diff --git a/android/allowlists/allowlists.go b/android/allowlists/allowlists.go
index 26cfd57..28dc8b4 100644
--- a/android/allowlists/allowlists.go
+++ b/android/allowlists/allowlists.go
@@ -104,12 +104,14 @@
 		"external/google-benchmark":                          Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/googletest":                                Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/gwp_asan":                                  Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
+		"external/hamcrest":                                  Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/icu":                                       Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/icu/android_icu4j":                         Bp2BuildDefaultFalse, // java rules incomplete
 		"external/icu/icu4j":                                 Bp2BuildDefaultFalse, // java rules incomplete
 		"external/javapoet":                                  Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/jemalloc_new":                              Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/jsoncpp":                                   Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
+		"external/junit":                                     Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/libcap":                                    Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/libcxx":                                    Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/libcxxabi":                                 Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
@@ -122,6 +124,7 @@
 		"external/pcre":                                      Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/protobuf":                                  Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/python/six":                                Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
+		"external/rappor":                                    Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/scudo":                                     Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/selinux/libselinux":                        Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
 		"external/selinux/libsepol":                          Bp2BuildDefaultTrueRecursively,
diff --git a/android/apex.go b/android/apex.go
index b127f74..555cbb5 100644
--- a/android/apex.go
+++ b/android/apex.go
@@ -58,9 +58,6 @@
 	// to true.
 	UsePlatformApis bool
 
-	// The list of SDK modules that the containing apexBundle depends on.
-	RequiredSdks SdkRefs
-
 	// List of Apex variant names that this module is associated with. This initially is the
 	// same as the `ApexVariationName` field.  Then when multiple apex variants are merged in
 	// mergeApexVariations, ApexInfo struct of the merged variant holds the list of apexBundles
@@ -110,9 +107,6 @@
 // thus wouldn't be merged.
 func (i ApexInfo) mergedName(ctx PathContext) string {
 	name := "apex" + strconv.Itoa(i.MinSdkVersion.FinalOrFutureInt())
-	for _, sdk := range i.RequiredSdks {
-		name += "_" + sdk.Name + "_" + sdk.Version
-	}
 	return name
 }
 
@@ -850,30 +844,13 @@
 	}
 	return list
 }(map[string]int{
-	"android.net.ipsec.ike":                                    30,
-	"androidx.annotation_annotation-nodeps":                    29,
-	"androidx.arch.core_core-common-nodeps":                    29,
-	"androidx.collection_collection-nodeps":                    29,
-	"androidx.collection_collection-ktx-nodeps":                30,
-	"androidx.concurrent_concurrent-futures-nodeps":            30,
-	"androidx.lifecycle_lifecycle-common-java8-nodeps":         30,
-	"androidx.lifecycle_lifecycle-common-nodeps":               29,
-	"androidx.room_room-common-nodeps":                         30,
 	"androidx-constraintlayout_constraintlayout-solver-nodeps": 29,
 	"apache-commons-compress":                                  29,
 	"bouncycastle_ike_digests":                                 30,
 	"brotli-java":                                              29,
-	"captiveportal-lib":                                        28,
-	"error_prone_annotations":                                  30,
 	"flatbuffer_headers":                                       30,
-	"framework-permission":                                     30,
 	"gemmlowp_headers":                                         30,
-	"guava-listenablefuture-prebuilt-jar":                      30,
 	"ike-internals":                                            30,
-	"kotlinx-coroutines-android":                               28,
-	"kotlinx-coroutines-android-nodeps":                        30,
-	"kotlinx-coroutines-core":                                  28,
-	"kotlinx-coroutines-core-nodeps":                           30,
 	"libbrotli":                                                30,
 	"libcrypto_static":                                         30,
 	"libeigen":                                                 30,
@@ -888,14 +865,11 @@
 	"libtextclassifier_hash_headers":                           30,
 	"libtextclassifier_hash_static":                            30,
 	"libtflite_kernel_utils":                                   30,
-	"libwatchdog":                                              29,
 	"libzstd":                                                  30,
-	"metrics-constants-protos":                                 28,
 	"net-utils-framework-common":                               29,
 	"permissioncontroller-statsd":                              28,
 	"philox_random_headers":                                    30,
 	"philox_random":                                            30,
-	"service-permission":                                       30,
 	"tensorflow_headers":                                       30,
 	"xz-java":                                                  29,
 })
diff --git a/android/apex_test.go b/android/apex_test.go
index 1e2f3bd..0bf4c9c 100644
--- a/android/apex_test.go
+++ b/android/apex_test.go
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
 		{
 			name: "single",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
 				{"foo", "apex10000"},
@@ -45,25 +45,25 @@
 		{
 			name: "merge",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "1"}}, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "1"}}, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000_baz_1", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "1"}}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, false}},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, false}},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
-				{"bar", "apex10000_baz_1"},
-				{"foo", "apex10000_baz_1"},
+				{"bar", "apex10000"},
+				{"foo", "apex10000"},
 			},
 		},
 		{
 			name: "don't merge version",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", uncheckedFinalApiLevel(30), false, false, nil, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"bar", uncheckedFinalApiLevel(30), false, false, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex30", uncheckedFinalApiLevel(30), false, false, nil, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex30", uncheckedFinalApiLevel(30), false, false, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
 				{"bar", "apex30"},
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@
 		{
 			name: "merge updatable",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, true, false, nil, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, true, false, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, true, false, nil, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, true, false, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
 				{"bar", "apex10000"},
@@ -85,32 +85,17 @@
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			name: "don't merge sdks",
-			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "1"}}, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "2"}}, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-			},
-			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000_baz_2", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "2"}}, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"apex10000_baz_1", FutureApiLevel, false, false, SdkRefs{{"baz", "1"}}, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-			},
-			wantAliases: [][2]string{
-				{"bar", "apex10000_baz_2"},
-				{"foo", "apex10000_baz_1"},
-			},
-		},
-		{
 			name: "don't merge when for prebuilt_apex",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, true, false, nil, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, true, false, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 				// This one should not be merged in with the others because it is for
 				// a prebuilt_apex.
-				{"baz", FutureApiLevel, true, false, nil, []string{"baz"}, []string{"baz"}, nil, ForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"baz", FutureApiLevel, true, false, []string{"baz"}, []string{"baz"}, nil, ForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, true, false, nil, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"baz", FutureApiLevel, true, false, nil, []string{"baz"}, []string{"baz"}, nil, ForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, true, false, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"baz", FutureApiLevel, true, false, []string{"baz"}, []string{"baz"}, nil, ForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
 				{"bar", "apex10000"},
@@ -120,11 +105,11 @@
 		{
 			name: "merge different UsePlatformApis but don't allow using platform api",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, true, nil, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, true, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, nil, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, false, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
 				{"bar", "apex10000"},
@@ -134,11 +119,11 @@
 		{
 			name: "merge same UsePlatformApis and allow using platform api",
 			in: []ApexInfo{
-				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, true, nil, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
-				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, true, nil, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"foo", FutureApiLevel, false, true, []string{"foo"}, []string{"foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"bar", FutureApiLevel, false, true, []string{"bar"}, []string{"bar"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantMerged: []ApexInfo{
-				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, true, nil, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
+				{"apex10000", FutureApiLevel, false, true, []string{"bar", "foo"}, []string{"bar", "foo"}, nil, NotForPrebuiltApex},
 			},
 			wantAliases: [][2]string{
 				{"bar", "apex10000"},
diff --git a/android/api_levels.go b/android/api_levels.go
index aa55aa1..8163894 100644
--- a/android/api_levels.go
+++ b/android/api_levels.go
@@ -54,14 +54,6 @@
 	isPreview bool
 }
 
-func (this ApiLevel) FinalInt() int {
-	if this.IsPreview() {
-		panic("Requested a final int from a non-final ApiLevel")
-	} else {
-		return this.number
-	}
-}
-
 func (this ApiLevel) FinalOrFutureInt() int {
 	if this.IsPreview() {
 		return FutureApiLevelInt
diff --git a/android/bazel.go b/android/bazel.go
index 4ef8d78..67002ec 100644
--- a/android/bazel.go
+++ b/android/bazel.go
@@ -338,9 +338,19 @@
 	return false
 }
 
-// MixedBuildsEnabled checks that a module is ready to be replaced by a
+// MixedBuildsEnabled returns true if a module is ready to be replaced by a
+// converted or handcrafted Bazel target. As a side effect, calling this
+// method will also log whether this module is mixed build enabled for
+// metrics reporting.
+func MixedBuildsEnabled(ctx ModuleContext) bool {
+	mixedBuildEnabled := mixedBuildPossible(ctx)
+	ctx.Config().LogMixedBuild(ctx, mixedBuildEnabled)
+	return mixedBuildEnabled
+}
+
+// mixedBuildPossible returns true if a module is ready to be replaced by a
 // converted or handcrafted Bazel target.
-func (b *BazelModuleBase) MixedBuildsEnabled(ctx ModuleContext) bool {
+func mixedBuildPossible(ctx ModuleContext) bool {
 	if ctx.Os() == Windows {
 		// Windows toolchains are not currently supported.
 		return false
diff --git a/android/bazel_handler.go b/android/bazel_handler.go
index 6b2be69..fa26fc8 100644
--- a/android/bazel_handler.go
+++ b/android/bazel_handler.go
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 
 	"android/soong/bazel/cquery"
 	"android/soong/shared"
+	"github.com/google/blueprint"
 
 	"android/soong/bazel"
 )
@@ -101,6 +102,9 @@
 
 	// Returns build statements which should get registered to reflect Bazel's outputs.
 	BuildStatementsToRegister() []bazel.BuildStatement
+
+	// Returns the depsets defined in Bazel's aquery response.
+	AqueryDepsets() []bazel.AqueryDepset
 }
 
 type bazelRunner interface {
@@ -128,6 +132,9 @@
 
 	// Build statements which should get registered to reflect Bazel's outputs.
 	buildStatements []bazel.BuildStatement
+
+	// Depsets which should be used for Bazel's build statements.
+	depsets []bazel.AqueryDepset
 }
 
 var _ BazelContext = &bazelContext{}
@@ -175,6 +182,10 @@
 	return []bazel.BuildStatement{}
 }
 
+func (m MockBazelContext) AqueryDepsets() []bazel.AqueryDepset {
+	return []bazel.AqueryDepset{}
+}
+
 var _ BazelContext = MockBazelContext{}
 
 func (bazelCtx *bazelContext) GetOutputFiles(label string, cfgKey configKey) ([]string, bool) {
@@ -236,6 +247,10 @@
 	return []bazel.BuildStatement{}
 }
 
+func (m noopBazelContext) AqueryDepsets() []bazel.AqueryDepset {
+	return []bazel.AqueryDepset{}
+}
+
 func NewBazelContext(c *config) (BazelContext, error) {
 	// TODO(cparsons): Assess USE_BAZEL=1 instead once "mixed Soong/Bazel builds"
 	// are production ready.
@@ -746,7 +761,7 @@
 		return err
 	}
 
-	context.buildStatements, err = bazel.AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(aqueryOutput))
+	context.buildStatements, context.depsets, err = bazel.AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(aqueryOutput))
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -772,6 +787,10 @@
 	return context.buildStatements
 }
 
+func (context *bazelContext) AqueryDepsets() []bazel.AqueryDepset {
+	return context.depsets
+}
+
 func (context *bazelContext) OutputBase() string {
 	return context.paths.outputBase
 }
@@ -804,6 +823,23 @@
 		ctx.AddNinjaFileDeps(file)
 	}
 
+	for _, depset := range ctx.Config().BazelContext.AqueryDepsets() {
+		var outputs []Path
+		for _, depsetDepId := range depset.TransitiveDepSetIds {
+			otherDepsetName := bazelDepsetName(depsetDepId)
+			outputs = append(outputs, PathForPhony(ctx, otherDepsetName))
+		}
+		for _, artifactPath := range depset.DirectArtifacts {
+			outputs = append(outputs, PathForBazelOut(ctx, artifactPath))
+		}
+		thisDepsetName := bazelDepsetName(depset.Id)
+		ctx.Build(pctx, BuildParams{
+			Rule:      blueprint.Phony,
+			Outputs:   []WritablePath{PathForPhony(ctx, thisDepsetName)},
+			Implicits: outputs,
+		})
+	}
+
 	// Register bazel-owned build statements (obtained from the aquery invocation).
 	for index, buildStatement := range ctx.Config().BazelContext.BuildStatementsToRegister() {
 		if len(buildStatement.Command) < 1 {
@@ -838,6 +874,10 @@
 		for _, inputPath := range buildStatement.InputPaths {
 			cmd.Implicit(PathForBazelOut(ctx, inputPath))
 		}
+		for _, inputDepsetId := range buildStatement.InputDepsetIds {
+			otherDepsetName := bazelDepsetName(inputDepsetId)
+			cmd.Implicit(PathForPhony(ctx, otherDepsetName))
+		}
 
 		if depfile := buildStatement.Depfile; depfile != nil {
 			cmd.ImplicitDepFile(PathForBazelOut(ctx, *depfile))
@@ -883,3 +923,7 @@
 		osType: ctx.Os(),
 	}
 }
+
+func bazelDepsetName(depsetId int) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("bazel_depset_%d", depsetId)
+}
diff --git a/android/config.go b/android/config.go
index 250c312..d695217 100644
--- a/android/config.go
+++ b/android/config.go
@@ -170,6 +170,10 @@
 	ninjaFileDepsSet sync.Map
 
 	OncePer
+
+	mixedBuildsLock           sync.Mutex
+	mixedBuildEnabledModules  map[string]struct{}
+	mixedBuildDisabledModules map[string]struct{}
 }
 
 type deviceConfig struct {
@@ -375,7 +379,9 @@
 		// passed to PathForSource or PathForModuleSrc.
 		TestAllowNonExistentPaths: true,
 
-		BazelContext: noopBazelContext{},
+		BazelContext:              noopBazelContext{},
+		mixedBuildDisabledModules: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		mixedBuildEnabledModules:  make(map[string]struct{}),
 	}
 	config.deviceConfig = &deviceConfig{
 		config: config,
@@ -466,8 +472,10 @@
 		runGoTests:        runGoTests,
 		multilibConflicts: make(map[ArchType]bool),
 
-		moduleListFile: moduleListFile,
-		fs:             pathtools.NewOsFs(absSrcDir),
+		moduleListFile:            moduleListFile,
+		fs:                        pathtools.NewOsFs(absSrcDir),
+		mixedBuildDisabledModules: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		mixedBuildEnabledModules:  make(map[string]struct{}),
 	}
 
 	config.deviceConfig = &deviceConfig{
@@ -1486,6 +1494,10 @@
 	return c.productVariables.MissingUsesLibraries
 }
 
+func (c *config) TargetMultitreeUpdateMeta() bool {
+	return c.productVariables.MultitreeUpdateMeta
+}
+
 func (c *deviceConfig) DeviceArch() string {
 	return String(c.config.productVariables.DeviceArch)
 }
@@ -2034,3 +2046,14 @@
 func (c *config) UseHostMusl() bool {
 	return Bool(c.productVariables.HostMusl)
 }
+
+func (c *config) LogMixedBuild(ctx ModuleContext, useBazel bool) {
+	moduleName := ctx.Module().Name()
+	c.mixedBuildsLock.Lock()
+	defer c.mixedBuildsLock.Unlock()
+	if useBazel {
+		c.mixedBuildEnabledModules[moduleName] = struct{}{}
+	} else {
+		c.mixedBuildDisabledModules[moduleName] = struct{}{}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/android/filegroup.go b/android/filegroup.go
index 50356d1..1bf5e07 100644
--- a/android/filegroup.go
+++ b/android/filegroup.go
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 }
 
 func (fg *fileGroup) maybeGenerateBazelBuildActions(ctx ModuleContext) {
-	if !fg.MixedBuildsEnabled(ctx) {
+	if !MixedBuildsEnabled(ctx) {
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/android/metrics.go b/android/metrics.go
index 9038bde..1580f82 100644
--- a/android/metrics.go
+++ b/android/metrics.go
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 import (
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"runtime"
+	"sort"
 
 	"github.com/google/blueprint/metrics"
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
@@ -78,6 +79,23 @@
 		}
 		metrics.Events = append(metrics.Events, &perfInfo)
 	}
+	mixedBuildsInfo := soong_metrics_proto.MixedBuildsInfo{}
+	mixedBuildEnabledModules := make([]string, 0, len(config.mixedBuildEnabledModules))
+	for module, _ := range config.mixedBuildEnabledModules {
+		mixedBuildEnabledModules = append(mixedBuildEnabledModules, module)
+	}
+
+	mixedBuildDisabledModules := make([]string, 0, len(config.mixedBuildDisabledModules))
+	for module, _ := range config.mixedBuildDisabledModules {
+		mixedBuildDisabledModules = append(mixedBuildDisabledModules, module)
+	}
+	// Sorted for deterministic output.
+	sort.Strings(mixedBuildEnabledModules)
+	sort.Strings(mixedBuildDisabledModules)
+
+	mixedBuildsInfo.MixedBuildEnabledModules = mixedBuildEnabledModules
+	mixedBuildsInfo.MixedBuildDisabledModules = mixedBuildDisabledModules
+	metrics.MixedBuildsInfo = &mixedBuildsInfo
 
 	return metrics
 }
diff --git a/android/paths.go b/android/paths.go
index e7829b9..e0e5ae5 100644
--- a/android/paths.go
+++ b/android/paths.go
@@ -1057,7 +1057,8 @@
 	}
 
 	// absolute path already checked by validateSafePath
-	if strings.HasPrefix(ret.String(), ctx.Config().soongOutDir) {
+	// special-case api surface gen files for now
+	if strings.HasPrefix(ret.String(), ctx.Config().soongOutDir) && !strings.Contains(ret.String(), ctx.Config().soongOutDir+"/.export") {
 		return ret, fmt.Errorf("source path %q is in output", ret.String())
 	}
 
@@ -1073,7 +1074,8 @@
 	}
 
 	// absolute path already checked by validatePath
-	if strings.HasPrefix(ret.String(), ctx.Config().soongOutDir) {
+	// special-case for now
+	if strings.HasPrefix(ret.String(), ctx.Config().soongOutDir) && !strings.Contains(ret.String(), ctx.Config().soongOutDir+"/.export") {
 		return ret, fmt.Errorf("source path %q is in output", ret.String())
 	}
 
diff --git a/android/sdk.go b/android/sdk.go
index 1d63d7a..3a56240 100644
--- a/android/sdk.go
+++ b/android/sdk.go
@@ -23,24 +23,8 @@
 	"github.com/google/blueprint/proptools"
 )
 
-// RequiredSdks provides access to the set of SDKs required by an APEX and its contents.
-//
-// Extracted from SdkAware to make it easier to define custom subsets of the
-// SdkAware interface and improve code navigation within the IDE.
-//
-// In addition to its use in SdkAware this interface must also be implemented by
-// APEX to specify the SDKs required by that module and its contents. e.g. APEX
-// is expected to implement RequiredSdks() by reading its own properties like
-// `uses_sdks`.
-type RequiredSdks interface {
-	// RequiredSdks returns the set of SDKs required by an APEX and its contents.
-	RequiredSdks() SdkRefs
-}
-
 // sdkAwareWithoutModule is provided simply to improve code navigation with the IDE.
 type sdkAwareWithoutModule interface {
-	RequiredSdks
-
 	// SdkMemberComponentName will return the name to use for a component of this module based on the
 	// base name of this module.
 	//
@@ -81,7 +65,6 @@
 
 	ContainingSdk() SdkRef
 	MemberName() string
-	BuildWithSdks(sdks SdkRefs)
 }
 
 // SdkAware is the interface that must be supported by any module to become a member of SDK or to be
@@ -150,9 +133,6 @@
 	// The SDK that this module is a member of. nil if it is not a member of any SDK
 	ContainingSdk *SdkRef `blueprint:"mutated"`
 
-	// The list of SDK names and versions that are used to build this module
-	RequiredSdks SdkRefs `blueprint:"mutated"`
-
 	// Name of the module that this sdk member is representing
 	Sdk_member_name *string
 }
@@ -208,16 +188,6 @@
 	return proptools.String(s.properties.Sdk_member_name)
 }
 
-// BuildWithSdks is used to mark that this module has to be built with the given SDK(s).
-func (s *SdkBase) BuildWithSdks(sdks SdkRefs) {
-	s.properties.RequiredSdks = sdks
-}
-
-// RequiredSdks returns the SDK(s) that this module has to be built with
-func (s *SdkBase) RequiredSdks() SdkRefs {
-	return s.properties.RequiredSdks
-}
-
 // InitSdkAwareModule initializes the SdkBase struct. This must be called by all modules including
 // SdkBase.
 func InitSdkAwareModule(m SdkAware) {
diff --git a/android/variable.go b/android/variable.go
index 373891a..90cb6ff 100644
--- a/android/variable.go
+++ b/android/variable.go
@@ -352,6 +352,8 @@
 	RecoverySnapshotDirsIncluded []string `json:",omitempty"`
 	HostFakeSnapshotEnabled      bool     `json:",omitempty"`
 
+	MultitreeUpdateMeta bool `json:",omitempty"`
+
 	BoardVendorSepolicyDirs           []string `json:",omitempty"`
 	BoardOdmSepolicyDirs              []string `json:",omitempty"`
 	BoardReqdMaskPolicy               []string `json:",omitempty"`
diff --git a/androidmk/parser/make_strings.go b/androidmk/parser/make_strings.go
index 8030326..416e430 100644
--- a/androidmk/parser/make_strings.go
+++ b/androidmk/parser/make_strings.go
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@
 
 func (ms *MakeString) EndsWith(ch rune) bool {
 	s := ms.Strings[len(ms.Strings)-1]
-	return s[len(s)-1] == uint8(ch)
+	return len(s) > 0 && s[len(s)-1] == uint8(ch)
 }
 
 func (ms *MakeString) ReplaceLiteral(input string, output string) {
diff --git a/androidmk/parser/make_strings_test.go b/androidmk/parser/make_strings_test.go
index fbb289b..e243ece 100644
--- a/androidmk/parser/make_strings_test.go
+++ b/androidmk/parser/make_strings_test.go
@@ -217,6 +217,36 @@
 	}
 }
 
+var endsWithTestCases = []struct {
+	in       *MakeString
+	endsWith rune
+	expected bool
+}{
+	{
+		in:       genMakeString("foo", "X", "bar ="),
+		endsWith: '=',
+		expected: true,
+	},
+	{
+		in:       genMakeString("foo", "X", "bar ="),
+		endsWith: ':',
+		expected: false,
+	},
+	{
+		in:       genMakeString("foo", "X", ""),
+		endsWith: '=',
+		expected: false,
+	},
+}
+
+func TestMakeStringEndsWith(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range endsWithTestCases {
+		if test.in.EndsWith(test.endsWith) != test.expected {
+			t.Errorf("with:\n%q\nexpected:\n%t\ngot:\n%t", test.in.Dump(), test.expected, !test.expected)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func dumpArray(a []*MakeString) string {
 	ret := make([]string, len(a))
 
diff --git a/apex/Android.bp b/apex/Android.bp
index 41224ec..d3417c2 100644
--- a/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/apex/Android.bp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
         "soong-cc",
         "soong-filesystem",
         "soong-java",
+        "soong-multitree",
         "soong-provenance",
         "soong-python",
         "soong-rust",
diff --git a/apex/apex.go b/apex/apex.go
index 76af1b8..73a3fc2 100644
--- a/apex/apex.go
+++ b/apex/apex.go
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 	prebuilt_etc "android/soong/etc"
 	"android/soong/filesystem"
 	"android/soong/java"
+	"android/soong/multitree"
 	"android/soong/python"
 	"android/soong/rust"
 	"android/soong/sh"
@@ -158,12 +159,6 @@
 	// or else conflicting build rules may be created.
 	Multi_install_skip_symbol_files *bool
 
-	// List of SDKs that are used to build this APEX. A reference to an SDK should be either
-	// `name#version` or `name` which is an alias for `name#current`. If left empty,
-	// `platform#current` is implied. This value affects all modules included in this APEX. In
-	// other words, they are also built with the SDKs specified here.
-	Uses_sdks []string
-
 	// The type of APEX to build. Controls what the APEX payload is. Either 'image', 'zip' or
 	// 'both'. When set to image, contents are stored in a filesystem image inside a zip
 	// container. When set to zip, contents are stored in a zip container directly. This type is
@@ -358,6 +353,7 @@
 	android.OverridableModuleBase
 	android.SdkBase
 	android.BazelModuleBase
+	multitree.ExportableModuleBase
 
 	// Properties
 	properties            apexBundleProperties
@@ -789,19 +785,6 @@
 	commonVariation := ctx.Config().AndroidCommonTarget.Variations()
 	ctx.AddFarVariationDependencies(commonVariation, fsTag, a.properties.Filesystems...)
 	ctx.AddFarVariationDependencies(commonVariation, compatConfigTag, a.properties.Compat_configs...)
-
-	// Marks that this APEX (in fact all the modules in it) has to be built with the given SDKs.
-	// This field currently isn't used.
-	// TODO(jiyong): consider dropping this feature
-	// TODO(jiyong): ensure that all apexes are with non-empty uses_sdks
-	if len(a.properties.Uses_sdks) > 0 {
-		sdkRefs := []android.SdkRef{}
-		for _, str := range a.properties.Uses_sdks {
-			parsed := android.ParseSdkRef(ctx, str, "uses_sdks")
-			sdkRefs = append(sdkRefs, parsed)
-		}
-		a.BuildWithSdks(sdkRefs)
-	}
 }
 
 // DepsMutator for the overridden properties.
@@ -966,7 +949,6 @@
 	apexInfo := android.ApexInfo{
 		ApexVariationName: apexVariationName,
 		MinSdkVersion:     minSdkVersion,
-		RequiredSdks:      a.RequiredSdks(),
 		Updatable:         a.Updatable(),
 		UsePlatformApis:   a.UsePlatformApis(),
 		InApexVariants:    []string{apexVariationName},
@@ -1359,6 +1341,21 @@
 	}
 }
 
+var _ multitree.Exportable = (*apexBundle)(nil)
+
+func (a *apexBundle) Exportable() bool {
+	if a.properties.ApexType == flattenedApex {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (a *apexBundle) TaggedOutputs() map[string]android.Paths {
+	ret := make(map[string]android.Paths)
+	ret["apex"] = android.Paths{a.outputFile}
+	return ret
+}
+
 var _ cc.Coverage = (*apexBundle)(nil)
 
 // Implements cc.Coverage
@@ -2372,6 +2369,7 @@
 	android.InitSdkAwareModule(module)
 	android.InitOverridableModule(module, &module.overridableProperties.Overrides)
 	android.InitBazelModule(module)
+	multitree.InitExportableModule(module)
 	return module
 }
 
@@ -3505,7 +3503,7 @@
 
 	props := bazel.BazelTargetModuleProperties{
 		Rule_class:        "apex",
-		Bzl_load_location: "//build/bazel/rules:apex.bzl",
+		Bzl_load_location: "//build/bazel/rules/apex:apex.bzl",
 	}
 
 	ctx.CreateBazelTargetModule(props, android.CommonAttributes{Name: a.Name()}, attrs)
diff --git a/apex/key.go b/apex/key.go
index 829410e..9c5bb05 100644
--- a/apex/key.go
+++ b/apex/key.go
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
 
 	props := bazel.BazelTargetModuleProperties{
 		Rule_class:        "apex_key",
-		Bzl_load_location: "//build/bazel/rules:apex_key.bzl",
+		Bzl_load_location: "//build/bazel/rules/apex:apex_key.bzl",
 	}
 
 	ctx.CreateBazelTargetModule(props, android.CommonAttributes{Name: module.Name()}, attrs)
diff --git a/bazel/aquery.go b/bazel/aquery.go
index fd8cf67..e05cbd6 100644
--- a/bazel/aquery.go
+++ b/bazel/aquery.go
@@ -43,6 +43,18 @@
 	Value string
 }
 
+// AqueryDepset is a depset definition from Bazel's aquery response. This is
+// akin to the `depSetOfFiles` in the response proto, except that direct
+// artifacts are enumerated by full path instead of by ID.
+// A depset is a data structure for efficient transitive handling of artifact
+// paths. A single depset consists of one or more artifact paths and one or
+// more "child" depsets.
+type AqueryDepset struct {
+	Id                  int
+	DirectArtifacts     []string
+	TransitiveDepSetIds []int
+}
+
 // depSetOfFiles contains relevant portions of Bazel's aquery proto, DepSetOfFiles.
 // Represents a data structure containing one or more files. Depsets in Bazel are an efficient
 // data structure for storing large numbers of file paths.
@@ -79,21 +91,21 @@
 	Command      string
 	Depfile      *string
 	OutputPaths  []string
-	InputPaths   []string
 	SymlinkPaths []string
 	Env          []KeyValuePair
 	Mnemonic     string
+
+	// Inputs of this build statement, either as unexpanded depsets or expanded
+	// input paths. There should be no overlap between these fields; an input
+	// path should either be included as part of an unexpanded depset or a raw
+	// input path string, but not both.
+	InputDepsetIds []int
+	InputPaths     []string
 }
 
 // A helper type for aquery processing which facilitates retrieval of path IDs from their
 // less readable Bazel structures (depset and path fragment).
 type aqueryArtifactHandler struct {
-	// Maps middleman artifact Id to input artifact depset ID.
-	// Middleman artifacts are treated as "substitute" artifacts for mixed builds. For example,
-	// if we find a middleman action which has outputs [foo, bar], and output [baz_middleman], then,
-	// for each other action which has input [baz_middleman], we add [foo, bar] to the inputs for
-	// that action instead.
-	middlemanIdToDepsetIds map[int][]int
 	// Maps depset Id to depset struct.
 	depsetIdToDepset map[int]depSetOfFiles
 	// depsetIdToArtifactIdsCache is a memoization of depset flattening, because flattening
@@ -132,12 +144,11 @@
 		artifactIdToPath[artifact.Id] = artifactPath
 	}
 
-	depsetIdToDepset := map[int]depSetOfFiles{}
-	for _, depset := range aqueryResult.DepSetOfFiles {
-		depsetIdToDepset[depset.Id] = depset
-	}
-
-	// Do a pass through all actions to identify which artifacts are middleman artifacts.
+	// Map middleman artifact Id to input artifact depset ID.
+	// Middleman artifacts are treated as "substitute" artifacts for mixed builds. For example,
+	// if we find a middleman action which has outputs [foo, bar], and output [baz_middleman], then,
+	// for each other action which has input [baz_middleman], we add [foo, bar] to the inputs for
+	// that action instead.
 	middlemanIdToDepsetIds := map[int][]int{}
 	for _, actionEntry := range aqueryResult.Actions {
 		if actionEntry.Mnemonic == "Middleman" {
@@ -146,14 +157,64 @@
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Store all depset IDs to validate all depset links are resolvable.
+	depsetIds := map[int]bool{}
+	for _, depset := range aqueryResult.DepSetOfFiles {
+		depsetIds[depset.Id] = true
+	}
+
+	depsetIdToDepset := map[int]depSetOfFiles{}
+	// Validate and adjust aqueryResult.DepSetOfFiles values.
+	for _, depset := range aqueryResult.DepSetOfFiles {
+		filteredArtifactIds := []int{}
+		for _, artifactId := range depset.DirectArtifactIds {
+			path, pathExists := artifactIdToPath[artifactId]
+			if !pathExists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("undefined input artifactId %d", artifactId)
+			}
+			// Filter out any inputs which are universally dropped, and swap middleman
+			// artifacts with their corresponding depsets.
+			if depsetsToUse, isMiddleman := middlemanIdToDepsetIds[artifactId]; isMiddleman {
+				// Swap middleman artifacts with their corresponding depsets and drop the middleman artifacts.
+				depset.TransitiveDepSetIds = append(depset.TransitiveDepSetIds, depsetsToUse...)
+			} else if strings.HasSuffix(path, py3wrapperFileName) || manifestFilePattern.MatchString(path) {
+				// Drop these artifacts.
+				// See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
+				// 1) For py3wrapper.sh, there is no action for creating py3wrapper.sh in the aquery output of
+				// Bazel py_binary targets, so there is no Ninja build statements generated for creating it.
+				// 2) For MANIFEST file, SourceSymlinkManifest action is in aquery output of Bazel py_binary targets,
+				// but it doesn't contain sufficient information so no Ninja build statements are generated
+				// for creating it.
+				// So in mixed build mode, when these two are used as input of some Ninja build statement,
+				// since there is no build statement to create them, they should be removed from input paths.
+				// TODO(b/197135294): Clean up this custom runfiles handling logic when
+				// SourceSymlinkManifest and SymlinkTree actions are supported.
+			} else {
+				// TODO(b/216194240): Filter out bazel tools.
+				filteredArtifactIds = append(filteredArtifactIds, artifactId)
+			}
+		}
+		depset.DirectArtifactIds = filteredArtifactIds
+		for _, childDepsetId := range depset.TransitiveDepSetIds {
+			if _, exists := depsetIds[childDepsetId]; !exists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("undefined input depsetId %d (referenced by depsetId %d)", childDepsetId, depset.Id)
+			}
+		}
+		depsetIdToDepset[depset.Id] = depset
+	}
+
 	return &aqueryArtifactHandler{
-		middlemanIdToDepsetIds:     middlemanIdToDepsetIds,
 		depsetIdToDepset:           depsetIdToDepset,
 		depsetIdToArtifactIdsCache: map[int][]int{},
 		artifactIdToPath:           artifactIdToPath,
 	}, nil
 }
 
+// getInputPaths flattens the depsets of the given IDs and returns all transitive
+// input paths contained in these depsets.
+// This is a potentially expensive operation, and should not be invoked except
+// for actions which need specialized input handling.
 func (a *aqueryArtifactHandler) getInputPaths(depsetIds []int) ([]string, error) {
 	inputPaths := []string{}
 
@@ -163,48 +224,15 @@
 			return nil, err
 		}
 		for _, inputId := range inputArtifacts {
-			if middlemanInputDepsetIds, isMiddlemanArtifact := a.middlemanIdToDepsetIds[inputId]; isMiddlemanArtifact {
-				// Add all inputs from middleman actions which created middleman artifacts which are
-				// in the inputs for this action.
-				swappedInputPaths, err := a.getInputPaths(middlemanInputDepsetIds)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, err
-				}
-				inputPaths = append(inputPaths, swappedInputPaths...)
-			} else {
-				inputPath, exists := a.artifactIdToPath[inputId]
-				if !exists {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("undefined input artifactId %d", inputId)
-				}
-				inputPaths = append(inputPaths, inputPath)
+			inputPath, exists := a.artifactIdToPath[inputId]
+			if !exists {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("undefined input artifactId %d", inputId)
 			}
+			inputPaths = append(inputPaths, inputPath)
 		}
 	}
 
-	// TODO(b/197135294): Clean up this custom runfiles handling logic when
-	// SourceSymlinkManifest and SymlinkTree actions are supported.
-	filteredInputPaths := filterOutPy3wrapperAndManifestFileFromInputPaths(inputPaths)
-
-	return filteredInputPaths, nil
-}
-
-// See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
-// 1) For py3wrapper.sh, there is no action for creating py3wrapper.sh in the aquery output of
-// Bazel py_binary targets, so there is no Ninja build statements generated for creating it.
-// 2) For MANIFEST file, SourceSymlinkManifest action is in aquery output of Bazel py_binary targets,
-// but it doesn't contain sufficient information so no Ninja build statements are generated
-// for creating it.
-// So in mixed build mode, when these two are used as input of some Ninja build statement,
-// since there is no build statement to create them, they should be removed from input paths.
-func filterOutPy3wrapperAndManifestFileFromInputPaths(inputPaths []string) []string {
-	filteredInputPaths := []string{}
-	for _, path := range inputPaths {
-		if strings.HasSuffix(path, py3wrapperFileName) || manifestFilePattern.MatchString(path) {
-			continue
-		}
-		filteredInputPaths = append(filteredInputPaths, path)
-	}
-	return filteredInputPaths
+	return inputPaths, nil
 }
 
 func (a *aqueryArtifactHandler) artifactIdsFromDepsetId(depsetId int) ([]int, error) {
@@ -227,115 +255,233 @@
 	}
 }
 
-// AqueryBuildStatements returns an array of BuildStatements which should be registered (and output
-// to a ninja file) to correspond one-to-one with the given action graph json proto (from a bazel
-// aquery invocation).
-func AqueryBuildStatements(aqueryJsonProto []byte) ([]BuildStatement, error) {
+// AqueryBuildStatements returns a slice of BuildStatements and a slice of AqueryDepset
+// which should be registered (and output  to a ninja file) to correspond with Bazel's
+// action graph, as described by the given action graph json proto.
+// BuildStatements are one-to-one with actions in the given action graph, and AqueryDepsets
+// are one-to-one with Bazel's depSetOfFiles objects.
+func AqueryBuildStatements(aqueryJsonProto []byte) ([]BuildStatement, []AqueryDepset, error) {
 	buildStatements := []BuildStatement{}
+	depsets := []AqueryDepset{}
 
 	var aqueryResult actionGraphContainer
 	err := json.Unmarshal(aqueryJsonProto, &aqueryResult)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 	aqueryHandler, err := newAqueryHandler(aqueryResult)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, nil, err
 	}
 
 	for _, actionEntry := range aqueryResult.Actions {
 		if shouldSkipAction(actionEntry) {
 			continue
 		}
-		outputPaths := []string{}
-		var depfile *string
-		for _, outputId := range actionEntry.OutputIds {
-			outputPath, exists := aqueryHandler.artifactIdToPath[outputId]
-			if !exists {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("undefined outputId %d", outputId)
-			}
-			ext := filepath.Ext(outputPath)
-			if ext == ".d" {
-				if depfile != nil {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("found multiple potential depfiles %q, %q", *depfile, outputPath)
-				} else {
-					depfile = &outputPath
-				}
-			} else {
-				outputPaths = append(outputPaths, outputPath)
-			}
-		}
-		inputPaths, err := aqueryHandler.getInputPaths(actionEntry.InputDepSetIds)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
 
-		buildStatement := BuildStatement{
-			Command:     strings.Join(proptools.ShellEscapeListIncludingSpaces(actionEntry.Arguments), " "),
-			Depfile:     depfile,
-			OutputPaths: outputPaths,
-			InputPaths:  inputPaths,
-			Env:         actionEntry.EnvironmentVariables,
-			Mnemonic:    actionEntry.Mnemonic,
-		}
-
+		var buildStatement BuildStatement
 		if isSymlinkAction(actionEntry) {
-			if len(inputPaths) != 1 || len(outputPaths) != 1 {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Expect 1 input and 1 output to symlink action, got: input %q, output %q", inputPaths, outputPaths)
-			}
-			out := outputPaths[0]
-			outDir := proptools.ShellEscapeIncludingSpaces(filepath.Dir(out))
-			out = proptools.ShellEscapeIncludingSpaces(out)
-			in := filepath.Join("$PWD", proptools.ShellEscapeIncludingSpaces(inputPaths[0]))
-			// Use absolute paths, because some soong actions don't play well with relative paths (for example, `cp -d`).
-			buildStatement.Command = fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %[1]s && rm -f %[2]s && ln -sf %[3]s %[2]s", outDir, out, in)
-			buildStatement.SymlinkPaths = outputPaths[:]
+			buildStatement, err = aqueryHandler.symlinkActionBuildStatement(actionEntry)
 		} else if isTemplateExpandAction(actionEntry) && len(actionEntry.Arguments) < 1 {
-			if len(outputPaths) != 1 {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Expect 1 output to template expand action, got: output %q", outputPaths)
-			}
-			expandedTemplateContent := expandTemplateContent(actionEntry)
-			// The expandedTemplateContent is escaped for being used in double quotes and shell unescape,
-			// and the new line characters (\n) are also changed to \\n which avoids some Ninja escape on \n, which might
-			// change \n to space and mess up the format of Python programs.
-			// sed is used to convert \\n back to \n before saving to output file.
-			// See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
-			command := fmt.Sprintf(`/bin/bash -c 'echo "%[1]s" | sed "s/\\\\n/\\n/g" > %[2]s && chmod a+x %[2]s'`,
-				escapeCommandlineArgument(expandedTemplateContent), outputPaths[0])
-			buildStatement.Command = command
+			buildStatement, err = aqueryHandler.templateExpandActionBuildStatement(actionEntry)
 		} else if isPythonZipperAction(actionEntry) {
-			if len(inputPaths) < 1 || len(outputPaths) != 1 {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Expect 1+ input and 1 output to python zipper action, got: input %q, output %q", inputPaths, outputPaths)
-			}
-			buildStatement.InputPaths, buildStatement.Command = removePy3wrapperScript(buildStatement)
-			buildStatement.Command = addCommandForPyBinaryRunfilesDir(buildStatement, inputPaths[0], outputPaths[0])
-			// Add the python zip file as input of the corresponding python binary stub script in Ninja build statements.
-			// In Ninja build statements, the outputs of dependents of a python binary have python binary stub script as input,
-			// which is not sufficient without the python zip file from which runfiles directory is created for py_binary.
-			//
-			// The following logic relies on that Bazel aquery output returns actions in the order that
-			// PythonZipper is after TemplateAction of creating Python binary stub script. If later Bazel doesn't return actions
-			// in that order, the following logic might not find the build statement generated for Python binary
-			// stub script and the build might fail. So the check of pyBinaryFound is added to help debug in case later Bazel might change aquery output.
-			// See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
-			pythonZipFilePath := outputPaths[0]
-			pyBinaryFound := false
-			for i, _ := range buildStatements {
-				if len(buildStatements[i].OutputPaths) == 1 && buildStatements[i].OutputPaths[0]+".zip" == pythonZipFilePath {
-					buildStatements[i].InputPaths = append(buildStatements[i].InputPaths, pythonZipFilePath)
-					pyBinaryFound = true
-				}
-			}
-			if !pyBinaryFound {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Could not find the correspondinging Python binary stub script of PythonZipper: %q", outputPaths)
-			}
+			buildStatement, err = aqueryHandler.pythonZipperActionBuildStatement(actionEntry, buildStatements)
 		} else if len(actionEntry.Arguments) < 1 {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("received action with no command: [%v]", buildStatement)
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("received action with no command: [%s]", actionEntry.Mnemonic)
+		} else {
+			buildStatement, err = aqueryHandler.normalActionBuildStatement(actionEntry)
+		}
+
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
 		}
 		buildStatements = append(buildStatements, buildStatement)
 	}
 
-	return buildStatements, nil
+	// Iterate over depset IDs in the initial aquery order to preserve determinism.
+	for _, depset := range aqueryResult.DepSetOfFiles {
+		// Use the depset in the aqueryHandler, as this contains the augmented depsets.
+		depset = aqueryHandler.depsetIdToDepset[depset.Id]
+		directPaths := []string{}
+		for _, artifactId := range depset.DirectArtifactIds {
+			pathString := aqueryHandler.artifactIdToPath[artifactId]
+			directPaths = append(directPaths, pathString)
+		}
+		aqueryDepset := AqueryDepset{
+			Id:                  depset.Id,
+			DirectArtifacts:     directPaths,
+			TransitiveDepSetIds: depset.TransitiveDepSetIds,
+		}
+		depsets = append(depsets, aqueryDepset)
+	}
+	return buildStatements, depsets, nil
+}
+
+func (aqueryHandler *aqueryArtifactHandler) validateInputDepsets(inputDepsetIds []int) ([]int, error) {
+	// Validate input depsets correspond to real depsets.
+	for _, depsetId := range inputDepsetIds {
+		if _, exists := aqueryHandler.depsetIdToDepset[depsetId]; !exists {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("undefined input depsetId %d", depsetId)
+		}
+	}
+	return inputDepsetIds, nil
+}
+
+func (aqueryHandler *aqueryArtifactHandler) normalActionBuildStatement(actionEntry action) (BuildStatement, error) {
+	command := strings.Join(proptools.ShellEscapeListIncludingSpaces(actionEntry.Arguments), " ")
+	inputDepsetIds, err := aqueryHandler.validateInputDepsets(actionEntry.InputDepSetIds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+	outputPaths, depfile, err := aqueryHandler.getOutputPaths(actionEntry)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+
+	buildStatement := BuildStatement{
+		Command:        command,
+		Depfile:        depfile,
+		OutputPaths:    outputPaths,
+		InputDepsetIds: inputDepsetIds,
+		Env:            actionEntry.EnvironmentVariables,
+		Mnemonic:       actionEntry.Mnemonic,
+	}
+	return buildStatement, nil
+}
+
+func (aqueryHandler *aqueryArtifactHandler) pythonZipperActionBuildStatement(actionEntry action, prevBuildStatements []BuildStatement) (BuildStatement, error) {
+	inputPaths, err := aqueryHandler.getInputPaths(actionEntry.InputDepSetIds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+	outputPaths, depfile, err := aqueryHandler.getOutputPaths(actionEntry)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+
+	if len(inputPaths) < 1 || len(outputPaths) != 1 {
+		return BuildStatement{}, fmt.Errorf("Expect 1+ input and 1 output to python zipper action, got: input %q, output %q", inputPaths, outputPaths)
+	}
+	command := strings.Join(proptools.ShellEscapeListIncludingSpaces(actionEntry.Arguments), " ")
+	inputPaths, command = removePy3wrapperScript(inputPaths, command)
+	command = addCommandForPyBinaryRunfilesDir(command, inputPaths[0], outputPaths[0])
+	// Add the python zip file as input of the corresponding python binary stub script in Ninja build statements.
+	// In Ninja build statements, the outputs of dependents of a python binary have python binary stub script as input,
+	// which is not sufficient without the python zip file from which runfiles directory is created for py_binary.
+	//
+	// The following logic relies on that Bazel aquery output returns actions in the order that
+	// PythonZipper is after TemplateAction of creating Python binary stub script. If later Bazel doesn't return actions
+	// in that order, the following logic might not find the build statement generated for Python binary
+	// stub script and the build might fail. So the check of pyBinaryFound is added to help debug in case later Bazel might change aquery output.
+	// See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
+	pythonZipFilePath := outputPaths[0]
+	pyBinaryFound := false
+	for i, _ := range prevBuildStatements {
+		if len(prevBuildStatements[i].OutputPaths) == 1 && prevBuildStatements[i].OutputPaths[0]+".zip" == pythonZipFilePath {
+			prevBuildStatements[i].InputPaths = append(prevBuildStatements[i].InputPaths, pythonZipFilePath)
+			pyBinaryFound = true
+		}
+	}
+	if !pyBinaryFound {
+		return BuildStatement{}, fmt.Errorf("Could not find the correspondinging Python binary stub script of PythonZipper: %q", outputPaths)
+	}
+
+	buildStatement := BuildStatement{
+		Command:     command,
+		Depfile:     depfile,
+		OutputPaths: outputPaths,
+		InputPaths:  inputPaths,
+		Env:         actionEntry.EnvironmentVariables,
+		Mnemonic:    actionEntry.Mnemonic,
+	}
+	return buildStatement, nil
+}
+
+func (aqueryHandler *aqueryArtifactHandler) templateExpandActionBuildStatement(actionEntry action) (BuildStatement, error) {
+	outputPaths, depfile, err := aqueryHandler.getOutputPaths(actionEntry)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+	if len(outputPaths) != 1 {
+		return BuildStatement{}, fmt.Errorf("Expect 1 output to template expand action, got: output %q", outputPaths)
+	}
+	expandedTemplateContent := expandTemplateContent(actionEntry)
+	// The expandedTemplateContent is escaped for being used in double quotes and shell unescape,
+	// and the new line characters (\n) are also changed to \\n which avoids some Ninja escape on \n, which might
+	// change \n to space and mess up the format of Python programs.
+	// sed is used to convert \\n back to \n before saving to output file.
+	// See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
+	command := fmt.Sprintf(`/bin/bash -c 'echo "%[1]s" | sed "s/\\\\n/\\n/g" > %[2]s && chmod a+x %[2]s'`,
+		escapeCommandlineArgument(expandedTemplateContent), outputPaths[0])
+	inputDepsetIds, err := aqueryHandler.validateInputDepsets(actionEntry.InputDepSetIds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+
+	buildStatement := BuildStatement{
+		Command:        command,
+		Depfile:        depfile,
+		OutputPaths:    outputPaths,
+		InputDepsetIds: inputDepsetIds,
+		Env:            actionEntry.EnvironmentVariables,
+		Mnemonic:       actionEntry.Mnemonic,
+	}
+	return buildStatement, nil
+}
+
+func (aqueryHandler *aqueryArtifactHandler) symlinkActionBuildStatement(actionEntry action) (BuildStatement, error) {
+	outputPaths, depfile, err := aqueryHandler.getOutputPaths(actionEntry)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+
+	inputPaths, err := aqueryHandler.getInputPaths(actionEntry.InputDepSetIds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return BuildStatement{}, err
+	}
+	if len(inputPaths) != 1 || len(outputPaths) != 1 {
+		return BuildStatement{}, fmt.Errorf("Expect 1 input and 1 output to symlink action, got: input %q, output %q", inputPaths, outputPaths)
+	}
+	out := outputPaths[0]
+	outDir := proptools.ShellEscapeIncludingSpaces(filepath.Dir(out))
+	out = proptools.ShellEscapeIncludingSpaces(out)
+	in := filepath.Join("$PWD", proptools.ShellEscapeIncludingSpaces(inputPaths[0]))
+	// Use absolute paths, because some soong actions don't play well with relative paths (for example, `cp -d`).
+	command := fmt.Sprintf("mkdir -p %[1]s && rm -f %[2]s && ln -sf %[3]s %[2]s", outDir, out, in)
+	symlinkPaths := outputPaths[:]
+
+	buildStatement := BuildStatement{
+		Command:      command,
+		Depfile:      depfile,
+		OutputPaths:  outputPaths,
+		InputPaths:   inputPaths,
+		Env:          actionEntry.EnvironmentVariables,
+		Mnemonic:     actionEntry.Mnemonic,
+		SymlinkPaths: symlinkPaths,
+	}
+	return buildStatement, nil
+}
+
+func (aqueryHandler *aqueryArtifactHandler) getOutputPaths(actionEntry action) (outputPaths []string, depfile *string, err error) {
+	for _, outputId := range actionEntry.OutputIds {
+		outputPath, exists := aqueryHandler.artifactIdToPath[outputId]
+		if !exists {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("undefined outputId %d", outputId)
+			return
+		}
+		ext := filepath.Ext(outputPath)
+		if ext == ".d" {
+			if depfile != nil {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("found multiple potential depfiles %q, %q", *depfile, outputPath)
+				return
+			} else {
+				depfile = &outputPath
+			}
+		} else {
+			outputPaths = append(outputPaths, outputPath)
+		}
+	}
+	return
 }
 
 // expandTemplateContent substitutes the tokens in a template.
@@ -372,10 +518,10 @@
 // removed from input paths and command of creating python zip file.
 // See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
 // TODO(b/205879240) remove this after py3wrapper.sh could be created in the mixed build mode.
-func removePy3wrapperScript(bs BuildStatement) (newInputPaths []string, newCommand string) {
+func removePy3wrapperScript(inputPaths []string, command string) (newInputPaths []string, newCommand string) {
 	// Remove from inputs
 	filteredInputPaths := []string{}
-	for _, path := range bs.InputPaths {
+	for _, path := range inputPaths {
 		if !strings.HasSuffix(path, py3wrapperFileName) {
 			filteredInputPaths = append(filteredInputPaths, path)
 		}
@@ -384,7 +530,7 @@
 
 	// Remove from command line
 	var re = regexp.MustCompile(`\S*` + py3wrapperFileName)
-	newCommand = re.ReplaceAllString(bs.Command, "")
+	newCommand = re.ReplaceAllString(command, "")
 	return
 }
 
@@ -395,14 +541,14 @@
 // so MANIFEST file could not be created, which also blocks the creation of runfiles directory.
 // See go/python-binary-host-mixed-build for more details.
 // TODO(b/197135294) create runfiles directory from MANIFEST file once it can be created from SourceSymlinkManifest action.
-func addCommandForPyBinaryRunfilesDir(bs BuildStatement, zipperCommandPath, zipFilePath string) string {
+func addCommandForPyBinaryRunfilesDir(oldCommand string, zipperCommandPath, zipFilePath string) string {
 	// Unzip the zip file, zipFilePath looks like <python_binary>.zip
 	runfilesDirName := zipFilePath[0:len(zipFilePath)-4] + ".runfiles"
 	command := fmt.Sprintf("%s x %s -d %s", zipperCommandPath, zipFilePath, runfilesDirName)
 	// Create a symbolic link in <python_binary>.runfiles/, which is the expected structure
 	// when running the python binary stub script.
 	command += fmt.Sprintf(" && ln -sf runfiles/__main__ %s", runfilesDirName)
-	return bs.Command + " && " + command
+	return oldCommand + " && " + command
 }
 
 func isSymlinkAction(a action) bool {
diff --git a/bazel/aquery_test.go b/bazel/aquery_test.go
index 68e50c2..2328411 100644
--- a/bazel/aquery_test.go
+++ b/bazel/aquery_test.go
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
     "parentId": 13
   }]
 }`
-	actualbuildStatements, _ := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actualbuildStatements, actualDepsets, _ := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	expectedBuildStatements := []BuildStatement{}
 	for _, arch := range []string{"arm", "arm64", "x86", "x86_64"} {
 		expectedBuildStatements = append(expectedBuildStatements,
@@ -234,11 +234,7 @@
 				OutputPaths: []string{
 					fmt.Sprintf("bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/bionic/libc/syscalls-%s.S", arch),
 				},
-				InputPaths: []string{
-					"../sourceroot/bionic/libc/SYSCALLS.TXT",
-					"../sourceroot/bionic/libc/tools/gensyscalls.py",
-					"../bazel_tools/tools/genrule/genrule-setup.sh",
-				},
+				InputDepsetIds: []int{1},
 				Env: []KeyValuePair{
 					KeyValuePair{Key: "PATH", Value: "/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin"},
 				},
@@ -246,6 +242,16 @@
 			})
 	}
 	assertBuildStatements(t, expectedBuildStatements, actualbuildStatements)
+
+	expectedFlattenedInputs := []string{
+		"../sourceroot/bionic/libc/SYSCALLS.TXT",
+		"../sourceroot/bionic/libc/tools/gensyscalls.py",
+		"../bazel_tools/tools/genrule/genrule-setup.sh",
+	}
+	actualFlattenedInputs := flattenDepsets([]int{1}, actualDepsets)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(actualFlattenedInputs, expectedFlattenedInputs) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected flattened inputs %v, but got %v", expectedFlattenedInputs, actualFlattenedInputs)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestInvalidOutputId(t *testing.T) {
@@ -280,11 +286,11 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, "undefined outputId 3")
 }
 
-func TestInvalidInputDepsetId(t *testing.T) {
+func TestInvalidInputDepsetIdFromAction(t *testing.T) {
 	const inputString = `
 {
   "artifacts": [{
@@ -316,10 +322,47 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, "undefined input depsetId 2")
 }
 
+func TestInvalidInputDepsetIdFromDepset(t *testing.T) {
+	const inputString = `
+{
+  "artifacts": [{
+    "id": 1,
+    "pathFragmentId": 1
+  }, {
+    "id": 2,
+    "pathFragmentId": 2
+  }],
+  "actions": [{
+    "targetId": 1,
+    "actionKey": "x",
+    "mnemonic": "x",
+    "arguments": ["touch", "foo"],
+    "inputDepSetIds": [1],
+    "outputIds": [1],
+    "primaryOutputId": 1
+  }],
+  "depSetOfFiles": [{
+    "id": 1,
+    "directArtifactIds": [1, 2],
+    "transitiveDepSetIds": [42]
+  }],
+  "pathFragments": [{
+    "id": 1,
+    "label": "one"
+  }, {
+    "id": 2,
+    "label": "two"
+  }]
+}`
+
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	assertError(t, err, "undefined input depsetId 42 (referenced by depsetId 1)")
+}
+
 func TestInvalidInputArtifactId(t *testing.T) {
 	const inputString = `
 {
@@ -352,7 +395,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, "undefined input artifactId 3")
 }
 
@@ -389,7 +432,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, "undefined path fragment id 3")
 }
 
@@ -431,7 +474,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	actual, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actual, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error %q", err)
 	}
@@ -492,7 +535,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, `found multiple potential depfiles "two.d", "other.d"`)
 }
 
@@ -699,23 +742,31 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	actualbuildStatements, _ := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
-	// Inputs for the action are test_{i} from 1 to 20, and test_root. These inputs
-	// are given via a deep depset, but the depset is flattened when returned as a
-	// BuildStatement slice.
-	inputPaths := []string{"bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_root"}
-	for i := 1; i < 20; i++ {
-		inputPaths = append(inputPaths, fmt.Sprintf("bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_%d", i))
-	}
+	actualbuildStatements, actualDepsets, _ := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+
 	expectedBuildStatements := []BuildStatement{
 		BuildStatement{
-			Command:     "/bin/bash -c 'touch bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_out'",
-			OutputPaths: []string{"bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_out"},
-			InputPaths:  inputPaths,
-			Mnemonic:    "Action",
+			Command:        "/bin/bash -c 'touch bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_out'",
+			OutputPaths:    []string{"bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_out"},
+			InputDepsetIds: []int{1},
+			Mnemonic:       "Action",
 		},
 	}
 	assertBuildStatements(t, expectedBuildStatements, actualbuildStatements)
+
+	// Inputs for the action are test_{i} from 1 to 20, and test_root. These inputs
+	// are given via a deep depset, but the depset is flattened when returned as a
+	// BuildStatement slice.
+	expectedFlattenedInputs := []string{}
+	for i := 1; i < 20; i++ {
+		expectedFlattenedInputs = append(expectedFlattenedInputs, fmt.Sprintf("bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_%d", i))
+	}
+	expectedFlattenedInputs = append(expectedFlattenedInputs, "bazel-out/sourceroot/k8-fastbuild/bin/testpkg/test_root")
+
+	actualFlattenedInputs := flattenDepsets([]int{1}, actualDepsets)
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(actualFlattenedInputs, expectedFlattenedInputs) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected flattened inputs %v, but got %v", expectedFlattenedInputs, actualFlattenedInputs)
+	}
 }
 
 func TestMiddlemenAction(t *testing.T) {
@@ -785,24 +836,74 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	actual, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actualBuildStatements, actualDepsets, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error %q", err)
 	}
-	if expected := 1; len(actual) != expected {
-		t.Fatalf("Expected %d build statements, got %d", expected, len(actual))
+	if expected := 1; len(actualBuildStatements) != expected {
+		t.Fatalf("Expected %d build statements, got %d", expected, len(actualBuildStatements))
 	}
 
-	bs := actual[0]
-	expectedInputs := []string{"middleinput_one", "middleinput_two", "maininput_one", "maininput_two"}
-	if !reflect.DeepEqual(bs.InputPaths, expectedInputs) {
-		t.Errorf("Expected main action inputs %q, but got %q", expectedInputs, bs.InputPaths)
+	bs := actualBuildStatements[0]
+	if len(bs.InputPaths) > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Expected main action raw inputs to be empty, but got %q", bs.InputPaths)
+	}
+
+	expectedInputDepsets := []int{2}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(bs.InputDepsetIds, expectedInputDepsets) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected main action depset IDs %v, but got %v", expectedInputDepsets, bs.InputDepsetIds)
 	}
 
 	expectedOutputs := []string{"output"}
 	if !reflect.DeepEqual(bs.OutputPaths, expectedOutputs) {
 		t.Errorf("Expected main action outputs %q, but got %q", expectedOutputs, bs.OutputPaths)
 	}
+
+	expectedAllDepsets := []AqueryDepset{
+		{
+			Id:              1,
+			DirectArtifacts: []string{"middleinput_one", "middleinput_two"},
+		},
+		{
+			Id:                  2,
+			DirectArtifacts:     []string{"maininput_one", "maininput_two"},
+			TransitiveDepSetIds: []int{1},
+		},
+	}
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(actualDepsets, expectedAllDepsets) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected depsets %v, but got %v", expectedAllDepsets, actualDepsets)
+	}
+
+	expectedFlattenedInputs := []string{"middleinput_one", "middleinput_two", "maininput_one", "maininput_two"}
+	actualFlattenedInputs := flattenDepsets(bs.InputDepsetIds, actualDepsets)
+
+	if !reflect.DeepEqual(actualFlattenedInputs, expectedFlattenedInputs) {
+		t.Errorf("Expected flattened inputs %v, but got %v", expectedFlattenedInputs, actualFlattenedInputs)
+	}
+}
+
+// Returns the contents of given depsets in concatenated post order.
+func flattenDepsets(depsetIdsToFlatten []int, allDepsets []AqueryDepset) []string {
+	depsetsById := map[int]AqueryDepset{}
+	for _, depset := range allDepsets {
+		depsetsById[depset.Id] = depset
+	}
+	result := []string{}
+	for _, depsetId := range depsetIdsToFlatten {
+		result = append(result, flattenDepset(depsetId, depsetsById)...)
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+// Returns the contents of a given depset in post order.
+func flattenDepset(depsetIdToFlatten int, allDepsets map[int]AqueryDepset) []string {
+	depset := allDepsets[depsetIdToFlatten]
+	result := []string{}
+	for _, depsetId := range depset.TransitiveDepSetIds {
+		result = append(result, flattenDepset(depsetId, allDepsets)...)
+	}
+	result = append(result, depset.DirectArtifacts...)
+	return result
 }
 
 func TestSimpleSymlink(t *testing.T) {
@@ -849,7 +950,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	actual, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actual, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error %q", err)
@@ -913,7 +1014,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	actual, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actual, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error %q", err)
@@ -970,7 +1071,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, `Expect 1 input and 1 output to symlink action, got: input ["file" "other_file"], output ["symlink"]`)
 }
 
@@ -1011,7 +1112,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, `Expect 1 input and 1 output to symlink action, got: input ["file"], output ["symlink" "other_symlink"]`)
 }
 
@@ -1045,7 +1146,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	actual, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actual, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error %q", err)
@@ -1091,7 +1192,7 @@
   }]
 }`
 
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, `Expect 1 output to template expand action, got: output []`)
 }
 
@@ -1211,7 +1312,7 @@
     "label": "python_binary"
   }]
 }`
-	actual, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	actual, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Errorf("Unexpected error %q", err)
@@ -1264,7 +1365,7 @@
     "label": "python_binary.zip"
   }]
 }`
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, `Expect 1+ input and 1 output to python zipper action, got: input [], output ["python_binary.zip"]`)
 }
 
@@ -1360,7 +1461,7 @@
     "parentId": 11
   }]
 }`
-	_, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
+	_, _, err := AqueryBuildStatements([]byte(inputString))
 	assertError(t, err, `Expect 1+ input and 1 output to python zipper action, got: input ["../bazel_tools/tools/zip/zipper/zipper" "python_binary.py"], output []`)
 }
 
diff --git a/bp2build/android_app_conversion_test.go b/bp2build/android_app_conversion_test.go
index 3824586..a216c9d 100644
--- a/bp2build/android_app_conversion_test.go
+++ b/bp2build/android_app_conversion_test.go
@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@
         package_name: "com.google",
         resource_dirs: ["resa", "resb"],
         manifest: "manifest/AndroidManifest.xml",
-        static_libs: ["static_lib_dep"]
+        static_libs: ["static_lib_dep"],
+        java_version: "7",
 }
 `,
 		expectedBazelTargets: []string{
@@ -87,6 +88,7 @@
     ]`,
 				"custom_package": `"com.google"`,
 				"deps":           `[":static_lib_dep"]`,
+				"javacopts":      `["-source 1.7 -target 1.7"]`,
 			}),
 		}})
 }
diff --git a/bp2build/java_binary_host_conversion_test.go b/bp2build/java_binary_host_conversion_test.go
index 4fc07e0..d7a76a8 100644
--- a/bp2build/java_binary_host_conversion_test.go
+++ b/bp2build/java_binary_host_conversion_test.go
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
     jni_libs: ["jni-lib-1"],
     javacflags: ["-Xdoclint:all/protected"],
     bazel_module: { bp2build_available: true },
+    java_version: "8",
 }`,
 		expectedBazelTargets: []string{
 			makeBazelTarget("java_binary", "java-binary-host-1", attrNameToString{
@@ -59,7 +60,10 @@
 				"main_class": `"com.android.test.MainClass"`,
 				"deps":       `["//other:jni-lib-1"]`,
 				"jvm_flags":  `["-Djava.library.path=$${RUNPATH}other"]`,
-				"javacopts":  `["-Xdoclint:all/protected"]`,
+				"javacopts": `[
+        "-Xdoclint:all/protected",
+        "-source 1.8 -target 1.8",
+    ]`,
 				"target_compatible_with": `select({
         "//build/bazel/platforms/os:android": ["@platforms//:incompatible"],
         "//conditions:default": [],
diff --git a/bp2build/java_library_conversion_test.go b/bp2build/java_library_conversion_test.go
index ccc52ef..3b66369 100644
--- a/bp2build/java_library_conversion_test.go
+++ b/bp2build/java_library_conversion_test.go
@@ -158,6 +158,22 @@
 	})
 }
 
+func TestJavaLibraryJavaVersion(t *testing.T) {
+	runJavaLibraryTestCase(t, bp2buildTestCase{
+		blueprint: `java_library {
+    name: "java-lib-1",
+    srcs: ["a.java"],
+    java_version: "11",
+}`,
+		expectedBazelTargets: []string{
+			makeBazelTarget("java_library", "java-lib-1", attrNameToString{
+				"srcs":      `["a.java"]`,
+				"javacopts": `["-source 11 -target 11"]`,
+			}),
+		},
+	})
+}
+
 func TestJavaLibraryErrorproneJavacflagsEnabledManually(t *testing.T) {
 	runJavaLibraryTestCase(t, bp2buildTestCase{
 		blueprint: `java_library {
diff --git a/bp2build/java_library_host_conversion_test.go b/bp2build/java_library_host_conversion_test.go
index 73abdd2..83cc551 100644
--- a/bp2build/java_library_host_conversion_test.go
+++ b/bp2build/java_library_host_conversion_test.go
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
     name: "java-lib-host-2",
     srcs: ["c.java"],
     bazel_module: { bp2build_available: true },
+    java_version: "9",
 }`,
 		expectedBazelTargets: []string{
 			makeBazelTarget("java_library", "java-lib-host-1", attrNameToString{
@@ -54,7 +55,8 @@
     })`,
 			}),
 			makeBazelTarget("java_library", "java-lib-host-2", attrNameToString{
-				"srcs": `["c.java"]`,
+				"javacopts": `["-source 1.9 -target 1.9"]`,
+				"srcs":      `["c.java"]`,
 				"target_compatible_with": `select({
         "//build/bazel/platforms/os:android": ["@platforms//:incompatible"],
         "//conditions:default": [],
diff --git a/bp2build/java_plugin_conversion_test.go b/bp2build/java_plugin_conversion_test.go
index c2a2182..dc763e7 100644
--- a/bp2build/java_plugin_conversion_test.go
+++ b/bp2build/java_plugin_conversion_test.go
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
     libs: ["java-lib-1"],
     static_libs: ["java-lib-2"],
     bazel_module: { bp2build_available: true },
+    java_version: "7",
 }
 
 java_library {
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@
         "a.java",
         "b.java",
     ]`,
+				"javacopts": `["-source 1.7 -target 1.7"]`,
 			}),
 		},
 	})
diff --git a/bp2build/java_proto_conversion_test.go b/bp2build/java_proto_conversion_test.go
index 67f8044..c6feeb8 100644
--- a/bp2build/java_proto_conversion_test.go
+++ b/bp2build/java_proto_conversion_test.go
@@ -102,6 +102,7 @@
 		blueprint: `java_library_static {
     name: "java-protos",
     srcs: ["a.proto"],
+    java_version: "7",
 }
 `,
 		expectedBazelTargets: []string{
@@ -115,7 +116,8 @@
 					"deps": `[":java-protos_proto"]`,
 				}),
 			makeBazelTarget("java_library", "java-protos", attrNameToString{
-				"exports": `[":java-protos_java_proto_lite"]`,
+				"exports":   `[":java-protos_java_proto_lite"]`,
+				"javacopts": `["-source 1.7 -target 1.7"]`,
 			}),
 		},
 	})
diff --git a/build_kzip.bash b/build_kzip.bash
index aff2d6d..6219021 100755
--- a/build_kzip.bash
+++ b/build_kzip.bash
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 declare -r out="${OUT_DIR:-out}"
 
 # Build extraction files for C++ and Java. Build `merge_zips` which we use later.
-build/soong/soong_ui.bash --build-mode --all-modules --dir=$PWD -k merge_zips xref_cxx xref_java
+build/soong/soong_ui.bash --build-mode --all-modules --dir=$PWD -k merge_zips xref_cxx xref_java xref_rust
 
 # Build extraction file for Go the files in build/{blueprint,soong} directories.
 declare -r abspath_out=$(realpath "${out}")
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 declare -r go_root=$(realpath prebuilts/go/linux-x86)
 declare -r source_root=$PWD
 
-# TODO(asmundak): Until b/182183061 is fixed, default corpus has to be specified 
+# TODO(asmundak): Until b/182183061 is fixed, default corpus has to be specified
 # in the rules file. Generate this file on the fly with corpus value set from the
 # environment variable.
 for dir in blueprint soong; do
diff --git a/cc/Android.bp b/cc/Android.bp
index b105e7c..60d329e 100644
--- a/cc/Android.bp
+++ b/cc/Android.bp
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
         "soong-etc",
         "soong-fuzz",
         "soong-genrule",
+        "soong-multitree",
         "soong-snapshot",
         "soong-tradefed",
     ],
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@
         "library.go",
         "library_headers.go",
         "library_sdk_member.go",
+        "library_stub.go",
         "native_bridge_sdk_trait.go",
         "object.go",
         "test.go",
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@
         "gen_test.go",
         "genrule_test.go",
         "library_headers_test.go",
+        "library_stub_test.go",
         "library_test.go",
         "object_test.go",
         "prebuilt_test.go",
diff --git a/cc/builder.go b/cc/builder.go
index 525b1a1..107cd58 100644
--- a/cc/builder.go
+++ b/cc/builder.go
@@ -855,13 +855,24 @@
 	deps = append(deps, crtBegin...)
 	deps = append(deps, crtEnd...)
 
+	var depFile android.WritablePath
+	var depFileLdFlags string
+	depsType := blueprint.DepsNone
+	if !ctx.Windows() && !ctx.Darwin() {
+		// lld only supports --dependency-file for elf files
+		depFile = outputFile.ReplaceExtension(ctx, "d")
+		depFileLdFlags = " -Wl,--dependency-file=" + depFile.String()
+		depsType = blueprint.DepsGCC
+		implicitOutputs = append(implicitOutputs, depFile)
+	}
+
 	rule := ld
 	args := map[string]string{
 		"ldCmd":         ldCmd,
 		"crtBegin":      strings.Join(crtBegin.Strings(), " "),
 		"libFlags":      strings.Join(libFlagsList, " "),
 		"extraLibFlags": flags.extraLibFlags,
-		"ldFlags":       flags.globalLdFlags + " " + flags.localLdFlags,
+		"ldFlags":       flags.globalLdFlags + " " + flags.localLdFlags + depFileLdFlags,
 		"crtEnd":        strings.Join(crtEnd.Strings(), " "),
 	}
 	if ctx.Config().UseRBE() && ctx.Config().IsEnvTrue("RBE_CXX_LINKS") {
@@ -872,6 +883,8 @@
 
 	ctx.Build(pctx, android.BuildParams{
 		Rule:            rule,
+		Deps:            depsType,
+		Depfile:         depFile,
 		Description:     "link " + outputFile.Base(),
 		Output:          outputFile,
 		ImplicitOutputs: implicitOutputs,
@@ -1025,18 +1038,33 @@
 
 	ldCmd := "${config.ClangBin}/clang++"
 
+	var implicitOutputs android.WritablePaths
+	var depFile android.WritablePath
+	var depFileLdFlags string
+	depsType := blueprint.DepsNone
+	if !ctx.Windows() && !ctx.Darwin() {
+		// lld only supports --dependency-file for elf files
+		depFile = outputFile.ReplaceExtension(ctx, "d")
+		depFileLdFlags = " -Wl,--dependency-file=" + depFile.String()
+		depsType = blueprint.DepsGCC
+		implicitOutputs = append(implicitOutputs, depFile)
+	}
+
 	rule := partialLd
 	args := map[string]string{
 		"ldCmd":   ldCmd,
-		"ldFlags": flags.globalLdFlags + " " + flags.localLdFlags,
+		"ldFlags": flags.globalLdFlags + " " + flags.localLdFlags + depFileLdFlags,
 	}
 	if ctx.Config().UseRBE() && ctx.Config().IsEnvTrue("RBE_CXX_LINKS") {
 		rule = partialLdRE
 		args["inCommaList"] = strings.Join(objFiles.Strings(), ",")
 		args["implicitInputs"] = strings.Join(deps.Strings(), ",")
+		args["implicitOutputs"] = strings.Join(implicitOutputs.Strings(), ",")
 	}
 	ctx.Build(pctx, android.BuildParams{
 		Rule:        rule,
+		Deps:        depsType,
+		Depfile:     depFile,
 		Description: "link " + outputFile.Base(),
 		Output:      outputFile,
 		Inputs:      objFiles,
diff --git a/cc/cc.go b/cc/cc.go
index c2d0f6e..8606920 100644
--- a/cc/cc.go
+++ b/cc/cc.go
@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@
 		ctx.BottomUp("vndk", VndkMutator).Parallel()
 		ctx.BottomUp("link", LinkageMutator).Parallel()
 		ctx.BottomUp("test_per_src", TestPerSrcMutator).Parallel()
-		ctx.BottomUp("version_selector", versionSelectorMutator).Parallel()
 		ctx.BottomUp("version", versionMutator).Parallel()
 		ctx.BottomUp("begin", BeginMutator).Parallel()
 		ctx.BottomUp("sysprop_cc", SyspropMutator).Parallel()
@@ -1789,7 +1788,7 @@
 	bazelActionsUsed := false
 	// Mixed builds mode is disabled for modules outside of device OS.
 	// TODO(b/200841190): Support non-device OS in mixed builds.
-	if c.MixedBuildsEnabled(actx) && c.bazelHandler != nil {
+	if android.MixedBuildsEnabled(actx) && c.bazelHandler != nil {
 		bazelActionsUsed = c.bazelHandler.GenerateBazelBuildActions(actx, bazelModuleLabel)
 	}
 	return bazelActionsUsed
@@ -2117,7 +2116,7 @@
 
 	variations = append([]blueprint.Variation(nil), variations...)
 
-	if version != "" && CanBeOrLinkAgainstVersionVariants(mod) {
+	if version != "" && canBeOrLinkAgainstVersionVariants(mod) {
 		// Version is explicitly specified. i.e. libFoo#30
 		variations = append(variations, blueprint.Variation{Mutator: "version", Variation: version})
 		if tag, ok := depTag.(libraryDependencyTag); ok {
diff --git a/cc/libbuildversion/tests/Android.bp b/cc/libbuildversion/tests/Android.bp
index 0e97fed..c616a33 100644
--- a/cc/libbuildversion/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/cc/libbuildversion/tests/Android.bp
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@
                 dir: "host/",
             },
         },
+        linux_musl_x86: {
+            dist: {
+                dir: "host32/",
+            },
+        },
+        linux_musl_x86_64: {
+            dist: {
+                dir: "host/",
+            },
+        },
         linux_glibc_x86: {
             dist: {
                 dir: "host32/",
diff --git a/cc/library.go b/cc/library.go
index 0abcb6f..fdbbccb 100644
--- a/cc/library.go
+++ b/cc/library.go
@@ -2344,7 +2344,7 @@
 	}
 }
 
-func CanBeOrLinkAgainstVersionVariants(module interface {
+func canBeOrLinkAgainstVersionVariants(module interface {
 	Host() bool
 	InRamdisk() bool
 	InVendorRamdisk() bool
@@ -2352,15 +2352,14 @@
 	return !module.Host() && !module.InRamdisk() && !module.InVendorRamdisk()
 }
 
-func CanBeVersionVariant(module interface {
+func canBeVersionVariant(module interface {
 	Host() bool
 	InRamdisk() bool
 	InVendorRamdisk() bool
-	InRecovery() bool
 	CcLibraryInterface() bool
 	Shared() bool
 }) bool {
-	return CanBeOrLinkAgainstVersionVariants(module) &&
+	return canBeOrLinkAgainstVersionVariants(module) &&
 		module.CcLibraryInterface() && module.Shared()
 }
 
@@ -2371,37 +2370,41 @@
 	return nil
 }
 
-// versionSelector normalizes the versions in the Stubs.Versions property into MutatedProperties.AllStubsVersions.
-func versionSelectorMutator(mctx android.BottomUpMutatorContext) {
-	if library := moduleLibraryInterface(mctx.Module()); library != nil && CanBeVersionVariant(mctx.Module().(*Module)) {
-		if library.buildShared() {
-			versions := library.stubsVersions(mctx)
-			if len(versions) > 0 {
-				normalizeVersions(mctx, versions)
-				if mctx.Failed() {
-					return
-				}
-				// Set the versions on the pre-mutated module so they can be read by any llndk modules that
-				// depend on the implementation library and haven't been mutated yet.
-				library.setAllStubsVersions(versions)
-			}
-		}
+// setStubsVersions normalizes the versions in the Stubs.Versions property into MutatedProperties.AllStubsVersions.
+func setStubsVersions(mctx android.BottomUpMutatorContext, library libraryInterface, module *Module) {
+	if !library.buildShared() || !canBeVersionVariant(module) {
+		return
 	}
+	versions := library.stubsVersions(mctx)
+	if len(versions) <= 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	normalizeVersions(mctx, versions)
+	if mctx.Failed() {
+		return
+	}
+	// Set the versions on the pre-mutated module so they can be read by any llndk modules that
+	// depend on the implementation library and haven't been mutated yet.
+	library.setAllStubsVersions(versions)
 }
 
 // versionMutator splits a module into the mandatory non-stubs variant
 // (which is unnamed) and zero or more stubs variants.
 func versionMutator(mctx android.BottomUpMutatorContext) {
-	if library := moduleLibraryInterface(mctx.Module()); library != nil && CanBeVersionVariant(mctx.Module().(*Module)) {
+	if mctx.Os() != android.Android {
+		return
+	}
+
+	m, ok := mctx.Module().(*Module)
+	if library := moduleLibraryInterface(mctx.Module()); library != nil && canBeVersionVariant(m) {
+		setStubsVersions(mctx, library, m)
+
 		createVersionVariations(mctx, library.allStubsVersions())
 		return
 	}
 
-	if m, ok := mctx.Module().(*Module); ok {
+	if ok {
 		if m.SplitPerApiLevel() && m.IsSdkVariant() {
-			if mctx.Os() != android.Android {
-				return
-			}
 			createPerApiVersionVariations(mctx, m.MinSdkVersion())
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/cc/library_stub.go b/cc/library_stub.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d0148d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cc/library_stub.go
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+// Copyright 2021 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package cc
+
+import (
+	"android/soong/android"
+	"android/soong/multitree"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	RegisterLibraryStubBuildComponents(android.InitRegistrationContext)
+}
+
+func RegisterLibraryStubBuildComponents(ctx android.RegistrationContext) {
+	// cc_api_stub_library shares a lot of ndk_library, and this will be refactored later
+	ctx.RegisterModuleType("cc_api_stub_library", CcApiStubLibraryFactory)
+	ctx.RegisterModuleType("cc_api_contribution", CcApiContributionFactory)
+}
+
+func CcApiStubLibraryFactory() android.Module {
+	module, decorator := NewLibrary(android.DeviceSupported)
+	apiStubDecorator := &apiStubDecorator{
+		libraryDecorator: decorator,
+	}
+	apiStubDecorator.BuildOnlyShared()
+
+	module.compiler = apiStubDecorator
+	module.linker = apiStubDecorator
+	module.installer = nil
+	module.library = apiStubDecorator
+	module.Properties.HideFromMake = true // TODO: remove
+
+	android.InitAndroidArchModule(module, android.DeviceSupported, android.MultilibBoth)
+	module.AddProperties(&module.Properties,
+		&apiStubDecorator.properties,
+		&apiStubDecorator.MutatedProperties,
+		&apiStubDecorator.apiStubLibraryProperties)
+	return module
+}
+
+type apiStubLiraryProperties struct {
+	Imported_includes []string `android:"path"`
+}
+
+type apiStubDecorator struct {
+	*libraryDecorator
+	properties               libraryProperties
+	apiStubLibraryProperties apiStubLiraryProperties
+}
+
+func (compiler *apiStubDecorator) stubsVersions(ctx android.BaseMutatorContext) []string {
+	firstVersion := String(compiler.properties.First_version)
+	return ndkLibraryVersions(ctx, android.ApiLevelOrPanic(ctx, firstVersion))
+}
+
+func (decorator *apiStubDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) Objects {
+	if decorator.stubsVersion() == "" {
+		decorator.setStubsVersion("current")
+	} // TODO: fix
+	symbolFile := String(decorator.properties.Symbol_file)
+	nativeAbiResult := parseNativeAbiDefinition(ctx, symbolFile,
+		android.ApiLevelOrPanic(ctx, decorator.stubsVersion()),
+		"")
+	return compileStubLibrary(ctx, flags, nativeAbiResult.stubSrc)
+}
+
+func (decorator *apiStubDecorator) link(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps, objects Objects) android.Path {
+	decorator.reexportDirs(android.PathsForModuleSrc(ctx, decorator.apiStubLibraryProperties.Imported_includes)...)
+	return decorator.libraryDecorator.link(ctx, flags, deps, objects)
+}
+
+func init() {
+	pctx.HostBinToolVariable("gen_api_surface_build_files", "gen_api_surface_build_files")
+}
+
+type CcApiContribution struct {
+	android.ModuleBase
+	properties ccApiContributionProperties
+}
+
+type ccApiContributionProperties struct {
+	Symbol_file        *string `android:"path"`
+	First_version      *string
+	Export_include_dir *string
+}
+
+func CcApiContributionFactory() android.Module {
+	module := &CcApiContribution{}
+	module.AddProperties(&module.properties)
+	android.InitAndroidModule(module)
+	return module
+}
+
+// Do some simple validations
+// Majority of the build rules will be created in the ctx of the api surface this module contributes to
+func (contrib *CcApiContribution) GenerateAndroidBuildActions(ctx android.ModuleContext) {
+	if contrib.properties.Symbol_file == nil {
+		ctx.PropertyErrorf("symbol_file", "%v does not have symbol file", ctx.ModuleName())
+	}
+	if contrib.properties.First_version == nil {
+		ctx.PropertyErrorf("first_version", "%v does not have first_version for stub variants", ctx.ModuleName())
+	}
+}
+
+// Path is out/soong/.export/ but will be different in final multi-tree layout
+func outPathApiSurface(ctx android.ModuleContext, myModuleName string, pathComponent string) android.OutputPath {
+	return android.PathForOutput(ctx, ".export", ctx.ModuleName(), myModuleName, pathComponent)
+}
+
+func (contrib *CcApiContribution) CopyFilesWithTag(apiSurfaceContext android.ModuleContext) map[string]android.Paths {
+	// copy map.txt for now
+	// hardlinks cannot be created since nsjail creates a different mountpoint for out/
+	myDir := apiSurfaceContext.OtherModuleDir(contrib)
+	genMapTxt := outPathApiSurface(apiSurfaceContext, contrib.Name(), String(contrib.properties.Symbol_file))
+	apiSurfaceContext.Build(pctx, android.BuildParams{
+		Rule:        android.Cp,
+		Description: "import map.txt file",
+		Input:       android.PathForSource(apiSurfaceContext, myDir, String(contrib.properties.Symbol_file)),
+		Output:      genMapTxt,
+	})
+
+	outputs := make(map[string]android.Paths)
+	outputs["map"] = []android.Path{genMapTxt}
+
+	if contrib.properties.Export_include_dir != nil {
+		includeDir := android.PathForSource(apiSurfaceContext, myDir, String(contrib.properties.Export_include_dir))
+		outputs["export_include_dir"] = []android.Path{includeDir}
+	}
+	return outputs
+}
+
+var _ multitree.ApiContribution = (*CcApiContribution)(nil)
+
+/*
+func (contrib *CcApiContribution) GenerateBuildFiles(apiSurfaceContext android.ModuleContext) android.Paths {
+	genAndroidBp := outPathApiSurface(apiSurfaceContext, contrib.Name(), "Android.bp")
+
+	// generate Android.bp
+	apiSurfaceContext.Build(pctx, android.BuildParams{
+		Rule:        genApiSurfaceBuildFiles,
+		Description: "generate API surface build files",
+		Outputs:     []android.WritablePath{genAndroidBp},
+		Args: map[string]string{
+			"name":          contrib.Name() + "." + apiSurfaceContext.ModuleName(), //e.g. liblog.ndk
+			"symbol_file":   String(contrib.properties.Symbol_file),
+			"first_version": String(contrib.properties.First_version),
+		},
+	})
+	return []android.Path{genAndroidBp}
+}
+*/
diff --git a/cc/library_stub_test.go b/cc/library_stub_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b56d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cc/library_stub_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Copyright 2021 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package cc
+
+import (
+	_ "fmt"
+	_ "sort"
+
+	"testing"
+
+	"android/soong/android"
+	"android/soong/multitree"
+)
+
+func TestCcApiStubLibraryOutputFiles(t *testing.T) {
+	bp := `
+		cc_api_stub_library {
+			name: "foo",
+			symbol_file: "foo.map.txt",
+			first_version: "29",
+		}
+	`
+	result := prepareForCcTest.RunTestWithBp(t, bp)
+	outputs := result.ModuleForTests("foo", "android_arm64_armv8-a_shared").AllOutputs()
+	expected_file_suffixes := []string{".c", "stub.map", ".o", ".so"}
+	for _, expected_file_suffix := range expected_file_suffixes {
+		android.AssertBoolEquals(t, expected_file_suffix+" file not found in output", true, android.SuffixInList(outputs, expected_file_suffix))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCcApiStubLibraryVariants(t *testing.T) {
+	bp := `
+		cc_api_stub_library {
+			name: "foo",
+			symbol_file: "foo.map.txt",
+			first_version: "29",
+		}
+	`
+	result := prepareForCcTest.RunTestWithBp(t, bp)
+	variants := result.ModuleVariantsForTests("foo")
+	expected_variants := []string{"29", "30", "S", "Tiramisu"} //TODO: make this test deterministic by using fixtures
+	for _, expected_variant := range expected_variants {
+		android.AssertBoolEquals(t, expected_variant+" variant not found in foo", true, android.SubstringInList(variants, expected_variant))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCcLibraryUsesCcApiStubLibrary(t *testing.T) {
+	bp := `
+		cc_api_stub_library {
+			name: "foo",
+			symbol_file: "foo.map.txt",
+			first_version: "29",
+		}
+		cc_library {
+			name: "foo_user",
+			shared_libs: [
+				"foo#29",
+			],
+		}
+
+	`
+	prepareForCcTest.RunTestWithBp(t, bp)
+}
+
+func TestApiSurfaceOutputs(t *testing.T) {
+	bp := `
+		api_surface {
+			name: "mysdk",
+			contributions: [
+				"foo",
+			],
+		}
+
+		cc_api_contribution {
+			name: "foo",
+			symbol_file: "foo.map.txt",
+			first_version: "29",
+		}
+	`
+	result := android.GroupFixturePreparers(
+		prepareForCcTest,
+		multitree.PrepareForTestWithApiSurface,
+	).RunTestWithBp(t, bp)
+	mysdk := result.ModuleForTests("mysdk", "")
+
+	actual_surface_inputs := mysdk.Rule("phony").BuildParams.Inputs.Strings()
+	expected_file_suffixes := []string{"mysdk/foo/foo.map.txt"}
+	for _, expected_file_suffix := range expected_file_suffixes {
+		android.AssertBoolEquals(t, expected_file_suffix+" file not found in input", true, android.SuffixInList(actual_surface_inputs, expected_file_suffix))
+	}
+
+	// check args/inputs to rule
+	/*api_surface_gen_rule_args := result.ModuleForTests("mysdk", "").Rule("genApiSurfaceBuildFiles").Args
+	android.AssertStringEquals(t, "name", "foo.mysdk", api_surface_gen_rule_args["name"])
+	android.AssertStringEquals(t, "symbol_file", "foo.map.txt", api_surface_gen_rule_args["symbol_file"])*/
+}
diff --git a/cc/ndk_library.go b/cc/ndk_library.go
index 5ef41ea..0879257 100644
--- a/cc/ndk_library.go
+++ b/cc/ndk_library.go
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 type libraryProperties struct {
 	// Relative path to the symbol map.
 	// An example file can be seen here: TODO(danalbert): Make an example.
-	Symbol_file *string
+	Symbol_file *string `android:"path"`
 
 	// The first API level a library was available. A library will be generated
 	// for every API level beginning with this one.
@@ -284,6 +284,10 @@
 }
 
 func compileStubLibrary(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, src android.Path) Objects {
+	// libc/libm stubs libraries end up mismatching with clang's internal definition of these
+	// functions (which have noreturn attributes and other things). Because we just want to create a
+	// stub with symbol definitions, and types aren't important in C, ignore the mismatch.
+	flags.Local.ConlyFlags = append(flags.Local.ConlyFlags, "-fno-builtin")
 	return compileObjs(ctx, flagsToBuilderFlags(flags), "",
 		android.Paths{src}, nil, nil, nil, nil)
 }
diff --git a/cc/testing.go b/cc/testing.go
index 32f7c60..ecdae8b 100644
--- a/cc/testing.go
+++ b/cc/testing.go
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 	RegisterBinaryBuildComponents(ctx)
 	RegisterLibraryBuildComponents(ctx)
 	RegisterLibraryHeadersBuildComponents(ctx)
+	RegisterLibraryStubBuildComponents(ctx)
 
 	ctx.RegisterModuleType("cc_benchmark", BenchmarkFactory)
 	ctx.RegisterModuleType("cc_object", ObjectFactory)
diff --git a/dexpreopt/class_loader_context.go b/dexpreopt/class_loader_context.go
index 36513b6..d0a6a39 100644
--- a/dexpreopt/class_loader_context.go
+++ b/dexpreopt/class_loader_context.go
@@ -678,6 +678,9 @@
 	jClcMap := make(jsonClassLoaderContextMap)
 	for sdkVer, clcs := range clcMap {
 		sdkVerStr := fmt.Sprintf("%d", sdkVer)
+		if sdkVer == AnySdkVersion {
+			sdkVerStr = "any"
+		}
 		jClcMap[sdkVerStr] = toJsonClassLoaderContextRec(clcs)
 	}
 	return jClcMap
diff --git a/dexpreopt/class_loader_context_test.go b/dexpreopt/class_loader_context_test.go
index 5d3a9d9..614681f 100644
--- a/dexpreopt/class_loader_context_test.go
+++ b/dexpreopt/class_loader_context_test.go
@@ -389,6 +389,38 @@
 	})
 }
 
+// Test that CLC is correctly serialized to JSON.
+func TestCLCtoJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := testContext()
+	optional := false
+	implicit := true
+	m := make(ClassLoaderContextMap)
+	m.AddContext(ctx, 28, "a", optional, implicit, buildPath(ctx, "a"), installPath(ctx, "a"), nil)
+	m.AddContext(ctx, AnySdkVersion, "b", optional, implicit, buildPath(ctx, "b"), installPath(ctx, "b"), nil)
+	android.AssertStringEquals(t, "output CLCM ", `{
+  "28": [
+    {
+      "Name": "a",
+      "Optional": false,
+      "Implicit": true,
+      "Host": "out/soong/a.jar",
+      "Device": "/system/a.jar",
+      "Subcontexts": []
+    }
+  ],
+  "any": [
+    {
+      "Name": "b",
+      "Optional": false,
+      "Implicit": true,
+      "Host": "out/soong/b.jar",
+      "Device": "/system/b.jar",
+      "Subcontexts": []
+    }
+  ]
+}`, m.Dump())
+}
+
 func checkError(t *testing.T, have error, want string) {
 	if have == nil {
 		t.Errorf("\nwant error: '%s'\nhave: none", want)
diff --git a/dexpreopt/config.go b/dexpreopt/config.go
index 153b025..ab9e418 100644
--- a/dexpreopt/config.go
+++ b/dexpreopt/config.go
@@ -36,8 +36,6 @@
 
 	PreoptWithUpdatableBcp bool // If updatable boot jars are included in dexpreopt or not.
 
-	UseArtImage bool // use the art image (use other boot class path dex files without image)
-
 	HasSystemOther        bool     // store odex files that match PatternsOnSystemOther on the system_other partition
 	PatternsOnSystemOther []string // patterns (using '%' to denote a prefix match) to put odex on the system_other partition
 
diff --git a/genrule/genrule.go b/genrule/genrule.go
index c52ddee..3531ee6 100644
--- a/genrule/genrule.go
+++ b/genrule/genrule.go
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@
 
 	bazelModuleLabel := g.GetBazelLabel(ctx, g)
 	bazelActionsUsed := false
-	if g.MixedBuildsEnabled(ctx) {
+	if android.MixedBuildsEnabled(ctx) {
 		bazelActionsUsed = g.GenerateBazelBuildActions(ctx, bazelModuleLabel)
 	}
 	if !bazelActionsUsed {
diff --git a/java/app.go b/java/app.go
index 2b52eab..d0a1db0 100755
--- a/java/app.go
+++ b/java/app.go
@@ -900,6 +900,7 @@
 	module.Module.dexProperties.Optimize.Shrink = proptools.BoolPtr(true)
 
 	module.Module.properties.Instrument = true
+	module.Module.properties.Supports_static_instrumentation = true
 	module.Module.properties.Installable = proptools.BoolPtr(true)
 
 	module.addHostAndDeviceProperties()
@@ -1019,6 +1020,7 @@
 	module.Module.dexProperties.Optimize.EnabledByDefault = true
 
 	module.Module.properties.Instrument = true
+	module.Module.properties.Supports_static_instrumentation = true
 	module.Module.properties.Installable = proptools.BoolPtr(true)
 	module.appProperties.Use_embedded_native_libs = proptools.BoolPtr(true)
 	module.appProperties.AlwaysPackageNativeLibs = true
diff --git a/java/base.go b/java/base.go
index 4932c48..ff1ce85 100644
--- a/java/base.go
+++ b/java/base.go
@@ -170,6 +170,9 @@
 	}
 
 	Instrument bool `blueprint:"mutated"`
+	// If true, then the module supports statically including the jacocoagent
+	// into the library.
+	Supports_static_instrumentation bool `blueprint:"mutated"`
 
 	// List of files to include in the META-INF/services folder of the resulting jar.
 	Services []string `android:"path,arch_variant"`
@@ -602,7 +605,8 @@
 }
 
 func (j *Module) shouldInstrumentStatic(ctx android.BaseModuleContext) bool {
-	return j.shouldInstrument(ctx) &&
+	return j.properties.Supports_static_instrumentation &&
+		j.shouldInstrument(ctx) &&
 		(ctx.Config().IsEnvTrue("EMMA_INSTRUMENT_STATIC") ||
 			ctx.Config().UnbundledBuild())
 }
@@ -1478,30 +1482,11 @@
 	}
 
 	if ctx.Device() {
-		lintSDKVersion := func(sdkSpec android.SdkSpec) int {
+		lintSDKVersion := func(sdkSpec android.SdkSpec) android.ApiLevel {
 			if v := sdkSpec.ApiLevel; !v.IsPreview() {
-				return v.FinalInt()
+				return v
 			} else {
-				// When running metalava, we pass --version-codename. When that value
-				// is not REL, metalava will add 1 to the --current-version argument.
-				// On old branches, PLATFORM_SDK_VERSION is the latest version (for that
-				// branch) and the codename is REL, except potentially on the most
-				// recent non-master branch. On that branch, it goes through two other
-				// phases before it gets to the phase previously described:
-				//  - PLATFORM_SDK_VERSION has not been updated yet, and the codename
-				//    is not rel. This happens for most of the internal branch's life
-				//    while the branch has been cut but is still under active development.
-				//  - PLATFORM_SDK_VERSION has been set, but the codename is still not
-				//    REL. This happens briefly during the release process. During this
-				//    state the code to add --current-version is commented out, and then
-				//    that commenting out is reverted after the codename is set to REL.
-				// On the master branch, the PLATFORM_SDK_VERSION always represents a
-				// prior version and the codename is always non-REL.
-				//
-				// We need to add one here to match metalava adding 1. Technically
-				// this means that in the state described in the second bullet point
-				// above, this number is 1 higher than it should be.
-				return ctx.Config().PlatformSdkVersion().FinalInt() + 1
+				return ctx.Config().DefaultAppTargetSdk(ctx)
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/java/config/config.go b/java/config/config.go
index 46c91a2..d744002 100644
--- a/java/config/config.go
+++ b/java/config/config.go
@@ -68,6 +68,11 @@
 		"-J-XX:+TieredCompilation",
 		"-J-XX:TieredStopAtLevel=1",
 	}
+	dexerJavaVmFlagsList = []string{
+		`-JXX:OnError="cat hs_err_pid%p.log"`,
+		"-JXX:CICompilerCount=6",
+		"-JXX:+UseDynamicNumberOfGCThreads",
+	}
 )
 
 func init() {
@@ -83,19 +88,14 @@
 
 	// D8 invocations are shorter lived, so we restrict their JIT tiering relative to R8.
 	// Note that the `-JXX` prefix syntax is specific to the R8/D8 invocation wrappers.
-	exportedVars.ExportStringListStaticVariable("D8Flags", []string{
-		`-JXX:OnError="cat hs_err_pid%p.log"`,
-		"-JXX:CICompilerCount=6",
-		"-JXX:+UseDynamicNumberOfGCThreads",
+	exportedVars.ExportStringListStaticVariable("D8Flags", append([]string{
+		"-JXmx2048M",
 		"-JXX:+TieredCompilation",
 		"-JXX:TieredStopAtLevel=1",
-	})
-
-	exportedVars.ExportStringListStaticVariable("R8Flags", []string{
-		`-JXX:OnError="cat hs_err_pid%p.log"`,
-		"-JXX:CICompilerCount=6",
-		"-JXX:+UseDynamicNumberOfGCThreads",
-	})
+	}, dexerJavaVmFlagsList...))
+	exportedVars.ExportStringListStaticVariable("R8Flags", append([]string{
+		"-JXmx2048M",
+	}, dexerJavaVmFlagsList...))
 
 	exportedVars.ExportStringListStaticVariable("CommonJdkFlags", []string{
 		`-Xmaxerrs 9999999`,
diff --git a/java/config/makevars.go b/java/config/makevars.go
index bc6848f..273aca0 100644
--- a/java/config/makevars.go
+++ b/java/config/makevars.go
@@ -43,9 +43,10 @@
 	ctx.Strict("JAVADOC", "${JavadocCmd}")
 	ctx.Strict("COMMON_JDK_FLAGS", "${CommonJdkFlags}")
 
-	ctx.Strict("DX", "${D8Cmd}")
-	ctx.Strict("DX_COMMAND", "${D8Cmd} -JXms16M -JXmx2048M")
-	ctx.Strict("R8_COMPAT_PROGUARD", "${R8Cmd}")
+	ctx.Strict("D8", "${D8Cmd}")
+	ctx.Strict("R8", "${R8Cmd}")
+	ctx.Strict("D8_COMMAND", "${D8Cmd} ${D8Flags}")
+	ctx.Strict("R8_COMMAND", "${R8Cmd} ${R8Flags}")
 
 	ctx.Strict("TURBINE", "${TurbineJar}")
 
@@ -78,9 +79,6 @@
 	ctx.Strict("CLASS2NONSDKLIST", "${Class2NonSdkList}")
 	ctx.Strict("HIDDENAPI", "${HiddenAPI}")
 
-	ctx.Strict("D8_FLAGS", "${D8Flags}")
-	ctx.Strict("R8_FLAGS", "${R8Flags}")
-
 	ctx.Strict("AIDL", "${AidlCmd}")
 	ctx.Strict("AAPT2", "${Aapt2Cmd}")
 	ctx.Strict("ZIPALIGN", "${ZipAlign}")
diff --git a/java/dexpreopt.go b/java/dexpreopt.go
index 7c5f055..0adaf99 100644
--- a/java/dexpreopt.go
+++ b/java/dexpreopt.go
@@ -259,10 +259,6 @@
 	isSystemServerJar := global.AllSystemServerJars(ctx).ContainsJar(moduleName(ctx))
 
 	bootImage := defaultBootImageConfig(ctx)
-	if global.UseArtImage {
-		bootImage = artBootImageConfig(ctx)
-	}
-
 	dexFiles, dexLocations := bcpForDexpreopt(ctx, global.PreoptWithUpdatableBcp)
 
 	targets := ctx.MultiTargets()
diff --git a/java/dexpreopt_bootjars.go b/java/dexpreopt_bootjars.go
index 3d91aec..7c4da3e 100644
--- a/java/dexpreopt_bootjars.go
+++ b/java/dexpreopt_bootjars.go
@@ -213,12 +213,6 @@
 // writes out a few DEXPREOPT_IMAGE_* variables for Make; these variables contain boot image names,
 // paths and so on.
 //
-// 2.5. JIT-Zygote configuration
-// -----------------------------
-//
-// One special configuration is JIT-Zygote build, when the primary ART image is used for compiling
-// apps instead of the Framework boot image extension (see DEXPREOPT_USE_ART_IMAGE and UseArtImage).
-//
 
 var artApexNames = []string{
 	"com.android.art",
@@ -938,11 +932,8 @@
 		ctx.Strict("DEXPREOPT_BOOTCLASSPATH_DEX_LOCATIONS", strings.Join(dexLocations, " "))
 
 		var imageNames []string
-		// TODO: the primary ART boot image should not be exposed to Make, as it is installed in a
-		// different way as a part of the ART APEX. However, there is a special JIT-Zygote build
-		// configuration which uses the primary ART image instead of the Framework boot image
-		// extension, and it relies on the ART image being exposed to Make. To fix this, it is
-		// necessary to rework the logic in makefiles.
+		// The primary ART boot image is exposed to Make for testing (gtests) and benchmarking
+		// (golem) purposes.
 		for _, current := range append(d.otherImages, image) {
 			imageNames = append(imageNames, current.name)
 			for _, variant := range current.variants {
diff --git a/java/java.go b/java/java.go
index b34d6de..4e7e14c 100644
--- a/java/java.go
+++ b/java/java.go
@@ -2089,6 +2089,11 @@
 	if m.properties.Javacflags != nil {
 		javacopts = append(javacopts, m.properties.Javacflags...)
 	}
+	if m.properties.Java_version != nil {
+		javaVersion := normalizeJavaVersion(ctx, *m.properties.Java_version).String()
+		javacopts = append(javacopts, fmt.Sprintf("-source %s -target %s", javaVersion, javaVersion))
+	}
+
 	epEnabled := m.properties.Errorprone.Enabled
 	//TODO(b/227504307) add configuration that depends on RUN_ERROR_PRONE environment variable
 	if Bool(epEnabled) {
diff --git a/java/kotlin.go b/java/kotlin.go
index eff5bb5..903c624 100644
--- a/java/kotlin.go
+++ b/java/kotlin.go
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@
 
 	var deps android.Paths
 	deps = append(deps, flags.kotlincClasspath...)
+	deps = append(deps, flags.kotlincDeps...)
 	deps = append(deps, srcJars...)
 	deps = append(deps, flags.processorPath...)
 	deps = append(deps, commonSrcFiles...)
diff --git a/java/kotlin_test.go b/java/kotlin_test.go
index f9ff982..435d782 100644
--- a/java/kotlin_test.go
+++ b/java/kotlin_test.go
@@ -325,6 +325,7 @@
 		java_library {
 			name: "withcompose",
 			srcs: ["a.kt"],
+			plugins: ["plugin"],
 			static_libs: ["androidx.compose.runtime_runtime"],
 		}
 
@@ -332,6 +333,10 @@
 			name: "nocompose",
 			srcs: ["a.kt"],
 		}
+
+		java_plugin {
+			name: "plugin",
+		}
 	`)
 
 	buildOS := result.Config.BuildOS.String()
@@ -346,6 +351,9 @@
 	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "missing compose compiler plugin",
 		withCompose.VariablesForTestsRelativeToTop()["kotlincFlags"], "-Xplugin="+composeCompiler.String())
 
+	android.AssertStringListContains(t, "missing kapt compose compiler dependency",
+		withCompose.Rule("kapt").Implicits.Strings(), composeCompiler.String())
+
 	android.AssertStringListDoesNotContain(t, "unexpected compose compiler dependency",
 		noCompose.Rule("kotlinc").Implicits.Strings(), composeCompiler.String())
 
diff --git a/java/lint.go b/java/lint.go
index f09db95..426a2af 100644
--- a/java/lint.go
+++ b/java/lint.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"sort"
-	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/google/blueprint/proptools"
@@ -76,9 +75,9 @@
 	extraLintCheckJars      android.Paths
 	test                    bool
 	library                 bool
-	minSdkVersion           int
-	targetSdkVersion        int
-	compileSdkVersion       int
+	minSdkVersion           android.ApiLevel
+	targetSdkVersion        android.ApiLevel
+	compileSdkVersion       android.ApiLevel
 	compileSdkKind          android.SdkKind
 	javaLanguageLevel       string
 	kotlinLanguageLevel     string
@@ -300,8 +299,8 @@
 		Text(`echo "<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>" &&`).
 		Text(`echo "<manifest xmlns:android='http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android'" &&`).
 		Text(`echo "    android:versionCode='1' android:versionName='1' >" &&`).
-		Textf(`echo "  <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion='%d' android:targetSdkVersion='%d'/>" &&`,
-			l.minSdkVersion, l.targetSdkVersion).
+		Textf(`echo "  <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion='%s' android:targetSdkVersion='%s'/>" &&`,
+			l.minSdkVersion.String(), l.targetSdkVersion.String()).
 		Text(`echo "</manifest>"`).
 		Text(") >").Output(manifestPath)
 
@@ -326,7 +325,7 @@
 		return
 	}
 
-	if l.minSdkVersion != l.compileSdkVersion {
+	if l.minSdkVersion.CompareTo(l.compileSdkVersion) == -1 {
 		l.extraMainlineLintErrors = append(l.extraMainlineLintErrors, updatabilityChecks...)
 		_, filtered := android.FilterList(l.properties.Lint.Warning_checks, updatabilityChecks)
 		if len(filtered) != 0 {
@@ -428,7 +427,7 @@
 		FlagWithOutput("--html ", html).
 		FlagWithOutput("--text ", text).
 		FlagWithOutput("--xml ", xml).
-		FlagWithArg("--compile-sdk-version ", strconv.Itoa(l.compileSdkVersion)).
+		FlagWithArg("--compile-sdk-version ", l.compileSdkVersion.String()).
 		FlagWithArg("--java-language-level ", l.javaLanguageLevel).
 		FlagWithArg("--kotlin-language-level ", l.kotlinLanguageLevel).
 		FlagWithArg("--url ", fmt.Sprintf(".=.,%s=out", android.PathForOutput(ctx).String())).
diff --git a/java/sdk_library.go b/java/sdk_library.go
index 06a33b1..cd8e875 100644
--- a/java/sdk_library.go
+++ b/java/sdk_library.go
@@ -377,6 +377,9 @@
 	// List of Java libraries that will be in the classpath when building the implementation lib
 	Impl_only_libs []string `android:"arch_variant"`
 
+	// List of Java libraries that will included in the implementation lib.
+	Impl_only_static_libs []string `android:"arch_variant"`
+
 	// List of Java libraries that will be in the classpath when building stubs
 	Stub_only_libs []string `android:"arch_variant"`
 
@@ -1346,10 +1349,12 @@
 	visibility := childModuleVisibility(module.sdkLibraryProperties.Impl_library_visibility)
 
 	props := struct {
-		Name       *string
-		Visibility []string
-		Instrument bool
-		Libs       []string
+		Name           *string
+		Visibility     []string
+		Instrument     bool
+		Libs           []string
+		Static_libs    []string
+		Apex_available []string
 	}{
 		Name:       proptools.StringPtr(module.implLibraryModuleName()),
 		Visibility: visibility,
@@ -1358,6 +1363,12 @@
 		// Set the impl_only libs. Note that the module's "Libs" get appended as well, via the
 		// addition of &module.properties below.
 		Libs: module.sdkLibraryProperties.Impl_only_libs,
+		// Set the impl_only static libs. Note that the module's "static_libs" get appended as well, via the
+		// addition of &module.properties below.
+		Static_libs: module.sdkLibraryProperties.Impl_only_static_libs,
+		// Pass the apex_available settings down so that the impl library can be statically
+		// embedded within a library that is added to an APEX. Needed for updatable-media.
+		Apex_available: module.ApexAvailable(),
 	}
 
 	properties := []interface{}{
@@ -1814,8 +1825,9 @@
 		*javaSdkLibraries = append(*javaSdkLibraries, module.BaseModuleName())
 	}
 
-	// Add the impl_only_libs *after* we're done using the Libs prop in submodules.
+	// Add the impl_only_libs and impl_only_static_libs *after* we're done using them in submodules.
 	module.properties.Libs = append(module.properties.Libs, module.sdkLibraryProperties.Impl_only_libs...)
+	module.properties.Static_libs = append(module.properties.Static_libs, module.sdkLibraryProperties.Impl_only_static_libs...)
 }
 
 func (module *SdkLibrary) InitSdkLibraryProperties() {
@@ -2219,7 +2231,15 @@
 var _ hiddenAPIModule = (*SdkLibraryImport)(nil)
 
 func (module *SdkLibraryImport) OutputFiles(tag string) (android.Paths, error) {
-	return module.commonOutputFiles(tag)
+	paths, err := module.commonOutputFiles(tag)
+	if paths != nil || err != nil {
+		return paths, err
+	}
+	if module.implLibraryModule != nil {
+		return module.implLibraryModule.OutputFiles(tag)
+	} else {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
 }
 
 func (module *SdkLibraryImport) GenerateAndroidBuildActions(ctx android.ModuleContext) {
diff --git a/mk2rbc/cmd/mk2rbc.go b/mk2rbc/cmd/mk2rbc.go
index e84eacd..cc83430 100644
--- a/mk2rbc/cmd/mk2rbc.go
+++ b/mk2rbc/cmd/mk2rbc.go
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 	}
 	ok := true
 	for _, mkFile := range files {
-		ok = convertOne(mkFile) && ok
+		ok = convertOne(mkFile, []string{}) && ok
 	}
 
 	if *launcher != "" {
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
 		if *inputVariables == "" {
 			quit(fmt.Errorf("the product launcher requires an input variables file"))
 		}
-		if !convertOne(*inputVariables) {
+		if !convertOne(*inputVariables, []string{}) {
 			quit(fmt.Errorf("the product launcher input variables file failed to convert"))
 		}
 
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
 		if *inputVariables == "" {
 			quit(fmt.Errorf("the board launcher requires an input variables file"))
 		}
-		if !convertOne(*inputVariables) {
+		if !convertOne(*inputVariables, []string{}) {
 			quit(fmt.Errorf("the board launcher input variables file failed to convert"))
 		}
 		err := writeGenerated(*boardlauncher, mk2rbc.BoardLauncher(
@@ -310,9 +310,13 @@
 // the output hierarchy, or to the stdout.
 // Optionally, recursively convert the files this one includes by
 // $(call inherit-product) or an include statement.
-func convertOne(mkFile string) (ok bool) {
+func convertOne(mkFile string, loadStack []string) (ok bool) {
 	if v, ok := converted[mkFile]; ok {
-		return v != nil
+		if v == nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Cycle in load graph:\n%s\n%s\n\n", strings.Join(loadStack, "\n"), mkFile)
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
 	}
 	converted[mkFile] = nil
 	defer func() {
@@ -356,6 +360,7 @@
 			return false
 		}
 	}
+	loadStack = append(loadStack, mkFile)
 	ok = true
 	if *recurse {
 		for _, sub := range ss.SubConfigFiles() {
@@ -363,7 +368,7 @@
 			if _, err := os.Stat(sub); os.IsNotExist(err) {
 				continue
 			}
-			ok = convertOne(sub) && ok
+			ok = convertOne(sub, loadStack) && ok
 		}
 	}
 	converted[mkFile] = ss
diff --git a/mk2rbc/expr.go b/mk2rbc/expr.go
index 9266520..6a6eb46 100644
--- a/mk2rbc/expr.go
+++ b/mk2rbc/expr.go
@@ -741,8 +741,8 @@
 	return starlarkTypeUnknown
 }
 
-func (_ *badExpr) emitListVarCopy(_ *generationContext) {
-	panic("implement me")
+func (b *badExpr) emitListVarCopy(gctx *generationContext) {
+	b.emit(gctx)
 }
 
 func (b *badExpr) transform(transformer func(expr starlarkExpr) starlarkExpr) starlarkExpr {
diff --git a/mk2rbc/mk2rbc.go b/mk2rbc/mk2rbc.go
index 02b3d08..1eae63f 100644
--- a/mk2rbc/mk2rbc.go
+++ b/mk2rbc/mk2rbc.go
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 	"find-copy-subdir-files":               &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".find_and_copy", returnType: starlarkTypeList},
 	"filter":                               &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".filter", returnType: starlarkTypeList},
 	"filter-out":                           &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".filter_out", returnType: starlarkTypeList},
-	"firstword":                            &firstOrLastwordCallParser{isLastWord: false},
+	"firstword":                            &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".first_word", returnType: starlarkTypeString},
 	"foreach":                              &foreachCallParser{},
 	"if":                                   &ifCallParser{},
 	"info":                                 &makeControlFuncParser{name: baseName + ".mkinfo"},
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
 	"is-product-in-list":                   &isProductInListCallParser{},
 	"is-vendor-board-platform":             &isVendorBoardPlatformCallParser{},
 	"is-vendor-board-qcom":                 &isVendorBoardQcomCallParser{},
-	"lastword":                             &firstOrLastwordCallParser{isLastWord: true},
+	"lastword":                             &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".last_word", returnType: starlarkTypeString},
 	"notdir":                               &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".notdir", returnType: starlarkTypeString},
 	"math_max":                             &mathMaxOrMinCallParser{function: "max"},
 	"math_min":                             &mathMaxOrMinCallParser{function: "min"},
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@
 	"subst":    &substCallParser{fname: "subst"},
 	"warning":  &makeControlFuncParser{name: baseName + ".mkwarning"},
 	"word":     &wordCallParser{},
+	"words":    &wordsCallParser{},
 	"wildcard": &simpleCallParser{name: baseName + ".expand_wildcard", returnType: starlarkTypeList},
 }
 
@@ -130,6 +131,14 @@
 	"foreach":                   &foreachCallNodeParser{},
 }
 
+// These look like variables, but are actually functions, and would give
+// undefined variable errors if we converted them as variables. Instead,
+// emit an error instead of converting them.
+var unsupportedFunctions = map[string]bool{
+	"local-generated-sources-dir": true,
+	"local-intermediates-dir":     true,
+}
+
 // These are functions that we don't implement conversions for, but
 // we allow seeing their definitions in the product config files.
 var ignoredDefines = map[string]bool{
@@ -459,6 +468,7 @@
 	predefined := []struct{ name, value string }{
 		{"SRC_TARGET_DIR", filepath.Join("build", "make", "target")},
 		{"LOCAL_PATH", filepath.Dir(ss.mkFile)},
+		{"MAKEFILE_LIST", ss.mkFile},
 		{"TOPDIR", ""}, // TOPDIR is just set to an empty string in cleanbuild.mk and core.mk
 		// TODO(asmundak): maybe read it from build/make/core/envsetup.mk?
 		{"TARGET_COPY_OUT_SYSTEM", "system"},
@@ -562,9 +572,6 @@
 	if lhs.valueType() == starlarkTypeUnknown {
 		// Try to divine variable type from the RHS
 		asgn.value = ctx.parseMakeString(a, a.Value)
-		if xBad, ok := asgn.value.(*badExpr); ok {
-			return []starlarkNode{&exprNode{xBad}}
-		}
 		inferred_type := asgn.value.typ()
 		if inferred_type != starlarkTypeUnknown {
 			lhs.setValueType(inferred_type)
@@ -573,21 +580,19 @@
 	if lhs.valueType() == starlarkTypeList {
 		xConcat, xBad := ctx.buildConcatExpr(a)
 		if xBad != nil {
-			return []starlarkNode{&exprNode{expr: xBad}}
-		}
-		switch len(xConcat.items) {
-		case 0:
-			asgn.value = &listExpr{}
-		case 1:
-			asgn.value = xConcat.items[0]
-		default:
-			asgn.value = xConcat
+			asgn.value = xBad
+		} else {
+			switch len(xConcat.items) {
+			case 0:
+				asgn.value = &listExpr{}
+			case 1:
+				asgn.value = xConcat.items[0]
+			default:
+				asgn.value = xConcat
+			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		asgn.value = ctx.parseMakeString(a, a.Value)
-		if xBad, ok := asgn.value.(*badExpr); ok {
-			return []starlarkNode{&exprNode{expr: xBad}}
-		}
 	}
 
 	if asgn.lhs.valueType() == starlarkTypeString &&
@@ -817,35 +822,40 @@
 	//       rblf.inherit(handle, _e[0], _e[1])
 	//
 	var matchingPaths []string
-	varPath, ok := pathExpr.(*interpolateExpr)
-	if !ok {
+	var needsWarning = false
+	if interpolate, ok := pathExpr.(*interpolateExpr); ok {
+		pathPattern := []string{interpolate.chunks[0]}
+		for _, chunk := range interpolate.chunks[1:] {
+			if chunk != "" {
+				pathPattern = append(pathPattern, chunk)
+			}
+		}
+		if pathPattern[0] == "" && len(ctx.includeTops) > 0 {
+			// If pattern starts from the top. restrict it to the directories where
+			// we know inherit-product uses dynamically calculated path.
+			for _, p := range ctx.includeTops {
+				pathPattern[0] = p
+				matchingPaths = append(matchingPaths, ctx.findMatchingPaths(pathPattern)...)
+			}
+		} else {
+			matchingPaths = ctx.findMatchingPaths(pathPattern)
+		}
+		needsWarning = pathPattern[0] == "" && len(ctx.includeTops) == 0
+	} else if len(ctx.includeTops) > 0 {
+		for _, p := range ctx.includeTops {
+			matchingPaths = append(matchingPaths, ctx.findMatchingPaths([]string{p, ""})...)
+		}
+	} else {
 		return []starlarkNode{ctx.newBadNode(v, "inherit-product/include argument is too complex")}
 	}
 
-	pathPattern := []string{varPath.chunks[0]}
-	for _, chunk := range varPath.chunks[1:] {
-		if chunk != "" {
-			pathPattern = append(pathPattern, chunk)
-		}
-	}
-	if pathPattern[0] == "" && len(ctx.includeTops) > 0 {
-		// If pattern starts from the top. restrict it to the directories where
-		// we know inherit-product uses dynamically calculated path.
-		for _, p := range ctx.includeTops {
-			pathPattern[0] = p
-			matchingPaths = append(matchingPaths, ctx.findMatchingPaths(pathPattern)...)
-		}
-	} else {
-		matchingPaths = ctx.findMatchingPaths(pathPattern)
-	}
 	// Safeguard against $(call inherit-product,$(PRODUCT_PATH))
 	const maxMatchingFiles = 150
 	if len(matchingPaths) > maxMatchingFiles {
 		return []starlarkNode{ctx.newBadNode(v, "there are >%d files matching the pattern, please rewrite it", maxMatchingFiles)}
 	}
 
-	needsWarning := pathPattern[0] == "" && len(ctx.includeTops) == 0
-	res := inheritedDynamicModule{*varPath, []*moduleInfo{}, loadAlways, ctx.errorLocation(v), needsWarning}
+	res := inheritedDynamicModule{pathExpr, []*moduleInfo{}, loadAlways, ctx.errorLocation(v), needsWarning}
 	for _, p := range matchingPaths {
 		// A product configuration files discovered dynamically may attempt to inherit
 		// from another one which does not exist in this source tree. Prevent load errors
@@ -895,8 +905,9 @@
 	})
 }
 
-func (ctx *parseContext) handleInclude(v mkparser.Node, pathExpr starlarkExpr, loadAlways bool) []starlarkNode {
-	return ctx.handleSubConfig(v, pathExpr, loadAlways, func(im inheritedModule) starlarkNode {
+func (ctx *parseContext) handleInclude(v *mkparser.Directive) []starlarkNode {
+	loadAlways := v.Name[0] != '-'
+	return ctx.handleSubConfig(v, ctx.parseMakeString(v, v.Args), loadAlways, func(im inheritedModule) starlarkNode {
 		return &includeNode{im, loadAlways}
 	})
 }
@@ -1074,6 +1085,18 @@
 				return otherOperand
 			}
 		}
+		if otherOperand.typ() == starlarkTypeList {
+			fields := strings.Fields(stringOperand)
+			elements := make([]starlarkExpr, len(fields))
+			for i, s := range fields {
+				elements[i] = &stringLiteralExpr{literal: s}
+			}
+			return &eqExpr{
+				left:  otherOperand,
+				right: &listExpr{elements},
+				isEq:  isEq,
+			}
+		}
 		if intOperand, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(stringOperand)); err == nil && otherOperand.typ() == starlarkTypeInt {
 			return &eqExpr{
 				left:  otherOperand,
@@ -1119,8 +1142,6 @@
 	switch call.name {
 	case baseName + ".filter":
 		return ctx.parseCompareFilterFuncResult(directive, call, value, isEq)
-	case baseName + ".expand_wildcard":
-		return ctx.parseCompareWildcardFuncResult(directive, call, value, !isEq), true
 	case baseName + ".findstring":
 		return ctx.parseCheckFindstringFuncResult(directive, call, value, !isEq), true
 	case baseName + ".strip":
@@ -1165,22 +1186,6 @@
 	}
 }
 
-func (ctx *parseContext) parseCompareWildcardFuncResult(directive *mkparser.Directive,
-	xCall *callExpr, xValue starlarkExpr, negate bool) starlarkExpr {
-	if !isEmptyString(xValue) {
-		return ctx.newBadExpr(directive, "wildcard result can be compared only to empty: %s", xValue)
-	}
-	callFunc := baseName + ".file_wildcard_exists"
-	if s, ok := xCall.args[0].(*stringLiteralExpr); ok && !strings.ContainsAny(s.literal, "*?{[") {
-		callFunc = baseName + ".file_exists"
-	}
-	var cc starlarkExpr = &callExpr{name: callFunc, args: xCall.args, returnType: starlarkTypeBool}
-	if !negate {
-		cc = &notExpr{cc}
-	}
-	return cc
-}
-
 func (ctx *parseContext) parseCheckFindstringFuncResult(directive *mkparser.Directive,
 	xCall *callExpr, xValue starlarkExpr, negate bool) starlarkExpr {
 	if isEmptyString(xValue) {
@@ -1268,6 +1273,12 @@
 		return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "reference is too complex: %s", refDump)
 	}
 
+	if name, _, ok := ctx.maybeParseFunctionCall(node, ref); ok {
+		if _, unsupported := unsupportedFunctions[name]; unsupported {
+			return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "%s is not supported", refDump)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// If it is a single word, it can be a simple variable
 	// reference or a function call
 	if len(words) == 1 && !isMakeControlFunc(refDump) && refDump != "shell" && refDump != "eval" {
@@ -1315,9 +1326,8 @@
 		} else {
 			return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "cannot handle invoking %s", name)
 		}
-	} else {
-		return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "cannot handle %s", refDump)
 	}
+	return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "cannot handle %s", refDump)
 }
 
 type simpleCallParser struct {
@@ -1593,6 +1603,16 @@
 		for _, n := range a.actions {
 			transformNode(n, transformer)
 		}
+	case *inheritNode:
+		if b, ok := a.module.(inheritedDynamicModule); ok {
+			b.path = b.path.transform(transformer)
+			a.module = b
+		}
+	case *includeNode:
+		if b, ok := a.module.(inheritedDynamicModule); ok {
+			b.path = b.path.transform(transformer)
+			a.module = b
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1643,9 +1663,11 @@
 	if len(words) != 2 {
 		return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "word function should have 2 arguments")
 	}
-	var index uint64 = 0
+	var index = 0
 	if words[0].Const() {
-		index, _ = strconv.ParseUint(strings.TrimSpace(words[0].Strings[0]), 10, 64)
+		if i, err := strconv.Atoi(strings.TrimSpace(words[0].Strings[0])); err == nil {
+			index = i
+		}
 	}
 	if index < 1 {
 		return ctx.newBadExpr(node, "word index should be constant positive integer")
@@ -1653,35 +1675,40 @@
 	words[1].TrimLeftSpaces()
 	words[1].TrimRightSpaces()
 	array := ctx.parseMakeString(node, words[1])
-	if xBad, ok := array.(*badExpr); ok {
-		return xBad
-	}
-	if array.typ() != starlarkTypeList {
-		array = &callExpr{object: array, name: "split", returnType: starlarkTypeList}
-	}
-	return &indexExpr{array, &intLiteralExpr{int(index - 1)}}
-}
-
-type firstOrLastwordCallParser struct {
-	isLastWord bool
-}
-
-func (p *firstOrLastwordCallParser) parse(ctx *parseContext, node mkparser.Node, args *mkparser.MakeString) starlarkExpr {
-	arg := ctx.parseMakeString(node, args)
-	if bad, ok := arg.(*badExpr); ok {
+	if bad, ok := array.(*badExpr); ok {
 		return bad
 	}
-	index := &intLiteralExpr{0}
-	if p.isLastWord {
-		if v, ok := arg.(*variableRefExpr); ok && v.ref.name() == "MAKEFILE_LIST" {
-			return &stringLiteralExpr{ctx.script.mkFile}
+	if array.typ() != starlarkTypeList {
+		array = &callExpr{
+			name:       baseName + ".words",
+			args:       []starlarkExpr{array},
+			returnType: starlarkTypeList,
 		}
-		index.literal = -1
 	}
-	if arg.typ() == starlarkTypeList {
-		return &indexExpr{arg, index}
+	return &indexExpr{array, &intLiteralExpr{index - 1}}
+}
+
+type wordsCallParser struct{}
+
+func (p *wordsCallParser) parse(ctx *parseContext, node mkparser.Node, args *mkparser.MakeString) starlarkExpr {
+	args.TrimLeftSpaces()
+	args.TrimRightSpaces()
+	array := ctx.parseMakeString(node, args)
+	if bad, ok := array.(*badExpr); ok {
+		return bad
 	}
-	return &indexExpr{&callExpr{object: arg, name: "split", returnType: starlarkTypeList}, index}
+	if array.typ() != starlarkTypeList {
+		array = &callExpr{
+			name:       baseName + ".words",
+			args:       []starlarkExpr{array},
+			returnType: starlarkTypeList,
+		}
+	}
+	return &callExpr{
+		name:       "len",
+		args:       []starlarkExpr{array},
+		returnType: starlarkTypeInt,
+	}
 }
 
 func parseIntegerArguments(ctx *parseContext, node mkparser.Node, args *mkparser.MakeString, expectedArgs int) ([]starlarkExpr, error) {
@@ -1765,10 +1792,23 @@
 			}
 		case *mkparser.Comment:
 			return []starlarkNode{&commentNode{strings.TrimSpace("#" + n.Comment)}}
+		case *mkparser.Directive:
+			if n.Name == "include" || n.Name == "-include" {
+				return ctx.handleInclude(n)
+			}
+		case *mkparser.Variable:
+			// Technically inherit-product(-if-exists) don't need to be put inside
+			// an eval, but some makefiles do it, presumably because they copy+pasted
+			// from a $(eval include ...)
+			if name, _, ok := ctx.maybeParseFunctionCall(n, n.Name); ok {
+				if name == "inherit-product" || name == "inherit-product-if-exists" {
+					return ctx.handleVariable(n)
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	return []starlarkNode{ctx.newBadNode(node, "Eval expression too complex; only assignments and comments are supported")}
+	return []starlarkNode{ctx.newBadNode(node, "Eval expression too complex; only assignments, comments, includes, and inherit-products are supported")}
 }
 
 func (ctx *parseContext) parseMakeString(node mkparser.Node, mk *mkparser.MakeString) starlarkExpr {
@@ -1828,7 +1868,7 @@
 				result = []starlarkNode{res}
 			}
 		case "include", "-include":
-			result = ctx.handleInclude(node, ctx.parseMakeString(node, x.Args), x.Name[0] != '-')
+			result = ctx.handleInclude(x)
 		case "ifeq", "ifneq", "ifdef", "ifndef":
 			result = []starlarkNode{ctx.handleIfBlock(x)}
 		default:
diff --git a/mk2rbc/mk2rbc_test.go b/mk2rbc/mk2rbc_test.go
index 9485a42..7f236bb 100644
--- a/mk2rbc/mk2rbc_test.go
+++ b/mk2rbc/mk2rbc_test.go
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@
 
 def init(g, handle):
   cfg = rblf.cfg(handle)
-  rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:2", "cannot handle invoking foo1")
-  rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:3", "cannot handle invoking foo0")
+  cfg["PRODUCT_NAME"] = rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:2", "cannot handle invoking foo1")
+  cfg["PRODUCT_NAME"] = rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:3", "cannot handle invoking foo0")
 `,
 	},
 	{
@@ -568,14 +568,18 @@
 endif
 ifneq (,$(wildcard foo*.mk))
 endif
+ifeq (foo1.mk foo2.mk barxyz.mk,$(wildcard foo*.mk bar*.mk))
+endif
 `,
 		expected: `load("//build/make/core:product_config.rbc", "rblf")
 
 def init(g, handle):
   cfg = rblf.cfg(handle)
-  if not rblf.file_exists("foo.mk"):
+  if not rblf.expand_wildcard("foo.mk"):
     pass
-  if rblf.file_wildcard_exists("foo*.mk"):
+  if rblf.expand_wildcard("foo*.mk"):
+    pass
+  if rblf.expand_wildcard("foo*.mk bar*.mk") == ["foo1.mk", "foo2.mk", "barxyz.mk"]:␤
     pass
 `,
 	},
@@ -808,6 +812,10 @@
 PRODUCT_COPY_FILES := $(addprefix pfx-,a b c)
 PRODUCT_COPY_FILES := $(addsuffix .sff, a b c)
 PRODUCT_NAME := $(word 1, $(subst ., ,$(TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM)))
+ifeq (1,$(words $(SOME_UNKNOWN_VARIABLE)))
+endif
+ifeq ($(words $(SOME_OTHER_VARIABLE)),$(SOME_INT_VARIABLE))
+endif
 $(info $(patsubst %.pub,$(PRODUCT_NAME)%,$(PRODUCT_ADB_KEYS)))
 $(info $$(dir foo/bar): $(dir foo/bar))
 $(info $(firstword $(PRODUCT_COPY_FILES)))
@@ -830,14 +838,18 @@
   cfg = rblf.cfg(handle)
   cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"] = rblf.addprefix("pfx-", "a b c")
   cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"] = rblf.addsuffix(".sff", "a b c")
-  cfg["PRODUCT_NAME"] = ((g.get("TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM", "")).replace(".", " ")).split()[0]
+  cfg["PRODUCT_NAME"] = rblf.words((g.get("TARGET_BOARD_PLATFORM", "")).replace(".", " "))[0]
+  if len(rblf.words(g.get("SOME_UNKNOWN_VARIABLE", ""))) == 1:
+    pass
+  if ("%d" % (len(rblf.words(g.get("SOME_OTHER_VARIABLE", ""))))) == g.get("SOME_INT_VARIABLE", ""):
+    pass
   rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.mkpatsubst("%.pub", "%s%%" % cfg["PRODUCT_NAME"], g.get("PRODUCT_ADB_KEYS", "")))
   rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", "$(dir foo/bar): %s" % rblf.dir("foo/bar"))
-  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"][0])
-  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"][-1])
-  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.dir("product.mk"))
-  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.dir(cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"][-1]))
-  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.dir((_foobar).split()[-1]))
+  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.first_word(cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"]))
+  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.last_word(cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"]))
+  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.dir(rblf.last_word("product.mk")))
+  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.dir(rblf.last_word(cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"])))
+  rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.dir(rblf.last_word(_foobar)))
   rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.abspath("foo/bar"))
   rblf.mkinfo("product.mk", rblf.notdir("foo/bar"))
   rblf.soong_config_namespace(g, "snsconfig")
@@ -975,7 +987,7 @@
   rblf.soong_config_namespace(g, "cvd")
   rblf.soong_config_set(g, "cvd", "launch_configs", "cvd_config_auto.json")
   rblf.soong_config_append(g, "cvd", "grub_config", "grub.cfg")
-  rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:7", "SOONG_CONFIG_ variables cannot be referenced, use soong_config_get instead: SOONG_CONFIG_cvd_grub_config")
+  _x = rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:7", "SOONG_CONFIG_ variables cannot be referenced, use soong_config_get instead: SOONG_CONFIG_cvd_grub_config")
 `,
 	}, {
 		desc:   "soong namespace accesses",
@@ -1142,6 +1154,11 @@
 MY_PATH:=foo
 #RBC# include_top vendor/foo1
 $(call inherit-product,$(MY_PATH)/cfg.mk)
+#RBC# include_top vendor/foo1
+$(call inherit-product,$(MY_OTHER_PATH))
+#RBC# include_top vendor/foo1
+$(foreach f,$(MY_MAKEFILES), \
+	$(call inherit-product,$(f)))
 `,
 		expected: `load("//build/make/core:product_config.rbc", "rblf")
 load("//vendor/foo1:cfg.star|init", _cfg_init = "init")
@@ -1156,6 +1173,21 @@
   if not _varmod_init:
     rblf.mkerror("product.mk", "Cannot find %s" % ("%s/cfg.mk" % g["MY_PATH"]))
   rblf.inherit(handle, _varmod, _varmod_init)
+  _entry = {
+    "vendor/foo1/cfg.mk": ("vendor/foo1/cfg", _cfg_init),
+  }.get(g.get("MY_OTHER_PATH", ""))
+  (_varmod, _varmod_init) = _entry if _entry else (None, None)
+  if not _varmod_init:
+    rblf.mkerror("product.mk", "Cannot find %s" % (g.get("MY_OTHER_PATH", "")))
+  rblf.inherit(handle, _varmod, _varmod_init)
+  for f in rblf.words(g.get("MY_MAKEFILES", "")):
+    _entry = {
+      "vendor/foo1/cfg.mk": ("vendor/foo1/cfg", _cfg_init),
+    }.get(f)
+    (_varmod, _varmod_init) = _entry if _entry else (None, None)
+    if not _varmod_init:
+      rblf.mkerror("product.mk", "Cannot find %s" % (f))
+    rblf.inherit(handle, _varmod, _varmod_init)
 `,
 	},
 	{
@@ -1271,6 +1303,7 @@
 		in: `
 ifeq (,$(call foobar))
 endif
+my_sources := $(local-generated-sources-dir)
 `,
 		expected: `load("//build/make/core:product_config.rbc", "rblf")
 
@@ -1278,6 +1311,7 @@
   cfg = rblf.cfg(handle)
   if rblf.mk2rbc_error("build/product.mk:2", "cannot handle invoking foobar"):
     pass
+  _my_sources = rblf.mk2rbc_error("build/product.mk:4", "local-generated-sources-dir is not supported")
 `,
 	},
 	{
@@ -1511,24 +1545,40 @@
 $(eval MY_VAR := foo)
 $(eval # This is a test of eval functions)
 $(eval $(TOO_COMPLICATED) := bar)
+$(eval include foo/font.mk)
+$(eval $(call inherit-product,vendor/foo1/cfg.mk))
+
 $(foreach x,$(MY_LIST_VAR), \
   $(eval PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += foo/bar/$(x):$(TARGET_COPY_OUT_VENDOR)/etc/$(x)) \
-  $(if $(MY_OTHER_VAR),$(eval PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += $(MY_OTHER_VAR):foo/bar/$(x))) \
-)
+  $(if $(MY_OTHER_VAR),$(eval PRODUCT_COPY_FILES += $(MY_OTHER_VAR):foo/bar/$(x))))
 
+$(foreach x,$(MY_LIST_VAR), \
+  $(eval include foo/$(x).mk))
 `,
 		expected: `load("//build/make/core:product_config.rbc", "rblf")
+load("//foo:font.star", _font_init = "init")
+load("//vendor/foo1:cfg.star", _cfg_init = "init")
 
 def init(g, handle):
   cfg = rblf.cfg(handle)
   g["MY_VAR"] = "foo"
   # This is a test of eval functions
-  rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:5", "Eval expression too complex; only assignments and comments are supported")
+  rblf.mk2rbc_error("product.mk:5", "Eval expression too complex; only assignments, comments, includes, and inherit-products are supported")
+  _font_init(g, handle)
+  rblf.inherit(handle, "vendor/foo1/cfg", _cfg_init)
   for x in rblf.words(g.get("MY_LIST_VAR", "")):
     rblf.setdefault(handle, "PRODUCT_COPY_FILES")
     cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"] += ("foo/bar/%s:%s/etc/%s" % (x, g.get("TARGET_COPY_OUT_VENDOR", ""), x)).split()
     if g.get("MY_OTHER_VAR", ""):
       cfg["PRODUCT_COPY_FILES"] += ("%s:foo/bar/%s" % (g.get("MY_OTHER_VAR", ""), x)).split()
+  for x in rblf.words(g.get("MY_LIST_VAR", "")):
+    _entry = {
+      "foo/font.mk": ("foo/font", _font_init),
+    }.get("foo/%s.mk" % _x)
+    (_varmod, _varmod_init) = _entry if _entry else (None, None)
+    if not _varmod_init:
+      rblf.mkerror("product.mk", "Cannot find %s" % ("foo/%s.mk" % _x))
+    _varmod_init(g, handle)
 `,
 	},
 	{
diff --git a/mk2rbc/node.go b/mk2rbc/node.go
index 7c39b9e..a01abd8 100644
--- a/mk2rbc/node.go
+++ b/mk2rbc/node.go
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
 }
 
 type inheritedDynamicModule struct {
-	path             interpolateExpr
+	path             starlarkExpr
 	candidateModules []*moduleInfo
 	loadAlways       bool
 	location         ErrorLocation
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 }
 
 func (i inheritedDynamicModule) pathExpr() starlarkExpr {
-	return &i.path
+	return i.path
 }
 
 func (i inheritedDynamicModule) needsLoadCheck() bool {
diff --git a/multitree/Android.bp b/multitree/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b16d20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/multitree/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+package {
+    default_applicable_licenses: ["Android-Apache-2.0"],
+}
+
+bootstrap_go_package {
+    name: "soong-multitree",
+    pkgPath: "android/soong/multitree",
+    deps: [
+        "blueprint",
+        "soong-android",
+    ],
+    srcs: [
+        "api_surface.go",
+        "export.go",
+        "metadata.go",
+        "import.go",
+    ],
+    pluginFor: ["soong_build"],
+}
diff --git a/multitree/api_surface.go b/multitree/api_surface.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f739a24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/multitree/api_surface.go
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright 2021 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package multitree
+
+import (
+	"android/soong/android"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/google/blueprint"
+)
+
+var (
+	pctx = android.NewPackageContext("android/soong/multitree")
+)
+
+func init() {
+	RegisterApiSurfaceBuildComponents(android.InitRegistrationContext)
+}
+
+var PrepareForTestWithApiSurface = android.FixtureRegisterWithContext(RegisterApiSurfaceBuildComponents)
+
+func RegisterApiSurfaceBuildComponents(ctx android.RegistrationContext) {
+	ctx.RegisterModuleType("api_surface", ApiSurfaceFactory)
+}
+
+type ApiSurface struct {
+	android.ModuleBase
+	ExportableModuleBase
+	properties apiSurfaceProperties
+
+	allOutputs    android.Paths
+	taggedOutputs map[string]android.Paths
+}
+
+type apiSurfaceProperties struct {
+	Contributions []string
+}
+
+func ApiSurfaceFactory() android.Module {
+	module := &ApiSurface{}
+	module.AddProperties(&module.properties)
+	android.InitAndroidModule(module)
+	InitExportableModule(module)
+	return module
+}
+
+func (surface *ApiSurface) DepsMutator(ctx android.BottomUpMutatorContext) {
+	if surface.properties.Contributions != nil {
+		ctx.AddVariationDependencies(nil, nil, surface.properties.Contributions...)
+	}
+
+}
+func (surface *ApiSurface) GenerateAndroidBuildActions(ctx android.ModuleContext) {
+	contributionFiles := make(map[string]android.Paths)
+	var allOutputs android.Paths
+	ctx.WalkDeps(func(child, parent android.Module) bool {
+		if contribution, ok := child.(ApiContribution); ok {
+			copied := contribution.CopyFilesWithTag(ctx)
+			for tag, files := range copied {
+				contributionFiles[child.Name()+"#"+tag] = files
+			}
+			for _, paths := range copied {
+				allOutputs = append(allOutputs, paths...)
+			}
+			return false // no transitive dependencies
+		}
+		return false
+	})
+
+	// phony target
+	ctx.Build(pctx, android.BuildParams{
+		Rule:   blueprint.Phony,
+		Output: android.PathForPhony(ctx, ctx.ModuleName()),
+		Inputs: allOutputs,
+	})
+
+	surface.allOutputs = allOutputs
+	surface.taggedOutputs = contributionFiles
+}
+
+func (surface *ApiSurface) OutputFiles(tag string) (android.Paths, error) {
+	if tag != "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown tag: %q", tag)
+	}
+	return surface.allOutputs, nil
+}
+
+func (surface *ApiSurface) TaggedOutputs() map[string]android.Paths {
+	return surface.taggedOutputs
+}
+
+func (surface *ApiSurface) Exportable() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+var _ android.OutputFileProducer = (*ApiSurface)(nil)
+var _ Exportable = (*ApiSurface)(nil)
+
+type ApiContribution interface {
+	// copy files necessaryt to construct an API surface
+	// For C, it will be map.txt and .h files
+	// For Java, it will be api.txt
+	CopyFilesWithTag(ctx android.ModuleContext) map[string]android.Paths // output paths
+
+	// Generate Android.bp in out/ to use the exported .txt files
+	// GenerateBuildFiles(ctx ModuleContext) Paths //output paths
+}
diff --git a/multitree/export.go b/multitree/export.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aecade5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/multitree/export.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package multitree
+
+import (
+	"android/soong/android"
+
+	"github.com/google/blueprint/proptools"
+)
+
+type moduleExportProperty struct {
+	// True if the module is exported to the other components in a multi-tree.
+	// Any components in the multi-tree can import this module to use.
+	Export *bool
+}
+
+type ExportableModuleBase struct {
+	properties moduleExportProperty
+}
+
+type Exportable interface {
+	// Properties for the exporable module.
+	exportableModuleProps() *moduleExportProperty
+
+	// Check if this module can be exported.
+	// If this returns false, the module will not be exported regardless of the 'export' value.
+	Exportable() bool
+
+	// Returns 'true' if this module has 'export: true'
+	// This module will not be exported if it returns 'false' to 'Exportable()' interface even if
+	// it has 'export: true'.
+	IsExported() bool
+
+	// Map from tags to outputs.
+	// Each module can tag their outputs for convenience.
+	TaggedOutputs() map[string]android.Paths
+}
+
+type ExportableModule interface {
+	android.Module
+	android.OutputFileProducer
+	Exportable
+}
+
+func InitExportableModule(module ExportableModule) {
+	module.AddProperties(module.exportableModuleProps())
+}
+
+func (m *ExportableModuleBase) exportableModuleProps() *moduleExportProperty {
+	return &m.properties
+}
+
+func (m *ExportableModuleBase) IsExported() bool {
+	return proptools.Bool(m.properties.Export)
+}
diff --git a/multitree/import.go b/multitree/import.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e5c421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/multitree/import.go
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package multitree
+
+import (
+	"android/soong/android"
+)
+
+var (
+	nameSuffix = ".imported"
+)
+
+type MultitreeImportedModuleInterface interface {
+	GetMultitreeImportedModuleName() string
+}
+
+func init() {
+	android.RegisterModuleType("imported_filegroup", importedFileGroupFactory)
+
+	android.PreArchMutators(RegisterMultitreePreArchMutators)
+}
+
+type importedFileGroupProperties struct {
+	// Imported modules from the other components in a multi-tree
+	Imported []string
+}
+
+type importedFileGroup struct {
+	android.ModuleBase
+
+	properties importedFileGroupProperties
+	srcs       android.Paths
+}
+
+func (ifg *importedFileGroup) Name() string {
+	return ifg.BaseModuleName() + nameSuffix
+}
+
+func importedFileGroupFactory() android.Module {
+	module := &importedFileGroup{}
+	module.AddProperties(&module.properties)
+
+	android.InitAndroidModule(module)
+	return module
+}
+
+var _ MultitreeImportedModuleInterface = (*importedFileGroup)(nil)
+
+func (ifg *importedFileGroup) GetMultitreeImportedModuleName() string {
+	// The base module name of the imported filegroup is used as the imported module name
+	return ifg.BaseModuleName()
+}
+
+var _ android.SourceFileProducer = (*importedFileGroup)(nil)
+
+func (ifg *importedFileGroup) Srcs() android.Paths {
+	return ifg.srcs
+}
+
+func (ifg *importedFileGroup) GenerateAndroidBuildActions(ctx android.ModuleContext) {
+	// srcs from this module must not be used. Adding a dot path to avoid the empty
+	// source failure. Still soong returns error when a module wants to build against
+	// this source, which is intended.
+	ifg.srcs = android.PathsForModuleSrc(ctx, []string{"."})
+}
+
+func RegisterMultitreePreArchMutators(ctx android.RegisterMutatorsContext) {
+	ctx.BottomUp("multitree_imported_rename", MultitreeImportedRenameMutator).Parallel()
+}
+
+func MultitreeImportedRenameMutator(ctx android.BottomUpMutatorContext) {
+	if m, ok := ctx.Module().(MultitreeImportedModuleInterface); ok {
+		name := m.GetMultitreeImportedModuleName()
+		if !ctx.OtherModuleExists(name) {
+			// Provide an empty filegroup not to break the build while updating the metadata.
+			// In other cases, soong will report an error to guide users to run 'm update-meta'
+			// first.
+			if !ctx.Config().TargetMultitreeUpdateMeta() {
+				ctx.ModuleErrorf("\"%s\" filegroup must be imported.\nRun 'm update-meta' first to import the filegroup.", name)
+			}
+			ctx.Rename(name)
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/multitree/metadata.go b/multitree/metadata.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fd7215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/multitree/metadata.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package multitree
+
+import (
+	"android/soong/android"
+	"encoding/json"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	android.RegisterSingletonType("update-meta", UpdateMetaSingleton)
+}
+
+func UpdateMetaSingleton() android.Singleton {
+	return &updateMetaSingleton{}
+}
+
+type jsonImported struct {
+	FileGroups map[string][]string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type metadataJsonFlags struct {
+	Imported jsonImported        `json:",omitempty"`
+	Exported map[string][]string `json:",omitempty"`
+}
+
+type updateMetaSingleton struct {
+	importedModules       []string
+	generatedMetadataFile android.OutputPath
+}
+
+func (s *updateMetaSingleton) GenerateBuildActions(ctx android.SingletonContext) {
+	metadata := metadataJsonFlags{
+		Imported: jsonImported{
+			FileGroups: make(map[string][]string),
+		},
+		Exported: make(map[string][]string),
+	}
+	ctx.VisitAllModules(func(module android.Module) {
+		if ifg, ok := module.(*importedFileGroup); ok {
+			metadata.Imported.FileGroups[ifg.BaseModuleName()] = ifg.properties.Imported
+		}
+		if e, ok := module.(ExportableModule); ok {
+			if e.IsExported() && e.Exportable() {
+				for tag, files := range e.TaggedOutputs() {
+					// TODO(b/219846705): refactor this to a dictionary
+					metadata.Exported[e.Name()+":"+tag] = append(metadata.Exported[e.Name()+":"+tag], files.Strings()...)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	jsonStr, err := json.Marshal(metadata)
+	if err != nil {
+		ctx.Errorf(err.Error())
+	}
+	s.generatedMetadataFile = android.PathForOutput(ctx, "multitree", "metadata.json")
+	android.WriteFileRule(ctx, s.generatedMetadataFile, string(jsonStr))
+}
+
+func (s *updateMetaSingleton) MakeVars(ctx android.MakeVarsContext) {
+	ctx.Strict("MULTITREE_METADATA", s.generatedMetadataFile.String())
+}
diff --git a/rust/binary.go b/rust/binary.go
index 0dc320e..41110f9 100644
--- a/rust/binary.go
+++ b/rust/binary.go
@@ -128,11 +128,11 @@
 	return Bool(binary.baseCompiler.Properties.Prefer_rlib) || Bool(binary.Properties.Static_executable)
 }
 
-func (binary *binaryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (binary *binaryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
 	fileName := binary.getStem(ctx) + ctx.toolchain().ExecutableSuffix()
 	srcPath, _ := srcPathFromModuleSrcs(ctx, binary.baseCompiler.Properties.Srcs)
 	outputFile := android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, fileName)
-	ret := outputFile
+	ret := buildOutput{outputFile: outputFile}
 
 	flags.RustFlags = append(flags.RustFlags, deps.depFlags...)
 	flags.LinkFlags = append(flags.LinkFlags, deps.depLinkFlags...)
@@ -147,8 +147,7 @@
 	}
 	binary.baseCompiler.unstrippedOutputFile = outputFile
 
-	TransformSrcToBinary(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
-
+	ret.kytheFile = TransformSrcToBinary(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile).kytheFile
 	return ret
 }
 
diff --git a/rust/bindgen.go b/rust/bindgen.go
index c2b0512..b4626a0 100644
--- a/rust/bindgen.go
+++ b/rust/bindgen.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 	defaultBindgenFlags = []string{""}
 
 	// bindgen should specify its own Clang revision so updating Clang isn't potentially blocked on bindgen failures.
-	bindgenClangVersion = "clang-r445002"
+	bindgenClangVersion = "clang-r450784d"
 
 	_ = pctx.VariableFunc("bindgenClangVersion", func(ctx android.PackageVarContext) string {
 		if override := ctx.Config().Getenv("LLVM_BINDGEN_PREBUILTS_VERSION"); override != "" {
diff --git a/rust/builder.go b/rust/builder.go
index 20ca5db..7dd9dd2 100644
--- a/rust/builder.go
+++ b/rust/builder.go
@@ -83,10 +83,37 @@
 			RspfileContent: "$in",
 		},
 		"outDir")
+
+	// Cross-referencing:
+	_ = pctx.SourcePathVariable("rustExtractor",
+		"prebuilts/build-tools/${config.HostPrebuiltTag}/bin/rust_extractor")
+	_ = pctx.VariableFunc("kytheCorpus",
+		func(ctx android.PackageVarContext) string { return ctx.Config().XrefCorpusName() })
+	_ = pctx.VariableFunc("kytheCuEncoding",
+		func(ctx android.PackageVarContext) string { return ctx.Config().XrefCuEncoding() })
+	_            = pctx.SourcePathVariable("kytheVnames", "build/soong/vnames.json")
+	kytheExtract = pctx.AndroidStaticRule("kythe",
+		blueprint.RuleParams{
+			Command: `KYTHE_CORPUS=${kytheCorpus} ` +
+				`KYTHE_OUTPUT_FILE=$out ` +
+				`KYTHE_VNAMES=$kytheVnames ` +
+				`KYTHE_KZIP_ENCODING=${kytheCuEncoding} ` +
+				`KYTHE_CANONICALIZE_VNAME_PATHS=prefer-relative ` +
+				`$rustExtractor $envVars ` +
+				`$rustcCmd ` +
+				`-C linker=${config.RustLinker} ` +
+				`-C link-args="${crtBegin} ${config.RustLinkerArgs} ${linkFlags} ${crtEnd}" ` +
+				`$in ${libFlags} $rustcFlags`,
+			CommandDeps:    []string{"$rustExtractor", "$kytheVnames"},
+			Rspfile:        "${out}.rsp",
+			RspfileContent: "$in",
+		},
+		"rustcFlags", "linkFlags", "libFlags", "crtBegin", "crtEnd", "envVars")
 )
 
 type buildOutput struct {
 	outputFile android.Path
+	kytheFile  android.Path
 }
 
 func init() {
@@ -324,6 +351,25 @@
 		},
 	})
 
+	if flags.EmitXrefs {
+		kytheFile := android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, outputFile.Base()+".kzip")
+		ctx.Build(pctx, android.BuildParams{
+			Rule:        kytheExtract,
+			Description: "Xref Rust extractor " + main.Rel(),
+			Output:      kytheFile,
+			Inputs:      inputs,
+			Implicits:   implicits,
+			Args: map[string]string{
+				"rustcFlags": strings.Join(rustcFlags, " "),
+				"linkFlags":  strings.Join(linkFlags, " "),
+				"libFlags":   strings.Join(libFlags, " "),
+				"crtBegin":   strings.Join(deps.CrtBegin.Strings(), " "),
+				"crtEnd":     strings.Join(deps.CrtEnd.Strings(), " "),
+				"envVars":    strings.Join(envVars, " "),
+			},
+		})
+		output.kytheFile = kytheFile
+	}
 	return output
 }
 
diff --git a/rust/compiler.go b/rust/compiler.go
index 19499fa..bcd58c8 100644
--- a/rust/compiler.go
+++ b/rust/compiler.go
@@ -304,6 +304,7 @@
 	flags.GlobalRustFlags = append(flags.GlobalRustFlags, config.GlobalRustFlags...)
 	flags.GlobalRustFlags = append(flags.GlobalRustFlags, ctx.toolchain().ToolchainRustFlags())
 	flags.GlobalLinkFlags = append(flags.GlobalLinkFlags, ctx.toolchain().ToolchainLinkFlags())
+	flags.EmitXrefs = ctx.Config().EmitXrefRules()
 
 	if ctx.Host() && !ctx.Windows() {
 		rpathPrefix := `\$$ORIGIN/`
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@
 	return flags
 }
 
-func (compiler *baseCompiler) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (compiler *baseCompiler) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
 	panic(fmt.Errorf("baseCrater doesn't know how to crate things!"))
 }
 
diff --git a/rust/config/allowed_list.go b/rust/config/allowed_list.go
index 802e1da..7468579 100644
--- a/rust/config/allowed_list.go
+++ b/rust/config/allowed_list.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 	RustAllowedPaths = []string{
 		"device/google/cuttlefish",
 		"external/adhd",
+		"external/boringssl",
 		"external/crosvm",
 		"external/libchromeos-rs",
 		"external/minijail",
diff --git a/rust/config/global.go b/rust/config/global.go
index 6bfa9cf..d11665c 100644
--- a/rust/config/global.go
+++ b/rust/config/global.go
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 		"-C force-unwind-tables=yes",
 		// Use v0 mangling to distinguish from C++ symbols
 		"-C symbol-mangling-version=v0",
+		"--color always",
 	}
 
 	deviceGlobalRustFlags = []string{
diff --git a/rust/library.go b/rust/library.go
index 62eaefd..1286549 100644
--- a/rust/library.go
+++ b/rust/library.go
@@ -474,8 +474,9 @@
 	return flags
 }
 
-func (library *libraryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
-	var outputFile, ret android.ModuleOutPath
+func (library *libraryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
+	var outputFile android.ModuleOutPath
+	var ret buildOutput
 	var fileName string
 	srcPath := library.srcPath(ctx, deps)
 
@@ -487,19 +488,19 @@
 	if library.rlib() {
 		fileName = library.getStem(ctx) + ctx.toolchain().RlibSuffix()
 		outputFile = android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, fileName)
-		ret = outputFile
+		ret.outputFile = outputFile
 	} else if library.dylib() {
 		fileName = library.getStem(ctx) + ctx.toolchain().DylibSuffix()
 		outputFile = android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, fileName)
-		ret = outputFile
+		ret.outputFile = outputFile
 	} else if library.static() {
 		fileName = library.getStem(ctx) + ctx.toolchain().StaticLibSuffix()
 		outputFile = android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, fileName)
-		ret = outputFile
+		ret.outputFile = outputFile
 	} else if library.shared() {
 		fileName = library.sharedLibFilename(ctx)
 		outputFile = android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, fileName)
-		ret = outputFile
+		ret.outputFile = outputFile
 	}
 
 	if !library.rlib() && !library.static() && library.stripper.NeedsStrip(ctx) {
@@ -524,13 +525,13 @@
 
 	// Call the appropriate builder for this library type
 	if library.rlib() {
-		TransformSrctoRlib(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
+		ret.kytheFile = TransformSrctoRlib(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile).kytheFile
 	} else if library.dylib() {
-		TransformSrctoDylib(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
+		ret.kytheFile = TransformSrctoDylib(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile).kytheFile
 	} else if library.static() {
-		TransformSrctoStatic(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
+		ret.kytheFile = TransformSrctoStatic(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile).kytheFile
 	} else if library.shared() {
-		TransformSrctoShared(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
+		ret.kytheFile = TransformSrctoShared(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile).kytheFile
 	}
 
 	if library.rlib() || library.dylib() {
@@ -572,7 +573,7 @@
 	return ret
 }
 
-func (library *libraryDecorator) srcPath(ctx ModuleContext, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (library *libraryDecorator) srcPath(ctx ModuleContext, _ PathDeps) android.Path {
 	if library.sourceProvider != nil {
 		// Assume the first source from the source provider is the library entry point.
 		return library.sourceProvider.Srcs()[0]
diff --git a/rust/prebuilt.go b/rust/prebuilt.go
index 6cdd07d..fe9d0b5 100644
--- a/rust/prebuilt.go
+++ b/rust/prebuilt.go
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 		&prebuilt.Properties)
 }
 
-func (prebuilt *prebuiltLibraryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (prebuilt *prebuiltLibraryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
 	prebuilt.flagExporter.exportLinkDirs(android.PathsForModuleSrc(ctx, prebuilt.Properties.Link_dirs).Strings()...)
 	prebuilt.flagExporter.setProvider(ctx)
 
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
 		ctx.PropertyErrorf("srcs", "prebuilt libraries can only have one entry in srcs (the prebuilt path)")
 	}
 	prebuilt.baseCompiler.unstrippedOutputFile = srcPath
-	return srcPath
+	return buildOutput{outputFile: srcPath}
 }
 
 func (prebuilt *prebuiltLibraryDecorator) rustdoc(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags,
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
 		&prebuilt.Properties)
 }
 
-func (prebuilt *prebuiltProcMacroDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (prebuilt *prebuiltProcMacroDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
 	prebuilt.flagExporter.exportLinkDirs(android.PathsForModuleSrc(ctx, prebuilt.Properties.Link_dirs).Strings()...)
 	prebuilt.flagExporter.setProvider(ctx)
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
 		ctx.PropertyErrorf("srcs", "prebuilt libraries can only have one entry in srcs (the prebuilt path)")
 	}
 	prebuilt.baseCompiler.unstrippedOutputFile = srcPath
-	return srcPath
+	return buildOutput{outputFile: srcPath}
 }
 
 func (prebuilt *prebuiltProcMacroDecorator) rustdoc(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags,
diff --git a/rust/proc_macro.go b/rust/proc_macro.go
index f8a4bbd..832b62c 100644
--- a/rust/proc_macro.go
+++ b/rust/proc_macro.go
@@ -70,14 +70,14 @@
 	return flags
 }
 
-func (procMacro *procMacroDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (procMacro *procMacroDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
 	fileName := procMacro.getStem(ctx) + ctx.toolchain().ProcMacroSuffix()
 	outputFile := android.PathForModuleOut(ctx, fileName)
 
 	srcPath, _ := srcPathFromModuleSrcs(ctx, procMacro.baseCompiler.Properties.Srcs)
-	TransformSrctoProcMacro(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
+	ret := TransformSrctoProcMacro(ctx, srcPath, deps, flags, outputFile)
 	procMacro.baseCompiler.unstrippedOutputFile = outputFile
-	return outputFile
+	return ret
 }
 
 func (procMacro *procMacroDecorator) getStem(ctx ModuleContext) string {
diff --git a/rust/rust.go b/rust/rust.go
index c4fd148..48419eb 100644
--- a/rust/rust.go
+++ b/rust/rust.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 package rust
 
 import (
+	"android/soong/bloaty"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@
 	"github.com/google/blueprint/proptools"
 
 	"android/soong/android"
-	"android/soong/bloaty"
 	"android/soong/cc"
 	cc_config "android/soong/cc/config"
 	"android/soong/fuzz"
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 	})
 	pctx.Import("android/soong/rust/config")
 	pctx.ImportAs("cc_config", "android/soong/cc/config")
+	android.InitRegistrationContext.RegisterSingletonType("kythe_rust_extract", kytheExtractRustFactory)
 }
 
 type Flags struct {
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@
 	Toolchain       config.Toolchain
 	Coverage        bool
 	Clippy          bool
+	EmitXrefs       bool // If true, emit rules to aid cross-referencing
 }
 
 type BaseProperties struct {
@@ -161,6 +163,9 @@
 	// Output file to be installed, may be stripped or unstripped.
 	outputFile android.OptionalPath
 
+	// Cross-reference input file
+	kytheFiles android.Paths
+
 	docTimestampFile android.OptionalPath
 
 	hideApexVariantFromMake bool
@@ -394,6 +399,10 @@
 	return false
 }
 
+func (mod *Module) XrefRustFiles() android.Paths {
+	return mod.kytheFiles
+}
+
 type Deps struct {
 	Dylibs          []string
 	Rlibs           []string
@@ -457,7 +466,7 @@
 	cfgFlags(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags) Flags
 	featureFlags(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags) Flags
 	compilerProps() []interface{}
-	compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path
+	compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput
 	compilerDeps(ctx DepsContext, deps Deps) Deps
 	crateName() string
 	rustdoc(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.OptionalPath
@@ -493,6 +502,10 @@
 	exportLinkObjects(...string)
 }
 
+type xref interface {
+	XrefRustFiles() android.Paths
+}
+
 type flagExporter struct {
 	linkDirs    []string
 	linkObjects []string
@@ -904,11 +917,14 @@
 
 	if mod.compiler != nil && !mod.compiler.Disabled() {
 		mod.compiler.initialize(ctx)
-		outputFile := mod.compiler.compile(ctx, flags, deps)
+		buildOutput := mod.compiler.compile(ctx, flags, deps)
 		if ctx.Failed() {
 			return
 		}
-		mod.outputFile = android.OptionalPathForPath(outputFile)
+		mod.outputFile = android.OptionalPathForPath(buildOutput.outputFile)
+		if buildOutput.kytheFile != nil {
+			mod.kytheFiles = append(mod.kytheFiles, buildOutput.kytheFile)
+		}
 		bloaty.MeasureSizeForPaths(ctx, mod.compiler.strippedOutputFilePath(), android.OptionalPathForPath(mod.compiler.unstrippedOutputFilePath()))
 
 		mod.docTimestampFile = mod.compiler.rustdoc(ctx, flags, deps)
@@ -1618,6 +1634,25 @@
 	return "", false
 }
 
+func kytheExtractRustFactory() android.Singleton {
+	return &kytheExtractRustSingleton{}
+}
+
+type kytheExtractRustSingleton struct {
+}
+
+func (k kytheExtractRustSingleton) GenerateBuildActions(ctx android.SingletonContext) {
+	var xrefTargets android.Paths
+	ctx.VisitAllModules(func(module android.Module) {
+		if rustModule, ok := module.(xref); ok {
+			xrefTargets = append(xrefTargets, rustModule.XrefRustFiles()...)
+		}
+	})
+	if len(xrefTargets) > 0 {
+		ctx.Phony("xref_rust", xrefTargets...)
+	}
+}
+
 var Bool = proptools.Bool
 var BoolDefault = proptools.BoolDefault
 var String = proptools.String
diff --git a/rust/snapshot_prebuilt.go b/rust/snapshot_prebuilt.go
index dfbc1d1..2f79cc5 100644
--- a/rust/snapshot_prebuilt.go
+++ b/rust/snapshot_prebuilt.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 	return module, prebuilt
 }
 
-func (library *snapshotLibraryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.Path {
+func (library *snapshotLibraryDecorator) compile(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) buildOutput {
 	var variant string
 	if library.static() {
 		variant = cc.SnapshotStaticSuffix
@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@
 	}
 
 	if !library.MatchesWithDevice(ctx.DeviceConfig()) {
-		return nil
+		return buildOutput{}
 	}
 	outputFile := android.PathForModuleSrc(ctx, *library.properties.Src)
 	library.unstrippedOutputFile = outputFile
-	return outputFile
+	return buildOutput{outputFile: outputFile}
 }
 
 func (library *snapshotLibraryDecorator) rustdoc(ctx ModuleContext, flags Flags, deps PathDeps) android.OptionalPath {
diff --git a/rust/test.go b/rust/test.go
index 250b765..6e53935 100644
--- a/rust/test.go
+++ b/rust/test.go
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 package rust
 
 import (
+	"path/filepath"
+
 	"github.com/google/blueprint/proptools"
 
 	"android/soong/android"
@@ -151,9 +153,15 @@
 			ctx.ModuleErrorf("data_lib %q is not a linkable module", depName)
 		}
 		if linkableDep.OutputFile().Valid() {
+			// Copy the output in "lib[64]" so that it's compatible with
+			// the default rpath values.
+			libDir := "lib"
+			if linkableDep.Target().Arch.ArchType.Multilib == "lib64" {
+				libDir = "lib64"
+			}
 			test.data = append(test.data,
 				android.DataPath{SrcPath: linkableDep.OutputFile().Path(),
-					RelativeInstallPath: linkableDep.RelativeInstallPath()})
+					RelativeInstallPath: filepath.Join(libDir, linkableDep.RelativeInstallPath())})
 		}
 	})
 
diff --git a/rust/test_test.go b/rust/test_test.go
index 1124176..8906f1c 100644
--- a/rust/test_test.go
+++ b/rust/test_test.go
@@ -187,12 +187,12 @@
 		t.Errorf("expected test output file to be 'main_test', but was '%s'", outputPath)
 	}
 	entries := android.AndroidMkEntriesForTest(t, ctx, module)[0]
-	if !strings.HasSuffix(entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][0], ":test_lib.so:foo/bar/baz") {
-		t.Errorf("expected LOCAL_TEST_DATA to end with `:test_lib.so:foo/bar/baz`,"+
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][0], ":test_lib.so:lib64/foo/bar/baz") {
+		t.Errorf("expected LOCAL_TEST_DATA to end with `:test_lib.so:lib64/foo/bar/baz`,"+
 			" but was '%s'", entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][0])
 	}
-	if !strings.HasSuffix(entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][1], ":librust_test_lib.so:foo/bar/baz") {
-		t.Errorf("expected LOCAL_TEST_DATA to end with `:librust_test_lib.so:foo/bar/baz`,"+
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][1], ":librust_test_lib.so:lib64/foo/bar/baz") {
+		t.Errorf("expected LOCAL_TEST_DATA to end with `:librust_test_lib.so:lib64/foo/bar/baz`,"+
 			" but was '%s'", entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][1])
 	}
 	if !strings.HasSuffix(entries.EntryMap["LOCAL_TEST_DATA"][2], ":rusty:foo/bar/baz") {
diff --git a/rust/testing.go b/rust/testing.go
index cb98bed..4796f69 100644
--- a/rust/testing.go
+++ b/rust/testing.go
@@ -194,6 +194,7 @@
 		ctx.BottomUp("rust_begin", BeginMutator).Parallel()
 	})
 	ctx.RegisterSingletonType("rust_project_generator", rustProjectGeneratorSingleton)
+	ctx.RegisterSingletonType("kythe_rust_extract", kytheExtractRustFactory)
 	ctx.PostDepsMutators(func(ctx android.RegisterMutatorsContext) {
 		ctx.BottomUp("rust_sanitizers", rustSanitizerRuntimeMutator).Parallel()
 	})
diff --git a/sdk/cc_sdk_test.go b/sdk/cc_sdk_test.go
index cd63dac..571d214 100644
--- a/sdk/cc_sdk_test.go
+++ b/sdk/cc_sdk_test.go
@@ -193,114 +193,6 @@
 `))
 }
 
-func TestBasicSdkWithCc(t *testing.T) {
-	result := testSdkWithCc(t, `
-		sdk {
-			name: "mysdk",
-			native_shared_libs: ["sdkmember"],
-		}
-
-		cc_library_shared {
-			name: "sdkmember",
-			system_shared_libs: [],
-			stl: "none",
-			apex_available: ["mysdkapex"],
-		}
-
-		sdk_snapshot {
-			name: "mysdk@1",
-			native_shared_libs: ["sdkmember_mysdk@1"],
-		}
-
-		sdk_snapshot {
-			name: "mysdk@2",
-			native_shared_libs: ["sdkmember_mysdk@2"],
-		}
-
-		cc_prebuilt_library_shared {
-			name: "sdkmember",
-			srcs: ["libfoo.so"],
-			prefer: false,
-			system_shared_libs: [],
-			stl: "none",
-		}
-
-		cc_prebuilt_library_shared {
-			name: "sdkmember_mysdk@1",
-			sdk_member_name: "sdkmember",
-			srcs: ["libfoo.so"],
-			system_shared_libs: [],
-			stl: "none",
-			// TODO: remove //apex_available:platform
-			apex_available: [
-				"//apex_available:platform",
-				"myapex",
-			],
-		}
-
-		cc_prebuilt_library_shared {
-			name: "sdkmember_mysdk@2",
-			sdk_member_name: "sdkmember",
-			srcs: ["libfoo.so"],
-			system_shared_libs: [],
-			stl: "none",
-			// TODO: remove //apex_available:platform
-			apex_available: [
-				"//apex_available:platform",
-				"myapex2",
-			],
-		}
-
-		cc_library_shared {
-			name: "mycpplib",
-			srcs: ["Test.cpp"],
-			shared_libs: ["sdkmember"],
-			system_shared_libs: [],
-			stl: "none",
-			apex_available: [
-				"myapex",
-				"myapex2",
-			],
-		}
-
-		apex {
-			name: "myapex",
-			native_shared_libs: ["mycpplib"],
-			uses_sdks: ["mysdk@1"],
-			key: "myapex.key",
-			certificate: ":myapex.cert",
-			updatable: false,
-		}
-
-		apex {
-			name: "myapex2",
-			native_shared_libs: ["mycpplib"],
-			uses_sdks: ["mysdk@2"],
-			key: "myapex.key",
-			certificate: ":myapex.cert",
-			updatable: false,
-		}
-
-		apex {
-			name: "mysdkapex",
-			native_shared_libs: ["sdkmember"],
-			key: "myapex.key",
-			certificate: ":myapex.cert",
-			updatable: false,
-		}
-	`)
-
-	sdkMemberV1 := result.ModuleForTests("sdkmember_mysdk@1", "android_arm64_armv8-a_shared_apex10000_mysdk_1").Rule("toc").Output
-	sdkMemberV2 := result.ModuleForTests("sdkmember_mysdk@2", "android_arm64_armv8-a_shared_apex10000_mysdk_2").Rule("toc").Output
-
-	cpplibForMyApex := result.ModuleForTests("mycpplib", "android_arm64_armv8-a_shared_apex10000_mysdk_1")
-	cpplibForMyApex2 := result.ModuleForTests("mycpplib", "android_arm64_armv8-a_shared_apex10000_mysdk_2")
-
-	// Depending on the uses_sdks value, different libs are linked
-	ensureListContains(t, pathsToStrings(cpplibForMyApex.Rule("ld").Implicits), sdkMemberV1.String())
-	ensureListContains(t, pathsToStrings(cpplibForMyApex2.Rule("ld").Implicits), sdkMemberV2.String())
-}
-
 // Make sure the sdk can use host specific cc libraries static/shared and both.
 func TestHostSdkWithCc(t *testing.T) {
 	testSdkWithCc(t, `
@@ -2835,11 +2727,6 @@
 		}
 	`)
 
-	// Mixing the snapshot with the source (irrespective of which one is preferred) causes a problem
-	// due to missing variants.
-	// TODO(b/183204176): Remove this and fix the cause.
-	snapshotWithSourceErrorHandler := android.FixtureExpectsAtLeastOneErrorMatchingPattern(`\QReplaceDependencies could not find identical variant {os:android,image:,arch:arm64_armv8-a,sdk:,link:shared,version:} for module mynativelib\E`)
-
 	CheckSnapshot(t, result, "mysdk", "",
 		checkUnversionedAndroidBpContents(`
 // This is auto-generated. DO NOT EDIT.
@@ -2866,7 +2753,5 @@
 arm64/include/Arm64Test.h -> arm64/include/arm64/include/Arm64Test.h
 .intermediates/mynativelib/android_arm_armv7-a-neon_shared/mynativelib.so -> arm/lib/mynativelib.so
 `),
-		snapshotTestErrorHandler(checkSnapshotWithSourcePreferred, snapshotWithSourceErrorHandler),
-		snapshotTestErrorHandler(checkSnapshotPreferredWithSource, snapshotWithSourceErrorHandler),
 	)
 }
diff --git a/sdk/java_sdk_test.go b/sdk/java_sdk_test.go
index f0d3b35..a99fa1f 100644
--- a/sdk/java_sdk_test.go
+++ b/sdk/java_sdk_test.go
@@ -71,90 +71,6 @@
 	)
 }
 
-func TestBasicSdkWithJavaLibrary(t *testing.T) {
-	result := android.GroupFixturePreparers(
-		prepareForSdkTestWithJava,
-		prepareForSdkTestWithApex,
-	).RunTestWithBp(t, `
-		sdk {
-			name: "mysdk",
-			java_header_libs: ["sdkmember"],
-		}
-
-		sdk_snapshot {
-			name: "mysdk@1",
-			java_header_libs: ["sdkmember_mysdk@1"],
-		}
-
-		sdk_snapshot {
-			name: "mysdk@2",
-			java_header_libs: ["sdkmember_mysdk@2"],
-		}
-
-		java_library {
-			name: "sdkmember",
-			srcs: ["Test.java"],
-			system_modules: "none",
-			sdk_version: "none",
-			host_supported: true,
-		}
-
-		java_import {
-			name: "sdkmember_mysdk@1",
-			sdk_member_name: "sdkmember",
-			host_supported: true,
-		}
-
-		java_import {
-			name: "sdkmember_mysdk@2",
-			sdk_member_name: "sdkmember",
-			host_supported: true,
-		}
-
-		java_library {
-			name: "myjavalib",
-			srcs: ["Test.java"],
-			libs: ["sdkmember"],
-			system_modules: "none",
-			sdk_version: "none",
-			compile_dex: true,
-			host_supported: true,
-			apex_available: [
-				"myapex",
-				"myapex2",
-			],
-		}
-
-		apex {
-			name: "myapex",
-			java_libs: ["myjavalib"],
-			uses_sdks: ["mysdk@1"],
-			key: "myapex.key",
-			certificate: ":myapex.cert",
-			updatable: false,
-		}
-
-		apex {
-			name: "myapex2",
-			java_libs: ["myjavalib"],
-			uses_sdks: ["mysdk@2"],
-			key: "myapex.key",
-			certificate: ":myapex.cert",
-			updatable: false,
-		}
-	`)
-
-	sdkMemberV1 := result.ModuleForTests("sdkmember_mysdk@1", "android_common").Rule("combineJar").Output
-	sdkMemberV2 := result.ModuleForTests("sdkmember_mysdk@2", "android_common").Rule("combineJar").Output
-
-	javalibForMyApex := result.ModuleForTests("myjavalib", "android_common_apex10000_mysdk_1")
-	javalibForMyApex2 := result.ModuleForTests("myjavalib", "android_common_apex10000_mysdk_2")
-
-	// Depending on the uses_sdks value, different libs are linked
-	ensureListContains(t, pathsToStrings(javalibForMyApex.Rule("javac").Implicits), sdkMemberV1.String())
-	ensureListContains(t, pathsToStrings(javalibForMyApex2.Rule("javac").Implicits), sdkMemberV2.String())
-}
-
 func TestSnapshotWithJavaHeaderLibrary(t *testing.T) {
 	result := android.GroupFixturePreparers(
 		prepareForSdkTestWithJava,
diff --git a/sdk/sdk.go b/sdk/sdk.go
index 84c9a96..c8c7b79 100644
--- a/sdk/sdk.go
+++ b/sdk/sdk.go
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@
 	ctx.RegisterModuleType("sdk", SdkModuleFactory)
 	ctx.RegisterModuleType("sdk_snapshot", SnapshotModuleFactory)
 	ctx.PreDepsMutators(RegisterPreDepsMutators)
-	ctx.PostDepsMutators(RegisterPostDepsMutators)
 }
 
 type sdk struct {
@@ -278,20 +277,6 @@
 	ctx.BottomUp("SdkMemberInterVersion", memberInterVersionMutator).Parallel()
 }
 
-// RegisterPostDepsMutators registers post-deps mutators to support modules implementing SdkAware
-// interface and the sdk module type. This function has been made public to be called by tests
-// outside of the sdk package
-func RegisterPostDepsMutators(ctx android.RegisterMutatorsContext) {
-	// These must run AFTER apexMutator. Note that the apex package is imported even though there is
-	// no direct dependency to the package here. sdkDepsMutator sets the SDK requirements from an
-	// APEX to its dependents. Since different versions of the same SDK can be used by different
-	// APEXes, the apex and its dependents (which includes the dependencies to the sdk members)
-	// should have been mutated for the apex before the SDK requirements are set.
-	ctx.TopDown("SdkDepsMutator", sdkDepsMutator).Parallel()
-	ctx.BottomUp("SdkDepsReplaceMutator", sdkDepsReplaceMutator).Parallel()
-	ctx.TopDown("SdkRequirementCheck", sdkRequirementsMutator).Parallel()
-}
-
 type dependencyTag struct {
 	blueprint.BaseDependencyTag
 }
@@ -413,103 +398,4 @@
 type sdkAndApexModule interface {
 	android.Module
 	android.DepIsInSameApex
-	android.RequiredSdks
-}
-
-// Step 4: transitively ripple down the SDK requirements from the root modules like APEX to its
-// descendants
-func sdkDepsMutator(mctx android.TopDownMutatorContext) {
-	if parent, ok := mctx.Module().(sdkAndApexModule); ok {
-		// Module types for Mainline modules (e.g. APEX) are expected to implement RequiredSdks()
-		// by reading its own properties like `uses_sdks`.
-		requiredSdks := parent.RequiredSdks()
-		if len(requiredSdks) > 0 {
-			mctx.VisitDirectDeps(func(m android.Module) {
-				// Only propagate required sdks from the apex onto its contents.
-				if dep, ok := m.(android.SdkAware); ok && android.IsDepInSameApex(mctx, parent, dep) {
-					dep.BuildWithSdks(requiredSdks)
-				}
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Step 5: if libfoo.mysdk.11 is in the context where version 11 of mysdk is requested, the
-// versioned module is used instead of the un-versioned (in-development) module libfoo
-func sdkDepsReplaceMutator(mctx android.BottomUpMutatorContext) {
-	if versionedSdkMember, ok := mctx.Module().(android.SdkAware); ok && versionedSdkMember.IsInAnySdk() && versionedSdkMember.IsVersioned() {
-		if sdk := versionedSdkMember.ContainingSdk(); !sdk.Unversioned() {
-			// Only replace dependencies to <sdkmember> with <sdkmember@required-version>
-			// if the depending module requires it. e.g.
-			//      foo -> sdkmember
-			// will be transformed to:
-			//      foo -> sdkmember@1
-			// if and only if foo is a member of an APEX that requires version 1 of the
-			// sdk containing sdkmember.
-			memberName := versionedSdkMember.MemberName()
-
-			// Convert a panic into a normal error to allow it to be more easily tested for. This is a
-			// temporary workaround, once http://b/183204176 has been fixed this can be removed.
-			// TODO(b/183204176): Remove this after fixing.
-			defer func() {
-				if r := recover(); r != nil {
-					mctx.ModuleErrorf("sdkDepsReplaceMutator %s", r)
-				}
-			}()
-
-			// Replace dependencies on sdkmember with a dependency on the current module which
-			// is a versioned prebuilt of the sdkmember if required.
-			mctx.ReplaceDependenciesIf(memberName, func(from blueprint.Module, tag blueprint.DependencyTag, to blueprint.Module) bool {
-				// from - foo
-				// to - sdkmember
-				replace := false
-				if parent, ok := from.(android.RequiredSdks); ok {
-					replace = parent.RequiredSdks().Contains(sdk)
-				}
-				return replace
-			})
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// Step 6: ensure that the dependencies outside of the APEX are all from the required SDKs
-func sdkRequirementsMutator(mctx android.TopDownMutatorContext) {
-	if m, ok := mctx.Module().(sdkAndApexModule); ok {
-		requiredSdks := m.RequiredSdks()
-		if len(requiredSdks) == 0 {
-			return
-		}
-		mctx.VisitDirectDeps(func(dep android.Module) {
-			tag := mctx.OtherModuleDependencyTag(dep)
-			if tag == android.DefaultsDepTag {
-				// dependency to defaults is always okay
-				return
-			}
-
-			// Ignore the dependency from the unversioned member to any versioned members as an
-			// apex that depends on the unversioned member will not also be depending on a versioned
-			// member.
-			if _, ok := tag.(sdkMemberVersionedDepTag); ok {
-				return
-			}
-
-			// If the dep is outside of the APEX, but is not in any of the required SDKs, we know that the
-			// dep is a violation.
-			if sa, ok := dep.(android.SdkAware); ok {
-				// It is not an error if a dependency that is excluded from the apex due to the tag is not
-				// in one of the required SDKs. That is because all of the existing tags that implement it
-				// do not depend on modules which can or should belong to an sdk_snapshot.
-				if _, ok := tag.(android.ExcludeFromApexContentsTag); ok {
-					// The tag defines a dependency that never requires the child module to be part of the
-					// same apex.
-					return
-				}
-
-				if !m.DepIsInSameApex(mctx, dep) && !requiredSdks.Contains(sa.ContainingSdk()) {
-					mctx.ModuleErrorf("depends on %q (in SDK %q) that isn't part of the required SDKs: %v",
-						sa.Name(), sa.ContainingSdk(), requiredSdks)
-				}
-			}
-		})
-	}
 }
diff --git a/sdk/sdk_test.go b/sdk/sdk_test.go
index 83294f6..40de150 100644
--- a/sdk/sdk_test.go
+++ b/sdk/sdk_test.go
@@ -37,64 +37,6 @@
 	os.Exit(m.Run())
 }
 
-func TestDepNotInRequiredSdks(t *testing.T) {
-	testSdkError(t, `module "myjavalib".*depends on "otherlib".*that isn't part of the required SDKs:.*`, `
-		sdk {
-			name: "mysdk",
-			java_header_libs: ["sdkmember"],
-		}
-
-		sdk_snapshot {
-			name: "mysdk@1",
-			java_header_libs: ["sdkmember_mysdk_1"],
-		}
-
-		java_import {
-			name: "sdkmember",
-			prefer: false,
-			host_supported: true,
-		}
-
-		java_import {
-			name: "sdkmember_mysdk_1",
-			sdk_member_name: "sdkmember",
-			host_supported: true,
-		}
-
-		java_library {
-			name: "myjavalib",
-			srcs: ["Test.java"],
-			libs: [
-				"sdkmember",
-				"otherlib",
-			],
-			system_modules: "none",
-			sdk_version: "none",
-			compile_dex: true,
-			host_supported: true,
-			apex_available: ["myapex"],
-		}
-
-		// this lib is no in mysdk
-		java_library {
-			name: "otherlib",
-			srcs: ["Test.java"],
-			system_modules: "none",
-			sdk_version: "none",
-			compile_dex: true,
-			host_supported: true,
-		}
-
-		apex {
-			name: "myapex",
-			java_libs: ["myjavalib"],
-			uses_sdks: ["mysdk@1"],
-			key: "myapex.key",
-			certificate: ":myapex.cert",
-		}
-	`)
-}
-
 // Ensure that prebuilt modules have the same effective visibility as the source
 // modules.
 func TestSnapshotVisibility(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/ui/build/config.go b/ui/build/config.go
index e271bfc..0092ff1 100644
--- a/ui/build/config.go
+++ b/ui/build/config.go
@@ -1223,6 +1223,21 @@
 	return "RBE_use_application_default_credentials", "true"
 }
 
+func (c *configImpl) IsGooglerEnvironment() bool {
+	cf := "ANDROID_BUILD_ENVIRONMENT_CONFIG"
+	if v, ok := c.environ.Get(cf); ok {
+		return v == "googler"
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (c *configImpl) GoogleProdCredsExist() bool {
+	if _, err := exec.Command("/usr/bin/prodcertstatus", "--simple_output", "--nocheck_loas").Output(); err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 func (c *configImpl) UseRemoteBuild() bool {
 	return c.UseGoma() || c.UseRBE()
 }
diff --git a/ui/build/rbe.go b/ui/build/rbe.go
index 8f9a699..78d37b4 100644
--- a/ui/build/rbe.go
+++ b/ui/build/rbe.go
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@
 }
 
 func stopRBE(ctx Context, config Config) {
+	defer checkProdCreds(ctx, config)
 	cmd := Command(ctx, config, "stopRBE bootstrap", rbeCommand(ctx, config, bootstrapCmd), "-shutdown")
 	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -131,6 +132,15 @@
 	}
 }
 
+func checkProdCreds(ctx Context, config Config) {
+	if !config.IsGooglerEnvironment() || config.GoogleProdCredsExist() {
+		return
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(ctx.Writer, "")
+	fmt.Fprintln(ctx.Writer, "\033[33mWARNING: Missing LOAS credentials, please run `gcert`. This will result in failing RBE builds in the future, see go/build-fast#authentication.\033[0m")
+	fmt.Fprintln(ctx.Writer, "")
+}
+
 // DumpRBEMetrics creates a metrics protobuf file containing RBE related metrics.
 // The protobuf file is created if RBE is enabled and the proxy service has
 // started. The proxy service is shutdown in order to dump the RBE metrics to the
diff --git a/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.pb.go b/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.pb.go
index 69f5689..9f9b863 100644
--- a/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.pb.go
+++ b/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.pb.go
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 // Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
 // versions:
-// 	protoc-gen-go v1.27.1
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.28.0
 // 	protoc        v3.9.1
 // source: metrics.proto
 
@@ -954,9 +954,9 @@
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
 	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
 
-	// The build system, eg. Soong or Make.
+	// The build system, e.g. Soong or Make.
 	BuildSystem *ModuleTypeInfo_BuildSystem `protobuf:"varint,1,opt,name=build_system,json=buildSystem,enum=soong_build_metrics.ModuleTypeInfo_BuildSystem,def=0" json:"build_system,omitempty"`
-	// The module type, eg. java_library, cc_binary, and etc.
+	// The module type, e.g. java_library, cc_binary, and etc.
 	ModuleType *string `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=module_type,json=moduleType" json:"module_type,omitempty"`
 	// The number of logical modules.
 	NumOfModules *uint32 `protobuf:"varint,3,opt,name=num_of_modules,json=numOfModules" json:"num_of_modules,omitempty"`
@@ -1142,6 +1142,8 @@
 	MaxHeapSize *uint64 `protobuf:"varint,5,opt,name=max_heap_size,json=maxHeapSize" json:"max_heap_size,omitempty"`
 	// Runtime metrics for soong_build execution.
 	Events []*PerfInfo `protobuf:"bytes,6,rep,name=events" json:"events,omitempty"`
+	// Mixed Builds information
+	MixedBuildsInfo *MixedBuildsInfo `protobuf:"bytes,7,opt,name=mixed_builds_info,json=mixedBuildsInfo" json:"mixed_builds_info,omitempty"`
 }
 
 func (x *SoongBuildMetrics) Reset() {
@@ -1218,6 +1220,13 @@
 	return nil
 }
 
+func (x *SoongBuildMetrics) GetMixedBuildsInfo() *MixedBuildsInfo {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.MixedBuildsInfo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 type ExpConfigFetcher struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
@@ -1287,6 +1296,63 @@
 	return 0
 }
 
+type MixedBuildsInfo struct {
+	state         protoimpl.MessageState
+	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
+	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
+
+	// Modules that are enabled for Mixed Builds.
+	MixedBuildEnabledModules []string `protobuf:"bytes,1,rep,name=mixed_build_enabled_modules,json=mixedBuildEnabledModules" json:"mixed_build_enabled_modules,omitempty"`
+	// Modules that are not currently eligible for MixedBuilds
+	MixedBuildDisabledModules []string `protobuf:"bytes,2,rep,name=mixed_build_disabled_modules,json=mixedBuildDisabledModules" json:"mixed_build_disabled_modules,omitempty"`
+}
+
+func (x *MixedBuildsInfo) Reset() {
+	*x = MixedBuildsInfo{}
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
+		mi := &file_metrics_proto_msgTypes[10]
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+	}
+}
+
+func (x *MixedBuildsInfo) String() string {
+	return protoimpl.X.MessageStringOf(x)
+}
+
+func (*MixedBuildsInfo) ProtoMessage() {}
+
+func (x *MixedBuildsInfo) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
+	mi := &file_metrics_proto_msgTypes[10]
+	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
+		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
+		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
+			ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
+		}
+		return ms
+	}
+	return mi.MessageOf(x)
+}
+
+// Deprecated: Use MixedBuildsInfo.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
+func (*MixedBuildsInfo) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
+	return file_metrics_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{10}
+}
+
+func (x *MixedBuildsInfo) GetMixedBuildEnabledModules() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.MixedBuildEnabledModules
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (x *MixedBuildsInfo) GetMixedBuildDisabledModules() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.MixedBuildDisabledModules
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 var File_metrics_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
 
 var file_metrics_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
@@ -1491,7 +1557,7 @@
 	0x2e, 0x73, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x5f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74,
 	0x72, 0x69, 0x63, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x43, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x69, 0x63, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x55, 0x73, 0x65,
 	0x72, 0x4a, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x72, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x79, 0x4d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x63, 0x73, 0x52,
-	0x04, 0x63, 0x75, 0x6a, 0x73, 0x22, 0xfa, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x42,
+	0x04, 0x63, 0x75, 0x6a, 0x73, 0x22, 0xcc, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x11, 0x53, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x42,
 	0x75, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x4d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x63, 0x73, 0x12, 0x18, 0x0a, 0x07, 0x6d,
 	0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x01, 0x28, 0x0d, 0x52, 0x07, 0x6d, 0x6f,
 	0x64, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x1a, 0x0a, 0x08, 0x76, 0x61, 0x72, 0x69, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x74,
@@ -1507,22 +1573,36 @@
 	0x76, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x73, 0x18, 0x06, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x0b, 0x32, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x73, 0x6f,
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+	0x49, 0x47, 0x10, 0x01, 0x12, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x45, 0x52, 0x52, 0x4f, 0x52, 0x10, 0x02, 0x22,
+	0x91, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x0f, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x64, 0x42, 0x75, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x73, 0x49,
+	0x6e, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x3d, 0x0a, 0x1b, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x69,
+	0x6c, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x6c,
+	0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x01, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x18, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x64, 0x42,
+	0x75, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x45, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x4d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x6c,
+	0x65, 0x73, 0x12, 0x3f, 0x0a, 0x1c, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x62, 0x75, 0x69, 0x6c,
+	0x64, 0x5f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x73, 0x61, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x5f, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75, 0x6c,
+	0x65, 0x73, 0x18, 0x02, 0x20, 0x03, 0x28, 0x09, 0x52, 0x19, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x78, 0x65, 0x64, 0x42,
+	0x75, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x64, 0x44, 0x69, 0x73, 0x61, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x4d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x75,
+	0x6c, 0x65, 0x73, 0x42, 0x28, 0x5a, 0x26, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x69, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x73,
+	0x6f, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x67, 0x2f, 0x75, 0x69, 0x2f, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x63, 0x73, 0x2f,
+	0x6d, 0x65, 0x74, 0x72, 0x69, 0x63, 0x73, 0x5f, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f,
 }
 
 var (
@@ -1538,7 +1618,7 @@
 }
 
 var file_metrics_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 4)
-var file_metrics_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 10)
+var file_metrics_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 11)
 var file_metrics_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
 	(MetricsBase_BuildVariant)(0),       // 0: soong_build_metrics.MetricsBase.BuildVariant
 	(MetricsBase_Arch)(0),               // 1: soong_build_metrics.MetricsBase.Arch
@@ -1554,6 +1634,7 @@
 	(*CriticalUserJourneysMetrics)(nil), // 11: soong_build_metrics.CriticalUserJourneysMetrics
 	(*SoongBuildMetrics)(nil),           // 12: soong_build_metrics.SoongBuildMetrics
 	(*ExpConfigFetcher)(nil),            // 13: soong_build_metrics.ExpConfigFetcher
+	(*MixedBuildsInfo)(nil),             // 14: soong_build_metrics.MixedBuildsInfo
 }
 var file_metrics_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	0,  // 0: soong_build_metrics.MetricsBase.target_build_variant:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.MetricsBase.BuildVariant
@@ -1575,12 +1656,13 @@
 	4,  // 16: soong_build_metrics.CriticalUserJourneyMetrics.metrics:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.MetricsBase
 	10, // 17: soong_build_metrics.CriticalUserJourneysMetrics.cujs:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.CriticalUserJourneyMetrics
 	7,  // 18: soong_build_metrics.SoongBuildMetrics.events:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.PerfInfo
-	3,  // 19: soong_build_metrics.ExpConfigFetcher.status:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.ExpConfigFetcher.ConfigStatus
-	20, // [20:20] is the sub-list for method output_type
-	20, // [20:20] is the sub-list for method input_type
-	20, // [20:20] is the sub-list for extension type_name
-	20, // [20:20] is the sub-list for extension extendee
-	0,  // [0:20] is the sub-list for field type_name
+	14, // 19: soong_build_metrics.SoongBuildMetrics.mixed_builds_info:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.MixedBuildsInfo
+	3,  // 20: soong_build_metrics.ExpConfigFetcher.status:type_name -> soong_build_metrics.ExpConfigFetcher.ConfigStatus
+	21, // [21:21] is the sub-list for method output_type
+	21, // [21:21] is the sub-list for method input_type
+	21, // [21:21] is the sub-list for extension type_name
+	21, // [21:21] is the sub-list for extension extendee
+	0,  // [0:21] is the sub-list for field type_name
 }
 
 func init() { file_metrics_proto_init() }
@@ -1709,6 +1791,18 @@
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
+		file_metrics_proto_msgTypes[10].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+			switch v := v.(*MixedBuildsInfo); i {
+			case 0:
+				return &v.state
+			case 1:
+				return &v.sizeCache
+			case 2:
+				return &v.unknownFields
+			default:
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
 	}
 	type x struct{}
 	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
@@ -1716,7 +1810,7 @@
 			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
 			RawDescriptor: file_metrics_proto_rawDesc,
 			NumEnums:      4,
-			NumMessages:   10,
+			NumMessages:   11,
 			NumExtensions: 0,
 			NumServices:   0,
 		},
diff --git a/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.proto b/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.proto
index 814eb67..51dd523 100644
--- a/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.proto
+++ b/ui/metrics/metrics_proto/metrics.proto
@@ -200,10 +200,10 @@
     SOONG = 1;
     MAKE = 2;
   }
-  // The build system, eg. Soong or Make.
+  // The build system, e.g. Soong or Make.
   optional BuildSystem build_system = 1 [default = UNKNOWN];
 
-  // The module type, eg. java_library, cc_binary, and etc.
+  // The module type, e.g. java_library, cc_binary, and etc.
   optional string module_type = 2;
 
   // The number of logical modules.
@@ -241,6 +241,9 @@
 
   // Runtime metrics for soong_build execution.
   repeated PerfInfo events = 6;
+
+  // Mixed Builds information
+  optional MixedBuildsInfo mixed_builds_info = 7;
 }
 
 message ExpConfigFetcher {
@@ -261,3 +264,25 @@
   // Time, in microseconds, taken by the expconfigfetcher
   optional uint64 micros = 3;
 }
+
+message MixedBuildsInfo{
+  // Modules may be listed below as both enabled for Mixed Builds
+  // and disabled for Mixed Builds. This implies that some variants
+  // of the module are handled by Bazel in a Mixed Build, and other
+  // variants of the same module are handled by Soong.
+
+  // Modules that are enabled for Mixed Builds.
+  repeated string mixed_build_enabled_modules = 1;
+
+  // Modules that are not currently eligible to be handled
+  // by Bazel in a Mixed Build.
+  // Note that not all modules exempt from Bazel handling are
+  // listed. This list includes only modules which are of a
+  // Mixed-Build supported module type but are nevertheless not
+  // handled by Bazel. This may occur due to being present in
+  // the mixed build denylist, or as part of an unsupported
+  // mixed build variant type such as Windows.
+
+  // Modules that are not enabled for MixedBuilds
+  repeated string mixed_build_disabled_modules = 2;
+}