diff --git a/test/test_tparm.c b/test/test_tparm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50289de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_tparm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,709 @@
+/****************************************************************************
+ * Copyright 2020-2022,2023 Thomas E. Dickey                                *
+ *                                                                          *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a  *
+ * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the            *
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including      *
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,      *
+ * distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell       *
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is    *
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:                 *
+ *                                                                          *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included  *
+ * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                   *
+ *                                                                          *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS  *
+ * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF               *
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.   *
+ * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,   *
+ * DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR    *
+ * OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR    *
+ * THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                               *
+ *                                                                          *
+ * Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright   *
+ * holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the     *
+ * sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written       *
+ * authorization.                                                           *
+ ****************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * Author: Thomas E. Dickey
+ *
+ * $Id: test_tparm.c,v 1.39 2023/11/11 01:00:03 tom Exp $
+ *
+ * Exercise tparm/tiparm, either for all possible capabilities with fixed
+ * parameters, or one capability with specific combinations of parameters.
+ */
+#define USE_TINFO
+#include <test.priv.h>
+
+#if NCURSES_XNAMES
+#if HAVE_TERM_ENTRY_H
+#include <term_entry.h>
+#else
+#undef NCURSES_XNAMES
+#define NCURSES_XNAMES 0
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#define MAX_PARM 9
+
+#define GrowArray(array,limit,length) \
+	    if (length + 2 >= limit) { \
+		limit *= 2; \
+		array = typeRealloc(char *, limit, array); \
+		if (array == 0) { \
+		    failed("no memory: " #array); \
+		} \
+	    }
+
+static GCC_NORETURN void failed(const char *);
+
+static void
+failed(const char *msg)
+{
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
+    ExitProgram(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+#if HAVE_TIGETSTR
+
+static int a_opt;
+static int p_opt;
+static int v_opt;
+
+#if HAVE_TIPARM
+static int i_opt;
+#endif
+
+#if HAVE_TIPARM_S
+static int s_opt;
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Total tests (and failures):
+ */
+static long total_tests;
+static long total_fails;
+
+/*
+ * Total characters formatted for tputs:
+ */
+static long total_nulls;
+static long total_ctrls;
+static long total_print;
+
+static int
+output_func(int ch)
+{
+    if (ch == 0) {
+	total_nulls++;
+    } else if (ch < 32 || (ch >= 127 && ch < 160)) {
+	total_ctrls++;
+    } else {
+	total_print++;
+    }
+    return ch;
+}
+
+static int
+isNumeric(char *source)
+{
+    char *next = 0;
+    long value = strtol(source, &next, 0);
+    int result = (next == 0 || next == source || *next != '\0') ? 0 : 1;
+    (void) value;
+    return result;
+}
+
+static int
+relevant(const char *name, const char *value)
+{
+    int code = 1;
+    if (VALID_STRING(value)) {
+	if (strstr(value, "%p") == 0
+	    && strstr(value, "%d") == 0
+	    && strstr(value, "%s") == 0
+	    && (!p_opt || strstr(value, "$<") == 0)) {
+	    if (v_opt > 2)
+		printf("? %s noparams\n", name);
+	    code = 0;
+	}
+    } else {
+	if (v_opt > 2) {
+	    printf("? %s %s\n",
+		   (value == ABSENT_STRING)
+		   ? "absent"
+		   : "cancel",
+		   name);
+	}
+	code = 0;
+    }
+    return code;
+}
+
+static int
+increment(long *all_parms, int *num_parms, int len_parms, int end_parms)
+{
+    int rc = 0;
+    int n;
+
+    if (len_parms > MAX_PARM)
+	len_parms = MAX_PARM;
+
+    if (end_parms < len_parms) {
+	if (all_parms[end_parms]++ >= num_parms[end_parms]) {
+	    all_parms[end_parms] = 0;
+	    increment(all_parms, num_parms, len_parms, end_parms + 1);
+	}
+    }
+    for (n = 0; n < len_parms; ++n) {
+	if (all_parms[n] != 0) {
+	    rc = 1;
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+    /* return 1 until the vector resets to all 0's */
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* parse the format string to determine which positional parameters
+ * are assumed to be strings.
+ */
+#if HAVE_TISCAN_S
+static int
+analyze_format(const char *format, int *mask, char **p_is_s)
+{
+    int arg_count;
+    int arg_mask;
+    int n;
+    if (tiscan_s(&arg_count, &arg_mask, format) == OK) {
+	*mask = arg_mask;
+	for (n = 0; n < MAX_PARM; ++n) {
+	    static char dummy[1];
+	    p_is_s[n] = (arg_mask & 1) ? dummy : NULL;
+	    arg_mask >>= 1;
+	}
+    } else {
+	*mask = 0;
+	arg_count = 0;
+	for (n = 0; n < MAX_PARM; ++n) {
+	    p_is_s[n] = NULL;
+	}
+    }
+    return arg_count;
+}
+#elif HAVE__NC_TPARM_ANALYZE
+extern int _nc_tparm_analyze(TERMINAL *, const char *, char **, int *);
+
+static int
+analyze_format(const char *format, int *mask, char **p_is_s)
+{
+    int popcount = 0;
+    int analyzed = _nc_tparm_analyze(cur_term, format, p_is_s, &popcount);
+    int n;
+    if (analyzed < popcount) {
+	analyzed = popcount;
+    }
+    *mask = 0;
+    for (n = 0; n < MAX_PARM; ++n) {
+	if (p_is_s[n])
+	    *mask |= (1 << n);
+    }
+    return analyzed;
+}
+#else
+/* TODO: make this work without direct use of ncurses internals. */
+static int
+analyze_format(const char *format, int *mask, char **p_is_s)
+{
+    int n;
+    char *filler = strstr(format, "%s");
+    *mask = 0;
+    for (n = 0; n < MAX_PARM; ++n) {
+	p_is_s[n] = filler;
+    }
+    return n;
+}
+#endif
+
+#define NumStr(n) use_strings[n] \
+ 		  ? (long) (my_intptr_t) (number[n] \
+		     ? string[n] \
+		     : NULL) \
+		  : number[n]
+
+#define NS_0(fmt)	fmt
+#define NS_1(fmt)	NS_0(fmt), NumStr(0)
+#define NS_2(fmt)	NS_1(fmt), NumStr(1)
+#define NS_3(fmt)	NS_2(fmt), NumStr(2)
+#define NS_4(fmt)	NS_3(fmt), NumStr(3)
+#define NS_5(fmt)	NS_4(fmt), NumStr(4)
+#define NS_6(fmt)	NS_5(fmt), NumStr(5)
+#define NS_7(fmt)	NS_6(fmt), NumStr(6)
+#define NS_8(fmt)	NS_7(fmt), NumStr(7)
+#define NS_9(fmt)	NS_8(fmt), NumStr(8)
+
+static void
+test_tparm(const char *name, const char *format, long *number, char **string)
+{
+    char *use_strings[MAX_PARM];
+    char *result = NULL;
+    int nparam;
+    int mask;
+
+    nparam = analyze_format(format, &mask, use_strings);
+#if HAVE_TIPARM_S
+    if (s_opt) {
+	switch (nparam) {
+	case 0:
+	    result = tiparm_s(0, mask, NS_0(format));
+	    break;
+	case 1:
+	    result = tiparm_s(1, mask, NS_1(format));
+	    break;
+	case 2:
+	    result = tiparm_s(2, mask, NS_2(format));
+	    break;
+	case 3:
+	    result = tiparm_s(3, mask, NS_3(format));
+	    break;
+	case 4:
+	    result = tiparm_s(4, mask, NS_4(format));
+	    break;
+	case 5:
+	    result = tiparm_s(5, mask, NS_5(format));
+	    break;
+	case 6:
+	    result = tiparm_s(6, mask, NS_6(format));
+	    break;
+	case 7:
+	    result = tiparm_s(7, mask, NS_7(format));
+	    break;
+	case 8:
+	    result = tiparm_s(8, mask, NS_8(format));
+	    break;
+	case 9:
+	    result = tiparm_s(9, mask, NS_9(format));
+	    break;
+	}
+    } else
+#endif
+#if HAVE_TIPARM
+    if (i_opt) {
+	switch (nparam) {
+	case 0:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_0(format));
+	    break;
+	case 1:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_1(format));
+	    break;
+	case 2:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_2(format));
+	    break;
+	case 3:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_3(format));
+	    break;
+	case 4:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_4(format));
+	    break;
+	case 5:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_5(format));
+	    break;
+	case 6:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_6(format));
+	    break;
+	case 7:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_7(format));
+	    break;
+	case 8:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_8(format));
+	    break;
+	case 9:
+	    result = tiparm(NS_9(format));
+	    break;
+	}
+    } else
+#endif
+	result = tparm(NS_9(format));
+    total_tests++;
+    if (result != NULL) {
+	tputs(result, 1, output_func);
+    } else {
+	total_fails++;
+    }
+    if (v_opt > 1) {
+	int n;
+	printf(".. %3d =", result != 0 ? (int) strlen(result) : -1);
+	for (n = 0; n < nparam; ++n) {
+	    if (use_strings[n]) {
+		if (number[n]) {
+		    printf(" \"%s\"", string[n]);
+		} else {
+		    printf("  ?");
+		}
+	    } else {
+		printf(" %2ld", number[n]);
+	    }
+	}
+	printf(" %s\n", name);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+usage(int ok)
+{
+    static const char *msg[] =
+    {
+	"Usage: test_tparm [options] [capability] [value1 [value2 [...]]]"
+	,""
+	,"Use tparm/tputs for all distinct combinations of given capability."
+	,""
+	,USAGE_COMMON
+	,"Options:"
+	," -T TERM  override $TERM; this may be a comma-separated list or \"-\""
+	,"          to read a list from standard-input"
+	," -a       test all combinations of parameters"
+	,"          [value1...] forms a vector of maximum parameter-values."
+#if HAVE_TIPARM
+	," -i       test tiparm rather than tparm"
+#endif
+	," -p       test capabilities with no parameters but having padding"
+	," -r NUM   repeat tests NUM times"
+#if HAVE_TIPARM_S
+	," -s       test tiparm_s rather than tparm"
+#endif
+	," -v       show values and results"
+    };
+    unsigned n;
+    for (n = 0; n < SIZEOF(msg); ++n) {
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg[n]);
+    }
+    ExitProgram(ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+#define PLURAL(n) n, (n != 1) ? "s" : ""
+#define COLONS(n) (n >= 1) ? ":" : ""
+
+#define NUMFORM "%10ld"
+/* *INDENT-OFF* */
+VERSION_COMMON()
+/* *INDENT-ON* */
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+    int ch;
+    int n;
+    int r_run, t_run, n_run;
+    char *old_term = getenv("TERM");
+    int r_opt = 1;
+    char *t_opt = 0;
+
+    int std_caps = 0;		/* predefine items in all_caps[] */
+    int len_caps = 0;		/* cur # of items in all_caps[] */
+    int max_caps = 10;		/* max # of items in all_caps[] */
+    char **all_caps = typeCalloc(char *, max_caps);
+
+    long all_parms[10];		/* workspace for "-a" option */
+
+    int len_terms = 0;		/* cur # of items in all_terms[] */
+    int max_terms = 10;		/* max # of items in all_terms[] */
+    char **all_terms = typeCalloc(char *, max_terms);
+
+    int use_caps;
+    int max_name = 10;		/* max # of items in cap_name[] */
+    int max_data = 10;		/* max # of items in cap_data[] */
+    char **cap_name;
+    char **cap_data;
+
+    int len_parms = 0;		/* cur # of items in num_parms[], str_parms[] */
+    int max_parms = argc + 10;	/* max # of items in num_parms[], str_parms[] */
+    int *num_parms = typeCalloc(int, max_parms);
+    char **str_parms = typeCalloc(char *, max_parms);
+    long use_parms = 1;
+
+    if (all_caps == 0 || all_terms == 0 || num_parms == 0 || str_parms == 0)
+	failed("no memory");
+
+    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, OPTS_COMMON "T:aipr:sv")) != -1) {
+	switch (ch) {
+	case 'T':
+	    t_opt = optarg;
+	    break;
+	case 'a':
+	    ++a_opt;
+	    break;
+#if HAVE_TIPARM
+	case 'i':
+	    ++i_opt;
+	    break;
+#endif
+	case 'p':
+	    ++p_opt;
+	    break;
+	case 'r':
+	    r_opt = atoi(optarg);
+	    break;
+#if HAVE_TIPARM_S
+	case 's':
+	    ++s_opt;
+	    break;
+#endif
+	case 'v':
+	    ++v_opt;
+	    break;
+	case OPTS_VERSION:
+	    show_version(argv);
+	    ExitProgram(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+	default:
+	    usage(ch == OPTS_USAGE);
+	    /* NOTREACHED */
+	}
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If there is a nonnumeric parameter after the options, use that as the
+     * capability name.
+     */
+    if (optind < argc) {
+	if (!isNumeric(argv[optind])) {
+	    all_caps[len_caps++] = strdup(argv[optind++]);
+	}
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Any remaining arguments must be possible parameter values.  If numeric,
+     * and "-a" is not set, use those as the actual values for which the
+     * capabilities are tested.
+     */
+    while (optind < argc) {
+	if (isNumeric(argv[optind])) {
+	    char *dummy = 0;
+	    long value = strtol(argv[optind], &dummy, 0);
+	    num_parms[len_parms] = (int) value;
+	}
+	str_parms[len_parms] = argv[optind];
+	++optind;
+	++len_parms;
+    }
+    for (n = len_parms; n < max_parms; ++n) {
+	static char dummy[1];
+	str_parms[n] = dummy;
+    }
+    if (v_opt) {
+	printf("%d parameter%s%s\n", PLURAL(len_parms), COLONS(len_parms));
+	if (v_opt > 3) {
+	    for (n = 0; n < len_parms; ++n) {
+		printf(" %d: %d (%s)\n", n + 1, num_parms[n], str_parms[n]);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Make a list of values for $TERM.  Accept "-" for standard input to
+     * simplify scripting a check of the whole database.
+     */
+    old_term = strdup((old_term == 0) ? "unknown" : old_term);
+    if (t_opt != 0) {
+	if (!strcmp(t_opt, "-")) {
+	    char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+	    while (fgets(buffer, sizeof(buffer) - 1, stdin) != 0) {
+		char *s = buffer;
+		char *t;
+		while (isspace(UChar(s[0])))
+		    ++s;
+		t = s + strlen(s);
+		while (t != s && isspace(UChar(t[-1])))
+		    *--t = '\0';
+		s = strdup(s);
+		if (len_terms + 2 >= max_terms) {
+		    max_terms *= 2;
+		    all_terms = typeRealloc(char *, max_terms, all_terms);
+		    if (all_terms == 0)
+			failed("no memory: all_terms");
+		}
+		all_terms[len_terms++] = s;
+	    }
+	} else {
+	    char *s = t_opt;
+	    char *t;
+	    while ((t = strtok(s, ",")) != 0) {
+		s = 0;
+		if (len_terms + 2 >= max_terms) {
+		    max_terms *= 2;
+		    all_terms = typeRealloc(char *, max_terms, all_terms);
+		    if (all_terms == 0)
+			failed("no memory: all_terms");
+		}
+		all_terms[len_terms++] = strdup(t);
+	    }
+	}
+    } else {
+	all_terms[len_terms++] = strdup(old_term);
+    }
+    all_terms[len_terms] = 0;
+    if (v_opt) {
+	printf("%d term%s:\n", PLURAL(len_terms));
+	if (v_opt > 3) {
+	    for (n = 0; n < len_terms; ++n) {
+		printf(" %d: %s\n", n + 1, all_terms[n]);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * If no capability name was selected, use the predefined list of string
+     * capabilities.
+     *
+     * TODO: To address the "other" systems which do not follow SVr4,
+     * just use the output from infocmp on $TERM.
+     */
+    if (len_caps == 0) {
+#if defined(HAVE_CURSES_DATA_BOOLNAMES) || defined(DECL_CURSES_DATA_BOOLNAMES)
+	for (n = 0; strnames[n] != 0; ++n) {
+	    GrowArray(all_caps, max_caps, len_caps);
+	    all_caps[len_caps++] = strdup(strnames[n]);
+	}
+#else
+	all_caps[len_caps++] = strdup("cup");
+	all_caps[len_caps++] = strdup("sgr");
+#endif
+    }
+    std_caps = len_caps;
+    all_caps[len_caps] = 0;
+    if (v_opt) {
+	printf("%d name%s%s\n", PLURAL(len_caps), COLONS(len_caps));
+	if (v_opt > 3) {
+	    for (n = 0; n < len_caps; ++n) {
+		printf(" %d: %s\n", n + 1, all_caps[n]);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    cap_name = typeMalloc(char *, (max_name = 1 + len_caps));
+    cap_data = typeMalloc(char *, (max_data = 1 + len_caps));
+
+    if (r_opt <= 0)
+	r_opt = 1;
+
+    if (a_opt) {
+	for (n = 0; n < max_parms; ++n)
+	    if (num_parms[n])
+		use_parms *= (num_parms[n] + 1);
+    }
+
+    for (r_run = 0; r_run < r_opt; ++r_run) {
+	for (t_run = 0; t_run < len_terms; ++t_run) {
+	    int errs;
+
+	    if (setupterm(all_terms[t_run], fileno(stdout), &errs) != OK) {
+		printf("** skipping %s (errs:%d)\n", all_terms[t_run], errs);
+	    }
+#if NCURSES_XNAMES
+	    len_caps = std_caps;
+	    if (cur_term) {
+		TERMTYPE *term = (TERMTYPE *) cur_term;
+		for (n = STRCOUNT; n < NUM_STRINGS(term); ++n) {
+		    GrowArray(all_caps, max_caps, len_caps);
+		    GrowArray(cap_name, max_name, len_caps);
+		    GrowArray(cap_data, max_data, len_caps);
+		    all_caps[len_caps++] = strdup(ExtStrname(term, (int) n, strnames));
+		}
+	    }
+#else
+	    (void) std_caps;
+#endif
+
+	    /*
+	     * Most of the capabilities have no parameters, e.g., they are
+	     * function-keys or simple operations such as clear-display.
+	     * Ignore those, since they do not really exercise tparm.
+	     */
+	    use_caps = 0;
+	    for (n = 0; n < len_caps; ++n) {
+		char *value = tigetstr(all_caps[n]);
+		if (relevant(all_caps[n], value)) {
+		    cap_name[use_caps] = all_caps[n];
+		    cap_data[use_caps] = value;
+		    use_caps++;
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    if (v_opt) {
+		printf("[%d:%d] %d paramerized cap%s * %ld test-case%s \"%s\"\n",
+		       r_run + 1, r_opt,
+		       PLURAL(use_caps),
+		       PLURAL(use_parms),
+		       all_terms[t_run]);
+	    }
+
+	    memset(all_parms, 0, sizeof(all_parms));
+	    if (a_opt) {
+		/* for each combination of values */
+		do {
+		    for (n_run = 0; n_run < use_caps; ++n_run) {
+			test_tparm(cap_name[n_run],
+				   cap_data[n_run],
+				   all_parms,
+				   str_parms);
+		    }
+		}
+		while (increment(all_parms, num_parms, len_parms, 0));
+	    } else {
+		/* for the given values */
+		for (n_run = 0; n_run < use_caps; ++n_run) {
+		    test_tparm(cap_name[n_run],
+			       cap_data[n_run],
+			       all_parms,
+			       str_parms);
+		}
+	    }
+#if NCURSES_XNAMES
+	    for (n = std_caps; n < len_caps; ++n) {
+		free(all_caps[n]);
+	    }
+#endif
+	    if (cur_term != 0) {
+		del_curterm(cur_term);
+	    } else {
+		printf("? no cur_term\n");
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    printf("Tests:\n");
+    printf(NUMFORM " total\n", total_tests);
+    if (total_fails)
+	printf(NUMFORM " failed\n", total_fails);
+    printf("Characters:\n");
+    printf(NUMFORM " nulls\n", total_nulls);
+    printf(NUMFORM " controls\n", total_ctrls);
+    printf(NUMFORM " printable\n", total_print);
+    printf(NUMFORM " total\n", total_nulls + total_ctrls + total_print);
+#if NO_LEAKS
+    for (n = 0; n < std_caps; ++n) {
+	free(all_caps[n]);
+    }
+    free(all_caps);
+    free(old_term);
+    for (n = 0; n < len_terms; ++n) {
+	free(all_terms[n]);
+    }
+    free(all_terms);
+    free(num_parms);
+    free(str_parms);
+    free(cap_name);
+    free(cap_data);
+#endif
+
+    ExitProgram(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+#else /* !HAVE_TIGETSTR */
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    failed("This program requires the terminfo functions such as tigetstr");
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_TIGETSTR */