diff --git a/java/app.go b/java/app.go
index 10ffa7a..ed1c107 100755
--- a/java/app.go
+++ b/java/app.go
@@ -1689,16 +1689,12 @@
 	//
 	// TODO(b/192032291): Disable android_test_helper_app optimization by
 	// default after auditing downstream usage.
-	if a.dexProperties.Optimize.Enabled == nil {
-		// Property was not explicitly defined.
-		a.dexProperties.Optimize.Enabled = &a.dexProperties.Optimize.EnabledByDefault
+	if a.dexProperties.Optimize.EnabledByDefault != a.dexer.effectiveOptimizeEnabled() {
+		// Property is explicitly defined by default from default, so emit the Bazel attribute.
+		appAttrs.Optimize = proptools.BoolPtr(a.dexer.effectiveOptimizeEnabled())
 	}
-	if Bool(a.dexProperties.Optimize.Enabled) {
-		if !a.dexProperties.Optimize.EnabledByDefault {
-			// explicitly enable optimize for module types that disable it by default
-			appAttrs.Optimize = proptools.BoolPtr(true)
-		}
 
+	if a.dexer.effectiveOptimizeEnabled() {
 		handCraftedFlags := ""
 		if Bool(a.dexProperties.Optimize.Ignore_warnings) {
 			handCraftedFlags += "-ignorewarning "
@@ -1728,9 +1724,6 @@
 			})
 			appAttrs.Proguard_specs.Add(bazel.MakeLabelAttribute(":" + generatedFlagFileRuleName))
 		}
-	} else if a.dexProperties.Optimize.EnabledByDefault {
-		// explicitly disable optimize for module types that enable it by default
-		appAttrs.Optimize = proptools.BoolPtr(false)
 	}
 
 	commonAttrs, bp2BuildInfo, supported := a.convertLibraryAttrsBp2Build(ctx)