diff --git a/libc/Android.mk b/libc/Android.mk
index 360bdc1..804a09c 100644
--- a/libc/Android.mk
+++ b/libc/Android.mk
@@ -804,6 +804,9 @@
 LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libbionic_ssp libc_bionic libc_netbsd
 LOCAL_SYSTEM_SHARED_LIBRARIES :=
 
+# TODO: split out the asflags.
+LOCAL_ASFLAGS := $(LOCAL_CFLAGS)
+
 include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
 
 
diff --git a/libc/netbsd/resolv/res_cache.c b/libc/netbsd/resolv/res_cache.c
index 838e084..afc9a36 100644
--- a/libc/netbsd/resolv/res_cache.c
+++ b/libc/netbsd/resolv/res_cache.c
@@ -572,8 +572,6 @@
 static int
 _dnsPacket_checkQR( DnsPacket*  packet )
 {
-    int  len;
-
     if (!_dnsPacket_checkQName(packet))
         return 0;
 
@@ -832,8 +830,6 @@
 static unsigned
 _dnsPacket_hashQR( DnsPacket*  packet, unsigned  hash )
 {
-    int   len;
-
     hash = _dnsPacket_hashQName(packet, hash);
     hash = _dnsPacket_hashBytes(packet, 4, hash); /* TYPE and CLASS */
     return hash;
@@ -1020,8 +1016,58 @@
 } Entry;
 
 /**
- * Parse the answer records and find the smallest
- * TTL among the answer records.
+ * Find the TTL for a negative DNS result.  This is defined as the minimum
+ * of the SOA records TTL and the MINIMUM-TTL field (RFC-2308).
+ *
+ * Return 0 if not found.
+ */
+static u_long
+answer_getNegativeTTL(ns_msg handle) {
+    int n, nscount;
+    u_long result = 0;
+    ns_rr rr;
+
+    nscount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_ns);
+    for (n = 0; n < nscount; n++) {
+        if ((ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_ns, n, &rr) == 0) && (ns_rr_type(rr) == ns_t_soa)) {
+            const u_char *rdata = ns_rr_rdata(rr); // find the data
+            const u_char *edata = rdata + ns_rr_rdlen(rr); // add the len to find the end
+            int len;
+            u_long ttl, rec_result = ns_rr_ttl(rr);
+
+            // find the MINIMUM-TTL field from the blob of binary data for this record
+            // skip the server name
+            len = dn_skipname(rdata, edata);
+            if (len == -1) continue; // error skipping
+            rdata += len;
+
+            // skip the admin name
+            len = dn_skipname(rdata, edata);
+            if (len == -1) continue; // error skipping
+            rdata += len;
+
+            if (edata - rdata != 5*NS_INT32SZ) continue;
+            // skip: serial number + refresh interval + retry interval + expiry
+            rdata += NS_INT32SZ * 4;
+            // finally read the MINIMUM TTL
+            ttl = ns_get32(rdata);
+            if (ttl < rec_result) {
+                rec_result = ttl;
+            }
+            // Now that the record is read successfully, apply the new min TTL
+            if (n == 0 || rec_result < result) {
+                result = rec_result;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse the answer records and find the appropriate
+ * smallest TTL among the records.  This might be from
+ * the answer records if found or from the SOA record
+ * if it's a negative result.
  *
  * The returned TTL is the number of seconds to
  * keep the answer in the cache.
@@ -1041,14 +1087,20 @@
     if (ns_initparse(answer, answerlen, &handle) >= 0) {
         // get number of answer records
         ancount = ns_msg_count(handle, ns_s_an);
-        for (n = 0; n < ancount; n++) {
-            if (ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_an, n, &rr) == 0) {
-                ttl = ns_rr_ttl(rr);
-                if (n == 0 || ttl < result) {
-                    result = ttl;
+
+        if (ancount == 0) {
+            // a response with no answers?  Cache this negative result.
+            result = answer_getNegativeTTL(handle);
+        } else {
+            for (n = 0; n < ancount; n++) {
+                if (ns_parserr(&handle, ns_s_an, n, &rr) == 0) {
+                    ttl = ns_rr_ttl(rr);
+                    if (n == 0 || ttl < result) {
+                        result = ttl;
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    XLOG("ns_parserr failed ancount no = %d. errno = %s\n", n, strerror(errno));
                 }
-            } else {
-                XLOG("ns_parserr failed ancount no = %d. errno = %s\n", n, strerror(errno));
             }
         }
     } else {
@@ -1197,6 +1249,7 @@
     struct resolv_cache_info*   next;
     char*                       nameservers[MAXNS +1];
     struct addrinfo*            nsaddrinfo[MAXNS + 1];
+    char*                       domains;
 } CacheInfo;
 
 #define  HTABLE_VALID(x)  ((x) != NULL && (x) != HTABLE_DELETED)
@@ -1252,7 +1305,7 @@
         } else {
             struct timespec ts = {0,0};
             ts.tv_sec = _time_now() + PENDING_REQUEST_TIMEOUT;
-            int rv = pthread_cond_timedwait(&ri->cond, &cache->lock, &ts);
+            pthread_cond_timedwait(&ri->cond, &cache->lock, &ts);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1306,7 +1359,6 @@
 _cache_flush_locked( Cache*  cache )
 {
     int     nn;
-    time_t  now = _time_now();
 
     for (nn = 0; nn < cache->max_entries; nn++)
     {
@@ -1442,6 +1494,7 @@
         remove("/data/reslog.txt");
     }
     else {
+        errno = 0; // else debug is introducing error signals
         XLOG("_dump_answer: can't open file\n");
     }
 }
@@ -1577,9 +1630,7 @@
                       int                   answersize,
                       int                  *answerlen )
 {
-    DnsPacket  pack[1];
     Entry      key[1];
-    int        index;
     Entry**    lookup;
     Entry*     e;
     time_t     now;
@@ -1752,8 +1803,6 @@
 static struct resolv_cache* _find_named_cache_locked(const char* ifname);
 /* gets a resolv_cache_info associated with an interface name, or NULL if not found */
 static struct resolv_cache_info* _find_cache_info_locked(const char* ifname);
-/* free dns name server list of a resolv_cache_info structure */
-static void _free_nameservers(struct resolv_cache_info* cache_info);
 /* look up the named cache, and creates one if needed */
 static struct resolv_cache* _get_res_cache_for_iface_locked(const char* ifname);
 /* empty the named cache */
@@ -1989,7 +2038,8 @@
 }
 
 void
-_resolv_set_nameservers_for_iface(const char* ifname, char** servers, int numservers)
+_resolv_set_nameservers_for_iface(const char* ifname, char** servers, int numservers,
+        const char *domains)
 {
     int i, rt, index;
     struct addrinfo hints;
@@ -2023,6 +2073,7 @@
                 cache_info->nsaddrinfo[index] = NULL;
             }
         }
+        cache_info->domains = strdup(domains);
     }
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&_res_cache_list_lock);
 }
diff --git a/libc/private/bionic_time.h b/libc/private/bionic_time.h
index ee82254..464ab0f 100644
--- a/libc/private/bionic_time.h
+++ b/libc/private/bionic_time.h
@@ -49,7 +49,12 @@
     const char *  date_fmt;
 };
 
-extern size_t      strftime_tz(char *s, size_t max, const char *format, const struct tm *tm, const struct strftime_locale*  lc);
+/*
+ * Note: you should consider these extensions deprecated and use managed code or icu4c instead.
+ */
+extern size_t strftime_tz(char* s, size_t max, const char* format, const struct tm* tm, const struct strftime_locale* lc);
+extern time_t mktime_tz(struct tm* const tmp, char const* tz);
+extern void localtime_tz(const time_t* const timep, struct tm* tmp, const char* tz);
 
 #endif /* _BIONIC_STRFTIME_TZ_DECLARED */
 
diff --git a/libc/private/resolv_iface.h b/libc/private/resolv_iface.h
index f562687..3fe586e 100644
--- a/libc/private/resolv_iface.h
+++ b/libc/private/resolv_iface.h
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@
 extern void _resolv_set_default_iface(const char* ifname);
 
 /* set name servers for an interface */
-extern void _resolv_set_nameservers_for_iface(const char* ifname, char** servers, int numservers);
+extern void _resolv_set_nameservers_for_iface(const char* ifname, char** servers, int numservers,
+        const char *domains);
 
 /* tell resolver of the address of an interface */
 extern void _resolv_set_addr_of_iface(const char* ifname, struct in_addr* addr);
diff --git a/libc/tzcode/localtime.c b/libc/tzcode/localtime.c
index 6ed36c8..447907e 100644
--- a/libc/tzcode/localtime.c
+++ b/libc/tzcode/localtime.c
@@ -212,9 +212,9 @@
 static const char * getrule P((const char * strp, struct rule * rulep));
 static void     gmtload P((struct state * sp));
 static struct tm *  gmtsub P((const time_t * timep, long offset,
-                struct tm * tmp));
+                struct tm * tmp, const struct state * sp)); // android-changed: added sp.
 static struct tm *  localsub P((const time_t * timep, long offset,
-                struct tm * tmp));
+                struct tm * tmp, const struct state * sp)); // android-changed: added sp.
 static int      increment_overflow P((int * number, int delta));
 static int      leaps_thru_end_of P((int y));
 static int      long_increment_overflow P((long * number, int delta));
@@ -225,16 +225,16 @@
 static void     settzname P((void));
 static time_t       time1 P((struct tm * tmp,
                 struct tm * (*funcp) P((const time_t *,
-                long, struct tm *)),
-                long offset));
+                long, struct tm *, const struct state *)), // android-changed: added state*.
+                long offset, const struct state * sp)); // android-changed: added sp.
 static time_t       time2 P((struct tm *tmp,
                 struct tm * (*funcp) P((const time_t *,
-                long, struct tm*)),
-                long offset, int * okayp));
+                long, struct tm*, const struct state *)), // android-changed: added state*.
+                long offset, int * okayp, const struct state * sp)); // android-changed: added sp.
 static time_t       time2sub P((struct tm *tmp,
                 struct tm * (*funcp) P((const time_t *,
-                long, struct tm*)),
-                long offset, int * okayp, int do_norm_secs));
+                long, struct tm*, const struct state *)), // android-changed: added state*.
+                long offset, int * okayp, int do_norm_secs, const struct state * sp)); // android-change: added sp.
 static struct tm *  timesub P((const time_t * timep, long offset,
                 const struct state * sp, struct tm * tmp));
 static int      tmcomp P((const struct tm * atmp,
@@ -1290,21 +1290,25 @@
 
 /*ARGSUSED*/
 static struct tm *
-localsub(timep, offset, tmp)
+localsub(timep, offset, tmp, sp) // android-changed: added sp.
 const time_t * const    timep;
 const long      offset;
 struct tm * const   tmp;
+const struct state * sp; // android-added: added sp.
 {
-    register struct state *     sp;
     register const struct ttinfo *  ttisp;
     register int            i;
     register struct tm *        result;
     const time_t            t = *timep;
 
-    sp = lclptr;
+    // BEGIN android-changed: support user-supplied sp.
+    if (sp == NULL) {
+        sp = lclptr;
+    }
+    // END android-changed
 #ifdef ALL_STATE
     if (sp == NULL)
-        return gmtsub(timep, offset, tmp);
+        return gmtsub(timep, offset, tmp, sp); // android-changed: added sp.
 #endif /* defined ALL_STATE */
     if ((sp->goback && t < sp->ats[0]) ||
         (sp->goahead && t > sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1])) {
@@ -1331,7 +1335,7 @@
             if (newt < sp->ats[0] ||
                 newt > sp->ats[sp->timecnt - 1])
                     return NULL;    /* "cannot happen" */
-            result = localsub(&newt, offset, tmp);
+            result = localsub(&newt, offset, tmp, sp); // android-changed: added sp.
             if (result == tmp) {
                 register time_t newy;
 
@@ -1401,7 +1405,7 @@
 
     _tzLock();
     tzset_locked();
-    result = localsub(timep, 0L, tmp);
+    result = localsub(timep, 0L, tmp, NULL); // android-changed: extra parameter.
     _tzUnlock();
 
     return result;
@@ -1412,13 +1416,16 @@
 */
 
 static struct tm *
-gmtsub(timep, offset, tmp)
+gmtsub(timep, offset, tmp, sp) // android-changed: added sp.
 const time_t * const    timep;
 const long      offset;
 struct tm * const   tmp;
+const struct state * sp; // android-changed: added sp.
 {
     register struct tm *    result;
 
+    (void) sp; // android-added: unused.
+
     if (!gmt_is_set) {
         gmt_is_set = TRUE;
 #ifdef ALL_STATE
@@ -1469,7 +1476,7 @@
     struct tm*  result;
 
     _tzLock();
-    result = gmtsub(timep, 0L, tmp);
+    result = gmtsub(timep, 0L, tmp, NULL); // android-changed: extra parameter.
     _tzUnlock();
 
     return result;
@@ -1482,7 +1489,7 @@
 const time_t * const    timep;
 const long      offset;
 {
-    return gmtsub(timep, offset, &tmGlobal);
+    return gmtsub(timep, offset, &tmGlobal, NULL); // android-changed: extra parameter.
 }
 #endif /* 0 */
 #endif /* defined STD_INSPIRED */
@@ -1755,14 +1762,14 @@
 }
 
 static time_t
-time2sub(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, do_norm_secs)
+time2sub(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, do_norm_secs, sp) // android-changed: added sp
 struct tm * const   tmp;
-struct tm * (* const    funcp) P((const time_t*, long, struct tm*));
+struct tm * (* const    funcp) P((const time_t*, long, struct tm*, const struct state*)); // android-changed: added state*
 const long      offset;
 int * const     okayp;
 const int       do_norm_secs;
+const struct state * sp; // android-changed: added sp
 {
-    register const struct state *   sp;
     register int            dir;
     register int            i, j;
     register int            saved_seconds;
@@ -1864,7 +1871,7 @@
             t = lo;
         else if (t > hi)
             t = hi;
-        if ((*funcp)(&t, offset, &mytm) == NULL) {
+        if ((*funcp)(&t, offset, &mytm, sp) == NULL) { // android-changed: added sp.
             /*
             ** Assume that t is too extreme to be represented in
             ** a struct tm; arrange things so that it is less
@@ -1902,9 +1909,13 @@
         /*
         ** The (void *) casts are the benefit of SunOS 3.3 on Sun 2's.
         */
-        sp = (const struct state *)
-            (((void *) funcp == (void *) localsub) ?
-            lclptr : gmtptr);
+        // BEGIN android-changed: support user-supplied sp
+        if (sp == NULL) {
+            sp = (const struct state *)
+                (((void *) funcp == (void *) localsub) ?
+                lclptr : gmtptr);
+        }
+        // END android-changed
 #ifdef ALL_STATE
         if (sp == NULL)
             return WRONG;
@@ -1917,7 +1928,7 @@
                     continue;
                 newt = t + sp->ttis[j].tt_gmtoff -
                     sp->ttis[i].tt_gmtoff;
-                if ((*funcp)(&newt, offset, &mytm) == NULL)
+                if ((*funcp)(&newt, offset, &mytm, sp) == NULL) // android-changed: added sp.
                     continue;
                 if (tmcomp(&mytm, &yourtm) != 0)
                     continue;
@@ -1937,17 +1948,19 @@
     if ((newt < t) != (saved_seconds < 0))
         return WRONG;
     t = newt;
-    if ((*funcp)(&t, offset, tmp))
+    if ((*funcp)(&t, offset, tmp, sp)) // android-changed: added sp.
         *okayp = TRUE;
     return t;
 }
 
+// BEGIN android-changed: added sp.
 static time_t
-time2(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp)
+time2(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, sp)
 struct tm * const   tmp;
-struct tm * (* const    funcp) P((const time_t*, long, struct tm*));
+struct tm * (* const    funcp) P((const time_t*, long, struct tm*, const struct state*));
 const long      offset;
 int * const     okayp;
+const struct state * sp;
 {
     time_t  t;
 
@@ -1956,18 +1969,19 @@
     ** (in case tm_sec contains a value associated with a leap second).
     ** If that fails, try with normalization of seconds.
     */
-    t = time2sub(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, FALSE);
-    return *okayp ? t : time2sub(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, TRUE);
+    t = time2sub(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, FALSE, sp);
+    return *okayp ? t : time2sub(tmp, funcp, offset, okayp, TRUE, sp);
 }
+// END android-changed
 
 static time_t
-time1(tmp, funcp, offset)
+time1(tmp, funcp, offset, sp) // android-changed: added sp.
 struct tm * const   tmp;
-struct tm * (* const    funcp) P((const time_t *, long, struct tm *));
+struct tm * (* const    funcp) P((const time_t *, long, struct tm *, const struct state *));
 const long      offset;
+const struct state * sp; // android-changed: added sp.
 {
     register time_t         t;
-    register const struct state *   sp;
     register int            samei, otheri;
     register int            sameind, otherind;
     register int            i;
@@ -1978,7 +1992,7 @@
 
     if (tmp->tm_isdst > 1)
         tmp->tm_isdst = 1;
-    t = time2(tmp, funcp, offset, &okay);
+    t = time2(tmp, funcp, offset, &okay, sp); // android-changed: added sp.
 #ifdef PCTS
     /*
     ** PCTS code courtesy Grant Sullivan.
@@ -2001,8 +2015,12 @@
     /*
     ** The (void *) casts are the benefit of SunOS 3.3 on Sun 2's.
     */
-    sp = (const struct state *) (((void *) funcp == (void *) localsub) ?
-        lclptr : gmtptr);
+    // BEGIN android-changed: support user-supplied sp.
+    if (sp == NULL) {
+        sp = (const struct state *) (((void *) funcp == (void *) localsub) ?
+            lclptr : gmtptr);
+    }
+    // BEGIN android-changed
 #ifdef ALL_STATE
     if (sp == NULL)
         return WRONG;
@@ -2026,7 +2044,7 @@
             tmp->tm_sec += sp->ttis[otheri].tt_gmtoff -
                     sp->ttis[samei].tt_gmtoff;
             tmp->tm_isdst = !tmp->tm_isdst;
-            t = time2(tmp, funcp, offset, &okay);
+            t = time2(tmp, funcp, offset, &okay, sp); // android-changed: added sp.
             if (okay)
                 return t;
             tmp->tm_sec -= sp->ttis[otheri].tt_gmtoff -
@@ -2044,11 +2062,40 @@
     time_t  result;
     _tzLock();
     tzset_locked();
-    result = time1(tmp, localsub, 0L);
+    result = time1(tmp, localsub, 0L, NULL); // android-changed: extra parameter.
     _tzUnlock();
     return result;
 }
 
+// BEGIN android-added
+time_t
+mktime_tz(tmp, tz)
+struct tm * const tmp;
+char const * tz;
+{
+    struct state st;
+    if (tzload(tz, &st, TRUE) != 0) {
+        // TODO: not sure what's best here, but for now, we fall back to gmt.
+        gmtload(&st);
+    }
+    return time1(tmp, localsub, 0L, &st);
+}
+
+void
+localtime_tz(timep, tmp, tz)
+const time_t * const timep;
+struct tm * tmp;
+const char* tz;
+{
+    struct state st;
+    if (tzload(tz, &st, TRUE) != 0) {
+        // TODO: not sure what's best here, but for now, we fall back to gmt.
+        gmtload(&st);
+    }
+    localsub(timep, 0L, tmp, &st);
+}
+// END android-added
+
 #ifdef STD_INSPIRED
 
 time_t
@@ -2067,7 +2114,7 @@
 
     tmp->tm_isdst = 0;
     _tzLock();
-    result = time1(tmp, gmtsub, 0L);
+    result = time1(tmp, gmtsub, 0L, NULL); // android-changed: extra parameter.
     _tzUnlock();
 
     return result;
@@ -2083,7 +2130,7 @@
 
     tmp->tm_isdst = 0;
     _tzLock();
-    result = time1(tmp, gmtsub, offset);
+    result = time1(tmp, gmtsub, offset, NULL); // android-changed: extra parameter.
     _tzUnlock();
 
     return result;
diff --git a/linker/Android.mk b/linker/Android.mk
index 5fccf9b..7c197f1 100644
--- a/linker/Android.mk
+++ b/linker/Android.mk
@@ -67,6 +67,9 @@
 # just for this module
 LOCAL_NO_CRT := true
 
+# TODO: split out the asflags.
+LOCAL_ASFLAGS := $(LOCAL_CFLAGS)
+
 include $(BUILD_SYSTEM)/dynamic_binary.mk
 
 # See build/core/executable.mk