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+.\"***************************************************************************
+.\" Copyright 2018-2023,2024 Thomas E. Dickey                                *
+.\" Copyright 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.                            *
+.\"                                                                          *
+.\" Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a  *
+.\" copy of this software and associated documentation files (the            *
+.\" "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including      *
+.\" without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,      *
+.\" distribute, distribute with modifications, sublicense, and/or sell       *
+.\" copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is    *
+.\" furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:                 *
+.\"                                                                          *
+.\" The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included  *
+.\" in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.                   *
+.\"                                                                          *
+.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS  *
+.\" OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF               *
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.   *
+.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,   *
+.\" DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR    *
+.\" OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR    *
+.\" THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.                               *
+.\"                                                                          *
+.\" Except as contained in this notice, the name(s) of the above copyright   *
+.\" holders shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the     *
+.\" sale, use or other dealings in this Software without prior written       *
+.\" authorization.                                                           *
+.\"***************************************************************************
+.\"
+.\" $Id: scr_dump.5,v 1.46 2024/03/23 20:42:29 tom Exp $
+.TH scr_dump 5 2024-03-23 "ncurses @NCURSES_MAJOR@.@NCURSES_MINOR@" "File formats"
+.ie \n(.g \{\
+.ds `` \(lq
+.ds '' \(rq
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.ie t .ds `` ``
+.el   .ds `` ""
+.ie t .ds '' ''
+.el   .ds '' ""
+.\}
+.
+.de bP
+.ie n  .IP \(bu 4
+.el    .IP \(bu 2
+..
+.SH NAME
+scr_dump \-
+\fIcurses\fR screen dump
+.\"SH SYNOPSIS
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The curses library provides applications with the ability to write the
+contents of a window to an external file using \fBscr_dump\fP or \fBputwin\fP,
+and read it back using \fBscr_restore\fP or \fBgetwin\fP.
+.PP
+The \fBputwin\fP and \fBgetwin\fP functions do the work;
+while \fBscr_dump\fP and \fBscr_restore\fP conveniently save and restore
+the whole screen, i.e., \fBstdscr\fP.
+.SS ncurses6
+A longstanding implementation of screen-dump was
+revised with ncurses6 to remedy problems with the earlier approach:
+.IP \(bu 4
+A \*(``magic number\*('' is written to the beginning of the dump file,
+allowing applications (such as \fBfile\fP(1)) to recognize curses dump files.
+.IP
+Because ncurses6 uses a new format,
+that requires a new magic number
+was unused by other applications.
+This 16-bit number was unused:
+.RS 4
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+0x8888 (octal \*(``\e210\e210\*('')
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+but to be more certain, this 32-bit number was chosen:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+0x88888888 (octal \*(``\e210\e210\e210\e210\*('')
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+This is the pattern submitted to the maintainers of the \fBfile\fP program:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+#
+# ncurses5 (and before) did not use a magic number,
+# making screen dumps "data".
+#
+# ncurses6 (2015) uses this format, ignoring byte-order
+0    string    \e210\e210\e210\e210ncurses    ncurses6 screen image
+#
+.EE
+.RE
+.RE
+.bP
+The screen dumps are written in textual form,
+so that internal data sizes are not directly related to the dump-format, and
+enabling the library to read dumps from either narrow- or wide-character-
+configurations.
+.IP
+The \fInarrow\fP library configuration holds characters and video attributes
+in a 32-bit \fBchtype\fP, while the \fIwide-character\fP library stores
+this information in the \fBcchar_t\fP structure, which is much larger than
+32-bits.
+.bP
+It is possible to read a screen dump into a terminal with a different
+screen-size,
+because the library truncates or fills the screen as necessary.
+.bP
+The ncurses6 \fBgetwin\fP reads the legacy screen dumps from ncurses5.
+.SS "ncurses5 (Legacy)"
+The screen-dump feature was added to \fI\%ncurses\fP in June 1995.
+While there were fixes and improvements in succeeding years,
+the basic scheme was unchanged:
+.bP
+The \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure was written in binary form.
+.bP
+The \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure refers to lines of data,
+which were written as an array of binary data following the \fI\%WINDOW\fP.
+.bP
+When \fBgetwin\fP restored the window,
+it would keep track of offsets into the array of line-data
+and adjust the \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure which was read back into memory.
+.PP
+This is similar to Unix System\ V,
+but does not write a \*(``magic number\*('' to identify the file format.
+.SH PORTABILITY
+There is no standard format for
+.I curses
+screen dumps.
+A brief survey of the existing implementations follows.
+.SS "X/Open Curses"
+X/Open Curses, Issue 7 specifies little.
+It says
+(boldface emphasis added)
+.RS 3
+.PP
+\*(``[t]he \fI\%getwin()\fP function reads window-related data stored in
+the file by \fI\%putwin()\fP.
+The function then creates and initializes a new window using that data.
+.PP
+The \fI\%putwin()\fP function writes all data associated with \fIwin\fP
+into the \fI\%stdio\fP stream to which \fIfilep\fP points,
+using an \fBunspecified format\fP.
+This information can be retrieved later using \fI\%getwin()\fP.\*(''
+.RE
+.PP
+In the mid-1990s when the X/Open Curses document was written,
+there were still System\ V systems using older,
+less capable
+.I curses
+libraries.
+BSD
+.I curses
+was not relevant to X/Open because it did not meet the criteria
+for base-level conformance;
+see \fB\%ncurses\fP(3X).
+.SS "System V"
+System\ V
+.I curses
+identified the file format by writing a \*(``magic number\*('' at the
+beginning of the dump.
+The \fI\%WINDOW\fP data and the lines of text follow, all in binary form.
+.PP
+Solaris
+.I curses
+has the following definitions.
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+/* terminfo magic number */
+#define MAGNUM  0432
+
+/* curses screen dump magic number */
+#define SVR2_DUMP_MAGIC_NUMBER  0433
+#define SVR3_DUMP_MAGIC_NUMBER  0434
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+That is, the feature was likely introduced in SVr2 (1984),
+and improved in SVr3 (1987).
+Solaris
+.I curses
+has no magic number for SVr4 (1989).
+Other System\ V operating systems
+(AIX and HP-UX)
+use a magic number that would correspond to the following.
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+/* curses screen dump magic number */
+#define SVR4_DUMP_MAGIC_NUMBER  0435
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+That octal number in bytes is 001, 035.
+Because most Unix vendors at the time used big-endian hardware,
+the magic number is written with the high-order byte first.
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+\e001\e035
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+After the magic number,
+the \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure and line data are written in binary format.
+While the magic number used by these systems can be observed with
+\fIod\fP(1),
+none of them documents the format used for screen dumps.
+.PP
+Nor do they use an identical format,
+even with the System\ V family.
+The
+.I \%ncurses
+.I \%savescreen
+test program was used to collect information for this manual page.
+It produced dumps of different size
+(all on 64-bit hardware,
+on 40x80 screens):
+.bP
+AIX (51817 bytes)
+.bP
+HP-UX (90093 bytes)
+.bP
+Solaris 10 (13273 bytes)
+.bP
+\fI\%ncurses\fP5 (12888 bytes)
+.SS Solaris
+As noted above,
+Solaris
+.I curses
+has no magic number corresponding to SVr4
+.IR curses .
+This is odd,
+since Solaris was the first operating system to meet the SVr4
+guidelines.
+Solaris furthermore supplies two versions of
+.IR curses .
+.bP
+The default
+.I curses
+library uses the SVr3 magic number.
+.bP
+An alternate
+.I curses
+library
+(which we term
+.I \%xcurses),
+available in
+.IR /usr/xpg4 ,
+uses a textual format with no magic number.
+.IP
+According to its copyright notice,
+this
+.I \%xcurses
+library was developed by MKS
+(Mortice Kern Systems) from 1990 to 1995.
+.IP
+Like ncurses6,
+it includes a header with parameters.
+Unlike ncurses6,
+the contents of the window are written piecemeal,
+with coordinates and attributes for each chunk of text rather than
+writing the whole window from top to bottom.
+.SS PDCurses
+.I \%PDCurses
+added support for screen dumps in version 2.7 (2005).
+Like System\ V and ncurses5,
+it writes the \fI\%WINDOW\fP structure in binary,
+but begins the file with its three-byte identifier \*(``PDC\*('',
+followed by a single-byte version number.
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+	\*(``PDC\e001\*(''
+.EE
+.RE
+.SS NetBSD
+As of April 2017,
+NetBSD
+.I curses
+does not support \fB\%scr_dump\fP and \fB\%scr_restore\fP
+(or \fB\%scr_init\fP,
+\fB\%scr_set\fP),
+although it has \fB\%putwin\fP and \fB\%getwin\fP.
+.PP
+Like ncurses5,
+NetBSD \fB\%putwin\fP does not identify its dumps with a useful magic
+number.
+It writes
+.bP
+the
+.I curses
+shared library major and minor versions as the first two bytes
+(for example,
+7 and 1),
+.bP
+followed by a binary dump of the \fI\%WINDOW\fP,
+.bP
+some data for wide characters referenced by the \fI\%WINDOW\fP
+structure,
+and
+.bP
+finally,
+lines as done by other implementations.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+Given a simple program which writes text to the screen
+(and for the sake of example, limiting the screen-size to 10x20):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+#include <curses.h>
+
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    putenv("LINES=10");
+    putenv("COLUMNS=20");
+    initscr();
+    start_color();
+    init_pair(1, COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLUE);
+    init_pair(2, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK);
+    bkgd(COLOR_PAIR(1));
+    move(4, 5);
+    attron(A_BOLD);
+    addstr("Hello");
+    move(5, 5);
+    attroff(A_BOLD);
+    attrset(A_REVERSE | COLOR_PAIR(2));
+    addstr("World!");
+    refresh();
+    scr_dump("foo.out");
+    endwin();
+    return 0;
+}
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+When run using ncurses6, the output looks like this:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+\e210\e210\e210\e210ncurses 6.0.20170415
+_cury=5
+_curx=11
+_maxy=9
+_maxx=19
+_flags=14
+_attrs=\e{REVERSE|C2}
+flag=_idcok
+_delay=-1
+_regbottom=9
+_bkgrnd=\e{NORMAL|C1}\es
+rows:
+1:\e{NORMAL|C1}\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+2:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+3:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+4:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+5:\es\es\es\es\es\e{BOLD}Hello\e{NORMAL}\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+6:\es\es\es\es\es\e{REVERSE|C2}World!\e{NORMAL|C1}\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+7:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+8:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+9:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+10:\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es\es
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+The first four octal escapes are actually nonprinting characters,
+while the remainder of the file is printable text.
+You may notice:
+.bP
+The actual color pair values are not written to the file.
+.bP
+All characters are shown in printable form; spaces are \*(``\es\*('' to
+ensure they are not overlooked.
+.bP
+Attributes are written in escaped curly braces, e.g., \*(``\e{BOLD}\*('',
+and may include a color pair (C1 or C2 in this example).
+.bP
+The parameters in the header are written out only if they are nonzero.
+When reading back, order does not matter.
+.ne 10
+.PP
+Running the same program with Solaris \fIxpg4\fP curses gives this dump:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+MAX=10,20
+BEG=0,0
+SCROLL=0,10
+VMIN=1
+VTIME=0
+FLAGS=0x1000
+FG=0,0
+BG=0,0,
+0,0,0,1,
+0,19,0,0,
+1,0,0,1,
+1,19,0,0,
+2,0,0,1,
+2,19,0,0,
+3,0,0,1,
+3,19,0,0,
+4,0,0,1,
+4,5,0x20,0,Hello
+4,10,0,1,
+4,19,0,0,
+5,0,0,1,
+5,5,0x4,2,World!
+5,11,0,1,
+5,19,0,0,
+6,0,0,1,
+6,19,0,0,
+7,0,0,1,
+7,19,0,0,
+8,0,0,1,
+8,19,0,0,
+9,0,0,1,
+9,19,0,0,
+CUR=11,5
+.EE
+.RE
+.PP
+Solaris \fBgetwin\fP requires that all parameters are present, and
+in the same order.
+The \fIxpg4\fP curses library does not know about the \fBbce\fP
+(back color erase) capability, and does not color the window background.
+.ne 10
+.PP
+On the other hand, the SVr4 curses library does know about the background color.
+However, its screen dumps are in binary.
+Here is the corresponding dump (using \*(``od \-t x1\*(''):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+.EX
+0000000 1c 01 c3 d6 f3 58 05 00 0b 00 0a 00 14 00 00 00
+0000020 00 00 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+0000040 00 00 b8 1a 06 08 cc 1a 06 08 00 00 09 00 10 00
+0000060 00 00 00 80 00 00 20 00 00 00 ff ff ff ff 00 00
+0000100 ff ff ff ff 00 00 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00
+0000120 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00
+*
+0000620 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 48 80 00 04
+0000640 65 80 00 04 6c 80 00 04 6c 80 00 04 6f 80 00 04
+0000660 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00
+*
+0000740 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 57 00 81 00
+0000760 6f 00 81 00 72 00 81 00 6c 00 81 00 64 00 81 00
+0001000 21 00 81 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00
+0001020 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00
+*
+0001540 20 80 00 00 20 80 00 00 00 00 f6 d1 01 00 f6 d1
+0001560 08 00 00 00 40 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 07
+0001600 00 04 00 01 00 01 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00
+0001620 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+*
+0002371
+.EE
+.RE
+.SH AUTHORS
+Thomas E. Dickey
+.br
+extended screen-dump format for \fI\%ncurses\fP 6.0 (2015)
+.sp
+Eric S. Raymond
+.br
+screen dump feature in \fI\%ncurses\fP 1.9.2d (1995)
+.SH SEE ALSO
+\fB\%curs_scr_dump\fP(3X),
+\fB\%curs_util\fP(3X)