main.c~==============main.c==============|
+ | |
+ +-----------------------------------------+
+
+(This picture doesn't show the highlighting, use the vimdiff command for a
+better look.)
+
+The lines that were not modified have been collapsed into one line. This is
+called a closed fold. They are indicated in the picture with "<- fold". Thus
+the single fold line at the top stands for 123 text lines. These lines are
+equal in both files.
+ The line marked with "<- changed line" is highlighted, and the inserted
+text is displayed with another color. This clearly shows what the difference
+is between the two files.
+ The line that was deleted is displayed with "---" in the main.c window.
+See the "<- deleted line" marker in the picture. These characters are not
+really there. They just fill up main.c, so that it displays the same number
+of lines as the other window.
+
+
+THE FOLD COLUMN
+
+Each window has a column on the left with a slightly different background. In
+the picture above these are indicated with "VV". You notice there is a plus
+character there, in front of each closed fold. Move the mouse pointer to that
+plus and click the left button. The fold will open, and you can see the text
+that it contains.
+ The fold column contains a minus sign for an open fold. If you click on
+this -, the fold will close.
+ Obviously, this only works when you have a working mouse. You can also use
+"zo" to open a fold and "zc" to close it.
+
+
+DIFFING IN VIM
+
+Another way to start in diff mode can be done from inside Vim. Edit the
+"main.c" file, then make a split and show the differences: >
+
+ :edit main.c
+ :vertical diffsplit main.c~
+
+The ":vertical" command is used to make the window split vertically. If you
+omit this, you will get a horizontal split.
+
+If you have a patch or diff file, you can use the third way to start diff
+mode. First edit the file to which the patch applies. Then tell Vim the name
+of the patch file: >
+
+ :edit main.c
+ :vertical diffpatch main.c.diff
+
+WARNING: The patch file must contain only one patch, for the file you are
+editing. Otherwise you will get a lot of error messages, and some files might
+be patched unexpectedly.
+ The patching will only be done to the copy of the file in Vim. The file on
+your harddisk will remain unmodified (until you decide to write the file).
+
+
+SCROLL BINDING
+
+When the files have more changes, you can scroll in the usual way. Vim will
+try to keep both the windows start at the same position, so you can easily see
+the differences side by side.
+ When you don't want this for a moment, use this command: >
+
+ :set noscrollbind
+
+
+JUMPING TO CHANGES
+
+When you have disabled folding in some way, it may be difficult to find the
+changes. Use this command to jump forward to the next change: >
+
+ ]c
+
+To go the other way use: >
+
+ [c
+
+Prepended a count to jump further away.
+
+
+REMOVING CHANGES
+
+You can move text from one window to the other. This either removes
+differences or adds new ones. Vim doesn't keep the highlighting updated in
+all situations. To update it use this command: >
+
+ :diffupdate
+
+To remove a difference, you can move the text in a highlighted block from one
+window to another. Take the "main.c" and "main.c~" example above. Move the
+cursor to the left window, on the line that was deleted in the other window.
+Now type this command: >
+
+ dp
+
+The change will be removed by putting the text of the current window in the
+other window. "dp" stands for "diff put".
+ You can also do it the other way around. Move the cursor to the right
+window, to the line where "changed" was inserted. Now type this command: >
+
+ do
+
+The change will now be removed by getting the text from the other window.
+Since there are no changes left now, Vim puts all text in a closed fold.
+"do" stands for "diff obtain". "dg" would have been better, but that already
+has a different meaning ("dgg" deletes from the cursor until the first line).
+
+For details about diff mode, see |vimdiff|.
+
+==============================================================================
+*08.8* Various
+
+The 'laststatus' option can be used to specify when the last window has a
+statusline:
+
+ 0 never
+ 1 only when there are split windows (the default)
+ 2 always
+
+Many commands that edit another file have a variant that splits the window.
+For Command-line commands this is done by prepending an "s". For example:
+":tag" jumps to a tag, ":stag" splits the window and jumps to a
+tag.
+ For Normal mode commands a CTRL-W is prepended. CTRL-^ jumps to the
+alternate file, CTRL-W CTRL-^ splits the window and edits the alternate file.
+
+The 'splitbelow' option can be set to make a new window appear below the
+current window. The 'splitright' option can be set to make a vertically split
+window appear right of the current window.
+
+When splitting a window you can prepend a modifier command to tell where the
+window is to appear:
+
+ :leftabove {cmd} left or above the current window
+ :aboveleft {cmd} idem
+ :rightbelow {cmd} right or below the current window
+ :belowright {cmd} idem
+ :topleft {cmd} at the top or left of the Vim window
+ :botright {cmd} at the bottom or right of the Vim window
+
+==============================================================================
+
+Next chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI
+
+Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: