diff --git a/java/Android.bp b/java/Android.bp
index c062941..4bcae4f 100644
--- a/java/Android.bp
+++ b/java/Android.bp
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
         "app_test.go",
         "bootclasspath_fragment_test.go",
         "device_host_converter_test.go",
+        "dex_test.go",
         "dexpreopt_test.go",
         "dexpreopt_bootjars_test.go",
         "droiddoc_test.go",
diff --git a/java/base.go b/java/base.go
index 9978a66..2f425cd 100644
--- a/java/base.go
+++ b/java/base.go
@@ -872,6 +872,7 @@
 	// classpath
 	flags.bootClasspath = append(flags.bootClasspath, deps.bootClasspath...)
 	flags.classpath = append(flags.classpath, deps.classpath...)
+	flags.dexClasspath = append(flags.dexClasspath, deps.dexClasspath...)
 	flags.java9Classpath = append(flags.java9Classpath, deps.java9Classpath...)
 	flags.processorPath = append(flags.processorPath, deps.processorPath...)
 	flags.errorProneProcessorPath = append(flags.errorProneProcessorPath, deps.errorProneProcessorPath...)
@@ -1090,6 +1091,8 @@
 		flags.classpath = append(flags.classpath, deps.kotlinStdlib...)
 		flags.classpath = append(flags.classpath, deps.kotlinAnnotations...)
 
+		flags.dexClasspath = append(flags.dexClasspath, deps.kotlinAnnotations...)
+
 		flags.kotlincClasspath = append(flags.kotlincClasspath, flags.bootClasspath...)
 		flags.kotlincClasspath = append(flags.kotlincClasspath, flags.classpath...)
 
@@ -1118,6 +1121,8 @@
 		// Jar kotlin classes into the final jar after javac
 		if BoolDefault(j.properties.Static_kotlin_stdlib, true) {
 			kotlinJars = append(kotlinJars, deps.kotlinStdlib...)
+		} else {
+			flags.dexClasspath = append(flags.dexClasspath, deps.kotlinStdlib...)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1842,6 +1847,7 @@
 		} else if sdkDep.useFiles {
 			// sdkDep.jar is actually equivalent to turbine header.jar.
 			deps.classpath = append(deps.classpath, sdkDep.jars...)
+			deps.dexClasspath = append(deps.dexClasspath, sdkDep.jars...)
 			deps.aidlPreprocess = sdkDep.aidl
 		} else {
 			deps.aidlPreprocess = sdkDep.aidl
@@ -1866,7 +1872,9 @@
 		if dep, ok := module.(SdkLibraryDependency); ok {
 			switch tag {
 			case libTag:
-				deps.classpath = append(deps.classpath, dep.SdkHeaderJars(ctx, j.SdkVersion(ctx))...)
+				depHeaderJars := dep.SdkHeaderJars(ctx, j.SdkVersion(ctx))
+				deps.classpath = append(deps.classpath, depHeaderJars...)
+				deps.dexClasspath = append(deps.dexClasspath, depHeaderJars...)
 			case staticLibTag:
 				ctx.ModuleErrorf("dependency on java_sdk_library %q can only be in libs", otherName)
 			}
@@ -1885,6 +1893,7 @@
 				deps.bootClasspath = append(deps.bootClasspath, dep.HeaderJars...)
 			case libTag, instrumentationForTag:
 				deps.classpath = append(deps.classpath, dep.HeaderJars...)
+				deps.dexClasspath = append(deps.dexClasspath, dep.HeaderJars...)
 				deps.aidlIncludeDirs = append(deps.aidlIncludeDirs, dep.AidlIncludeDirs...)
 				addPlugins(&deps, dep.ExportedPlugins, dep.ExportedPluginClasses...)
 				deps.disableTurbine = deps.disableTurbine || dep.ExportedPluginDisableTurbine
@@ -1952,6 +1961,7 @@
 			case libTag:
 				checkProducesJars(ctx, dep)
 				deps.classpath = append(deps.classpath, dep.Srcs()...)
+				deps.dexClasspath = append(deps.classpath, dep.Srcs()...)
 			case staticLibTag:
 				checkProducesJars(ctx, dep)
 				deps.classpath = append(deps.classpath, dep.Srcs()...)
diff --git a/java/builder.go b/java/builder.go
index e64a61f..c48e3fa 100644
--- a/java/builder.go
+++ b/java/builder.go
@@ -247,16 +247,33 @@
 }
 
 type javaBuilderFlags struct {
-	javacFlags     string
-	bootClasspath  classpath
-	classpath      classpath
+	javacFlags string
+
+	// bootClasspath is the list of jars that form the boot classpath (generally the java.* and
+	// android.* classes) for tools that still use it.  javac targeting 1.9 or higher uses
+	// systemModules and java9Classpath instead.
+	bootClasspath classpath
+
+	// classpath is the list of jars that form the classpath for javac and kotlinc rules.  It
+	// contains header jars for all static and non-static dependencies.
+	classpath classpath
+
+	// dexClasspath is the list of jars that form the classpath for d8 and r8 rules.  It contains
+	// header jars for all non-static dependencies.  Static dependencies have already been
+	// combined into the program jar.
+	dexClasspath classpath
+
+	// java9Classpath is the list of jars that will be added to the classpath when targeting
+	// 1.9 or higher.  It generally contains the android.* classes, while the java.* classes
+	// are provided by systemModules.
 	java9Classpath classpath
-	processorPath  classpath
-	processors     []string
-	systemModules  *systemModules
-	aidlFlags      string
-	aidlDeps       android.Paths
-	javaVersion    javaVersion
+
+	processorPath classpath
+	processors    []string
+	systemModules *systemModules
+	aidlFlags     string
+	aidlDeps      android.Paths
+	javaVersion   javaVersion
 
 	errorProneExtraJavacFlags string
 	errorProneProcessorPath   classpath
diff --git a/java/dex.go b/java/dex.go
index 474694a..448a7a1 100644
--- a/java/dex.go
+++ b/java/dex.go
@@ -205,10 +205,10 @@
 
 func d8Flags(flags javaBuilderFlags) (d8Flags []string, d8Deps android.Paths) {
 	d8Flags = append(d8Flags, flags.bootClasspath.FormRepeatedClassPath("--lib ")...)
-	d8Flags = append(d8Flags, flags.classpath.FormRepeatedClassPath("--lib ")...)
+	d8Flags = append(d8Flags, flags.dexClasspath.FormRepeatedClassPath("--lib ")...)
 
 	d8Deps = append(d8Deps, flags.bootClasspath...)
-	d8Deps = append(d8Deps, flags.classpath...)
+	d8Deps = append(d8Deps, flags.dexClasspath...)
 
 	return d8Flags, d8Deps
 }
@@ -231,11 +231,11 @@
 
 	r8Flags = append(r8Flags, proguardRaiseDeps.FormJavaClassPath("-libraryjars"))
 	r8Flags = append(r8Flags, flags.bootClasspath.FormJavaClassPath("-libraryjars"))
-	r8Flags = append(r8Flags, flags.classpath.FormJavaClassPath("-libraryjars"))
+	r8Flags = append(r8Flags, flags.dexClasspath.FormJavaClassPath("-libraryjars"))
 
 	r8Deps = append(r8Deps, proguardRaiseDeps...)
 	r8Deps = append(r8Deps, flags.bootClasspath...)
-	r8Deps = append(r8Deps, flags.classpath...)
+	r8Deps = append(r8Deps, flags.dexClasspath...)
 
 	flagFiles := android.Paths{
 		android.PathForSource(ctx, "build/make/core/proguard.flags"),
diff --git a/java/dex_test.go b/java/dex_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbdccb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/java/dex_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2022 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package java
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"android/soong/android"
+)
+
+func TestR8(t *testing.T) {
+	result := PrepareForTestWithJavaDefaultModulesWithoutFakeDex2oatd.RunTestWithBp(t, `
+		android_app {
+			name: "app",
+			srcs: ["foo.java"],
+			libs: ["lib"],
+			static_libs: ["static_lib"],
+			platform_apis: true,
+		}
+
+		java_library {
+			name: "lib",
+			srcs: ["foo.java"],
+		}
+
+		java_library {
+			name: "static_lib",
+			srcs: ["foo.java"],
+		}
+	`)
+
+	app := result.ModuleForTests("app", "android_common")
+	lib := result.ModuleForTests("lib", "android_common")
+	staticLib := result.ModuleForTests("static_lib", "android_common")
+
+	appJavac := app.Rule("javac")
+	appR8 := app.Rule("r8")
+	libHeader := lib.Output("turbine-combined/lib.jar").Output
+	staticLibHeader := staticLib.Output("turbine-combined/static_lib.jar").Output
+
+	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "expected lib header jar in app javac classpath",
+		appJavac.Args["classpath"], libHeader.String())
+	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "expected static_lib header jar in app javac classpath",
+		appJavac.Args["classpath"], staticLibHeader.String())
+
+	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "expected lib header jar in app r8 classpath",
+		appR8.Args["r8Flags"], libHeader.String())
+	android.AssertStringDoesNotContain(t, "expected no  static_lib header jar in app javac classpath",
+		appR8.Args["r8Flags"], staticLibHeader.String())
+}
+
+func TestD8(t *testing.T) {
+	result := PrepareForTestWithJavaDefaultModulesWithoutFakeDex2oatd.RunTestWithBp(t, `
+		java_library {
+			name: "foo",
+			srcs: ["foo.java"],
+			libs: ["lib"],
+			static_libs: ["static_lib"],
+			installable: true,
+		}
+
+		java_library {
+			name: "lib",
+			srcs: ["foo.java"],
+		}
+
+		java_library {
+			name: "static_lib",
+			srcs: ["foo.java"],
+		}
+	`)
+
+	foo := result.ModuleForTests("foo", "android_common")
+	lib := result.ModuleForTests("lib", "android_common")
+	staticLib := result.ModuleForTests("static_lib", "android_common")
+
+	fooJavac := foo.Rule("javac")
+	fooD8 := foo.Rule("d8")
+	libHeader := lib.Output("turbine-combined/lib.jar").Output
+	staticLibHeader := staticLib.Output("turbine-combined/static_lib.jar").Output
+
+	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "expected lib header jar in foo javac classpath",
+		fooJavac.Args["classpath"], libHeader.String())
+	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "expected static_lib header jar in foo javac classpath",
+		fooJavac.Args["classpath"], staticLibHeader.String())
+
+	android.AssertStringDoesContain(t, "expected lib header jar in foo d8 classpath",
+		fooD8.Args["d8Flags"], libHeader.String())
+	android.AssertStringDoesNotContain(t, "expected no  static_lib header jar in foo javac classpath",
+		fooD8.Args["d8Flags"], staticLibHeader.String())
+}
diff --git a/java/java.go b/java/java.go
index 895ce7a..ddef34d 100644
--- a/java/java.go
+++ b/java/java.go
@@ -421,9 +421,25 @@
 }
 
 type deps struct {
-	classpath               classpath
-	java9Classpath          classpath
-	bootClasspath           classpath
+	// bootClasspath is the list of jars that form the boot classpath (generally the java.* and
+	// android.* classes) for tools that still use it.  javac targeting 1.9 or higher uses
+	// systemModules and java9Classpath instead.
+	bootClasspath classpath
+
+	// classpath is the list of jars that form the classpath for javac and kotlinc rules.  It
+	// contains header jars for all static and non-static dependencies.
+	classpath classpath
+
+	// dexClasspath is the list of jars that form the classpath for d8 and r8 rules.  It contains
+	// header jars for all non-static dependencies.  Static dependencies have already been
+	// combined into the program jar.
+	dexClasspath classpath
+
+	// java9Classpath is the list of jars that will be added to the classpath when targeting
+	// 1.9 or higher.  It generally contains the android.* classes, while the java.* classes
+	// are provided by systemModules.
+	java9Classpath classpath
+
 	processorPath           classpath
 	errorProneProcessorPath classpath
 	processorClasses        []string
@@ -1458,7 +1474,10 @@
 		if ctx.OtherModuleHasProvider(module, JavaInfoProvider) {
 			dep := ctx.OtherModuleProvider(module, JavaInfoProvider).(JavaInfo)
 			switch tag {
-			case libTag, staticLibTag:
+			case libTag:
+				flags.classpath = append(flags.classpath, dep.HeaderJars...)
+				flags.dexClasspath = append(flags.dexClasspath, dep.HeaderJars...)
+			case staticLibTag:
 				flags.classpath = append(flags.classpath, dep.HeaderJars...)
 			case bootClasspathTag:
 				flags.bootClasspath = append(flags.bootClasspath, dep.HeaderJars...)